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Diet optimization is considered an effective strategy for preventing chronic noncommunicable diseases, as a necessary component of rehabilitation and, in general, as a preventive direction of healthy aging. The article discussed the different accents of the diet of older people. The main causes of the inferiority of such diet were considered. The review presented age-related physiological features of the changes in energy and nutrient requirements. Data on the features and criteria of formulating a diet, taking into account dietary diversity, are presented, including recommendations on the choice of food products. The basic principles of dietary correction in the presence of an alimentary-dependent risk factor in older people are described. The MIND diet was analyzed. The analysis revealed that diet must be optimized to prevent cognitive impairment.

Abstract The increasing incidence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) worldwide poses serious social and family problems. Various risk factors for ASD are gradually being recognized, and there are also various options for the treatment of ASD. It is worth noting that dietary interventions have been shown to have a positive effect in terms of mitigating and preventing some psychiatric disorders, such as epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and ASD, and they are gradually receiving attention as a safe adjuvant treatment. In this review, based on the current understanding of the pathogenic factors and intervention strategies for ASD, different dietary patterns that can be selected for children with ASD are discussed in depth. Moreover, a review was conducted on the use of dietary factors, such as natural products from food sources, prebiotics, and probiotics, as effective supplements to existing dietary patterns. As increasing evidence shows that maternal risk factors, such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, are associated with an increased risk of ASD in offspring, dietary suggestions are also made for pregnant woman with ASD‐related risk factors to counteract the impact of these risk factors. With compensation from food‐derived natural products, prebiotics, and probiotics, suitable dietary patterns can further enhance the effectiveness of dietary interventions for ASD. In addition, dietary recommendations for pregnant woman may reduce the potential impact of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension and may help to prevent the occurrence of ASD to the maximum extent possible.

Purpose: The Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) are developed to prevent diet-related diseases. This study aimed to examine adherence to the NNR and risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke among women and men in Sweden. Methods: We followed 34,898 adults from 1997 to 2016. Dietary intake was assessed once at baseline using a food frequency questionnaire. Adherence scores corresponding to NNR-editions from 2023, 2012, 2004 and 1996 were calculated. Scores were categorized into low (reference category), moderate and high adherence. Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used to estimate hazards ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: We identified 1649 incident cases of MI and 2071 incident cases of stroke during follow-up (mean 17.9 years). For each 1-point increase in the NNR2023-score (range 0–9), the rate of MI decreased by 14% (HR: 0.86; 95% CI 0.78–0.95). High adherence was associated with a lower rate of MI (HR: 0.72; 95% CI 0.59–0.87) (p-trend = 0.01). Moderate adherence was associated with a lower rate of stroke (HR: 0.88; 95% CI 0.78–0.99) (p-trend = 0.31). Among women, a 23% lower rate of MI (HR: 0.77; 95% CI 0.67–0.89) was observed for each 1-point increase, and high adherence was associated with a lower rate of MI (HR: 0.59; 95% CI 0.45–0.78). No associations were found in men. The results were similar, though attenuated, for earlier NNR-editions. Conclusion: Adherence to the NNR was associated with a reduced risk of MI. This association was more pronounced among women than among men and in more recent NNR-editions. The findings for stroke need further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diet plays an important role in the management of patients with type II diabetes mellitus (DM), and inadequate adherence to dietary recommendations acts as a barrier to controlling blood glucose levels. This study aims to identify factors that affect the adherence to dietary recommendations among patients with type II DM. Methods: A descriptive study design was carried out at Imam Hussein medical city/Holy Kerbala/Iraq, from the period of October (2015) to June (2021). A non-probability (purposive sample) consists of 100 patients with type II DM, who have at least six months’ duration of the disease, and who has attended the outpatient clinic at Imam Hussein medical city. The data were collected by the use of a constructed questionnaire. The data were analyzed through the application of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis procedures by using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 24. Results: The results reveal that more than one half (57.0%) of participants reported they do not know how much of diabetes diet to eat; approximately three quarter (71.0%) of participants documented that it is too hard for them to eat a diabetes diet when they are away from home, and 61.0% of them had economic costs not bear to be their diet separated from their families' food; about two-thirds (63.0%) of patients mentioned that diabetes diet are too unpleasant and they are do not like it; approximately one half (51.0%) of patients stated that there is no need to follow dietary recommendations because they are strictly adherence with diabetes treatment; 70.0% of them documented that a food gathering makes it difficult to follow the dietary recommendations; 64.0% of patients reported that stress conditions caused them to eat unhealthy diet, and 56.0% of them believed that diabetes is out of control whether eating right or not. A significant association was found between these factors and their monthly income, duration of DM, and gender at the p-value of ≤ 0.05. Conclusion: Several factors include lack of dietitian’s consultation, don't know how much of diabetes diet to eat, economic costs, unpleasant diabetic diet, and unavailability of diabetic diet when it is the time to eat, food gatherings, forgetfulness, the strong desire of hungry, and stress make patients trouble to control of diabetic diet. The study recommends the need to educate patients about dietary self-care management; a booklet should be prepared and given to patients with type II DM as guidance for dietary self-care management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional status of the mother-to-be has a key impact on the proper development of the fetus. Although all nutrients are important for the developing baby, recent research indicates the importance of adequate choline intake during the periconceptional period, pregnancy, and lactation. Choline plays a key role in the biosynthesis of cell membranes, supporting liver function, neurotransmission, brain development, and DNA and histone methylation. Choline participates in the formation of a child's nervous system, supports its cognitive development, and reduces the risk of neural tube defects. The human body is incapable of producing sufficient choline to meet its needs; therefore, it must be obtained from the diet. Current data indicate that most women in their reproductive years do not achieve the recommended daily intake of choline. The presented narrative review indicates the importance of educating mothers-to-be and thereby increasing their awareness of the effects of choline on maternal and child health, which can lead to a more aware and healthy pregnancy and proper child development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the historical significance of fish consumption and the importance of fish in our diets for both human and planetary health. It highlights the health benefits of fish, such as reducing the risk of mortality from coronary heart disease and providing essential nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D. The article also emphasizes the need for nutrition-sensitive fisheries policies and fish-sensitive dietary guidelines to optimize the benefits of fish consumption, especially in the face of challenges like climate change and declining fish stocks. Additionally, it explores the potential of fish to contribute to more environmentally sustainable food systems and achieve net zero emissions by 2050. The article concludes by calling for context-specific and cross-disciplinary data to inform fisheries and nutrition policies. [Extracted from the article]

Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient that is not made by plants; consequently, unfortified plant-based foods are not a reliable supply. Recent estimates suggest high rates of vitamin B12 deficiency among the vegetarian and vegan populations, particularly in pregnant women or women of child-bearing age who, for ethical and health reasons, are shifting towards higher consumption of plant-based foods in ever-increasing numbers. Vitamin B12 plays crucial metabolic roles across the life-course and in particular during pregnancy and in early development (first 1000 days of life). Evidence now implicates vitamin B12 deficiency with increased risk to a range of neuro, vascular, immune, and inflammatory disorders. However, the current UK recommended nutrient intake for vitamin B12 does not adequately consider the vitamin B12 deficit for those choosing a plant-based diet, including vegetarianism and in particular veganism, representing a hidden hunger. We provide a cautionary note on the importance of preventing vitamin B12 deficits for those individuals choosing a plant-based diet and the health professionals advising them.

Consumption of legumes and pulses is associated with various health outcomes. Therefore, when updating the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR), summarizing the best available evidence on key health outcomes regarded as relevant for the Nordic and Baltics related to the consumption of legumes was essential. The aim of this scoping review was to evaluate the updated evidence on the effect of the consumption of legumes and pulses on various health outcomes, as well as their dose-response relationship in updated systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The scoping review is built on a de novo systematic review published in 2023 and additional searches on the consumption of legumes and pulses and its various health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. Current available evidence shows that the consumption of legumes and pulses is associated with a lower risk of several cancers (evidence: low-moderate), and lower all-cause mortality (evidence: moderate). The associations with CVDs are neutral or inverse, with studies generally showing favourable changes in biomarkers for CVDs. Legume consumption is associated with a lower risk of obesity (evidence: low). For type 2 diabetes, no association was found with incidence, but trials on consumption of legumes and pulses and biomarkers generally indicated protective effects. Overall, the current evidence supports dietary recommendations to increase the consumption of legumes and pulses.

The aim of this scoping review was to conduct evidence-based documentation between fish intake and health outcomes for food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) in the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) 2023. For most health outcomes, the evidence for fish oil and n-3 long chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation was included when examining evidence between fish intake and health. In this review, conclusions from qualified systematic reviews (qSR) approved by NNR2023 are included. In addition, conclusions of a de novo systematic reviews on the topic of n-3 LC-PUFA, asthma, and allergy are included. Finally, a systematic literature search was performed limited to systematic reviews and meta-analysis published between 2011 and September 2021. In total, 21 papers from the systematic literature search, four qSR, and eight reports were included addressing the association between fish intake, fish oil, and n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation on several health outcomes. These included cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, cancers (colorectal, breast, and prostate), metabolic syndrome, obesity, mortality, cognition and mental health, pregnancy-related outcomes (preterm birth and birth weight), and outcomes specific for children (neurodevelopment, and risk of food allergies, and asthma). In addition, intermediate risk factors such as blood lipids, glucose, C-reactive protein, and blood pressure were reviewed. Based on current evidence, fish consumption can have beneficial effects to prevent coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke incidence, and lower mortality from CVD, CHD, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke, as well as total mortality risk. In addition, fish consumption is beneficial for preventing cognitive decline in adults (e.g. dementia and Alzheimer’s disease). Fish intake may also prevent metabolic syndrome, supported by an observed association between fish intake and reduction in plasma triglycerides and increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Data from fish oil and n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation studies supports the conclusions on the effects of fish consumption on most of the health outcomes.

Meat is not only a source of several nutrients but also a proposed risk factor for several non-communicable diseases. Here, we describe the totality of evidence for the role of meat intake for chronic disease outcomes, discuss potential mechanistic pathways, knowledge gaps, and limitations of the literature. Use of the scoping review is based on a de novo systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis on the association between poultry intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), qualified SRs (as defined in the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023 project) on meat intake and cancer by the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and a systematic literature search of SRs and meta-analyses. The quality of the SRs was evaluated using a modified AMSTAR 2 tool, and the strength of evidence was evaluated based on a predefined criteria developed by the WCRF. The quality of the SRs was on average critically low. Our findings indicate that the evidence is too limited for conclusions for most of the chronic disease outcomes. However, findings from qualified SRs indicate strong evidence that processed meat increases the risk of colorectal cancer and probable evidence that red meat (unprocessed, processed, or both) increases the risk. The evidence suggests that both unprocessed red meat and processed meat (also including processed poultry meat) are probable risk factors for CVD mortality and stroke, and that total red meat and processed meat are risk factors for CHD. We found no sufficient evidence suggesting that unprocessed red meat, processed red meat, total red meat, or processed meat (including red and white meat) would be protective of any chronic disease. There was also no sufficient evidence to conclude on protective effect of poultry on any chronic diseases; effects on the risk of CVD, stroke, and T2D, to any direction, were regarded as unlikely.

Introduction: ‘Meal patterns’ refers to eating frequency, snacking, regularity, and timing. Here also including intermittent fasting. The effect of meal patterns on health is inconsistent and when updating the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023 (NNR2023), summarizing the evidence is important. Aims: To describe the evidence for the role of meal patterns on bodyweight, body composition, and cardiovascular risk factors (i.e. blood pressure and lipid- and glukose metabolism) in healthy people living with normal weight, overweight, or obesity in all age groups. Methods: An initial search in PubMed found 481 reviews, of which 104 were identified based on titles. Of these, 47 were excluded based on title and abstracts. Of the remaining 57 reviews, 16 were included reporting search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria. In addition, 8 reviews from reference list or known by authors were included. In total, 24 reviews were relevant. Cochrane Library was searched with no results. Results: All reviews were rated low or critically low (AMSTAR 2). No consistent findings on eating frequency and body weight or composition were found in children/adolescents or adults. In snacking, mixed results were found, although among adults, some consistent results showed positive associations between snacking and body weight. In regularity, breakfast skipping showed mixed results in children/adolescents on body weight and composition. Among adults, randomized controlled trials on breakfast skipping showed a minor impact on improved weight loss. In prospective studies on timing, lower energy intake during late afternoon/evening was related to less body weight. Intermittent fasting reduced body weight but was not superior to continuous energy restrictions. Cardiovascular risk factors were assessed in a minority of the reviews, and despite some beneficial effects, the evidence was limited. Conclusion: Given the overall low to critically low quality of the reviews, the evidence is limited and inconclusive. No consistent results providing evidence for setting recommendations for meal patterns were shown. In this regard, meal patterns may vary within the context of an energy balanced and nutritionally adequate diet.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cancer are a significant public health burden in the Nordic and Baltic countries. High intake of eggs, mainly due to its high cholesterol content, has been suggested to have adverse health effects. The purpose of this scoping review is to describe the evidence related to the impact of egg intake on health. A literature search identified 38 systematic reviews and meta-analyses on egg consumption in relation to health outcomes published between 2011 and 30 April 2022. Overall, current evidence from systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials indicates that higher egg intake may increase serum total cholesterol concentration and the ratio of low-density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but with substantial heterogeneity in the response. However, recent evidence from observational studies does not provide strong support for a detrimental role of moderate egg consumption (up to one egg/day) on the risk of CVD, especially in the European studies. The overall evidence from observational studies indicates that egg consumption is not associated with increased risk of mortality or T2D in European study populations. There is also little support for a role of egg consumption in cancer development, although a weak association with higher risk of certain cancers has been found in some studies, mainly case–control studies. Again, no associations with cancer risk have been observed in European studies. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of egg consumption in relation to other health-related outcomes are scarce. There are also limited data available on the associations between the consumption of more than one egg/day and risk of diseases. Based on the available evidence, one egg/day is unlikely to adversely affect overall disease risk.

The present paper provides an overview of the approach to developing food-based dietary recommendations in the UK. UK dietary recommendations are based on independent advice from the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN). SACN's remit includes specific reference to the nutrient content of individual foods and advice on diet as a whole, including the definition of a balanced diet. SACN's approach is set out in its Framework for Evaluating Evidence and its assessments are supported by the data provided by the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. SACN's risk assessments have primarily focused on energy requirements, macro and micronutrients and/or the needs of specific population groups. However, dietary patterns or individual foods and health outcomes have been considered where sufficient evidence is available. An example of this is SACN's risk assessment on carbohydrates and health, which included consideration of evidence on sugar-sweetened beverages and the resulting dietary recommendations on free sugars and sugar-sweetened beverages led to a range of policies to reduce sugar intake in the UK, including the soft drinks industry levy. SACN has also recently published a position statement on processed foods and health. Government dietary advice is encapsulated in the UK's national food model, the Eatwell Guide. The Eatwell Guide shows the proportions in which different food groups should be consumed to have a well-balanced, healthier, more sustainable diet, to help meet nutrient requirements and reduce the risk of chronic disease. Any substantive change to government dietary advice is likely to lead to a review of the national food model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and purpose Diabetes is a set of metabolic disorders whose common, characteristic feature is the occurrence of hyperglycemia. Elevated glycemia levels result from impaired insulin secretion and/or defects in its action. In type 2 diabetes, we have modified risk factors such as improper diet, reduced physical activity, and obesity. In the context of these reversible factors, intervention in patients' lifestyle, with particular emphasis on physical activity, seems advisable. To investigate the implementation of recommendations for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, relating to physical activity as a component of behavioral treatment of diabetes. Materials and methods. Author's survey covering patients' knowledge about their disease, needs and expectations regarding education. The questionnaire examines the physical activity of patients newly diagnosed and already treated for type 2 diabetes. Results. The most frequently undertaken exercise was of medium intensity in the form of walking or "Nordic walking". This was also more likely to be intensified. Patients choosing this type of activity practiced it much more often and more regularly than other types of activity. Running and cycling were other activities undertaken by the patients, although in the younger group of patients. Patients who enjoyed physical exercise were more likely and willing to do it and it was more regular. Conclusions. Patients were reluctant to undertake physical exercise and usually did not treat it as an integral part of treatment. Usually, it was not a very intense effort. They also rarely intensified it when the diagnosis was made. Most of the respondents did not understand the role of exercise in the treatment process and its impact on sugar levels.

Only a few studies have explored relationships between riboflavin intake and function and a few studies have examined the effects of supplements on various clinical or biochemical outcomes. None of these studies, however, make a useful contribution to understanding requirements in healthy populations. Thus, there is no strong evidence to change the recommendations.The requirement for riboflavin is estimated based on the relationship between intake and biochemical indices of riboflavin status, including urinary excretion and enzyme activities.

Vitamin A refers to a group of fat-soluble compounds with retinol activity, including all-trans retinol and pro-vitamin A carotenoids. Bioactive compounds include retinal and all-trans retinoic acid with important functions in vision, immune function, growth, and development. The literature search that was performed for the current scoping review yielded a total of seven publications relevant to setting the recommended daily intake for vitamin A. In total, six publications assessed the relationship of serum retinol and/or dietary vitamin A intake with fracture risk (n = 2), cancer (n = 3), and deficiency after bariatric surgery (n = 1). One additional report by the European Food Safety Administration (EFSA) with updated average requirements was included. The outcomes-based systematic reviews and meta-analyses showed positive associations for vitamin A intake and serum retinol with risk of hip fracture. Weak or inconclusive associations were observed for cancer or obesity. One publication by EFSA with updated estimated average requirements and population reference intakes for dietary vitamin A intakes was published in 2015. The EFSA recommendations and estimated average requirements are based on a European reference population, with body weights derived from an assumed body mass index of 22, which might be too low and not representative of the Nordic and Baltic populations, and consequently resulting in lower estimated average requirements and recommendations. In conclusion, there were limited new outcomes-based data for vitamin A and health outcomes.

The relative research on investigating the association between dietary diversity scores and anthropometric status among young children is few and inconsistent. Since understanding this association is quite essential to give more detailed advice about diet to ensure young children's healthy growth, we sought to determine the association between dietary diversity levels and anthropometric status among young children under 24 months. The study included 1408 mother−child pairs from the Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort, whose children range in age from 12 to 24 months. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to examine the effect of dietary diversity on children's anthropometric failure and obesity. All obese children aged 12 and 24 months had low‐medium diverse diets in their first year of life. Risks of anthropometric failure for 12‐month young children consumed low‐medium diverse diets in their first year and 24‐month young children consumed low‐medium diverse diets in their second year are, respectively, 1.27 (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.06−1.53]) and 1.19 (OR, 95% CI = [1.02−1.40]) times of those who consumed high diverse diets in corresponding year. The risk of anthropometric failure for 24‐month‐old children who consumed low‐medium diverse diets during their first year of life is 4.70 (OR, 95% CI = [1.62−19.91]) times that of young children who consumed highly diverse diets during their first year of life. Introducing more diverse diets to young children under 24 months of age may be an effective strategy to prevent anthropometric failure and obesity in young children in later life. Key messages: Malnutrition can substantially impair a children's physical growth, resulting in anthropometric failure and death.The World Health Organization advises that when introducing supplemental feeding for young children, the diet should be sufficiently variety.Through a cohort study in Wuhan, China, the current study aims to investigate the relationship between DDS of young children under 24 months of age and their anthropometric status.Introducing more diverse diets to young children under 24 months of age may be an effective strategy to prevent anthropometric failure and obesity in young children in later life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractTree nuts and peanuts have shown cardioprotective effects through the modulation of blood lipid levels. Despite the abundance of scientific evidence available, it remains uncertain whether the type of nut consumed influences these changes. The objective of this study was to evaluate and rank the effects of six types of nuts on total cholesterol (total-c), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c), triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) levels through a systematic search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), a frequentist network meta-analysis (NMA), and the estimation of SUCRA values. A total of 76 RCTs were ultimately analyzed. The total c for pistachios, almond, and walnuts; LDL-c for cashews, walnuts, and almond; and TG for hazelnuts and walnuts significantly decreased, while only peanuts exhibited a significant increase in HDL-c levels. According to the rankings, the most effective type of nut for reducing total cholesterol was pistachio, cashew for LDL-c, hazelnut for TG, and peanut for increasing HDL-c levels. It should be noted that every type of nut analyzed exhibited a significant positive impact on some parameters, and specific types demonstrated enhanced advantages for particular blood lipids. These results endorse the use of personalized nutritional strategies to address and prevent dyslipidemia.Registration: PROSPERO database CRD42021270779 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Vitamin K occurs in dietary supply in two major forms: phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and menaquinones (collectively referred as vitamin K2). Phylloquinone is derived from plants. There are at least 10 forms of menaquinones varying in chain length and they are produced by bacteria except menaquinone-4. Menaquinone-4 is formed from phylloquinone or other menaquinone forms. Phylloquinone is considered to be the major contributor and menaquinones are thought to contribute less to vitamin K intake in Western diets. However, less is known about the content of menaquinones than phylloquinones in foods.Vitamin K is known to function as an enzymatic cofactor in the gamma-carboxylation of vitamin K dependent proteins (VKDPs). Hepatic VKDPs are involved in coagulation. Extrahepatic VKDPs have a role e.g. in bone health and vascular calcification. However, the amount of vitamin K needed for optimal functioning of the different VKDPs is not known.

Abstract Objective: To assess the alignment of YouTube® videos providing dietary recommendations for gout with evidence-based guidelines targeted at the United Kingdom (UK) population and to establish their quality. Design: A content analysis of YouTube® videos providing dietary recommendations for gout was undertaken. Videos were categorised by video source. Each video’s dietary recommendations for gout were compared with three evidence-based guidelines for gout, producing a compliance score. Presence of non-guideline advice was assessed. Understandability and actionability were evaluated using the Patient Education Material Assessment Tool for Audio-Visual Materials. Reliability was assessed using an adapted-DISCERN tool and educational quality using the Global Quality Score Five-Point Scale. Differences between video source and continuous variables were assessed using one-way Kruskal–Wallis H tests. For categorical variables, associations were investigated using Fisher–Freeman–Halton tests. Setting: Online, May–June 2020. Participants: One-hundred thirty-one videos. Results: Alignment of videos with evidence-based guidelines was poor (median compliance score 27 % (interquartile range 17–37 %)). Additionally, 57 % of videos contained non-guideline advice. The health professional source group had the fewest videos containing non-guideline advice, but this was only significantly lower than the naturopath group (31 % v. 81 %, P = 0·009). Almost 70 % of videos were considered poorly actionable and 50 % poorly understandable. Most videos were rated poor for reliability (79 %) and poor to generally poor for educational quality (49 %). Conclusions: YouTube® videos providing dietary recommendations for gout frequently fail to conform to evidence-based guidelines, and their educational quality, reliability, understandability and actionability are often poor. More high-quality, comprehensive, evidence-based YouTube® videos are required for UK gout patients.

The nutritional status of the mother-to-be has a key impact on the proper development of the fetus. Although all nutrients are important for the developing baby, recent research indicates the importance of adequate choline intake during the periconceptional period, pregnancy, and lactation. Choline plays a key role in the biosynthesis of cell membranes, supporting liver function, neurotransmission, brain development, and DNA and histone methylation. Choline participates in the formation of a child’s nervous system, supports its cognitive development, and reduces the risk of neural tube defects. The human body is incapable of producing sufficient choline to meet its needs; therefore, it must be obtained from the diet. Current data indicate that most women in their reproductive years do not achieve the recommended daily intake of choline. The presented narrative review indicates the importance of educating mothers-to-be and thereby increasing their awareness of the effects of choline on maternal and child health, which can lead to a more aware and healthy pregnancy and proper child development.

Young women from urban Egypt are in a context of nutrition transition with a high prevalence of being overweight, excessive energy and sodium intakes, and insufficient iron, vitamin D, and folate intakes. This study, funded by Danone Nutricia Research, investigated the acceptability of dietary recommendations in young urban Egyptian women that have the potential to improve iron intake and nutrient adequacy. Individual interviews and focus groups were conducted in Cairo with 80 middle-class women aged 18–35 years (students, active women, and housewives). Perceived benefits and drawbacks for each recommended food were examined. Motivations and barriers to improving dietary practices were classified into major emerging themes. Analysis of the interviews showed that promoting the recommended foods would be met with both positive and negative feedback (e.g., a positive impact of fruit, vegetables, milk, or yogurt consumption on hair, nails, and skin appearance, and bad taste of vegetables). Motivations for improving dietary practices included the pursuit of aesthetical (e.g., attaining/maintaining body shape, clear skin, bright teeth, strong nails, silky and thick hair) and psychological (e.g., improved self-confidence and self-esteem) benefits. However, the “curative behavior” of the population targeted (i.e., changing dietary practices only when they face a serious issue), some life-stage-related factors (e.g., students and active women consuming most of their meals out-of-home), and sociocultural and economic factors (e.g., social gatherings, the high price of red meat) can constitute barriers for implementing a set of dietary recommendations. This work highlighted that, beyond socio-cultural and economic factors or curative or life-stage-motivated dieting, the pursuit of aesthetical and psychological benefits are essential factors that shape the acceptability of dietary changes.

Abstract The relative research on investigating the association between dietary diversity scores and anthropometric status among young children is few and inconsistent. Since understanding this association is quite essential to give more detailed advice about diet to ensure young children's healthy growth, we sought to determine the association between dietary diversity levels and anthropometric status among young children under 24 months. The study included 1408 mother−child pairs from the Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort, whose children range in age from 12 to 24 months. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to examine the effect of dietary diversity on children's anthropometric failure and obesity. All obese children aged 12 and 24 months had low‐medium diverse diets in their first year of life. Risks of anthropometric failure for 12‐month young children consumed low‐medium diverse diets in their first year and 24‐month young children consumed low‐medium diverse diets in their second year are, respectively, 1.27 (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.06−1.53]) and 1.19 (OR, 95% CI = [1.02−1.40]) times of those who consumed high diverse diets in corresponding year. The risk of anthropometric failure for 24‐month‐old children who consumed low‐medium diverse diets during their first year of life is 4.70 (OR, 95% CI = [1.62−19.91]) times that of young children who consumed highly diverse diets during their first year of life. Introducing more diverse diets to young children under 24 months of age may be an effective strategy to prevent anthropometric failure and obesity in young children in later life.

Background: Management of cardiovascular risk factors (high cholesterol, diabetes, and hypertension) should start by implementing a healthy lifestyle. Whereas lifestyle recommendations are provided irrespective of the patient’s socio-economic status has not been recently assessed in the Brazilian population. Aims: To assess the preventive measures against cardiovascular risk factors according to educational level and income in the Brazilian population. Methods: Survey data of the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS). The PNS is a nationwide household-based survey carried out by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The PNS included face-to-face interviews and collected information on lifestyle management of high cholesterol, diabetes, and hypertension by a healthy diet, an adequate weight, exercise, and quitting smoking. The participant’s educational level and income (in multiples of the basic salary per capita) was collected. Results: Of the 88,052 participants included, 13,151 (14.9%), 6,986 (7.9%) and 22,516 (25.6%) reported being diagnosed with high cholesterol, diabetes, or hypertension, respectively. Dietary recommendations were the most frequently provided (94.5%, 94.6% and 88.1% for high cholesterol diabetes, and hypertension, respectively), while recommendations to quit smoking to current smokers were the least frequently provided (74.9%, 85.8% and 81.1% for high cholesterol, diabetes, and hypertension, respectively). After multivariable adjustment, participants with a higher educational level or a higher income had a higher likelihood of reporting receipt lifestyle recommendations for high cholesterol or hypertension, while no associations were found for most recommendations for diabetes. Conclusion: Better-educated, wealthier Brazilians report receiving more lifestyle recommendations regarding high cholesterol and hypertension management more frequently than lower-educated or with low-income.

Objective: To assess the alignment of YouTube® videos providing dietary recommendations for gout with evidence-based guidelines targeted at the United Kingdom (UK) population and to establish their quality. Design: A content analysis of YouTube® videos providing dietary recommendations for gout was undertaken. Videos were categorised by video source. Each video's dietary recommendations for gout were compared with three evidence-based guidelines for gout, producing a compliance score. Presence of non-guideline advice was assessed. Understandability and actionability were evaluated using the Patient Education Material Assessment Tool for Audio-Visual Materials. Reliability was assessed using an adapted-DISCERN tool and educational quality using the Global Quality Score Five-Point Scale. Differences between video source and continuous variables were assessed using one-way Kruskal–Wallis H tests. For categorical variables, associations were investigated using Fisher–Freeman–Halton tests. Setting: Online, May–June 2020. Participants: One-hundred thirty-one videos. Results: Alignment of videos with evidence-based guidelines was poor (median compliance score 27 % (interquartile range 17–37 %)). Additionally, 57 % of videos contained non-guideline advice. The health professional source group had the fewest videos containing non-guideline advice, but this was only significantly lower than the naturopath group (31 % v. 81 %, P = 0·009). Almost 70 % of videos were considered poorly actionable and 50 % poorly understandable. Most videos were rated poor for reliability (79 %) and poor to generally poor for educational quality (49 %). Conclusions: YouTube® videos providing dietary recommendations for gout frequently fail to conform to evidence-based guidelines, and their educational quality, reliability, understandability and actionability are often poor. More high-quality, comprehensive, evidence-based YouTube® videos are required for UK gout patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease without pharmacological treatment yet. There is also a lack of specific dietary recommendations and strategies to treat the negative health impacts derived from NAFLD. Objective: This scoping review aimed to compile dietary patterns, foods, and nutrients to ameliorate NAFLD. Methods: A literature search was performed through MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Results: Several guidelines are available through the literature. Hypocaloric Mediterranean diet is the most accepted dietary pattern to tackle NAFLD. Coffee consumption (sugar free) may have a protective effect for NAFLD. Microbiota also plays a role in NAFLD; hence, fibre intake should be guaranteed. Conclusions: A high-quality diet could improve liver steatosis. Weight loss through hypocaloric diet together with physical activity and limited sugar intake are good strategies for managing NAFLD. Specific dietary recommendations and a Mediterranean plate have been proposed to ameliorate NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing worldwide food demand with its environmental impacts requires a reshaping of food consumption. This study aims to evaluate the degree of Italian consumers' awareness of sustainability and whether protein alternatives to meat could be accepted. A cross-sectional survey was carried out on a group of 815 respondents, representative of the Italian adult population for geography, gender, and age, using multivariate analysis together with cluster analysis. Lack of awareness of the consequences of food choices on the environment was found in 45% of respondents, and 51% reduced their consumption of meat. Typical foods of the Mediterranean diet (84% legumes 82% eggs, and 77% fish) were selected as the preferred sources of protein to replace meat, while insects and insect-based products were less accepted (67%). The importance of meat is the latent factor that explains more than 50% of the common variance observed in the factor analysis. The cluster analysis confirmed the importance of meat for Italian consumers, emphasizing other aspects of the sustainability of food choices. Cluster 1 (25.6%) considered meat very important. Two out of five clusters (clusters 2 and 3, 38%) considered meat replaceable in the diet, and cluster 4 (31.3%) included meat consumers that were willing to be sustainable. Cluster 5 identifies the "unsustainable consumers" (5.7%). In conclusion, besides the perceived importance of meat, there is room for recommendations for its reduction by proposing alternative foods already present in the Mediterranean diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Sport & Health Research is the property of Journal of Sport & Health Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As dietary guidance for populations shifts from preventing deficiency disorders to chronic disease risk reduction, the biology supporting such guidance becomes more complex due to the multifactorial risk profile of disease and inherent population heterogeneity in the diet–disease relationship. Diet is a primary driver of chronic disease risk, and population-based guidance should account for individual responses. Cascading effects on evidentiary standards for population-based guidance are not straightforward. Precision remains a consideration for dietary guidance to prevent deficiency through the identification of population subgroups with unique nutritional needs. Reducing chronic disease through diet requires greater precision in (a) establishing essential nutrient needs throughout the life cycle in both health and disease; (b) considering effects of nutrients and other food substances on metabolic, immunological, inflammatory, and other physiological responses supporting healthy aging; and (c) considering healthy eating behaviors. Herein we provide a template for guiding population-based eating recommendations for reducing chronic diseases in heterogenous populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates food literacy-related abilities and adherence to dietary recommendations in relation to sociodemographic characteristics and health-related features (health literacy, self-rated health and morbidity) in the North-Western region of Romania. This is a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data collected in 2019 from a representative and randomised sample of 1572 individuals. A questionnaire was employed to record participants' sociodemographic characteristics, food-related and health-related features. Most participants were non-adherent to dietary recommendations for fruit and vegetables (83.5%), fish and seafood (61.3%), and water intake (67.9%). However, most participants reported an adequate ability to understand the connection between nutrition and health (89.1%), to distinguish between healthy and less healthy options (84.4%), and to acquire nutrition information (75.6%). Non-adherence to dietary recommendations and low food literacy abilities were more prevalent in disadvantaged groups (older age, rural settings, retirement or social welfare, low educational attainment, formerly married). Health literacy was negatively associated with not adhering to dietary recommendations and poor self-rated food literacy abilities. The study suggests that low socioeconomic status negatively impacts food literacy and adherence to dietary recommendations among Romanian adults. Identifying target populations to improve food-related abilities and health literacy can aid public health services in improving health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Family Medicine Forum / Forum Medycyny Rodzinnej is the property of VM Medica-VM Group (Via Medica) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: In trials testing the efficacy of diet and exercise modifications during pregnancy on health outcomes, assessment of participant adherence to interventions of diet and exercise is rarely reported, with few standard methods existing to measure adherence. Objective: We aimed to assess the maternal diet quality and create an algorithm to evaluate adherence to an intervention of high protein/dairy nutrition and walking exercise from early pregnancy to birth. Methods: In Be Healthy in Pregnancy randomized trial (NCT01693510), diet quality was measured using scores from an adapted PrimeScreen food frequency questionnaire, nutrient intake assessed by 3-day diet records, and physical activity using accelerometry at 14-17 (early), 26-28 (middle), and 36-38 (late) weeks' gestation. A novel adherence score was derived by combining data for compliance with prescribed protein and energy intakes and daily step counts in the intervention group. Between-group diet quality scores and changes in adherence scores in the intervention group across pregnancy were analyzed using generalized estimating equations adjusted for prepregnancy body mass index and study site. Results: Diet scores were similar for intervention (n = 55) and control (n = 56) groups at baseline but only the intervention group significantly improved and maintained their scores from early to middle (18.7 ± 7.6 vs. 22.9 ± 6.1; P < 0.001) and late (22.5 ± 6.9; P < 0.008) pregnancy. Protein intake was significantly (P < 0.001) higher but energy intakes were similar in the intervention group compared with those in the control group. Adherence scores for the intervention increased significantly (P < 0.01) from early (1.52 ± 0.70) to midpregnancy (1.89 ± 0.82) but declined from midpregnancy to late (1.55 ± 0.78; P < 0.0005) pregnancy primarily owing to lower step counts. Conclusions: Adherence to an intervention may decline toward the end of pregnancy, particularly in maintaining physical activity. Creation of adherence scores is a feasible approach to measure combined intervention compliance for diet and physical activity and may increase transparency in interpreting results of randomized trials in pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current dietary recommendations on fish consumption for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention put somewhat vague emphasis on fatty fish, mainly driven by evidence on the cardioprotective effects of n–3 PUFAs. Recent data on the consumption of different types of fish in relation to hard cardiovascular endpoints suggests that fatty but not lean fish can contribute to CVD prevention. This considered, we aimed at evaluating, by an environmental perspective, fish consumption limited to the fatty type – in appropriate amounts for optimizing CVD prevention – within the European context. Starting from the current average intake of total fish by the European population (i.e., 2 servings/week of fatty plus lean fish), we show that the shift towards the consumption of 2 servings/week of solely fatty fish – appropriate for optimizing CVD prevention – would allow a 32% saving of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to fish consumption. This is due to the lower environmental impact of fatty fish globally considered, compared to lean fish. However, since the carbon footprint of different fatty fish species can vary significantly – with small blue fish (e.g., anchovies, sardines, herrings) in the lowest range, we estimated that GHG emissions due to fish consumption in Europe could be reduced by 82% by focusing on small blue fish consumption. Consumption of 2 servings/week of small blue fish could represent a feasible and effective choice among the functional dietary strategies available to achieve the maximal benefits for human and environmental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young women from urban Egypt are in a context of nutrition transition with a high prevalence of being overweight, excessive energy and sodium intakes, and insufficient iron, vitamin D, and folate intakes. This study, funded by Danone Nutricia Research, investigated the acceptability of dietary recommendations in young urban Egyptian women that have the potential to improve iron intake and nutrient adequacy. Individual interviews and focus groups were conducted in Cairo with 80 middle-class women aged 18–35 years (students, active women, and housewives). Perceived benefits and drawbacks for each recommended food were examined. Motivations and barriers to improving dietary practices were classified into major emerging themes. Analysis of the interviews showed that promoting the recommended foods would be met with both positive and negative feedback (e.g., a positive impact of fruit, vegetables, milk, or yogurt consumption on hair, nails, and skin appearance, and bad taste of vegetables). Motivations for improving dietary practices included the pursuit of aesthetical (e.g., attaining/maintaining body shape, clear skin, bright teeth, strong nails, silky and thick hair) and psychological (e.g., improved self-confidence and self-esteem) benefits. However, the "curative behavior" of the population targeted (i.e., changing dietary practices only when they face a serious issue), some life-stage-related factors (e.g., students and active women consuming most of their meals out-of-home), and sociocultural and economic factors (e.g., social gatherings, the high price of red meat) can constitute barriers for implementing a set of dietary recommendations. This work highlighted that, beyond socio-cultural and economic factors or curative or life-stage-motivated dieting, the pursuit of aesthetical and psychological benefits are essential factors that shape the acceptability of dietary changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In order to develop a healthy food with easily absorbable nutrients for the elderly, functional ready‐to‐eat seafood based on restructured fish fillets (from undervalued fish species) and encapsulated fish oil was prepared and assessed. Four restructured fish products (raw fillet, RF and raw fillet with encapsulated material incorporation, RF+, and fried fillet, CF and fried fillet with encapsulated material incorporation, CF+) were tested. The study entailed characterising lipid fraction and determining lipid and fatty acid (FA) bioaccessibility. Frying increased the weight of the n6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) content, from 3.9–5.1% to 6.8–10.2%. PUFA concentration decreased from 32.6–45.0 (RF and CF) to 28.3–34.4% (RF+ and CF+). Regarding bioaccessibility, the n3/n6 PUFA ratios were lowered in RF and RF+ and augmented in CF and CF+. To meet the EPA + DHA RDI and derive potential benefits for the elderly, two servings of RF, RF+ and CF+ and three servings of CF per week would suffice by ignoring bioaccessibility. However, based on bioaccessibility, 12 servings of RF and 6 servings of RF+ and CF contrast with only 2 servings of CF+. CF+ would be an excellent choice for enhancing n3 PUFA intake, thus representing a way of valorising undervalued marine resources through innovative functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: A key goal of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020 is to reduce added sugar intake by increasing public knowledge about added sugars. However, research has not shown if knowledge of added sugar recommendations is associated with intake. OBJECTIVES: To determine the relation between parent and child knowledge of added sugar recommendations with added sugar intake in primarily low-income and Hispanic third- to fifth-grade students. METHODS: Analysis examined baseline, cross-sectional data from TX Sprouts, a 1-y cooking, gardening, and nutrition clustered randomized controlled trial. Participants were 685 parent-child dyads from 16 elementary schools in the greater Austin area. Parents and children completed a survey to assess knowledge of added sugar recommendations. Children completed two 24-h dietary recalls to assess average intake of added sugars. Mixed effects linear regression models were used to estimate associations between child and parent knowledge of added sugar recommendations and average total added sugar intake. RESULTS: Children who correctly identified the added sugar recommendation consumed lower amounts of added sugar compared with children who did not correctly identify the recommendation (34.8 ± 2.7 compared with 41.0 ± 2.5 g; P = 0.003), after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Parent knowledge of added sugar recommendations was not associated with child intake. CONCLUSIONS: Child knowledge of added sugar recommendations was associated with lower intake of added sugars. Findings suggest that child nutrition education should focus on increasing knowledge of national recommendations. Future research should investigate a causal relation between added sugar knowledge and intake in elementary-aged children.

Despite recent relaxation of restrictions on dietary fat consumption in dietary guidelines, there remains a collective fear of fat. This study examined college students perceptions of health among foods with no fat relative to foods with different types of fats (unsaturated and saturated). Utilizing a multisite approach, this study collected data from college students at six university dining halls throughout the United States. Data were available on 533 students. Participants were 52% male and consisted largely of first-year students (43%). Across three meal types, the no-fat preparation option was chosen 73% of the time, the unsaturated fat option was selected 23% of the time, and the saturated fat option was chosen 4% of the time. Students chose the no-fat option for all meal types 44% of the time. Findings suggest that college students lack knowledge regarding the vital role played by the type and amount of fats within a healthy diet. Nutrition education and food system reforms are needed to help consumers understand that type of fat is more important than total amount of fat. Efforts across various sectors can encourage incorporating, rather than avoiding, fats within healthy dietary patterns.

Abstract Background Nutritional intake plays an important role in determining energy availability which is vital to health, wellbeing, and sports performance in an active population. This research assessed the sports undergraduates' nutritional intake compared to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and nutrition goals provided by WHO. Methods This study is a quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study. One hundred and one (n = 101) sports undergraduates aged between 20 to 23 years were recruited and the nutrient intake was assessed using the three-day food diary method and quantified the macro and micronutrients by the food composition database. One sample t-test was performed to compare the mean nutrient intakes with the lowest recommendation values. Results Though most undergraduates were able to meet the dietary requirements in carbohydrates, they were deficient in their protein intake and exceeded in fats intake. Further, both male and female students were deficient in their daily energy intake (1723 kcal, 1607 kcal) and dietary fiber intake (8 g, 11 g). The saturated fat intake was met by all students while 20% of males and 21% of females exceeded the recommendations (

Background: To date, there is limited consensus on post-contest recovery recommendations for natural physique athletes. The available literature emphasizes the negative consequences of extreme dieting associated with physique contests, yet offers only speculative suggestions to facilitate physiological recovery post-contest. This scoping review evaluates evidence-based recommendations for recovery in post-physique contests. Methods: The online search engines and databases Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus were searched systematically and 12 peer reviewed journal articles were included in the review. Results: Six key factors were identified that directly impacted on physiological recovery post-contest: (1) body composition, (2) recovery dietary intake, (3) resting metabolic rate (RMR) restoration, (4) endocrine measures recovery, (5) menstrual cycle recovery, and (6) psychological aspects of recovery. Conclusions: Three dietary strategies have been proposed to facilitate physiological recovery post-contest while bearing in mind body composition and future athlete outcomes; (1) a gradual increase in energy intake to maintenance requirements, (2) ad libitum eating, (3) an immediate return to maintenance energy requirements. Future research is required to determine the timeline in which full physiological recovery occurs post-contest and which strategies best support athlete health and performance during post-contest recovery.

The aim of this article was to prepare a basis for further quantitative research concerning the nutritional knowledge of medical professionals (doctors) and dieticians in view of the accuracy of dietary recommendations given to patients. For this purpose, a review of literature data in this area was performed and logical fallacies were proposed as the ‘tool’ that doctors rely on in cases when they lack the proper knowledge required to be able give an informed and beneficial recommendation. In the course of the study, it was found that nutritional education is neglected in medical curricula, while dieticians are underused as professionals in clinical settings. Furthermore, numerous characteristics of the medical profession and the doctor–patient relationship are conducive to committing several types of logical fallacies, prompted mainly by the need for providing advice without delay and the infallibility traditionally expected from doctors. Hence, the gaps in nutritional knowledge and the fallacious character of recommendations, in addition to the re-valuation of the role of the nutritionist, need to be further investigated in order to improve the quality of patient advice in the area of dietary requirements as well as to propose the necessary changes in curricula.

Background As evidence grows about negative health impacts of ultra-processed foods (UPFs), nutrient-centred advice is contested, and food-based dietary guidelines are increasingly utilised. Previous analyses of dietary guidelines evaluated their potential impact on health and sustainability, but little research has been conducted to examine how the concept of UPFs is reflected in dietary advice for consumers. This paper systematically analyses whether and how UPFs are represented in dietary guidelines internationally.Methods Based on a systematic online search, the consumer-targeted key messages of 106 dietary guidelines were identified and a qualitative content analysis was conducted. A coding framework was developed to classify messages as ‘eat more’ or ‘eat less’ according to the language used (eg, ‘choose’ vs ‘avoid’) and to differentiate between a focus on nutrients or food processing. Specific foods mentioned in ‘eat less’ guidelines were classified according to their level of processing using the NOVA framework.Results 99% of guidelines utilised some type of nutrient-based message, either promoting ‘positive’ nutrients (eg, vitamins) or discouraging the consumption of ‘negative’ nutrients (mainly salt, sugar and fat). Explicit references to food processing were present in 45% of ‘eat less’ guidelines and 5% of ‘eat more’ guidelines. Implicit references (eg, promoting ‘raw’ or discouraging ‘packaged’ foods) were found in 43% of ‘eat less’ and 75% of ‘eat more’ guidelines. 53% of the specific foods referred to in ‘eat less’ advice were UPFs.Conclusion Overall, nutrient-based messages were more common than messages about processing levels. The majority of discouraged foods were UPFs, however some minimally processed foods were discouraged, which points to tensions and contradictions between nutrient- and processing-based dietary advice. As dietary guidelines begin to include advice about food processing, it is important to consider both consumer understanding of the terms used and their capacity to act on the advice.

Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient that is not made by plants; consequently, unfortified plant-based foods are not a reliable supply. Recent estimates suggest high rates of vitamin B12 deficiency among the vegetarian and vegan populations, particularly in pregnant women or women of child-bearing age who, for ethical and health reasons, are shifting towards higher consumption of plant-based foods in ever-increasing numbers. Vitamin B12 plays crucial metabolic roles across the life-course and in particular during pregnancy and in early development (first 1000 days of life). Evidence now implicates vitamin B12 deficiency with increased risk to a range of neuro, vascular, immune, and inflammatory disorders. However, the current UK recommended nutrient intake for vitamin B12 does not adequately consider the vitamin B12 deficit for those choosing a plant-based diet, including vegetarianism and in particular veganism, representing a hidden hunger. We provide a cautionary note on the importance of preventing vitamin B12 deficits for those individuals choosing a plant-based diet and the health professionals advising them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Dietitians and nutritionists have been identified as healthcare professionals who are well positioned to interpret and communicate aspects of nutritional genomics into practical and effective dietary recommendations. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess dietitians' and nutritionists' knowledge of essential concepts in nutritional genomics; and perceptions toward genetic testing. Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among dietitians and nutritionists using an online questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: About 142 dietitians and nutritionists were included in the study. The majority of the respondents were female (88%). Around 61.3% had work experience ranging between 1 and 5 years. The knowledge score on nutritional genomics indicated 9% (n=13) of them scored high, 42% (n=59) scored medium, and 49% (n= 70) scored low scores. The average knowledge score was 42.3%, indicating a low level of knowledge of genetics and nutritional genomics. The mean perception was 3.85 on a scale from 1 (extremely negative) to 5 (extremely positive), which may be an overall positive perception of applying nutritional genomics into practical and effective dietary recommendations. The findings revealed a statistically significant link between knowledge and perception level, on-job training, and continuing education in nutritional genomics. Perception scores were shown to be positively associated with higher knowledge levels. Conclusions: Dietitians and nutritionists have low knowledge but a high perception level of nutritional genomic. Most of them were informed about nutrigenomics and had a favorable opinion, regardless of whether they had previously studied nutrigenomics as a college-level subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Obesity has emerged as a major public health challenge with increasing prevalence globally. The General Dietary Behavior Inventory (GDBI) was developed based on official dietary recommendations. However, little is known about whether general dietary recommendations also apply to people affected by obesity and whether the GDBI can be used appropriately. (2) A cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 458 people meeting the inclusion criteria participated in the study. The assessment consisted of the GDBI and behavioral, dietary, and health-related variables. We used descriptive analysis to examine the item characteristics of the GDBI and inferential statistics to investigate the associations between the GDBI score and behavioral, dietary, and health-related outcomes. (3) Several items of the GDBI were concerned by ceiling effects. A higher GDBI score (indicating a higher adherence to dietary recommendations) was related to higher age, higher nutrition knowledge, more restrained eating behavior, lower impulsivity, and higher body mass index. There were no associations between the GDBI score and reported physical and mental health or quality of life. (4) The GDBI showed inconsistent relationships with the study outcomes. General dietary recommendations do not appear to be applicable to people with obesity. Hence, there is an urgent need for specific recommendations and subsequent assessments of behavioral adherence for people affected by obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Complications after metabolic and bariatric surgery are common due to the patient's poor commitment to postoperative lifestyle changes. Therefore, intensive follow-up from a multidisciplinary team might improve outcomes. The present study aimed to translate and validate the Eating Behavior after Bariatric Surgery (EBBS) questionnaire into Arabic for use in clinical and research settings. Materials and Methods: The study followed World Health Organization guidelines for translation and questionnaire adaptation, including forward translation, back translation, pilot testing, and the creation of the final version of the tool. A total of 390 patients who had undergone metabolic and bariatric surgery 3 years ago or more were involved in testing the questionnaire's validity and reliability. Results: The mean age of participants was 36 years (range: 20 to 70 years), 56% were females, 94.1% were Saudis, and 56% had bachelor's degrees. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was tested using Cronbach's alpha. One item (alcohol consumption) was excluded during the reliability analysis due to low variance. The reliability analysis results showed that the 10 items were internally consistent, with a Cronbach's α of 0.851. Conclusion: The validation and reliability of the Arabic-language version of the EBBS questionnaire were found to be satisfactory. The presence of a validated Arabic version of this instrument may help practitioners estimate patients' adherence to dietary and lifestyle recommendations after metabolic and bariatric surgery. Furthermore, the questionnaire may aid in identifying factors that influence the efficacy of these procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adequate nutritional intake in the first years of life is crucial for future health. The purpose of this study is to assess the adequacy of nutritional intake in Portuguese toddlers. The EPACI Portugal 2012 is a cross‐sectional study of a representative sample of toddlers (n = 2230), aged between 12 and 36 months. Data on diets were collected by trained interviewers. The current analysis included 853 children with full data from 3‐day food diaries completed by parents/caregivers. Intakes of energy, macro‐ and micronutrients were estimated through Statistical Program to Assess Dietary Exposure (SPADE). Nutritional adequacy was evaluated using Dietary Reference Values established by the European Food Safety Authority. A large proportion of children exceeded the recommended energy intake. The median daily protein intake was 4.7 g/kg/day, five times more than that recommended. About 9% and 90% of the children consumed a lower proportion of energy than the lower limit of the Reference Intake range for carbohydrates and fat, respectively. Around a third consumed less fibre and magnesium and 100% less vitamin D than the recommended Adequate Intake (AI). Almost a third consumed less vitamin A than the recommended Average Requirement (AR) and 86% of the children showed excessive sodium consumption. Portuguese toddlers consumed a low proportion of energy from fat, had energy and protein intakes above the recommendations and excessive intakes of sodium, and inadequate intakes of vitamin A. Every child consumed less than the recommended AI for vitamin D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to describe the process of the inclusion of sustainability in the Italian Dietary Guidelines (IDGs). In the IDGs' sustainability chapter, particular emphasis was put on the selection of foods, recommending a plant-based diet with a large quota of vegetable proteins. Advice was also given on the selection of local seasonal products, with low growth input, such as fertilizers, artificial light and heating. Reduction of animal food was recommended, to be substituted with lower impact foods (poultry, milk, eggs and Mediterranean fish including aquaculture). Food waste was largely addressed. Recommendations were made for food purchase planning, food storage and the reuse of leftovers as strategies to reduce waste and save money. The IDGs sustainability recommendations were related to the 16 guiding principles of a sustainable healthy diet and their contribution to the achievement of the Sustainable Developing Goals was provided. The inclusion of sustainability in dietary guidelines requires a multidisciplinary approach to cover the wide range of aspects of a sustainable diet. In the IDGs, it was possible to show that practical recommendations for improving sustainability behavior can be passed on to consumers. Methodological aspects for developing recommendations are not definitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]