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Emotional reactivity, based on the discrete emotions approach (DEA), is related to opportunities or constraints across development. While prior research suggests sadness to be more adaptive in old age and anger to be more adaptive in young adulthood, there may be facets within these discrete emotion categories that further expand the DEA framework: loss-based vs. failure-based sadness and frustration-based vs. moral violation-based anger. A sample of 49 younger adults (Mage = 20.00, SD = 2.26) and 51 older adults (Mage = 66.00, SD = 4.94) were asked to relive and describe an emotional memory associated with facets of sadness and anger. Emotional reactivity was operationalized through self-report ratings on distinct facet categories. Results revealed a significant age difference in emotional reactivity to moral violation-based anger, with older adults being more reactive than younger adults. No other significant age differences were observed. These findings are discussed in terms of how further distinctions across emotional facets can inform a better understanding of affective experience across adulthood and old age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valence is central to the experience of emotion. However, to the detriment of affective science, it is often ill-defined and poorly operationalized. Being more precise about what is meant by valence would make for more readily comparable emotion stimuli, methodologies, and results, and would promote consideration of the diversity, complexity, and function of discrete emotions. This brief review uses prior literature and an informal survey of affective scientists to illustrate disagreements in conceptualizing valence. Next, we describe issues of valence in affective science, particularly as they pertain to the emotion process, the functions of emotion, and precision in empirical research. We conclude by providing recommendations for the future of valence in affective science.

Evidence for affective forecasting errors is mixed. We review recent studies to determine whether taking a discrete versus dimensional approach to measuring affective forecasting could partly explain this inconsistency. We observed variation in measurement approaches to measuring and analyzing affective forecasting; those that adopted a discrete approach often examined high arousal positive (e.g., excitement) and negative (e.g., anger) emotions. We recommend conducting empirical studies and meta-analyses to examine whether affective forecasting errors differ systematically depending on measurement approach. Furthermore, we recommend expanding the scope of affective forecasting investigations to examine more granular dimensional affective states and lowarousal discrete emotions. The ideas and future directions presented enhance our understanding of affective forecasting errors and how we study them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Emotion regulation (ER) develops during adolescence and contributes to psychosocial adjustment. Individual differences in the development of ER strategies may be related to cognitive processes responsible for managing goal‐directed behaviors, namely executive functions (EFs). This study examined (1) examined how difficulties in specific EFs (i.e., inhibition, flexibility and working memory) predict the use of ER strategies (i.e., reappraisal, distraction, expressive suppression, rumination, support‐seeking) in an emotion‐specific approach and (2) investigated these links across three different age groups (corresponding to early, middle and late adolescence), considering the nonlinear evolution of the relationships between EF and ER strategies during adolescence. Methods: The sample was composed of 1076 adolescents aged from 12 to 19 years old who completed questionnaires on EF difficulties (i.e., inhibition, flexibility, and working memory) and ER strategies (i.e., distraction, reappraisal, expressive suppression, social support‐seeking, and rumination). Results: Results showed various complex relationships between EFs and ER. Flexibility issues were related to rumination at all ages, while inhibition and flexibility difficulties were negatively linked to reappraisal in mid‐ to late adolescence. Many relationships were emotion‐ and age‐dependent. Conclusions: These findings support the link between cognitive and emotional regulatory processes. Its complex evolution during adolescence opens a new avenue for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotion is a fundamental aspect of human life and therefore is critically encoded in language. To facilitate research into the encoding of emotion in language and how emotion associations affect language processing, we present a new set of emotion norms for over 24,000 Dutch words. The emotion norms include ratings of two key dimensions of emotion: valence and arousal, as well as ratings on discrete emotion categories: happiness, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise. We show that emotional information can predict word processing, such that responses to positive words are facilitated in contrast to neutral and negative words. We also demonstrate how the ratings of emotion are related to personality characteristics. The data are available via the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/9htuv/) and serve as a valuable resource for research into emotion as well as in applied settings such as healthcare and digital communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Primary emotions among the populace during global health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, provide valuable insights. Guided by appraisal theories of emotions, this study explores emotional segmentation by mapping primary emotions related to COVID-19 and investigating their impact on cognitive and behavioral outcomes, including risk perceptions, efficacy beliefs, behavioral intentions, prevention behaviors, and information seeking/avoidance. Methods: Study 1 surveyed young adults (N = 1,368) to investigate their emotions about COVID-19 and examine the effect of these emotions on risk perceptions, efficacy beliefs, and behavioral intentions regarding mask-wearing and physical distancing. Study 2 replicated Study 1 with a quota-based national sample of U.S. adults (N = 8,454) and further tested the effect of primary emotions on preventive behaviors and information seeking/avoidance. Results: Results indicated that most people experienced negative emotions, such as sadness, anger, and anxiety. These emotions were associated with varying levels of risk perceptions, efficacy beliefs, behavioral intentions, actual behaviors, and information seeking/avoidance. Notably, across both studies, anxious individuals demonstrated more favorable health-related perceptions and behavioral outcomes compared to those experiencing anger. Discussion: These findings offer insights into the emotional experiences of individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight the significant impact of these emotions on risk perceptions and health-related behaviors. Understanding these emotional responses can inform public health strategies and communication efforts during health crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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While many believe that affective polarisation poses a significant threat to democratic stability, the definition and operationalisation of the concept varies greatly. This leads to conceptual slippage as well as imprecise tests of the causes and consequences of affective polarisation. In order to clearly identify and target its micro-foundations, we must understand the degree to which political divides are, in fact, affective. In this paper, we do so. We begin by delineating affective polarisation, a social divide that is purportedly distinct from policy-based disagreements. Subsequently, we explore the influence of emotions in politics, including how affect is conceptualised within the framework of polarisation. Where possible, our literature review is supplemented with analyses of existing datasets to support our points. The paper concludes by proposing a series of questions emotion researchers could address in the study of polarisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bakker and Lelkes (2024) point at a critical gap in research on affective polarisation: the limited understanding of its affective components, mainly due to the reliance on a unidimensional operationalisation of affect in affective polarisation. They advocate for a broader approach to study affect, integrating explicit and implicit measures, and call on emotion specialists to address this gap. Acknowledging the complexity of affect in the ideological divide, we argue that the lack of a thorough examination of the distinct role of discrete emotions constitutes the primary "affective gap". Drawing from studies on the relationship between ideological groups and utilising a discrete emotions approach, we contest the prevailing assumption that hatred predominantly underlies affective polarisation. Instead, we propose that disappointment, better captures the intricate dynamics between ideological groups. We argue that such nuanced approach, regarding the affective component of affective polarisation enhances our understanding of the phenomenon and shed light on its implications for societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sound symbolism refers to non-arbitrary associations between word forms and meaning, such as those observed for some properties of sounds and size or shape. Recent evidence suggests that these connections extend to emotional concepts. Here we investigated two types of non-arbitrary relationships. Study 1 examined whether iconicity scores (i.e. resemblance-based mapping between aspects of a word’s form and its meaning) for words can be predicted from ratings in the affective dimensions of valence and arousal and/or the discrete emotions of happiness, anger, fear, disgust and sadness. Words denoting negative concepts were more likely to have more iconic word forms. Study 2 explored whether statistical regularities in single phonemes (i.e. systematicity) predicted ratings in affective dimensions and/or discrete emotions. Voiceless (/p/, /t/) and voiced plosives (/b/, /d/, /g/) were related to high arousing words, whereas high arousing negative words tended to include fricatives (/s/, /z/). Hissing consonants were also more likely to occur in words denoting all negative discrete emotions. Additionally, words conveying certain discrete emotions included specific phonemes. Overall, our data suggest that emotional features might explain variations in iconicity and provide new insight about phonemic patterns showing sound symbolic associations with the affective properties of words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The online behavior of online users has taken on complex and diverse characteristics, and posting product reviews on e-commerce platforms is no exception. In fact, reviews contain rich and multi-dimensional discrete emotional information, and whether there is a relationship between the expression of these different discrete emotions and the time interval between product purchase and review posting as well as their related characteristics are the issues that this study needs to analyze and solve in depth. Methods: Based on the OCC model (named after three proposers) of psychological emotional cognitive evaluation theory as the basis for emotion classification, the study used the massive amounts of Chinese reviews of mobile phones on the Chinese e-commerce platform Jingdong Mall as the research object, applied supervised machine learning methods to classify discrete emotions, and constructed a large corpus containing satisfaction, disappointment, admiration, reproach, love, and hate; then the study delved into the distribution and behavioral dynamics characteristics of consumers' comments containing the different discrete emotions at different "purchasecomment" time intervals. Results: The results showed that the first peak of the distribution curves of the six discrete emotions at different "purchase-comment" time intervals occurs on the first day after purchase and then decreases gradually but at different rates. The three curves for satisfaction, love, and hate emotions also show a second peak on the eleventh day, which is more similar to the bimodal distribution, implying that the corresponding product reviews are more objective. In addition, the distribution of reviews containing the six discrete emotions at different "purchase-comment" time intervals follows a power-law distribution and has the temporal characteristics of human behavioral dynamics, that is, "strong paroxysms and weak memory". However, the reviews containing the admiration and reproach emotions were most intensively written by consumers after the purchase, indicating that the service provided by the seller, logistics, and e-commerce platform stimulates more consumers to give quick responses and detailed reviews. Conclusion: This study is not only of great significance for exploring the internal mechanisms of consumer discrete emotional expression but also provides important decision-making references for potential consumer purchasing decisions, product updates for developers, marketing strategy formulation for marketing teams, and service improvement for sellers, logistics companies, and e-commerce platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss and gain frames have been extensively employed to promote vaccination. However, previous studies have yet to reach a consensus on which frame is more effective. Besides, with the emotional turn in framing research, more efforts are necessitated to comprehend how affective and cognitive responses work together in framing effect. This study employed a single-factor (message framing: loss vs. gain) between-subjects online experiment to unravel the process-oriented psychological mechanism of how loss-versus-gain framing affects HPV vaccination among Chinese female college students. Results demonstrated that the direct effect of message framing on HPV vaccination intention was not significant. Additionally, neither discrete emotions nor cognitive elaboration mediated framing's effect on vaccination intention. Nevertheless, the serial mediation process with hope and cognitive elaboration as sequential mediators was significant, such that the gain-framed message activated greater hope than the loss-framed one, and hope was associated with intenser cognitive elaboration and HPV vaccination intention. Our study substantiates the importance of hope in fulfilling the framing effect and highlights the importance of simultaneously considering affective and cognitive responses in framing research. Theoretical and practical implications were further discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While researchers have consistently found that music can evoke discrete emotions in people cross-culturally, there is little consensus regarding the mechanisms underpinning this effect. The present study aimed to gain further insight into how music influences emotions, investigating whether the lyrics or the melody of a sad piece of non-classical music had a greater influence on mood. The researchers presented a sample of 251 participants with isolated melody, isolated lyrics, and the original version of a sad pop-ballad in turn, measuring the influence of each on mood using the Brief Mood Introspection Scale (BMIS). A one-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed that all versions of the song significantly reduced mood scores from baseline, with the isolated lyrics and original version of the song reducing mood to a greater magnitude than the melody. The results suggested that both the lyrics and melody of the music influenced mood, though the lyrics appeared to do so to a greater extent. Furthermore, a thematic analysis of open-response questions provided preliminary evidence that the semantic content of lyrics was more influential on mood than the vocal expression of lyrics. Future research should aim to replicate these findings, using both positively and negatively emotionally valenced musical stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence for affective forecasting errors is mixed. We review recent studies to determine whether taking a discrete versus dimensional approach to measuring affective forecasting could partly explain this inconsistency. We observed variation in measurement approaches to measuring and analyzing affective forecasting; those that adopted a discrete approach often examined high arousal positive (e.g., excitement) and negative (e.g., anger) emotions. We recommend conducting empirical studies and meta-analyses to examine whether affective forecasting errors differ systematically depending on measurement approach. Furthermore, we recommend expanding the scope of affective forecasting investigations to examine more granular dimensional affective states and low-arousal discrete emotions. The ideas and future directions presented enhance our understanding of affective forecasting errors and how we study them.

IntroductionPrimary emotions among the populace during global health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, provide valuable insights. Guided by appraisal theories of emotions, this study explores emotional segmentation by mapping primary emotions related to COVID-19 and investigating their impact on cognitive and behavioral outcomes, including risk perceptions, efficacy beliefs, behavioral intentions, prevention behaviors, and information seeking/avoidance.MethodsStudy 1 surveyed young adults (N = 1,368) to investigate their emotions about COVID-19 and examine the effect of these emotions on risk perceptions, efficacy beliefs, and behavioral intentions regarding mask-wearing and physical distancing. Study 2 replicated Study 1 with a quota-based national sample of U.S. adults (N = 8,454) and further tested the effect of primary emotions on preventive behaviors and information seeking/avoidance.ResultsResults indicated that most people experienced negative emotions, such as sadness, anger, and anxiety. These emotions were associated with varying levels of risk perceptions, efficacy beliefs, behavioral intentions, actual behaviors, and information seeking/avoidance. Notably, across both studies, anxious individuals demonstrated more favorable health-related perceptions and behavioral outcomes compared to those experiencing anger.DiscussionThese findings offer insights into the emotional experiences of individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight the significant impact of these emotions on risk perceptions and health-related behaviors. Understanding these emotional responses can inform public health strategies and communication efforts during health crises.

The primary aim of this study was to test emotion-elicitation levels of widely used film clips in a Turkish sample and to expand existing databases by adding several new film clips with the capacity to elicit a wide range of emotions, including a rarely studied emotion category, i.e., calmness. For this purpose, we conducted a comprehensive review of prior studies and collected a large number of new suggestions from a Turkish sample to select film clips for eight emotion categories: amusement, tenderness, calmness, anger, sadness, disgust, fear, and neutrality. Furthermore, we aimed to assess emotion-eliciting levels of short video clips, mostly taken by amateur video footage. In total, 104 film clips were tested online by rating several affective dimensions. Self-reported emotional experience was assessed in terms of intensity, discreteness, valence, and arousal. It was found that at least one of the existing film clips, most of the new film clips, and the short video clips were successful at eliciting medium to high levels of target emotions. However, we also observed overlaps between certain emotions (e.g., tenderness-sadness, anger-sadness-disgust, or fear-anxiety). The current results are mostly in line with previous databases, suggesting that film clips are efficient at eliciting a wide range of emotions where cultural background might play a role in the elicitation of certain emotions (e.g., amusement, anger, etc.). We hope that this extended emotion-eliciting film clips set (EGEFILM) will provide a rich resource for future emotion research both in Turkey and the international area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how exposure to favorable messages about one's preferred party can affect emotional reactions and subsequent behavioral intentions. Integrating the motivated reasoning and discrete emotions' frameworks, we offer a theoretical framework of motivated mobilization for explaining political engagement in response to poll exposure. Specifically, we examine the mediating role of emotions in the relationship between motivated assessments of polls and political mobilization. To test this model, we offer empirical evidence from an online survey-experiment (N = 540) conducted during the 2019 Indian general election. We find that exposure to favorable poll results increases enthusiasm and decreases anger, while both enthusiasm and anger activate behavioral intention for political participation. While our study supports the existing findings which show that partisanship is an important predictor of mobilization for a party and candidate, we uncover the affective routes through which partisanship operates to shape poll reactions. The results underscore the importance of capturing individual variability in preexisting affiliations and their shaping of poll reactions through affect-driven motivated reactions. We discuss these results with regard to the dynamics of political mobilization during election campaigns, the role of emotions in political cognition at large, and in understanding and mitigating biases in poll perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although previous studies have identified several discrete emotion features that drive video diffusion on social media, little research has viewed the video consumption experience as a continuous communication process and combined viewer-side moment-to-moment (MTM) emotional reactions with supply-side MTM emotional dynamics. In this article, we examine how discrete emotion synchronicity, which refers to the synchronicity between MTM discrete emotions in the video content and MTM viewer emotional reactions, is associated with user engagement on video-based social media. Using a set of state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms and a regression model, we first extract discrete emotion synchronicity from videos with multimodal data streams. Then, we conduct an empirical analysis to determine the impact of discrete emotion synchronicity on user engagement. Our results indicate that discrete emotion synchronicity does not always lead to higher user engagement on video-based social media. First, discrete emotion synchronicity that increases the number of video tips (i.e., joy) cannot increase the number of saves and shares. Second, discrete emotion synchronicity (i.e., calm, solemnity, and sadness) has a negative effect on 3 types of engagement behaviors in some cases. Third, the negative effect of discrete emotion synchronicity outweighs its positive effect. Our work offers new insight into how discrete emotions facilitate or hinder user engagement in the context of video-based social media and has practical implications for firms' marketing strategies on video-oriented social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing emotions at work can be challenging for employees in service roles. Most emotional labor research has been conducted in settings of brief service interactions with strangers. Yet, many traditional family roles, such as aged and child care are now outsourced to personal service roles that have ongoing relationships with clients. The continuing nature of those relationships may result in employees using previously unknown strategies to regulate emotions. To develop an understanding of intrinsic and extrinsic emotion regulation (ER) strategies in service relationships, we interviewed 42 aged care employees in China. Using template analysis we found three new employee-client relationship-based intrinsic ER strategies (i.e. family appreciation, filial reappraisal and deliberate distancing), a self-based strategy (i.e. self-deterioration anticipation) and three client-based strategies (i.e. client deterioration anticipation, vulnerability justification and meaning identification) in managing one's own emotions in service relationships. When managing others' emotions in ongoing service settings, a new relationship-based extrinsic ER strategy (i.e. communal bonding) along with situation-based and client-based extrinsic ER strategies were identified. Employees can regulate their own and others' emotions by crafting their relationships with clients. This study suggests that service relationship is a critical dimension of client interactions and should be considered in workplace ER research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the impact of discrete emotions on risk preference has revealed the importance of studying these emotions in different risk-taking domains, such as financial risk-taking, recreational risk-taking, social risk-taking, health risk-taking, and ethical risk-taking. This study investigates the effects of the understudied emotion of pride on financial and social risk preference for oneself and the impact of pride on surrogate decisions in the financial and social domains. Two experimental studies examined whether pride would increase financial risk preference for oneself, increase social risk preference for oneself, increase social other-interested risk preference, and decrease financial other-interested risk preference. A one-way ANOVA revealed that pride increased risk preference in all four domains. In addition, two mediating variables, prosociality, and locus of control, were investigated for causation to understand this phenomenon further. Prosociality partially mediates the results for social self-interested risk preference and financial other-interested risk preference. In contrast, locus of control did not mediate any of the relationships. This suggests that prosocial emotions may have unique effects on risk preference that should be further explored. In addition, this study has practical implications for understanding how individuals make risky decisions when in a prideful state, such as investing in the stock market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on prior work examining discrete emotions and consumer behavior, the present research proposes that consumers are more likely to engage in the target sustainable behavior when marketers use an emotional appeal that matches the brand's expressed values or one that is congruent with consumers' value priority. In particular, we focus on two contrasting positive emotions—pride and awe. We show that the effectiveness of pride and awe appeals depends on the corresponding human values. Specifically, pride increases sustainable behavior and intentions when the self-enhancement value is prioritized; and awe increases sustainable behavior and intentions when the self-transcendence value is prioritized. Importantly, this interaction can be explained by enhanced self-efficacy. We demonstrate these effects across six studies, including a field study. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of sustainable consumption, reconcile prior research, and provide practical guidance for marketers and policy-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appraisal theory suggests that emotions with similar valence can lead to distinct information-seeking behaviors during crises, driven by unique cognitive appraisals. Previous research has predominantly concentrated on the role of affective states, focusing largely on how much time individuals spend seeking information about a threat. However, this approach overlooks the potential impact of specific emotions on source preferences. This study examines the link between particular emotions and the source combinations people use to gather information about COVID-19. It hypothesizes that anxiety is linked to broad repertoires including a wide variety of sources, while anger is associated with narrow repertoires including fewer sources. RQs address the relationship with sadness and happiness. Employing multinomial regressions on latent classes, the findings show that both anger and anxiety are positively associated with broader source repertoires, while low levels of anxiety are linked to narrower repertoires. Sadness and happiness appear to have limited significance in this context. The results suggest an "anxiety threshold," indicating that both low and high levels of anxiety can pose challenges for crisis communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To test whether the risk information seeking and processing model performs consistently when a risk is viewed at different levels of personal relevance, this study focuses on the context of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination. Results from an experimental survey (N = 1,323) indicate that informational subjective norms play a bigger role when PFAS contamination is portrayed as having lower relevance to participants. Moreover, trust in government and trust in science are associated with information seeking only in the low relevance condition. Finally, the different results of worry and anxiety suggest a need to better understand discrete emotions' impact on information seeking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study introduces affective norms for a set of 3022 Croatian words on five discrete emotions: happiness, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust. The words were rated by 1239 Croatian native speakers. Each participant rated 251 or 252 words for one discrete emotion on a five-point Likert scale. The analyses revealed a significant relationship between discrete emotions, emotional dimensions (valence and arousal), and other psycholinguistic properties of words. In addition, small sex differences in discrete emotion ratings were found. Finally, the analysis of the distribution of words among discrete emotions allowed a distinction between "pure" words (i.e., those mostly related to a single emotion) and "mixed" words (i.e., those related to more than one emotion). The new database extends the existing Croatian affective norms collected from a dimensional conception of emotions, providing the necessary resource for future experimental investigation in Croatian within the theoretical framework of discrete emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a novel theoretical framework called the Action Priming Perspective to predict effects of discrete emotions on judgment and decision‐making and report results from two studies examining five discrete emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness) and neutral on a behavioral task of risky decision‐making. We tested two hypotheses concerning single and combinatorial effects of the emotions based on previous theoretical and empirical work delineating the action priming functions of discrete emotions. As predicted, a fear–sadness combination, elicited separately but combined for analyses, produced the highest risk‐taking behavior, higher than an anger–disgust combination (also elicited separately but combined for analyses). Sadness also produced more risky behavior than did disgust, as predicted. These effects, however, did not occur when the task was less uncertain. These findings were discussed vis‐à‐vis understanding implications of specific, discrete emotions on risky, ambiguous judgment and decision‐making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional expressions have been widely used in online news. Existing research on the perception of online news has primarily focused on the effect of contextual cues on readers' reasoning and deliberation behavior; the role of discrete emotions such as anger and sadness, however, has been overlooked. This paper addresses this research gap by investigating the influence of angry and sad expressions in online news on readers' perception of the news. Drawing on the emotions as social information (EASI) theory and the appraisal-tendency framework (ATF), we find that expressions of anger in online news decrease its believability. However, sad expressions do not trigger the same effect. A further test reveals that the effect of angry expressions can be explained by the readers' perception of the author's cognitive effort: readers perceive that expressions of anger in the headlines denote a lack of cognitive effort of the author in writing the news, which subsequently lowers the believability of the news. We also show that news believability has downstream implications and can impact various social media behaviors including reading, liking, commenting, and sharing. This research extends current knowledge of the cognitive appraisals and interpersonal effects of discrete emotions (i.e., anger, sadness) on online news. The results also offer practical implications for social media platforms, news aggregators, and regulators that need to manage digital content and control the spread of fake news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common assumption in prior research and practice is that more helpful online reviews will exert a greater impact on consumer attitudes and purchase decisions. We suggest that this assumption may not hold for reviews expressing anger. Building on the theory of emotions as social information (EASI), we propose that although expressions of anger in a negative review tend to decrease reader perceptions of review helpfulness, the same expressions tend to increase the negative influence of the review on reader attitudes and decisions. Results from a series of laboratory experiments provide support for our claims. Our findings challenge the widely accepted assumption that more "helpful" reviews are ultimately more persuasive and extend the current understanding of the interpersonal effects of emotion in online communication. Our findings also suggest implications for review platforms, retailers, marketers, and manufacturers faced with the task of managing consumer reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the luxury market and associated experiential consumption continues to rise, the hospitality management literature lags somewhat behind practice in examining luxury experiences. This research presents an exploratory analysis of luxury hotel experiences via the approach of topic modeling and emotion detection in online luxury hotel reviews. Results demonstrate that "people" and "product—activity & wellness" aspects of luxury hotel experiences tend to be positively associated with online review ratings. The "product—food & beverage" and "physical evidence and place" aspects may produce mixed effects on rating levels. Finally, the "process" and "price and promotion" aspects tend to be negatively associated with online review ratings. Findings further reveal that such effects function via the mediation paths of various categories of discrete emotions. These results offer enriching insight for hospitality management research and practice regarding luxury hotel experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various emotion elicitation methods are used in many studies assessing the interaction of emotion and cognition. However, most of the experimental and meta-analysis studies comparing emotion elicitation methods have examined the success of emotion evoking in terms of valence and arousal. There are few experimental studies dealing with comparisons within discrete emotion approach. The present study was mainly aimed to determine the most effective emotion elicitation method for discrete emotions. Therefore, three emotion elicitation methods (film, IAPS, imagery) used to evoke three discrete emotions (fear, disgust, happiness) were examined in the framework of discrete, dimensional, and response component model of emotion. Within-subject design was used to examine the coherence of emotional response components such as subjective experience, facial expression, and physiological responses. The results suggested that film was the most effective among all emotion elicitation methods. All emotions elicited using the film method were accompanied not only by intense subjective experiences but also by physiological responses. IAPS and imagination methods successfully elicited subjective experiences of all emotions, except for fear – IAPS condition. Besides all, there was a lack of coherence between the components of emotional responses, and the most explicit results were obtained from subjective experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A temporal sequence of hypothesized relationships was tested between self-based goals and their underlying reasons → stress appraisals → performance and emotions, among UK parkrunners. A conditional process model was also examined to ascertain the potential moderating role of self-determined reasons in explaining the indirect relationship of self-based goals predicting performance and emotions via stress appraisals. Methods: Utilizing a prospective design, 324 parkrunners (Mage = 45.27; SD = 10.73 years) completed online measures of self-based goals, their underlying reasons at 7 days (T1), and stress appraisals at 24 h (T2), prior to their next UK parkrun. Performance data and discrete emotions (pride and shame) were reported 24 h post-parkrun (T3). Results: Structural Equation Modeling revealed partial support for the hypothesized model. More specifically, findings suggested that: (1) T1 self-determined reasons underpinning a self-approach goal positively predicted T2 challenge appraisals and T3 pride, (2) T1 self-determined reasons for pursuing a self-avoidance goal corresponded to reduced T3 performance and shame, (3) T2 challenge and threat appraisals were found to positively relate to T3 pride, and (4) the slower parkrunners ran, the more shame they felt post-event. T2 challenge and threat appraisals were found to mediate the relationship between T1 self-determined reasons underlying a self-approach goal and T3 pride. Further analysis failed to support a conditional process model. Discussion: Our findings suggest the intensity of pursuing a self-based goal does not matter at all, but underlying self-determined reasons are a key driver influencing stress appraisals, performance and subsequent emotions among parkrunners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extent to which individuals feel that they are known and understood by others (i.e., self-verification perceptions) is related to a number of important employee outcomes. However, we know little about what contextual and personal factors are associated with self-verification perceptions, and if such perceptions are related to employees' discrete emotions. Time-lagged data collected from 163 employees revealed that perceived organizational and supervisor support were positively associated with self-verification perceptions, which were in turn related to more positive and less negative emotions. We also found that having high proactive personality significantly enhanced the relationship between perceived organizational support and self-verification perceptions but reduced the relationship between perceived supervisor support and self-verification perceptions. The results provide evidence of the importance of supportive work environments and proactive individual traits to help employees feel known and understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revisiting hope as a discrete emotion, we investigated hope as a central concept in this study. Hope was explicated as a positive discrete emotion associated with a nonzero but uncertain prospect (with a probability between 0 and 1) of an unattained goal. Hope can be successfully induced with messages that highlight a discrepancy between the current state and an unattained goal in tandem with a positive but uncertain prospect of goal attainment. Hope's persuasive impact above and beyond fear was tested in a web-based experiment with health messages that promoted sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumption reduction and support for related public policies. Results demonstrated the impact of hope on both SSB consumption reduction and policy support as well as its potential interaction with fear in conferring persuasive effects. These findings offer a guideline for experimental manipulations of hope and set the stage for replications and further tests of moderators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have examined the effects of discrete emotions on risk taking. One unstudied question in this literature involves comparisons of multiple discrete emotions, not limited to two (e.g., anger vs. sadness, anger vs. fear) on the same risky judgment and decision making (JDM) task. This study examined the effects of five different discrete emotions on the same risky JDM task assessing risk propensities. Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and a neutral condition were elicited in participants (N = 307 university students participating in partial fulfilment of course requirements) using a standard emotion eliciting procedure, after which they completed a self-report measure of risk propensities. Elicitation of a neutral state produced the lowest risk scores, while being emotionally elevated in general increased risk scores. Importantly, the emotions produced differential degrees of risk propensities with sadness producing the highest risk. These findings were discussed vis-à-vis differential functions of different discrete emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are both associated with diminished global positive affect. However, little is known about which specific positive emotions are affected, and which positive emotions differentiate MDD from SAD. Methods: Four groups of adults recruited from the community were examined (N = 272): control group (no psychiatric history; n = 76), SAD without MDD group (n = 76), MDD without SAD group (n = 46), and comorbid group (diagnoses of both SAD and MDD; n = 74). Discrete positive emotions were measured with the Modified Differential Emotions Scale, which asked about the frequency of 10 different positive emotions experienced during the past week. Results: The control group had higher scores on all positive emotions compared to all three clinical groups. The SAD group had higher scores on awe, inspiration, interest, and joy compared to the MDD group, and higher scores on those emotions, as well as amusement, hope, love, pride, and contentment, than the comorbid group. MDD and comorbid groups did not differ on any positive emotions. Gratitude did not differ significantly between clinical groups. Conclusion: Adopting a discrete positive emotion approach revealed shared and distinct features across SAD, MDD, and their comorbidity. We consider possible mechanisms underlying transdiagnostic vs. disorder-specific emotion deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotion regulation (ER) substantially develops during the childhood years. This growth includes an increasing awareness that certain ER strategies are more appropriate in some contexts than others, but few studies have explored how children tailor ER strategies across contexts (i.e. context sensitivity). Understanding this could help clarify why some children have difficulties effectively regulating their emotions even when they have a broad strategy repertoire. The current study explored differences in Hispanic children's ER strategy context sensitivity across three emotions and explored attentional control as a possible moderator of this sensitivity. Children (N = 78; M = 9.91; SD = 1.14; 50% girls; household income M = 31-40k) completed an attentional control task and were interviewed about their ER strategy preferences for sadness, fear, and anger. Context sensitivity was measured as the proportion of endorsed ER strategies that theoretically "fit" the given emotion. Children showed more sensitivity for anger and fear compared to sadness. Attentional control predicted context sensitivity for sadness only, but this was qualified by age. Older children showed more context sensitivity with increasing attentional control. Findings provide insight into emotional development in late childhood by highlighting children's awareness of the context-appropriate nature of ER strategies across emotions.

Abstract The Covid‐19 pandemic produced a complex combination of intense negative emotions among the general public, influencing people's coping reactions toward the pandemic. Yet each discrete emotion may affect people's behaviors in different ways. Unveiling the specific emotion–behavior relationships can provide valuable implications for designing effective intervention programs. Through the lens of the appraisal theory of emotion, we assessed the relationships between negative emotions and pandemic‐related behaviors among the Chinese population midst the early outbreak of the pandemic. An anonymous online survey was distributed to mainland Chinese participants (n = 2976), which assessed individuals' emotional states and behavioral reactions to the pandemic. Consistent with the differential appraisal theme underlying each negative emotion as delineated by the appraisal theory, mixed relationships between emotions and pandemic‐related behaviors were revealed. Specifically, anxiety was positively associated with behaviors of seeking pandemic‐related information, sharing such information, and stockpiling preventive goods, yet, contrary to prediction, anxious people were reluctant to adopt preventive measures, which is maladaptive. Sad people sought information less frequently and exhibited lower intention to stockpile preventive goods; but, opposing prediction, they shared information less frequently. Angry people were more active in sharing information and in stockpiling preventive goods. These findings suggest that public health practitioners can utilize the emotion–behavior relationships to identify the vulnerable individuals who tend to adopt maladaptive coping behaviors, help them address emotional distress, and encourage their adoption of effective coping behaviors.

Understanding how human emotions are represented in our brain is a central question in the field of affective neuroscience. While previous studies have mainly adopted a modular and static perspective on the neural representation of emotions, emerging research suggests that emotions may rely on a distributed and dynamic representation. The present study aimed to explore the EEG microstate representations for nine discrete emotions (Anger, Disgust, Fear, Sadness, Neutral, Amusement, Inspiration, Joy and Tenderness). Seventy-eight participants were recruited to watch emotion eliciting videos with their EEGs recorded. Multivariate analysis revealed that different emotions had distinct EEG microstate features. By using the EEG microstate features in the Neutral condition as the reference, the coverage of C, duration of C and occurrence of B were found to be the top-contributing microstate features for the discrete positive and negative emotions. The emotions of Disgust, Fear and Joy were found to be most effectively represented by EEG microstate. The present study provided the first piece of evidence of EEG microstate representation for discrete emotions, highlighting a whole-brain, dynamical representation of human emotions. • EEG microstate representations for nine discrete emotions were investigated. • A balanced categorization of positive and negative emotions was employed. • C coverage, C duration, B occurrence were the top-contributing microstate features. • Results suggested a whole-brain, dynamic representation of discrete emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionAs emotions are strong predictors of climate policy support, we examined multiple discrete emotions that people experience in reaction to various types of information about climate change: its causes, the scientific consensus, its impacts, and solutions. Specifically, we assessed the relationships between four types of messages and five discrete emotions (guilt, anger, hope, fear, and sadness), testing whether these emotions mediate the impacts of information on support for climate policy.MethodsAn online experiment exposed participants (N = 3,023) to one of four informational messages, assessing participants' emotional reactions to the message and their support for climate change mitigation policies as compared to a no-message control group.ResultsEach message, except the consensus message, enhanced the feeling of one or more emotions, and all of the emotions, except guilt, were positively associated with policy support. Two of the messages had positive indirect effects on policy support: the impacts message increased sadness, which in turn increased policy support, and the solutions message increased hope, which increased policy support. However, the solutions message also reduced every emotion except hope, while the impacts, causes, and consensus messages each suppressed hope.DiscussionThese findings indicate that climate information influences multiple emotions simultaneously and that the aroused emotions may conflict with one another in terms of fostering support for climate change mitigation policies. To avoid simultaneously arousing a positive motivator while depressing another, message designers should focus on developing content that engages audiences across multiple emotional fronts.

IntroductionA temporal sequence of hypothesized relationships was tested between self-based goals and their underlying reasons → stress appraisals → performance and emotions, among UK parkrunners. A conditional process model was also examined to ascertain the potential moderating role of self-determined reasons in explaining the indirect relationship of self-based goals predicting performance and emotions via stress appraisals.MethodsUtilizing a prospective design, 324 parkrunners (Mage = 45.27; SD = 10.73 years) completed online measures of self-based goals, their underlying reasons at 7 days (T1), and stress appraisals at 24 h (T2), prior to their next UK parkrun. Performance data and discrete emotions (pride and shame) were reported 24 h post-parkrun (T3).ResultsStructural Equation Modeling revealed partial support for the hypothesized model. More specifically, findings suggested that: (1) T1 self-determined reasons underpinning a self-approach goal positively predicted T2 challenge appraisals and T3 pride, (2) T1 self-determined reasons for pursuing a self-avoidance goal corresponded to reduced T3 performance and shame, (3) T2 challenge and threat appraisals were found to positively relate to T3 pride, and (4) the slower parkrunners ran, the more shame they felt post-event. T2 challenge and threat appraisals were found to mediate the relationship between T1 self-determined reasons underlying a self-approach goal and T3 pride. Further analysis failed to support a conditional process model.DiscussionOur findings suggest the intensity of pursuing a self-based goal does not matter at all, but underlying self-determined reasons are a key driver influencing stress appraisals, performance and subsequent emotions among parkrunners.

This article introduces the Teacher Emotions in the Classroom Q-sort (TEC-Q) as a systematic means to identify different combinations of teacher emotions within the classroom settings. Reflecting six discrete emotions, the TEC-Q was implemented using a sample of 40 secondary school teachers who performed a card-sorting task. The participants were divided into three groups based on their shared emotional profiles, namely bridging engagement and enjoyment, from misbehavior to the mix of anxiety and anger, and pride with tempered enjoyment. The findings revealed diverse emotional profiles which highlight the complex interplay between teacher emotions and classroom events. • This article introduces the TEC-Q as a tool to assess teacher emotions in the classrooms. • The TEC-Q is a self-report instrument assessing six discrete emotions. • The findings reveal distinct combinations of teacher emotions, potentially overlooked by large n surveys. • The TEC-Q is applicable to single-case, multiple-participant, and intervention study designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public administration researchers have found that unfavorable state actions can trigger negative emotions in citizens, but the behavioral consequences of these emotions have been understudied. We draw on psychological insights to predict how discrete emotional responses to unfavorable interactions with the state (specifically: administrative decisions to deny access to public benefits) will predict citizens' coping behaviors, such as whether they voice grievances, file complaints, and seek information. We test our hypotheses using a survey of applicants of a notoriously burdensome, means-tested tuition-free college program in Oklahoma, USA. In line with our theoretical framework, we find anger increases opposition behaviors in reaction to losses of access to the program, whereas shame reduces opposition among citizens. We also find that fear increases information-seeking and resistance behaviors. The results demonstrate the role of discrete emotions in predicting state-directed citizen behaviors, but also provide the groundwork for applying the discrete emotions framework to other actors, such as public managers and street-level bureaucrats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]