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The aim of the study is to establish digital humanism as a driving force for technological change in the context of the Internet and artificial intelligence paradigm, based on social interaction between humans and digital technologies. The article uses general philosophical and special scientific methods of cognition, in particular, analysis, synthesis, generalisation and modelling, structural and functional, Agile, axiological, synergistic methods. The conceptual foundations of digital humanism as a concept of modern development, which not only promotes technological progress but also takes into account the challenges and opportunities of the Internet and artificial intelligence in the social interaction of humans with technology, are analysed using this methodology. The authors identify the problems of digital humanism and the ways to overcome them, aimed at ensuring that the development of technology serves the social wellbeing of the individual and improves the quality of life of society. The authors analyses new trends in digital humanism in the age of the Internet and artificial intelligence, which can provide access to information, education, medical services, etc., making people's lives more comfortable and productive. The concept of digital humanism promotes the convergence of technology with human values and needs. Identifying the impact on technological change and social interaction with Artificial Intelligence contributes to the creation of a humane and just society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In my study, I spotlight the concept of digital humanism and briefly examine some aspects of the complex process that has become known in recent years as “digital transformation”. Throughout the paper, the underlying question persists: how does digitalization impact various human communities, and what (new) emphases emerge in the different formulations of responses to digitalization as a challenge? Given the monumental nature of the topic, with nearly every aspect being dynamic, malleable, and continuously evolving, I view this study as an outline and a thought-provoking piece, and I ask the reader to do the same. Although some global information and communication technology (ICT) guidelines and strategies appear to be already accepted, ICT itself, along with the human thinking that enables it, is perpetually dynamic. There is no “definitively” closed horizon as long as the observer of that horizon sees it as such. This is why it is important to realize that our actions, both within and outside the digital space, intentionally or unintentionally impact the process of digital transformation. In doing so, we influence its realization, thereby creating realities where humans control technology, not the other way around. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational recognition of narratives, if successful, would find innumerable applications with large digitized datasets. Systematic identification of narratives in the text flow could significantly contribute to such pivotal questions as where, when, and how narratives are employed. This paper discusses an approach to extract narratives from two datasets, Finnish parliamentary records (1980–2021) and oral history interviews with former Finnish MPs (1988–2018). Our study was based on an iterative approach, proceeding from original expert readings to a rule-based, computational approach that was elaborated with the help of annotated samples and annotation scheme. Annotated samples and computationally found extracts were compared, and a good correspondence was found. In this paper, we exhibit and compare the results from annotation and rule-based approach, and discuss examples of correctly and incorrectly found narrative sections. We consider that all attempts at recognizing and extracting narratives are definition dependent, and feed back to narrative theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SWS - Rundschau is the property of Verein fur interdisziplinare sozialwissenschaftliche Studien und Analysen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore how companies can adopt digital humanism (DH), defined as the integration of humanistic skills in the development process of digital technologies, to create value and consequently develop effective business models. Specifically, the aim is to answer the following research question: what are the main DH mechanisms through which companies create value? Design/methodology/approach: Given the limited understanding of the phenomenon under investigation, a qualitative approach was adopted based on a multiple-case study to explore how companies are embracing DH. The study will focus on three exemplar cases in the use of DH, namely, IBM, Microsoft and SAP, well recognized as three of the market leaders in the IT industry. In addition, the selected companies are recognized as some of the most innovative in their specific industries, hence offering a rich set of information on how to specifically embrace DH. Findings: This study unveils the main mechanisms through which companies can create value by implementing DH's approaches into their business models. Originality/value: The originality of this research lies in its focus on how companies integrate DH into their business models. Indeed, the study aims at uncovering the main mechanisms that companies use to integrate DH into their overall business practices. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into how companies can effectively integrate DH into their business models, which could have important implications for creating responsible, sustainable and inclusive solutions that prioritize human needs and values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal for Business, Economics & Ethics / Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts und Unternehmensethik is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal for Technology in Theory & Practice / Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis (TATuP) is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of global challenges, this article delves into European strategies concerning digital humanism, focusing on how digital technologies can be harmonized with human values. The authors scrutinize a range of European initiatives aimed at fostering a balanced interaction between individuals and technology. Key themes under examination include the ethical considerations surrounding artificial intelligence, safeguarding privacy in online realms, promoting digital literacy, and ensuring equitable access to information resources. By evaluating successful endeavors within the European Union, the article furnishes recommendations for advancing digital humanism as a pivotal aspect of European societal progression. The legislative efforts within the European Union targeting digital humanism are also explored. The study aims to dissect both the theoretical underpinnings and practical applications of European digital humanism, which seek to integrate digital advancements with humanistic principles and societal necessities. The subject of inquiry encompasses the European approaches to digital humanism, while the object of analysis revolves around the evolving challenges impacting these practices. Research objectives include: 1) examining European Union legislation pertaining to digital humanism; 2) scrutinizing various European strategies embodying digital humanism; and 3) conceptualizing the notion of digital humanism within the global context of challenges, with a focus on leveraging EU experiences for the benefit of Ukraine. The exploration of European digital humanism practices contributes to the enrichment and expansion of the concept of humanism in the contemporary digital landscape. Moreover, by contemplating the repercussions of technology, this study sheds light on how digital innovations can align with humanistic values and requirements. It also investigates the influence of cultural dynamics on the development and utilization of digital technologies, as well as the reciprocal impact of technology on cultural evolution. Ultimately, an examination of European digital humanism practices facilitates the formulation of policies and strategies geared towards technology development, with a steadfast commitment to upholding human rights, fostering transparency, and nurturing trust within society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the innumerable suggestions of the book-prism Understanding Media, one of the most significant legacies, strongly re-presented as a key to analysing the relationships between technologies and the metamorphosis of society, coincides with technological determinism. Strongly contested in subsequent media studies as a manifestation of reductionism, technodeterminism appears to be a highly topical and useful conceptual tool for observing the conceptions of the main actors in Platform Society and Artificial Intelligence. Through Understanding Media, Marshall McLuhan transforms the determinism of the Toronto School into a philosophy of history of the same intensity as Marxian determinism. Technological determinism can thus be regarded as the "ultimate ideology", the one professed by the Big Tech tycoons, who place themselves in relation to public discourse and media system in the guise of prophetic leaders indicating new horizons of destiny for humanity. In this context, McLuhan's general conceptual perspective can be interpreted as an original matrix of the "Californian Ideology". This article, with a focus on discourse analysis and the framing of the topic from a sociology of communication and social theory perspective, aims to analyse the genesis and characteristics of the technological determinism elaborated by McLuhan by comparing it, in terms of long duration, permanence and returns, with that expressed by the Californian Ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article addresses the growing concerns about digital technologies and artificial intelligence and their impact on human security. It explores the inadequacies of current digital technology regulation in protecting fundamental human rights. The authors present a typology of three “security cultures for digital technology” based on Mary Kaldor’s work on human security, linking international relations and critical security studies with technology assessment (TA). The following cultures are distinguished: dual use, cybersecurity, and TA. The article concludes with a call for collaborative efforts among policy makers, industry, and civil society to prioritize a human-centered approach and global cooperation mechanisms and to strengthen the TA culture in order to address AI innovation without compromising human rights.

In this paper, we explore a new perspective on digital humanism, emphasizing the centrality of multi-stakeholder dialogues and a bottom-up approach to surfacing stakeholder values. This approach starkly contrasts with existing frameworks, such as the Vienna Manifesto's top-down digital humanism, which hinges on pre-established first principles. Our approach provides a more flexible, inclusive framework that captures a broader spectrum of ethical considerations, particularly those pertinent to the digital realm. We apply our model to two case studies, comparing the insights generated with those derived from a utilitarian perspective and the Vienna Manifesto's approach. The findings underscore the enhanced effectiveness of our approach in revealing additional, often overlooked stakeholder values, not typically encapsulated by traditional top-down methodologies. Furthermore, this paper positions our digital humanism approach as a powerful tool for framing ethics-by-design, by promoting a narrative that empowers and centralizes stakeholders. As a result, it paves the way for more nuanced, comprehensive ethical considerations in the design and implementation of digital technologies, thereby enriching the existing literature on digital ethics and setting a promising agenda for future research.

Few concepts have been subjected to as intense scrutiny in contemporary discourse as that of “humanism.” While these critiques have acknowledged the importance of retaining certain key aspects of humanism, such as rights, freedom, and human dignity, the term has assumed ambivalence, especially in light of post-colonial and gender studies, that cannot be ignored. The “Vienna Manifesto on Digital Humanism,” as well as the recent volume (2022) titled Perspectives on Digital Humanism, bear a complex imprint of this ambivalence. In this contribution, we aim to bring to the forefront and decipher this underlying trace, by considering alternative (non-humanistic) ways to understand human-technologies relations, beyond the dominant neoliberal paradigm (paragraphs 1 and 2); we then analyse those relations within the specific context of legal studies (paragraphs 3 and 4), one in which the interdependency of humans and non-humans shows a specific and complex form of “fundamental ambivalence.”

The article examines the fundamental foundations of the European approach to the regulation of digital transformation and the creation of an ideological and theoretical basis for the legal support of digitalization of society in the European Union. The concept of digital humanism, which is gaining more and more popularity, is analyzed and determines the content and direction of the EU policy on creating conditions for the digital transition. It states that digital humanism is a new field that examines the ethical, social, emotional, and political implications of digital technologies for human life. The conceptual design of the human rights approach to the regulation of digitalization in the EU is connected with the adoption of a number of documents, the analysis of which made it possible to determine the specifics of the approach to the regulation of the digital transition in the EU. It claims to be based on the desire to put people at the center of digital transformation, includes references to digital sovereignty, respect for fundamental rights, rule of law and democracy, inclusiveness, accessibility, equality, sustainability, sustainability, security, improved quality of life, accessibility of services, and respect for the rights and aspirations of everyone. It was emphasized that the European regulatory model of digital transformation, focused on a human rights approach, is supported by the world community and is being implemented on a global scale. This is due to the so-called Brussels effect, which consists in the spread of EU internal regulatory rules at the global level.

This paper evaluates the historical-anthropological and ethical underpinnings of the concept of “digital humanism.” Our inquiry begins with a reconstructive analysis, focusing on three pivotal works defining digital humanism. The objective is to expose shared characteristics shaping the notions of “human being” and “humanity.” Moving forward, our investigation employs anthropological-evolutionary and individual-cognitive perspectives to discern how cultural-historical contingencies shape the implicit understanding of the “human being” that forms the foundation for digital humanism. As an illustrative case study, we delve into Luddism to illuminate the potential and limitations of adopting a critical stance towards digital humanism. Through a thorough analysis, encompassing both efficacy and implicit anthropological elements, our goal is to extract ethical implications pertinent to our broader objective. This examination reveals the interplay between cultural-historical contingencies and anthropological constants in shaping assumptions about the “human being” within the context of digital humanism. In conclusion, our paper contributes to a nuanced understanding of the implicit assumptions permeating the digital humanism discourse. We advocate for a more critical and reflective engagement with the foundational concepts of digital humanism, urging scholars and practitioners to navigate the complexities of its historical-anthropological and ethical dimensions.

Digital humanism emerges from serious concerns about the way in which digitisation develops, its impact on society and on humans. While its motivation is clear and broadly accepted, it is still an emerging field that does not yet have a universally accepted definition. Also, it is not always clear how to differentiate digital humanism from other similar endeavours. In this article, we critically investigate the notion of digital humanism and present its main principles as shared by its key proponents. These principles include the quest for human dignity and the ideal of a better society based on core values of the Enlightenment.The paper concludes that digital humanism is to be treated as a technical endeavour to shape digital technologies and use them for digital innovation, a political endeavour investigating power shifts triggered by digital technology, and, at the same time, as a philosophical endeavour including the quest to delineate its scope and to draw boundaries for the digital.Methodologically, digital humanism is an interdisciplinary effort to debate a broad range of digitisation shortfalls in their totality, from privacy infringements to power shifts, from human alienation to disownment. While it overlaps with a range of established fields and other movements, digital humanism reflects a new academic, engineering, and societal awareness of the challenges of digital technologies.

The term digital humanism is gaining traction in academia, but what does it mean? This brief discussion paper offers a conceptual analysis and discussion of the term and vision, thereby arguing for a more critical, posthumanist, and political version of digital humanism.

Copyright of Mediterranean Journal of Communication / Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación is the property of Revista Mediterranea de Comunicacion / Mediterranean Journal of Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of HETS Online Journal is the property of Hispanic Educational Technology Services, Inc. (HETS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to present the concept of Digital Humanism, through the emerging need for an epistemological sense for educational practices in the context of multiple human relationships that have experiences with digital technologies. The proposal deepens the sense of a Digital Humanism, through the understanding of a new humanism, cyberculture and the complexity of educational practices in the relationship between the physical and the digital, in the teaching and learning process. The work has a qualitative and hermeneutical character, with a dialectical understanding. The research paths dialogue, initially on the meaning of philosophical gnoseology demonstrated by theories of knowledge over time, with an emphasis on modernity. Subsequently, the understanding of the conception of a new contemporary humanism in social relations, in particular, in pedagogical work in the face of cyberculture and complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are computers on the way to acquiring “superintelligence”? Can human deliberation and decision-making be fully simulated by the mechanical execution of AI programmes? On close examination these expectations turn out not to be well-founded, since algorithms (or, in Kantian terms, “imperatives of skill” that are implemented by technological means) do, ultimately, have “heteronomous” characteristics. So-called AI-“autonomy” is a sensor-directed performance automatism, which — compared with the potential for ethical judgment in human “practical reason” — proves to be limited in significant ways (even if, in so-called “machine learning”, digital technologies are able to probabilistically adapt to new data). This is shown in some detail with reference to the idea of a “digital humanism”, which was introduced by Julian Nida-Rümelin and Nathalie Weidenfeld, who argue that algorithms (possibly) are useful “tools”, but emphasise — thus rejecting excessive “post-humanist” (Utopian or dystopian) ideas about AI — that there exists a crucial difference between human action and its (partial) AI-simulation. While Nida-Rümelin/Weidenfeld´s “digital humanism” is, on the one hand, inspired by Kant’s conception of human autonomous self-determination, the concept of “structural rationality” that they advocate is, on the other hand, quite problematic. “Digital humanism”, however, can be improved as I argue — with reference to Barbara Herman’s analysis of “moral judgment” and to Allen Wood’s reflections on “human dignity”.

The paper highlights the importance of promoting and valorizing cultural heritage collections from cultural institutions, such as art galleries, libraries, archives, and museums, using the most recent I&CTs (Information and Communication Technologies), as well as identifying behavior patterns of visitors inside virtual exhibitions in order to provide them personalized content. The paper's objective is to highlight the influence of modern I&CTs in the cultural field, and the advantages provided by new tools, such as virtual exhibitions, in accessing, promoting, and valorizing cultural collections, especially in pandemic situations. Digital transformation is happening not only in cultural institutions but also in human beings. The concept of Digital Humanism is very popular and developed together with the COVID-19 pandemic evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Definitional work is never neutral. On the contrary, it is full of issues. The definition of digital humanities is no exception to the rule. The article thus shows that the definition consisting in circumscribing a set of entities that will be included and distinguishing between them and what is excluded, also leads to the configuration of the included vs. excluded collectives, their identity, belonging and the distribution of resources. The definitional work observed in the digital humanities arenas thus appears to be loaded with issues, which is documented in relation to research collectives and professional circles in culture, heritage and the humanities and social sciences. The article also shows that the definitional work puts the included entities on an equal footing, but that internal differentiations and relationships of hegemony between the collectives involved persist. Finally, it also shows that the definitional work is linked to the production of promises and the enunciation of risks associated with the deployment of digital technology, which must be included or excluded.

Informatics, its artefacts and methods, change our society and world, from the individual personal level up to the current geo-political powerplay. Today, Information Technology (IT) serves as the operating system of our society. From an ontological point of view Informatics influences also how we perceive the world and how we think about it. This change has happened during the short span of last half century. At the same time, despite of this enormous success, this development has serious shortcomings. I discuss some of them, and describe a positive "answer": Digital Humanism. I will use this human centered approach to IT to critically review developments in e-tourism; and, one of the main lessons is: do not get lost in small things, have a look at the big picture, also aim for a better future and society. Two disclaimers: (a) This contribution is an opinion piece, not a scientific paper in the strict sense. I hope it provokes a lively, and probably also controversial discussion; and, (b) Some arguments regarding Digital Humanism are already partly expressed in other publications such as (Werthner, Electron Mark 32:145–151, 2022a) and (Werthner et al. Hoepken (eds) Handbook of e-tourism, Springer, Berlin, 2022b). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic has substantially intensified archives’ and libraries’ long-running struggles with the challenge of digitality. Using the example of the Wien - bibliothek im Rathaus (Vienna City Library in the City Hall) and its historically grown holdings, the authors critically reflect on the advantages and disadvantages that the digital representation of materials entails and analyze the potentials that arise for women*- and gender-specific approaches. The digital transformation is seen as an opportunity to subvert historical bias to a certain extent, always keeping in mind that inequalities are perpetuated in the digital (data bias). Continuous reflection, networking and productive collaboration in a feminist sense are necessary to continue this work in a meaningful way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nexus (1900-9909) is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that has received much attention in the public media, politics and economy. There is a worldwide expectation that AI will be a key technology for the future. In this short paper, I sketch and discuss whether the prospects and hopes are realistic from a technical point of view and under which conditions AI will contribute to the welfare of human beings.

Digital Humanism aims to prevent technologies from developing in ways that are detrimental to humanity. As the level of interaction between technologies and their users intensifies, it becomes inappropriate to consider the situation as one involving two separate entities. Instead, they together form an integrated Sociotechnical System. This article considers such systems from the perspective of Emergent Information Theory, which provides an explanatory framework for the origins and functions of both designed technological and evolved biological information-based systems. Based on this unified perspective, the systemic challenges of controlling systems that combine designed and self-organizing components are discussed. The conclusions drawn provide theoretical foundations to support the realization of the goals of the Vienna Manifesto.

The main purpose of sustainable interaction design is to meet global challenges in society, the economy, and the environment to an extent that goes beyond the well-being of human beings and attempts to promote the well-being of all beings. This paper examines the relationship between sustainable interaction design and digital humanism. Interactions as objects of design could/should be characterized as able to afford sustainable behavior for the following reasons: their very existence is sustainable, they are designed to evoke sustainability, or they are part of a sustainable system. Humanity needs to realize that every single human being is part of the humanitarian and ecological crisis. Through sustainable interaction design, we could really help users feel that they are part of the solution and that their actions can truly change lives. We seek answers related to the design, materiality, and contribution of sustainable interactions in shaping more humane interfaces.

Copyright of Human Review is the property of Eagora Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Digital Humanism, formulated in 2019, is an explicit demand for the development and application of human-centred technology, that is, for “pulling” a humanised and humane digitalisation instead of “pushing” it for merely economic reasons. Under the title above, the scientific encounter of inter- and transdisciplinary perspectives has aimed at presenting and questioning the conception of that trend. Special emphasis has been placed on the link between digital technology and the urgent societal goals of mitigating, if not resolving, the existential multi-crisis humanity faces today.

The recent rise in radiographic and photographic technology in the examination and interpretation of works of art—which has accompanied the digitization of artistic creativity in the contemporary world—has greatly enhanced the power of the naked eye to view and understand the masterpieces of the past. Through modern ‘digital telescopes’ a new breed of art scientists has emerged to both enhance and challenge traditional art scholarship. In this paper, I will first review some of the major projects in this new field of informational aesthetics and provide examples, from the impressive discoveries of Maurizio Seracini and Pascal Cotte, to the magnificent photographic examination of the Ghent Altarpiece by Van der Snickt and his team at the National Gallery of Art in Washington. Secondly, I will present the results of my own three-year exploration of Leonardo da Vinci’s extant paintings and drawings using photographic magnification, leading to the identification of recurrent autographic images and motifs only visible through the lens of a digital camera. Finally, I will discuss the implications of these studies in the philosophy of photography, the world of art and the future of digital humanism.

Digital information and communication technologies have been a powerful force for change since the middle of the 20th century. Their Promethean reach demands laying bare their hidden tentacles to maximize benefit and minimize harm to living-beings-in-their-environment, requiring an unambiguous and practical definition of information to show that the interactions of living beings with their environment are constitutive of information generation, information exchange, information relations, and life. The purpose of this paper is to discover the connection between info-autopoiesis, based on Bateson’s difference which makes a difference, the self-referenced, recursive process of information self-production that engages all living beings in their efforts to satisfy their physiological and social needs; and digitalisation, viewed as both the ability to encode information in multifarious but equivalent forms to allow for embodied syntactic occurrence, and as the means to artificially generate information that is beyond the reach of its originators.

Business organizations are experiencing a deep transformation and, in a way, "sui generis" caused, mainly, by the powerful influence of new technologies in their varied versions. This obliges them, among others, to modify organizational structures and people management policies with a double goal: firstly, to guarantee their competitiveness and, secondly, to ensure that the necessary environment which allows the provision and prosperity of the adequate talent is cultivated. With this basic purpose, throughout the following article the three main trends - identified by the authors - that influence the current configuration of organizations will be analyzed, that is: the proliferation of agile environments that allow to adapt quickly and dynamically to the continuous changes in the market, which bring new ways of directing, organizing and managing people not exempt from difficulties and peculiarities; the necessary adaptation of performance management systems according to the new business demands and the emergence of the younger generations in the labor market; and, finally, the emergence of advanced tools and techniques for massive data analysis that ask for additional reflections on their use and the risks that its potential abuse entails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]