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1. Improvement of diet sustainability with increased level of organic food in the diet: findings from the BioNutriNet cohort.

Author

Baudry, Julia, Pointereau, Philippe, Seconda, Louise, Vidal, Rodolphe, Taupier-Letage, Bruno, Langevin, Brigitte, Allès, Benjamin, Galan, Pilar, Hercberg, Serge, Amiot, Marie-Josèphe, Boizot-Szantai, Christine, Hamza, Oualid, Cravedi, Jean-Pierre, Debrauwer, Laurent, Soler, Louis-Georges, Lairon, Denis, and Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle

Subjects
ANALYSIS of covariance, CONFIDENCE intervals, DIET, ECONOMICS, GREENHOUSE gases, HEALTH behavior, INGESTION, MEAT, ORGANIC foods, PESTICIDES, VEGETARIANISM, BODY mass index, SUSTAINABILITY, NUTRITIONAL value, NUTRITIONAL status
Abstract

Background Organic food consumption has steadily increased over the past decade in westernized countries. Objective The aim of this study, based on observational data, was to compare some sustainability features of diets from consumers with varying levels of organic food. Methods The diet sustainability among 29,210 participants of the NutriNet-Santé study was estimated using databases developed within the BioNutriNet project. Four dimensions (nutrition, environment, economy, and toxicology) of diet sustainability were assessed using: 1) nutritional indicators through dietary intakes and dietary scores, and BMI; 2) environmental indicators (greenhouse gas emissions, cumulative energy demand, and land occupation); 3) economic indicators via diet monetary costs; and 4) estimated daily food exposures to 15 pesticides. Adjusted means (95% CI) across weighted quintiles of organic food consumption in the diet were estimated via ANCOVA. Breakdown methods were used to disentangle the contribution of the production system (organic compared with conventional) from the dietary pattern in the variation of diet-related environmental impacts, monetary costs, and pesticide exposure, between the 2 extreme quintiles. Results Higher organic food consumption was associated with higher plant-food and lower animal-food consumption, overall nutritional quality (higher dietary scores), and lower BMI. Diet-related greenhouse-gas emissions, cumulative energy demand, and land occupation gradually decreased with increasing organic food consumption, whereas total diet monetary cost increased. Diet exposure to most pesticides decreased across quintiles. Conclusions Diets of high organic food consumers were generally characterized by strong nutritional and environmental benefits. The latter were mostly driven by the low consumption of animal-based foods, whereas the production system was responsible for the higher diet monetary costs, and the overall reduced dietary pesticide exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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2. Key Findings of the French BioNutriNet Project on Organic Food–Based Diets: Description, Determinants, and Relationships to Health and the Environment

Author

Jean-Pierre Cravedi, Louise Seconda, Pauline Rebouillat, Pilar Galan, Julia Baudry, Christine Boizot-Santai, Serge Hercberg, Sandrine Péneau, Denis Lairon, Joséphine Brunin, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Benjamin Allès, Philippe Pointereau, Laurent Debrauwer, Bruno Taupier-Letage, Rodolphe Vidal, Véronique Ducros, Louis-Georges Soler, Mathilde Touvier, Marie-Josèphe Amiot, Brigitte Langevin, Equipe 3: EREN- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (CRESS - U1153), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord-Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153)), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre recherche en CardioVasculaire et Nutrition = Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition research (C2VN), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME), Institut Technique de l'Agriculture Biologique (ITAB), Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) (UMR MoISA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Alimentation et sciences sociales (ALISS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU), ToxAlim (ToxAlim), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INPT - EI Purpan), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Metatoul AXIOM (E20 ), MetaboHUB-MetaToul, MetaboHUB-Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-MetaboHUB-Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-ToxAlim (ToxAlim), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INPT - EI Purpan), Association Solagro (Solagro), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INPT - EI Purpan), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Analyse de Xénobiotiques, Identification, Métabolisme (E20 Metatoul-AXIOM), MetaToul-MetaboHUB, Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-ToxAlim (ToxAlim), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INPT - EI Purpan), Solagro, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INP - PURPAN), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INP - PURPAN), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3)

Subjects
Observational data, Dietary greenhouse gas emissions, 030309 nutrition & dietetics, Health Status, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Medicine (miscellaneous), Review, Environment, Dietary pesticide exposure, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, Monetary diet cost, medicine, Humans, Sustainability indicators, 030212 general & internal medicine, 2. Zero hunger, Consumption (economics), 0303 health sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics, Land use, Pesticide residue, medicine.disease, Obesity, Dietary scores, Diet, 3. Good health, Cumulative energy demand, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, 13. Climate action, Chronic diseases, Greenhouse gas, Organic farming, Food systems, Food, Organic, Business, Organic food consumption, Externality, Food Science
Abstract

International audience; Few studies have investigated the relationships between organic food consumption, dietary patterns, monetary diet cost, health, and the environment. To address these issues, a consortium of French epidemiologists, nutritionists, economists, and toxicologists launched the BioNutriNet project in 2013. In 2014, an FFQ documented the usual organic and nonorganic (conventional) food consumption of approximately 35,000 NutriNet-Santé participants. Then, individual organic and conventional food intakes were merged with price, environmental, and pesticide residue data sets, which distinguished between conventional and organic farming methods. Many studies were conducted to characterize organic consumers and their environmental impacts (i.e., greenhouse gas emissions, energy demand, and land use) and organic food consumption impacts on health. We observed that organic consumers had diets that were healthier and richer in plant-based food than nonorganic consumers. Their diets were associated with higher monetary costs, lower environmental impacts, and reduced exposure to certain pesticide residues. Regular consumption of organic food was associated with reduced risks of obesity, type 2 diabetes, postmenopausal breast cancer, and lymphoma. Although several observations have been confirmed by several studies conducted in other countries, our results should be replicated in other cultural settings and coupled with experimental studies to be able to draw causal conclusions. Finally, the main finding of the BioNutriNet project is that while organic food consumption could be associated with positive externalities on human health and the environment, organic-based diets should be accompanied by dietary shifts toward plant-based diets to allow for better planetary and human health.

Published
2022
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3. Quantitative analysis of the minimum days of dietary survey to estimate dietary pesticide exposure: Implications for dietary pesticide sampling strategy.

Author

Li, Ang, Yang, Ming, Mei, Yayuan, Zhou, Quan, Zhao, Jiaxin, Li, Yanbing, Li, Kai, Zhao, Meiduo, Xu, Jing, and Xu, Qun

Subjects
NUTRITION surveys, PESTICIDES, QUANTITATIVE research, CYHALOTHRIN
Abstract

Populations are exposed to pesticides through diet on a daily basis. However, there is no research guiding how to evaluate dietary pesticide exposure, and researchers used 1-day, 3-days, 7-days or even longer dietary survey to evaluate without any consensus. It is important for dietary pesticide evaluation to identify the minimum survey days. To increase knowledge of this, a data combination was applied between a two-wave consecutive repeated-measures study in Baoding City and the Fifth China Total Diet Study. Further policy consistency on pesticides were evaluated to explain its credibility. We computed the sensitivity and specificity to evaluate how well different days of dietary survey classify participants with high exposure, and calculated the minimum days required to estimate the participant-specific mean at different acceptable error range. With 1 day of dietary survey, the classification sensitivity was low (<0.6) for total HCH, endosulfan, chlordane, cyhalothrin, allethrin, and prallethrin; that for the other pesticides was high sensitivity (≥0.6). Sensitivity increased as the number of days increased, and the maximum marginal sensitivity increase (≥0.039) occurred from 1 to 2 days for all pesticides except phenothrin, whose maximum marginal sensitivity increase (0.042) occurred from 2 to 3 days. The specificity increased gradually from 0.8 to 0.9 from 1 to 7 days. Under the acceptable error range of 0.5%, 3–28 days were required for participant-specific mean estimation and 1–7 days were required when acceptable error range was shrunk in 1%. Only 1 day was enough if 5% error range was acceptable. In conclusion, 3 days in the study period was cost-effective to distinguish high exposure group, and it rose to 7 when estimating participant-specific mean from a conservative perspective. This study can serve as a reference to determine the minimum survey days for epidemiological studies employing dietary surveys. [Display omitted] • A consecutive repeated-measures study with 2660 observations was applied. • Three days is a cost-effective choice to distinguish high exposure group. • Seven days is enough to estimate the participant-specific mean with the 1% error range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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4. Assessing Children's Dietary Pesticide Exposure: Direct Measurement of Pesticide Residues in 24-Hr Duplicate Food Samples.

Author

Chensheng Lu, Schenck, Frank J., Pearson, Melanie A., and Wong, Jon W.

Subjects
*PESTICIDE residues in food, *PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of pesticides, *FOOD contamination, *FRUIT juices, *VEGETABLE contamination
Abstract

BACKGROUND: The data presented here are a response to calls for more direct measurements of pesticide residues in foods consumed by children and provide an opportunity to compare direct measures of pesticide residues in foods representing actual consumption with those reported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Pesticide Data Program. OBJECTIVE: We measured pesticide residues in 24-hr duplicate food samples collected from a group of 46 young children participating in the Children's Pesticide Exposure Study (CPES). METHODS: Parents were instructed to collect 24-hr duplicate food samples of all conventional fruits, vegetables, and fruit juices equal to the quantity consumed by their children, similarly prewashed/prepared, and from the same source or batch. Individual or composite food items were analyzed for organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid insecticide residues. RESULTS: We collected a total of 239 24-hr duplicate food samples collected from the 46 CPES children. We found 14% or 5% of those food samples contained at least one OP or pyrethroid insecticide, respectively. We measured a total of 11 OP insecticides, at levels ranging from 1 to 387 ng/g, and three pyrethroid insecticides, at levels ranging from 2 to 1,133 ng/g, in children's food samples. We found that many of the food items consumed by the CPES children were also on the list of the most contaminated food commodities reported by the Environmental Working Group. CONCLUSIONS: The frequent consumption of food commodities with episodic presence of pesticide residues that are suspected to cause developmental and neurological effects in young children supports the need for further mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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5. The Implications of Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model for Pesticide Risk Assessment.

Author

Chensheng Lu, Holbrook, Christina M., and Andres, Leo M.

Subjects
*PHARMACOKINETICS, *PESTICIDE toxicology, *RISK mitigation of pesticides, *HEALTH risk assessment, *ENVIRONMENTAL exposure, *BIOMARKERS, *CHLORPYRIFOS, *METABOLITES, *URINALYSIS, *ORGANOPHOSPHORUS compounds
Abstract

Background: A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model would make it possible to simulate the dynamics of chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) from different routes of exposures and, in theory, could be used to evaluate associations between exposures and biomarker measurements in blood or urine. Objective: We used a PBPK model to predict urinary excretion of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY), the specific metabolite of chlorpyrifos (CPF), in young children. Methods: We developed a child-specific PBPK model for CPF using PBPK models previously developed for rats and adult humans. Data used in the model simulation were collected from 13 children 3-6 years of age who participated in a cross-sectional pesticide exposure assessment study with repeated environmental and biological sampling. Results: The model-predicted urinary TCPY excretion estimates were consistent with measured levels for 2 children with two 24-hr duplicate food samples that contained 350 and 12 ng/g of CPF, respectively. However, we found that the majority of model outputs underpredicted the measured urinary TCPY excretion. Conclusions: We concluded that the potential measurement errors associated with the aggregate exposure measurements will probably limit the applicability of PBPK model estimates for interpreting urinary TCPY excretion and absorbed CPF dose from multiple sources of exposure. However, recent changes in organophosphorus (OP) use have shifted exposures from multipathways to dietary ingestion only. Thus, we concluded that the PBPK model is still a valuable tool for converting dietary pesticide exposures to absorbed dose estimates when the model input data are accurate estimates of dietary pesticide exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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6. Impact of subsistence production on the management options to reduce the food exposure of the Martinican population to Chlordecone

Author

Dubuisson, Carine, Héraud, Fanny, Leblanc, Jean-Charles, Gallotti, Sophie, Flamand, Claude, Blateau, Alain, Quenel, Philippe, and Volatier, Jean-Luc

Subjects
*SUBSISTENCE economy, *CHLORDECONE, *PLANTATIONS, *FOOD production
Abstract

Abstract: Chlordecone is an organochlorine insecticide used until 1993 in the banana plantations of the French Antilles. Recent surveys revealed its wide presence in the environment. This current paper focuses on the impact of different management options on the Martinican population’s food exposure, taking into account that an appreciable part of the food consumed in Martinique corresponds to subsistence production. Food exposure is assessed through deterministic models. Consumption data derive from the ESCAL Survey on 1814 subjects aged 3 and over. Residues data come from the Monitoring Programs 2002–2004. Different scenarios are studied depending on whether the subjects live on a soil-contaminated place or not and on their supply habits. The impact of various maximum limits is then analysed. The probability of exceeding the chronic health-based guidance value (CHGV) of 0.5μg/kgbw/day is, respectively, 20.9% (CI95th [6.2; 34.4]) and 15.6% (CI95th [9.6; 20.8]) for children and adults living in a soil-contaminated area and null for the remaining population. MLs below 300μg/kgfw would reduce significantly the exposure but the probability of exceeding the CHGV remains statistically different from zero when only commercialised products are taken into account. This study shows the supply habits may have significant impacts on food exposure to contaminants. It reveals that setting MLs, which can only be controlled on commercialised products, is not enough in such situations. Other management options like consumption recommendations for self-produced foodstuffs are necessary to protect the Martinican consumer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2007
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7. Estimating dietary consumption patterns among children: A comparison between cross-sectional and longitudinal study designs

Author

Givens, Marjory L., Lu, Chensheng, Bartell, Scott M., and Pearson, Melanie A.

Subjects
*FOOD consumption, *ESTIMATES, *LONGITUDINAL method, *SURVEYS, *ESTIMATION bias, *FRUIT, *NUTRITIONAL requirements, *COOKING
Abstract

Estimating dietary intake for children is an essential component of conducting pesticide exposure assessments given the fact that children are predominantly exposed to certain pesticides, such as organophosphorus pesticide, through dietary intake. Different study designs and their respective sampling methodology utilized to estimate food consumption patterns can significantly alter the parameter estimates and the variability in the values obtained. This study investigated the impacts of study design on overall estimates of dietary intake by applying the temporal sampling characteristics used in cross-sectional approaches, as in The Continuing Survey of Food for Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), to food consumption data collected in a longitudinal manner via a bootstrap sampling technique. We examined the precision of time-averaged dietary intake estimates under various sampling schemes and explored the contribution of seasonality toward the dietary patterns. A comparison between the estimates of food consumption obtained from the bootstrap replicates and the longitudinal study estimates indicate that variability is significantly decreased when employing a longitudinal study design. Moreover, both between and within-subject variability decreases when individuals are followed over an increasing number of days. Finally, within the longitudinal study cohort, we observed a seasonal component to dietary intake for fruits and grains. Our findings suggest that longitudinal dietary surveys offer substantial improvements for exposure assessment compared to a standard cross-sectional design. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2007
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8. Assessment of uncertainty in a probabilistic model of consumer exposure to pesticide residues in food.

Author

Ferrier, Helen, Shaw, George, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark, Boobis, Alan, and Elliott, Paul

Subjects
*PESTICIDES, *AGRICULTURAL chemicals, *CONSUMERS, *RISK assessment, *TODDLERS, *PESTICIDE residues in food, *FOOD contamination, *DECISION making, *SPRAYING & dusting in agriculture
Abstract

The assessment of consumer exposure to pesticides is an important part of pesticide regulation. Probabilistic modelling allows analysis of uncertainty and variability in risk assessments. The output of any assessment will be influenced by the characteristics and uncertainty of the inputs, model structure and assumptions. While the use of probabilistic models is well established in the United States, in Europe problems of low acceptance, sparse data and lack of guidelines are slowing the development. The analyses in the current paper focused on the dietary pathway and the exposure of UK toddlers. Three single food, single pesticide case studies were used to parameterize a simple probabilistic model built in Crystal Ball™. Data on dietary consumption patterns were extracted from National Diet and Nutrition Surveys, and levels of pesticide active ingredients in foods were collected from Pesticide Residues Committee monitoring. The effect of uncertainty on the exposure estimate was analysed using scenarios, reflecting different assumptions related to sources of uncertainty. The most influential uncertainty issue was the distribution type used to represent input variables. Other sources that most affected model output were non-detects, unit-to-unit variability and processing. Specifying correlation between variables was found to have little effect on exposure estimates. The findings have important implications for how probabilistic modelling should be conducted, communicated and used by policy and decision makers as part of consumer risk assessment of pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2006
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9. Organic Diets Significantly Lower Children's Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides.

Author

Chensheng Lu, Toepel, Kathryn, Irish, Rene, Fenske, Richard A., Barr, Dana B., and Bravo, Roberto

Subjects
*ORGANIC foods, *ORGANOPHOSPHORUS compounds, *DIET, *PESTICIDE residues in food, *URINALYSIS, *MALATHION, *CHLORPYRIFOS, *FOOD contamination, *CHILD nutrition
Abstract

We used a novel study design to measure dietary organophosphorus pesticide exposure in a group of 23 elementary school-age children through urinary biomonitoring. We substituted most of children's conventional diets with organic food items for 5 consecutive days and collected two spot daily urine samples, first-morning and before-bedtime voids, throughout the 15-day study period. We found that the median urinary concentrations of the specific metabolites for malathion and chlorpyrifos decreased to the nondetect levels immediately after the introduction of organic diets and remained nondetectable until the conventional diets were reintroduced. The median concentrations for other organophosphorus pesticide metabolites were also lower in the organic diet consumption days; however, the detection of those metabolites was not frequent enough to show any statistical significance. In conclusion, we were able to demonstrate that an organic diet provides a dramatic and immediate protective effect against exposures to organophosphorus pesticides that are commonly used in agricultural production. We also concluded that these children were most likely exposed to these organophosphorus pesticides exclusively through their diet. To our knowledge, this is the first study to employ a longitudinal design with a dietary intervention to assess children's exposure to pesticides. It provides new and persuasive evidence of the effectiveness of this intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2006
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10. Improvement of diet sustainability with increased level of organic food in the diet: findings from the BioNutriNet cohort

Author

Louise Seconda, Denis Lairon, Louis-Georges Soler, Bruno Taupier-Letage, Oualid Hamza, Marie-Josèphe Amiot, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Pilar Galan, Julia Baudry, Serge Hercberg, Christine Boizot-Szantai, Brigitte Langevin, Rodolphe Vidal, Benjamin Allès, Jean Pierre Cravedi, Philippe Pointereau, Laurent Debrauwer, Equipe 3: EREN- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (CRESS - U1153), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC), Solagro, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Institut Technique de l'Agriculture Biologique (ITAB), Information – Technologies – Analyse Environnementale – Procédés Agricoles (UMR ITAP), Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs (UMR MOISA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Alimentation et sciences sociales (ALISS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), ToxAlim (ToxAlim), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INPT - EI Purpan), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille (LIFL), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université de Lille, Sciences Humaines et Sociales-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre recherche en CardioVasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord-Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153)), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Association Solagro (Solagro), Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME), Hôpital Avicenne [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INP - PURPAN), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre recherche en CardioVasculaire et Nutrition = Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition research (C2VN), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord

Subjects
Male, 030309 nutrition & dietetics, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Medicine (miscellaneous), 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, dietary score, Cohort Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 2. Zero hunger, cumulative energy demand, 0303 health sciences, sustainability indicator, Nutrition and Dietetics, Energy demand, observational data, organic food consumption, Dietary pattern, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Cohort, diet monetary cost, Female, Food, Organic, France, dietary greenhouse gas emission, Nutritive Value, Adult, Adolescent, Food Contamination, Biology, 12. Responsible consumption, Feeding and Eating Disorders, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Economic indicator, Environmental health, Humans, dietary pesticide exposure, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Aged, Consumption (economics), Pesticide, Diet, 13. Climate action, Food, Greenhouse gas, Sustainability, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition
Abstract

International audience; Background: Organic food consumption has steadily increased over the past decade in westernized countries. Objective:We aimed, based on observational data, to compare some sustainability features of diets from consumers with varying levels of organic food. Methods: The diet sustainability among 29,210 participants of the NutriNet-Santé study was estimated using databases developed within the BioNutriNet project. Four dimensions (nutrition, environment, economy, and toxicology) of diet sustainability were assessed using: 1) nutritional indicators through dietary intakes and dietary scores, and BMI; 2) environmental indicators (greenhouse gas emissions, cumulative energy demand, and land occupation); 3) economic indicators via diet monetary costs; and 4) estimated daily food exposures to 15 pesticides. Adjusted means (95% CI) across weighted quintiles of organic food consumption in the diet were estimated via ANCOVA. Breakdown methods were used to disentangle the contribution of the production system (organic compared with conventional) from the dietary pattern in the variation of diet-related environmental impacts, monetary costs, and pesticide exposure, between the 2 extreme quintiles. Results: Higher organic food consumption was associated with higher plant-food and lower animal-food consumption, overall nutritional quality (higher dietary scores), and lower BMI. Dietrelated greenhouse-gas emissions, cumulative energy demand, and land occupation gradually decreased with increasing organic food consumption, whereas total diet monetary cost increased. Diet exposure to most pesticides decreased across quintiles. Conclusions: Diets of high organic food consumers were generally characterized by strong nutritional and environmental benefits. The latter were mostly driven by the low consumption of animal-based foods, whereas the production system was responsible for the higher diet monetary costs, and the overall reduced dietary pesticide exposure.

Published
2019
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12. Organic Diets Significantly Lower Children’s Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides

Author

Richard A. Fenske, Chensheng Lu, Kathryn Toepel, Dana B. Barr, Roberto Bravo, and Rene Irish

Subjects
No-observed-adverse-effect level, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Urinary system, Population, Disease, Urine, chlorpyrifos, Toxicology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Organophosphorus Compounds, Environmental health, Correspondence, Biomonitoring, Humans, Medicine, Longitudinal Studies, Pesticides, Child, education, Adverse effect, dietary pesticide exposure, Reference dose, education.field_of_study, malathion, organophosphorus pesticides, business.industry, Research, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Agriculture, urinary biomonitoring, Environmental Exposure, Odds ratio, Environmental exposure, Pesticide, organic diet, Diet, Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level, TCPy, chemistry, Child, Preschool, Relative risk, Chlorpyrifos, Children's Health, Malathion, Food, Organic, business, children’s pesticide exposure, Perspectives
Abstract

The importance of “judicious use of language in regard to public communication of pesticide health risks” (Lu et al. 2006b) is clearly recognized and acknowledged in recent letters from Avery (2006) and Lu et al. (2006b). Their correspondence concerned perceptions of risk conveyed by the article “Organic Diets Significantly Lower Children’s Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorous Pesticides,” published by Lu et al. (2006a). My concern is more fundamental than the need for effective communication and the stated “public misunderstanding of this important issue” (Lu et al. 2006b). I believe the primary issue concerns science and how we accumulate knowledge. There is no guarantee that judicious use of language can prevent misunderstanding of even the most rigorous and carefully performed studies. It is important, however, to put the results into the existing scientific and regulatory contexts. Lu et al. (2006a) noted that “the paucity of exposure data renders the debate over pesticide-related health risks in children controversial.” Curl et al. (2003) stated that “reduction of children’s risk from pesticides requires an understanding of the pathways by which exposure occurs.” The primary objective of the longitudinal study by Lu et al. (2006a) was determination of “overall pesticide exposure in a group of elementary school-age children.” The authors reported that children who consumed organic diets eliminated (via urine) nondetectable amounts of organophosphorous (OP) insecticide metabolites. The finding supports the consensus that the diet is the predominant source of OP compounds and OP metabolites excreted in urine (Barr et al. 2004; Duggan et al. 2003; Krieger et al. 2003). Lu et al. (2006a) claimed “a convincing demonstration of the ability of organic diets to reduce children’s OP pesticide exposure and the health risks that may be associated with these exposures.” When the study was developed and throughout the period of data collection, analysis, and publication by the University of Washington investigators, there could be no doubt that dietary exposures were very low or miniscule relative to acute toxicity (Curl et al. 2003). Indeed, it is intuitive that the change in diet reduced OP metabolite elimination in urine. If this were not the case, one might expect parked cars to get speeding tickets. Specific health risks have never been associated with such miniscule insecticide exposures. If risk is defined as the likelihood of an adverse effect in an exposed population, the risk of neurotoxicity caused by these dietary OP exposure(s) is zero; that is, disease has not been observed in the population who consumes food that sometimes contains OP pesticides or OP metabolite residues (Krieger et al. 2003). Back-calculated OP exposures are well below the experimental lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL), the estimated no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), and the regulatory reference dose (RfD) for neurotoxicity of any OP insecticide used in crop protection (Barr et al. 2004; Duggan et al. 2003; Fenske et al. 2000). The research is misrepresented with respect to its relevance to risk reduction (that is the point of the fundamental “observed” in the LOAEL and the NOAEL upon which RfDs are based). With zero cases of disease in the population exposed to dietary OP pesticide, the numerator of measurements of risk such as odds ratios or relative risk is also zero. As a result, measured risk of acute neurotoxicity is zero. The axiomatic truth that “dose determines a poison” and its corollary that “there is a safe level of everything” must both be considered in responsible risk communication. Careful choice of words may sometimes prevent misunderstanding of health research reports, but more importantly our common understanding and well-being require that we clearly distinguish chemical exposure and health risk. Lu et al. (2006a) wrote, We were able to demonstrate that an organic diet provides a dramatic and immediate protective effect against exposure to organophosphorus pesticides that are commonly used in agricultural production. Their findings are expected rather than dramatic, and the term “protective” in reference to a no observed effect exposure is misleading at best. Effective communication requires awareness that potential impacts of conjecture about matters of health and pesticides likely include heightened anxiety and fear, and may prompt misallocation of resources as some persons pursue something less than zero risk—a point where scientific evidence and mystical, supernatural beliefs must be distinguished.

Published
2005

13. Human semen quality in relation to dietary pesticide exposure and organic diet

Author

Meyer, O., Bonde, J. P., Giwercman, A., Jensen, N. D., Juhler, R. K., Larsen, S. B., and Spano, M.

Subjects
AGRICULTURE, ORGANIC farming, PESTICIDES
Abstract

The objective of the study was to corroborate or refute the hypothesis that farmers having a high intake of organic grown commodities have a high semen quality due to their expected lower level of dietary pesticides intake. Food frequency data and semen were collected from 256 farmers (171 traditional farmers and 85 organic farmers, overall participation rate: 32%) who were selected from central registers. Each farmer delivered one semen sample before the spraying season started. The farmers were divided into three groups where the commodities from organic production contributed no (N, 0%), medium (M, 1-49%), or a high (H, 50-100%) proportion of the fruit and vegetables consumed. Farmers having a high relative intake of organically grown fruit and vegetables also had a high relative consumption of organically produced meat, milk, and bread, and differences were observed comparing theactual mean intake of single commodities, such as rice, potato, and pork meat. The current individual dietary intake of 40 pesticides wasestimated using food frequencies and generalized serving size data in combination with data on pesticide concentrations in food commodities as obtained from the National Danish Food Monitoring Program. The estimated pesticide intake was significantly lower among farmers of group H, but for all three groups of farmers the average dietary intake of 40 pesticides was at or below 1% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) except for the dithiocarbamates (max = 0.21 Mug/kg day = 2.2% ADI), methidathion, (max = 0.01 Mug/kg day = 1.4% ADI), and 2-phenylphenol (max = 0.21 Mug/kg day = 1.1% ADI). The median sperm concentration for the three groups of farmers was not significantly different (p= 0.40, median sperm concentration was N = 62, M = 44, and H = 75 million/ml). The group of men without organic food intake had a significant lower proportion of morphologically normal spermatozoa, but in relation to 14 other semen parameters no significant differences were fou [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1999

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