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V zadnjih letih so digitalni modeli višin (DMV) postali bolj natančni, dostopnejši in pogosteje posodobljeni. Zaradi tako velike količine kakovostnih podatkov je interpretacija DMV postala eden najpomembnejših virov podatkov za analize na različnih področjih kot so geodezija, gradbeništvo, kartografija, hidrologija, krajinska arhitektura, prostorsko planiranje, energetika, arheologija in mnogo drugih. DMV je običajno prikazan s sivinami. Uporabniki na podatkih DMV iščejo različne informacije. Vizualna interpretacija DMV prikazanega s sivinami ni intuitivna reprezentacija terena in nekaterih pokrajinskih značilnosti terena ni mogoče zaznati. Znanstveniki so zato razvili različne tehnike prikaza DMV, ki so se izkazale za zelo uporabne za interpretacijo terena in detekcijo majhnih morfoloških značilnosti terena. V magistrskem delu smo program Relief Visualization Toolbox (RVT) nadgradili za uporabo v programu ArcGIS Pro. V ArcGIS Pro smo implementirali obstoječe in nove prikaze kot ArcGIS Python rastrske funkcije. Vizualizacije, ki smo jih implementirali so: hillshade, multi directional hillshade, Simple Local Relief Model, Multi-Scale Relief Model, sky-view factor, anisotropic sky-view factor, local dominance, Multi-Scale Topographic Position, Visualization for Archeological Topography, Visualization for Archeological Topography Combined, Color Relief Image Map (smo ga razvili na novo), enhanced Multi-Scale Topographic Position version 3 (smo ga razvili na novo). Testirali smo hitrost računanja ArcGIS Python rastrskih funkcij (vizualizacij) na različnih računalnikih. Over the years, the accessibility, frequency, and accuracy of digital elevation models (DEMs) evolved. With so much quality data, interpretation of DEMs has become a common source for geographical analysis in various fields, including geodetic survey, engineering, cartography, hydrology, landscape architecture, spatial planning, energetics, archaeology, and many more. DEM is usually visualized with grayscale. Every user seeks certain information from DEM. Interpretation of DEM, when represented with grayscale, is not an intuitive representation of terrain, and some landscape features cannot be detected. Therefore, scientists developed different visualization techniques (methods) of DEM that are effective for interpreting and detecting small landscape features of the terrain. In this master's thesis, we upgraded the Relief Visualization Toolbox (RVT) to be used in ArcGIS Pro geographic information system software. We implemented RVT visualizations and other visualization techniques into ArcGIS Pro as ArcGIS Python raster functions. Featured visualization techniques are: slope gradient, hillshade, multi directional hillshade, Simple Local Relief Model, Multi-Scale Relief Model, sky-view factor, anisotropic sky-view factor, local dominance, Multi-Scale Topographic Position, Visualization for Archeological Topography, Visualization for Archeological Topography Combined, Color Relief Image Map (developed by us), enhanced Multi-Scale Topographic Position version 3 (developed by us). We tested the performance of the created ArcGIS Python raster functions (visualizations) on different computers.

Na položajno točnost izdelkov iz fotografij, posnetih z daljinsko vodenim letalnikom, vpliva konfiguracija fotogrametričnega bloka. V okviru naloge je bila na območju deponije Gramoznica Bistrica vzpostavljena geodetska mreža točk, ki predstavljajo oslonilne in kontrolne točke v izravnavi fotogrametričnega bloka. Območje je bilo posneto na različnih višinah in z uporabo prečnih pasov. Iz pridobljenih fotografij smo sestavili različne fotogrametrične bloke, tvorjene s kombinacijo fotografij, posnetih na različnih višinah in v različni smeri leta. Točnost izravnave fotogrametričnih blokov je ocenjena na podlagi razlik na kontrolnih točkah. Dodatno pa je s primerjavo že obstoječih podatkov ocenjena sprememba prostornine materiala na deponiji. The position of the products from the images recorded with a remote-controlled aircraft is influenced by the configuration of the photogrammetric block. In the course of the task, the Gmoznica Bistrica area was established by the geodetic network of points, which represent the offset and checkpoints in the compensation of the photogrammetric block. The area was recorded at different heights and using transverse flights. From the acquired images we have composed different photogrammetric blocks, formed with a combination of images recorded at different heights and in different directions of the year. The accuracy of photogrammetric blocks is estimated on the basis of differences on checkpoints. In addition, by comparing the existing data, the change in the volume of the material on the landfill is estimated.

Alluvial (torrential) fans, especially those created from debris-flow activity, often endanger built environments and human life. It is well known that these kinds of territories where human activities are favored are characterized by increasing instability and related hydrological risk therefore, treating the problem of its assessment and management is becoming strongly relevant. The aim of this study was to analyze and model the geomorphological aspects and the physical processes of alluvial fans in relation to the environmental characteristics of the territory for classification and prediction purposes. The main geomorphometric parameters capable of describing complex properties, such as relative fan position depending on the neighborhood, which can affect their formation or shape, or properties delineating specific parts of fans, were identified and evaluated through digital elevation model (DEM) data. Five machine learning (ML) methods, including a hybrid Euler graph ML method, were compared to analyze the geomorphometric parameters and physical characteristics of alluvial fans. The results obtained in 14 case studies of Slovenian torrential fans, validated with data of the empirical model proposed by Bertrand et al. (2013), confirm the validity of the developed method and the possibility to identify alluvial fans that can be considered as debris-flow prone.

V diplomski nalogi smo ocenili višinsko točnost DMR, izdelanega iz fotografij, zajetih z letalnikom DJI Phantom 4 Pro. V prvem delu diplomske naloge smo opisali določitev oslonilnih točk s hitro statično metodo izmere GNSS, zajem detajlnih točk z elektronskim tahimetrom in zajem fotografij z letalnikom. V drugem delu diplomske naloge smo predstavili postopek obdelave fotografij in ocenili višinsko točnost izdelanih DMR. Ugotovili smo, da je povprečno višinsko odstopanje izdelanega DMR pod 1 cm, višinska točnost DMR pa približno 2 cm. In the bachelor’s thesis, we evaluated the height accuracy of digital terrain model (DTM), made of photographs recorded by the drone DJI Phantom 4 Pro. In the first part of the thesis, we described the determination of ground control points with the rapid static method GNSS measurement, recording of the detailed points with an electric tachometer, and the recording images by drone. In the second part of the thesis, we presented the procedure of processing of the images. We evaluated the height accuracy of the produced DTMs. We have found that the mean height error of the produced DTM is below 1 cm and the DTM accuracy is approximately 2 cm.

V magistrskem delu smo analizirali skladnost višin, določenih z mobilnim kartirnim sistemom, z višinami, pridobljenimi iz lidarskih podatkov. Uporabili smo podatke GNSS/INS meritev mobilnega kartirnega sistema podjetja DFG CONSULTING, d.o.o. ter podatke aerolaserskega skeniranja (ALS) Slovenije. Višine, določene na osnovi podatkov aerolaserskega skeniranja, smo določili na osnovi digitalnega modela reliefa (DMR), za dva izbrana odseka pa na osnovi oblaka točk reliefa (OTR). Višine, določene z GNSS/INS meritvami, smo pridobili iz podatkov meritev mobilnega kartirnega sistema na več kot 1000 km državnih cest različnih karakteristik. Razlike višin smo razvrstili v razrede, jih analizirali in ovrednotili po več kriterijih.. Ugotovili smo, da absolutne razlike višin, pridobljene z meritvami mobilnega kartirnega sistema, v več kot 86 odstotkih primerov odstopajo od digitalnega modela reliefa (DMR) manj kot 0,25 m. In this Master thesis we analyzed heights determined on the basis of mobile mapping system (MMS) with those computed on the basis of Lidar data. For this purpose, the GNSS/INS measurements data of DFG CONSULTING’s mobile mapping system were compared with the height data, computed on the basis of the airborne laser scanning data (ALS) of Slovenia. For the purpose of this research, the heights derived from the digital terrain model of ALS data were used. For two specific road sections, heights derived from the ground points of point cloud were used. Heights determined on the vasis of the GNSS/INS measurements were obtained with the mobile mapping system measurements of more than 1000 km of national roads of different characteristics. The calculated height differences were classified, analysed and evaluated through different criteria. The result found is that the absolute differences in height obtained on the basis of mobile mapping system’s measurements deviate from the digital terrain model’s for less than 0,25 m in more than 86 percent of available data.

Članek obravnava rabo tal in izbrane naravnogeografske značilnosti na območju občine Lovrenc na Pohorju. Posamezne naravnogeografske značilnosti so bile statistično analizirane in kartografsko prikazane v GIS okolju. Analizirani so bili njihova povezanost in vplivi na rabo tal. Metodologija pridobivanja podatkov in iskanja statističnih povezav med spremenljivkami je pojasnjena v prispevku. Na območju občine Lovrenc na Pohorju je relief z nadmorsko višino, naklonom in ekspozicijo površja glavni naravnogeografski dejavnik rabe tal oziroma oblikovanja kulturne pokrajine. The article treats land use and selected physical geographical characteristic in the municipality of Lovrenc na Pohorju area. Selected physical geographical characteristics were statistically analysed and presented cartographically in GIS environment. The connection between characteristics was also analysed, as well as their impact on land use. Methodology of gathering data and statistical analysis is presented. Relief is with surface height, surface slope and surface aspect the main physical geographical factor of land use and the shape of cultural landscape.

Namen naloge je analiza izbranih obstoječih algoritmov za generalizacijo digitalnega modela reliefa na primeru uporabe na izbranih področjih v geodeziji in geoinformatiki kot so kartografija, prostorskih analiz v GIS-u in kontrola kakovosti. V praktičnem delu naloge sem uporabil testno območje Semiča, ki predstavlja ravninski del in semiško goro, ki se dviga nad Semičem. S pomočjo programa ArcGIS sem izvedel nekaj enostavnih analiz površja: izračun naklona, ekspozicije, ukrivljenosti in analitično senčenje z uporabo podatkov DMV 5, DMV 12,5 ter lidarskega DMR-ja,. Z bilinearno metodo interpolacije sem vse tri sloje prostorskih podatkov prevzorčil iz ločljivosti 12,5 m na ločljivost 25 m in 50 m in opravil analize. Rezultate analiz sem interpretiral v smislu treh izbranih področij v geodeziji in geoinformatiki. Lidarski DMR je najbolj kakovosten prikaz glede na stopnjo detajlnosti. DMV 12,5 in DMV 5 sta bolj skladna, predvsem v ravninskem delu, DMV 5 in lidarski DMR pa v hribovitem predelu. Analitično senčenje pri azimutu 45° daje nedefinirane prikaze površja, pri azimutu 135 obratno predstavo površja, hribi so doline in doline hribi, senčenje pri vertikalnem kotu 10° pa dolge sence. Generiranje najboljših plastnic dobimo iz lidarskega DMR-ja, kjer se plastnice generalizirajo in reducirajo predvsem na ravninskem predelu. Pri prevzorčenju na boljšo ločljivost iz 12,5 m na 1 m sem iskal napake na slojih. Pri posrednem vzorčenju sem v primerjavi s neposrednim dobil še bolj generalizirane prikaze. Ekspozicija je najmanj občutljiva na generalizacijo, veliko bolj pa so naklon in ukrivljenost, Pri ukrivljenosti se dovolj dobro razlike vidijo pri ločljivosti 25 m, kjer tudi vizualno opazimo razlike v konkavnosti in konveksnosti. Najmanj razlik opazimo pri tlorisni ukrivljenosti. S prevzorčenjem na manjšo ločljivost na 25 m in na 50 m se zmanjša kakovost prikaza in kakovost podatkov DMV-ja, vendar sem pri ločljivosti 50 m dobil enakovrednejše prikaze med sloji. The purpose of the thesis is an analysis of selected existing algorithms for DEM generalization through case application in selected fields of geodesy and geoinformatics like cartography, spatial analyses in GIS, and quality control. In its practical part, I used the test area of Semič, consisting of a plain and the Semič hill rising above. Via ArcGIS program, I conducted several simple surface analyses: calculation of slope, angle, curvature, and analytical hillshading using DEM 5, DEM 12.5 and LIDAR data. By bilinear interpolation method, I resampled all three layers of spatial data from 12.5 resolution to 25m and 50m resolutions, and conducted analyses. I interpreted the analyses' results in the sense of three selected fields in geodesy and geoinformatics. LIDAR is the highest quality display regarding the level of detail. Especially in the flat part, DEM 12.5 and DEM 5 are more consistent, whereas DEM 5 and LIDAR tally better in the hilly tract. Analytical hillshading at 45° azimuth yields undefined surface displays, a reverse surface display at 135° azimuth, hills being valleys and valleys hills, while hillshading at a vertical 10° angle forms long shadows. The best contours are generated from LIDAR, where contours are generalized and reduced mainly in the flat tract. Resampling to better resolution from 12.5m to 1m, I searched for errors in the layers. Through indirect sampling, I obtained even more generalized displays compared to direct sampling. Exposition is least sensitive to generalization, while angle and curvature are much more so. In curvature, differences are well enough seen at 25m resolution, where we can also visually perceive the differences in concavity and convexity. The least differences are seen in plan curvature. When resampling to smaller resolution of 25m and 50m, the quality of display and DEM data decreases, but I obtained more equivalent inter-layer displays at 50m resolution.

Aerolasersko skeniranje je v sedanjem času ena izmed pogosteje uporabljenih tehnologij zajema podatkov o oblikovanosti zemeljskega površja. Oblak točk kot rezultat laserskega skeniranja je pogosto uporabljen za izdelavo visokokakovostnih digitalnih modelov reliefa (DMR), katerih natančnost je ovrednotena v postopku analize. V nalogi smo obravnavali vpliv geometrije laserskega skeniranja na določitev višinske komponente položaja DMR-jev na primeru dveh vrst površin, travniku in asfaltu, na testnem območju v Radovljici. Znotraj posamezne površine smo obravnavali dva podatkovna niza, in sicer oblake snemalnih pasov in združene georeferencirane oblake. Vpliv geometrije laserskega skeniranja smo analizirali predvsem z vidika višine leta snemalne platforme nad terenom, velikosti kota od nadirja in oddaljenosti od referenčne GNSS postaje. Za referenčne vrednosti, na katerih je temeljila višinska primerjava, smo uporabili kontrolne točke, izmerjene na terenu. Na osnovi izvedene analize kakovosti DMR-ja, katere rezultat so mere statistične razpršenosti, in izračuna geometrijskih parametrov, smo izrisali grafe, ki so v nalogi glaven način prikaza rezultatov. Končne ugotovitve glede velikosti posameznega vpliva na kakovost določitve položajev točk aerolaserskega skeniranja smo podali v zaključku. Airborne laser scanning is nowadays one of the most used technologies for data collection of the shape of the Earth´s surface. Point cloud as a result of laser scanning is often used to produce high-quality digital terrain models (DTM), whose accuracy is evaluated in the analysis process. In the thesis we discussed the influence of the geometry of laser scanning on determination of the DTM´s altitude component on two different types of grounding, meadow and asphalt, in testing area in Radovljica. Within each area we discussed two data sets, strip point clouds and georeferenced point clouds. We analyzed the impact of the height of the recording platform over the terrain, the size of angle from nadir and distance from the GNSS ground reference station on the geometry of laser scanning. The height comparison was based on check points, measured in the field. Based on the analysis of the quality of the DTM, the results of which are the measures of statistical dispersion, and the calculated geometric parameters, the figures were plotted, and those are the main way the results are displayed. Final findings regarding the size of each effect on the quality of the determination of point positions based on airborne laser scanning are given in the conclusion.

V diplomskem delu je teoretično predstavljena izdelava digitalnega modela reliefa. Praktični del smo izvedli v kamnolomu Suhor pri Vinici. Terenski zajem podatkov je obsegal izmero izhodiščne mreže in skeniranje južnega dela kamnoloma. Izmero smo izvedli z univerzalnim tahimetrom Leica Nova MS50, ki omogoča klasične terestrične meritve in terestrično lasersko skeniranje. Rezultati izravnane izhodiščne mreže so uporabljeni za umestitev oblaka točk v državni koordinatni sistem D48/GK. Iz obdelanega oblaka točk je izdelan digitalni model reliefa, s katerim se je izračunala prostornina kamnoloma. This thesis presents the theoretical production of digital relief model. The practical part was carried out in the Suhor pri Vinici quarry. The field data collection consists of network performed baseline measurement and scanning of the southern part of the quarry. The measurement was taken with Leica Nova MS50 multistation, which allows classical terrestrial measurements as well as terrestrial laser scanning. The results of the adjusted baseline network are used for the placement of the point cloud in the national coordinate system D48/GK. The processed point cloud was used for creating a digital terrain model to calculate the quarry volume.

Matematično modeliranje je pomemben del postopka ocenjevanja nevarnosti in priprave kart nevarnosti zaradi delovanja naravnih pojavov. V raziskavi modeliranja drobirskih tokov smo uporabili licenčni matematični model Flo2D. Kakovostni podatki o topografiji terena so ključnega pomena za natančnost izračunov in torej za zanesljivost in točnost kart nevarnosti. Računska mreža modela se ustvari na podlagi vhodnih topografskih podatkov. Cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti uporabnost javno dostopnih topografskih podatkov za podrobno modeliranje drobirskih tokov in njihova primerjava s podatki, pridobljenimi z lidarsko tehnologijo. V Sloveniji so javno dostopni podatki DMV5 in MV12,5, ki pa so žal vprašljivi glede morfološke natančnosti. Alternativa so DMR, izdelani iz podatkov aerolaserskega skeniranja, ki zaradi boljše prostorske ločljivosti omogočajo dodatne obdelave in izboljšave. Rezultati z uporabo lidarskih DMR so bolj natančni, struga na vršaju je prikazana bolj izrazito. Z natančnejšimi podatki so bolje prikazani lokalni pojavi na vršaju, ki so za izdelovanje kart nevarnosti zelo pomembni. Težava pri podatkih laserskega skeniranja je še vedno relativno visoka cena, ki pogosto otežuje uporabo bolj natančnih podatkov. Druga slabost so veliko daljši časi za izračun modela, saj kakovostnejši in bolj natančni podatki o terenu pomenijo več geometrijskih nepravilnosti oziroma višinske razgibanosti mreže na vršaju, kar pa se odraža v krajših računskih korakih modela, ki zagotavljajo stabilnost računa. Z metodami, prikazanimi v prispevku, je mogoče lidarske podatke obdelati na način, ki prinese bistveno krajše računske čase in izboljšano kakovost rezultatov modela ; Mathematical modelling is a common approach when assessing debris-flow hazards. In this study on the mathematical modelling of debris flows, we applied the widely used Flo2D model. The high accuracy of the input parameters is essential for obtaining acceptable results. The numerical grid in the area of the debrisflow movement is generated from topographic data. The aim of our research was to assess the usefulness of public data for debris flow-modelling and to compare this data to the LiDAR-derived data. In Slovenia, DEM5 and DEM12.5 are publicly available data. However, the morphological accuracy of these datasets is questionable because of their development methods and their low morphologic resolution. A better solution is LiDAR-derived data with higher resolutions and a multiple options for further improvements with different methods and algorithms. The results with LiDAR data are more accurate; the torrential channel is better expressed. One downside of LiDAR data is its high price, which prevents wider usage of more precise data. Another downside is the much longer computational times of the model. More precise data means a more agitated surface of the computational grid, which results in shorter computational steps to ensure numerical stability. Methods for LiDAR-derived DEMs improvements are proposed in this study. With modified data, computational times are much shorter and results are even more precise than with non-modified DEMs.

Predmet raziskave je digitalni model reliefa (DMR) kot podatkovni sloj, ki podrobno opisuje obliko zemeljskega površja. DMR je digitalni zapis nadmorskih višin, predstavljen z neprekinjeno ploskvijo. V Sloveniji imamo dolgoletno tradicijo pri izdelavi DMR-ja, od konca 60. let prejšnjega stoletja, ko smo začeli razvijati DMR 100. Trenutno je aktualen DMR Slovenije in okolice kot zbirka digitalnih podatkov višin DMV 12,5, 25 in 100 ter izohips in skeleta reliefa. Model je bil izdelan leta 2005 po lastni metodi integracije obstoječih podatkov. V povezavi s potrebnim vzdrževanjem modela (skupaj s pretvorbo v nov koordinatni sistem) ter z razvojem novih tehnologij, kot je lasersko skeniranje in metode kontrole kakovosti podatkov, predlagamo smernice nadaljnjega razvoja. Izboljšani DMR Slovenije naj bi poleg že vključenih slojev vseboval še podatke DMV-ja 12,5 brez antropogenih vplivov, iz podatkov laserskih skeniranj izdelana DMV 1 in DMP 1 (digitalni model ploskve) ter zbirki surovih podatkov laserskih skeniranj in podatkov podvodnega reliefa ter drugih virov. / The objective of this study is the digital terrain model (DTM) as a data set that describes the shape of the Earth’s surface in a detail. The DTM is a digital record of the height values that are resembled by continuous surface. In Slovenia there is a long tradition of DTM production that started in the end of 60s when we started developing DTM 100. The present DTM is a DTM of Slovenia and its surroundings that include a database of digital elevation models DEM 12.5, 25, and 100 together with contour lines and terrain skeleton. The model was produced in 2005 with our own method of data integration. The model needs maintenance so we suggest some guidelines for further development (including transformation to a new coordinate system) that should be supported by the development of new technologies, such as laser scanning and methods of a data quality control. Besides incorporated data, the enhanced DTM of Slovenia would also include DEM 12.5 data without anthropogenic influences; laser-scanning produced DEM 1 and DSM 1 (digital surface model); a raw data database from laser scanning missions; and an underwater relief database with other data sets.

V diplomskem delu obravnavamo brezpilotna zračna plovila – letalnike ter njihovo uporabo pri zajemu podatkov za generiranje digitalnega modela reliefa. V nalogi predstavimo delovanje, sestavo in zgodovino razvoja letalnikov ter zakonodajno-pravne okvire njihove uporabe v evropskem zračnem prostoru. Predstavljena so Navodila varne vključitve daljinsko vodenih plovil v evropski zračni prostor, ki obravnavajo zračni prostor kot prostor za izvedbo nalog letalnikov, hkrati pa tudi kot medij tako za prenos podatkov preko širokopasovnih povezav kakor tudi za upravljanje plovil preko elektromagnetnih valov. V nalogi opišemo postopke ocenjevanja kakovosti prostorskih podatkov ter podrobno opišemo ocenitev kakovosti DMR na praktičnem primeru. Predstavimo metodologijo ocenjevanja po evropskih priporočilih, zapisanih v publikaciji EuroSDR št. 60 (Höhle, Potuckova, 2011). Kot primer uporabe letalnikov v geodetski praksi predstavimo metodo izdelave fotogrametričnega oblaka točk s fotogrametrično zajetimi podobami na krovu brezpilotnega štirikopterja, ki so jo v lastno razvitem sistemu implementirali v podjetju Modri planet. V nalogi z omenjeno metodo ocenimo zajet DMR po priporočilih EuroSDR. Predstavljeno je študijsko območje, ki je bilo za potrebe naloge zajeto z fotogrametričnim oblakom točk. V nalogi predstavimo različne načine filtriranja surovega oblaka točk, da dobimo reprezentativen oblak točk za izdelavo DMR. Predstavljeno je delo v programskih okoljih 3Dsurvey, Matlab, MeshLab, Ms Access, ArcGIS. Predstavimo proces ocenjevanja kakovosti na praktičnem primeru. Nalogo zaključimo s predstavitvijo rezultatov ocenitve kakovosti DMR, ki smo ga izdelali na praktičnem primeru. In the graduation thesis it is discussed unmanned aerial vehicles and their usage in geodetic data acquisation for the purpose of generating Digital Terain Models. In the thesis we firstly show the structure, operation, historical evolution of development of the UAVs and the legislation framme of their usage in European Air space. »Rodemap for the integration of the civil Remotely – Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) into the European Aviation System« is introduced. It discusses Airspace as work space for realization of RPAS tasks as well as media for Communication link using broad bands and as Command link using elektro magnetic waves. The method for Quality assessment of Digital Terrain Models as written in european recommendation EuroSDR is presented on the practical example in my thesis. As practical usage of UAVs in geodetic practice the method of photogrammetric point cloud derivation, implemented in slovenian companies softwear called Modri planet is desribed. The quality of derivated DTM as recommended in EuroSDR is assessed. The test site chosen and measured for practical use of photogrammetric point cloud is described. We described several methods of raw point cloud filtering with the purpose of creating terrain representing point cloud. The described methods matter usage of 3Dsurvey, Matlab, MeshLab, MS Access and ArcGIS softwear. The proces of quality assessment is presented in practical usage on the test field measurements as well as their findings.

Relief maps are three-dimensional representations of the Earth’s surface. In contrast to traditional 2D maps, where the relief is represented indirectly, the relief maps are intended for direct representation of the relief. Such way of relief presentation is simpler and easier to understand for ordinary users. In the article, the preparation of the editorial plan is described and thepossible methods of elaboration of relief maps are presented. The method described has been used for elaboration of an insert of a relief map of the Pomurje region at horizontal scale 1 : 30,000 and at vertical scale 1 : 15,000. The work process is divided into fourphases, following in time and building one upon another: elaboration of a convex aluminium mould, thermo-vacuum process of reproduction, printing, and composition of basic elements.

Photoclinometry is a method for extraction digital elevation models from one single image on the basis of shading – in many cases it is also called shapefrom - shading method. The tested program ISIS is capable of making interactive photoclinometry. ISIS is developed and used especially for photographs of different space objects. It is an open-source program, which works under the Linux operating system. In this paper, the installation, handling and capabilities of ISIS are described. In detail a module for photoclinometry is described and tested. The test is made on a photograph of a part of planet Mars. The results of photoclinometry depend greatly upon parameters of photoclinomety (albedo and the photometrical function of surface) since a small change of a parameter can cause a big change in the produced DEM. With photoclinometry very accurate DEMs can never be obtained. From the test it can be concluded that results gained with photoclinometry can be used for research or orientation purposes, but never for geodetic precision. One field of possible usage in Slovenia is the old-archive CAS images of snow-covered areas.

In the paper, history of the digital terrain and elevation model (DTM and DEM) production is chronologically described. The first ideas to produce the DTM of Slovenia are from the late sixties of the previous century. In 1973 the production of the ‘DMR 100’ started, the project finished in 1984 and was being updated until 1997. In 1975 the first digital terrain model for entire Slovenia was produced: ‘DMR 500’. Until the end of eighties and in the nineties there was no significant progress regarding DTM production. Since 1995 the ‘DMR 25’ has been produced as a lateral product of the digital orthophoto for scale 1:5000. In 2000 InSAR DMV 25 was produced with radar interferometry and in 2001 ‘DMV 20’ from geodetic data of various quality for 1/8 of Slovenia and vicinity.

Photogrammetric work on Triglav glacier is presented. The emphasis is on the reconstruction of the surface of the glacier by processing the old panoramic Horizont pictures. With the panoramic camera Horizont the Triglav glacier is pictured from two standpoints every month since 1976. In detail is described the calibration of the Horizont camera made at the University of Technology in Vienna and the outer joint orientation of Horizont and metric Rolleimetric pictures. The way how to acquire requested 3D output is presented.

V doktorski disertaciji opišemo dva postopka gradnje digitalnega modela reliefa iz podatkov LiDAR. Prva metoda iterativno približuje zlepke tankih plošč proti terenu, pri čemer s postopnim zmanjševanjem strukturnega elementa opravlja filtriranje točk glede na njihove viške razlike z interpolacijsko ploskvijo. S cilindrično transformacijo okrepimo nezveznosti v porazdelitvi točk, ki so posledica prisotnosti objektov. Brezparametrično pragovno filtriranje dosežemo samodejno s pragovno vrednostjo, definirano s standardno deviacijo. Rezultati pokažejo, da metoda pravilno določi teren tudi v najzahtevnejših primerih. Pričakovana natančnost metode nad podatki, danes uporabljenimi v vsakodnevni praksi, je več kot 96 %, medtem ko povprečna skupna napaka nad naborom testnih podatkov združenja ISPRS ne preraste 6 %. Druga metoda uporablja prilagodljiv morfološki filter, kjer je velikost strukturnega elementa v vsaki točki določena glede na njeno razdaljo do najbližjega roba. Vhodni nabor podatkov v ta namen najprej razporedimo v mrežo, nad katero izvedemo zaznavo robov z metodo kompas in Sobelovim operatorjem. Z morfološkim polnjenjem regij razdelimo mrežo v regije ospredja in ozadja. Definicijo strukturnega elementa izpeljemo iz transformacije razdalj regij ospredja. Končno filtriranje podatkov opravimo s cilindrično transformacijo in pragovnim filtriranjem. Z rezultati pokažemo, da na ta način v primerjavi s prvo metodo dosežemo 94 % višjo računsko učinkovitost, medtem ko je natančnost metode višja za 20 % nad podatki z nižjo ločljivostjo ter 30 % nad podatki z višjo ločljivostjo. This dissertation considers two new methods for automatic generation of digital terrain models from LiDAR data. The first method iterates a thin plate spline interpolated surface towards the ground, while points’ residuals from the surface are inspected at each iteration, with a gradually decreasing structural element. Top-hat transformation is used to enhance discontinuities caused by surface objects. Finally, parameter-free ground point filtering is achieved by automatic thresholding, based on a standard deviation. The experiments show that this method correctly determines DTM even in those cases of difficult terrain features. The expected accuracy of ground point determination on those datasets commonly used in practice today is over 96%, while the average total error produced on the ISPRS benchmark dataset is under 6%. The second method uses an adaptive morphological filter, where the size of the structural element is defined by the distance of a point from it’s nearest edge. The input data is arranged into a grid and compass edge detection based on the Sobel operator is applied for edge extraction. Morphological region-filling is used in order to segment grid-cells into foreground and background regions, while the distance transformation of the foreground regions defines the size of the structural element for each foreground grid-cell. Finally, LiDAR point-filtering is achieved using adaptive top-hat transformation, followed by a constant thresholding. As confirmed by experiments, the average CPU execution time decreases by more than 94% compared to the first method, while the accuracy improves by nearly 20% on low-density datasets, and by nearly 30% on high-density datasets.

Namen diplomske naloge je razvoj aplikacije, ki bo simulirala razširjanje ultrakratkih radijskih valov na digitalnem modelu reliefa. V diplomskem delu na kratko opišemo elektromagnetno valovanje, način razširjanja valov in model ITU. Nato predstavimo algoritme in metode, ki smo jih uporabili pri izrisu digitalnega reliefa. Sledi podrobnejša predstavitev vmesnika in razlaga Bresenhamovega algoritma. Nato še razložimo implementacijo modela ITU in predstavimo rezultate aplikacije. The purpose of the thesis is the development of an application for simulating the propagation of very-high radio waves on a digital model relief. Firstly, a short description of electromagnetic waves propagation is done. The ITU model is presented afterthat, followed by presentations of algorithms and methods used for tracing the digital relief. A presentation of the graphical user interface and an explanation of Bresenham’s algorithm is done, too. Finally, our implementation of the ITU model is explained and the obtained results are presented.