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The biological removal of a mixture of soil contaminants, namely, hydrocarbons, is not equally efficient for each compound. Some pollutants can be metabolized by the microbial consortium but also generated again as by-products from the removal of others. At the end of the runs, notwithstanding the high integral removal, single compounds can still be present with a relevant concentration. This paper presents the results achieved in a study of the aerobic degradation of diesel oil in three mesocosms carried out for several months with the same operative conditions. They differed in biological management: Natural Attenuation (NA), Biostimulated without inoculation (BS), and Biostimulated with Inoculation (BS + IN). At the end of the runs, the pollution removal was calculated by measuring the residual diesel oil, both as an average in the total amount of soil and only at the bottom of each column. The overall removal was around 2%, 66%, and 72% for NA, BS and BS + IN, reduced to 0%, 48%, and 47%, respectively, if measured only at the bottom. For the biostimulated mesocosms, the speciation of the hydrocarbons was carried out to assess their concentration. The findings evidence the need to delve deeper into this issue and assess the speciation of contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the different effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on intertidal Ulva macroalgae, three dominant Ulva species (U. prolifera, U. linza, and U. lactuca) were exposed to two water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of 0# diesel oil and crude oil at three concentration levels. The results indicated that two WAFs had significant concentration effects on the physiological characteristics of Ulva, the toxicity of 0# diesel oil was greater than crude oil, and crude oil had hormesis effect. Exposure of high WAFs concentrations, the growth, pigment, carbohydrate, and protein contents of Ulva were inhibited, while the antioxidant system was activated. In addition, the integrated biomarker response (IBR) indicated that U. prolifera had higher resistance to WAFs than U. linza and U. lactuca. Considering that U. prolifera is the main species of green tide in the Yellow Sea (YS) of China, the comparative effects of WAFs on different development stages of U. prolifera were also explored. The results showed that spore was the most sensitive to WAFs, while adult thalli was the most tolerant. The increased resistance of U. prolifera thalli and the hormesis effect triggered by crude oil may influence the outbreak scale of green tides. This study provides a new perspective for understanding the formation of green tides in the YS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-based polyurethane foam sorbents were developed, incorporating different amounts of rice husk ash, 2, 8 and 20 wt% relative to the total mass of the polyols for the adsorption of diesel oil in single-phase and two-phase systems. The composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, microtomography, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry analysis and contact angle. In single-phase diesel oil systems, higher levels of ash incorporation (8 and 20%) increased the hydrocarbon removal capacity by up to 43% compared to pure polyurethane foam. Removals of up to 5.348 mg g−1 were found for the composite with 8% ash and 5.518 mg g−1 for the composite with 20%. In two-phase systems, varying the concentration of diesel oil from 10 g L−1 to 150 g L−1, there is a possibility that the lower contact angle of the composites may interfere with adsorption, as the composite with 2% ash tended to have a higher diesel oil sorption capacity. Sorption kinetics showed a high rate at contact times of around 8 min. The non-linear pseudo-second-order models fitted the observed sorption phenomena satisfactorily, with coefficients of determination greater than 0.90. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The flocculent suspended matter in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) diesel oil from a refinery of CNOOC was separated and analyzed. Its composition, source and possible solution were deduced. Methods A scheme for separating flocculent suspended solids from an oil-water mixture was developed and characterized by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance spectrometry. Results The results show that flocculent suspended matter are mainly organic compounds and can be flocculated in a hydrochloric acid environment. The main body of the suspended matter is nitrogen-containing compounds about C40-C55 determined by mass spectrometry, and it shows obvious artificial synthesis characteristics. Conclusions The flocculent suspension is the compound inhibitor of amines and amides or the residue of many kinds of inhibitors. This separation and analysis method can also be used for composition analysis of similar samples, which is helpful for refineries to investigate the causes of similar faults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of fossil fuels leads to environmental contamination during their extraction, processing and distribution. Microbial biodegradation provides a sustainable method for cleaning contaminated areas which follows the principles of sustainability. This paper presents the dynamics of biodegradation of hydrocarbon fractions of diesel oil, using Planomicrobium sp. and Rhodococcus sp. isolated from petroleum-contaminated sites. GC–MS analysis was employed to analyse abundances of the specific compounds such as n-alkanes, isoprenoids, sesquitepranes, hopanes, steranes and aromatic compounds (naphthalene and its methylated homologues, phenanthrene and anthracene and their methylated homologues, and dibenzothiophene and its methylated homologues). The obtained results showed that after 30 days of biodegradation of diesel, a significant degradation was achieved, with almost complete degradation of n-alkanes and a decrease in the amount of sesquiterapanes. Rhodococcus sp. had a higher efficiency in degradation of n-alkanes, while Planomicrobium sp. had a higher efficiency in the degradation of branched hydrocarbons. Both strains showed high activity in the biodegradation of sesquitepranes and demonstrate ability to degrade methylated phenanthrenes. Additionally, dimethyl-dibenzothiophenes were almost completely degraded and removed from the system. This study presents the first comprehensive report on the GC–MS analysis of the diesel biodegradation pattern of the Planomicrobium sp., compared with the well-established Rhodococcus sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the development of the transport industry and indicates its leading role in the economic development of the country and the world. The paper analyzes the structure of the transport market in Poland and Europe, indicating its dynamic development despite the existing challenges related to fuel prices. The main objective is to assess fuel price fluctuations in the context of the activities of transport companies, in particular those performing land transport within the European Union. The assessment is conducted from the perspective of the operational activities of transport companies. This research aimed to identify the impact of fuel prices on companies' operating costs, analyze the economic factors influencing fuel prices, and assess the general situation in the transport market. In addition, the research also examined the opinions of entrepreneurs on how they cope with the current fuel crisis. Achieving the research goal required the preparation and administration of surveys among representatives of transport companies. The study involved 71 companies registered in Poland. The paper contains selected statistical data along with their interpretation, providing an introduction to further research in the field of identification and assessment of the degree of impact of fuel price fluctuations on the operational activities of transport companies. The research methodology focused on statistical analysis using the Pearson correlation coefficient and one-way ANOVA. This paper fills a gap in the literature on the impact of fuel price fluctuations on the activities of sports enterprises. The innovative element of the paper is the inclusion of entrepreneurs' opinions on the fuel crisis and their assessment of the degree of impact of changes on the operating costs and strategic management of transport enterprises. Considering these opinions provides the unique value of the conducted scientific considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experience shows that dilution of lubricating oil with diesel oil is unfavorable to the engine, causing issues including deterioration of engine performance, shortening of oil life, and reduction in engine reliability and safety. This paper presents the verification of the hypothesis that the changes in lubricity, friction coefficient, and decreasing oil film thickness (using a relative approach, given as a percentage) are similar for lubricating oil and diesel mixtures prepared from fresh lubricating oil and used lubricating oil. To validate this hypothesis, an experiment is conducted using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFFR), in which the lubricity is determined by the corrected average wear scar WS1.4, the coefficient of friction μ, and the percentage relative decrease in oil film thickness r. A qualitative visual assessment of the wear scars on the test specimens is also performed after the HFFR tests. The testing covers mixtures of SAE 30 grade Marinol CB-30 RG1230 lubricating oil with Orlen Efecta Diesel Biodiesel. The used lubricating oil is extracted from the circulating lubrication system of a supercharged, trunk-piston, four-stroke ZUT Zgoda Sulzer 5 BAH 22 engine installed in the laboratory of ship power plants of the Maritime University of Szczecin. Mixtures for the experiment are prepared for fresh lubricating oil with diesel oil and used lubricating oil with diesel oil. Mixtures of these lubricating oils with diesel oil are examined for diesel oil concentrations in the mixture equal to 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20% m/m. The results of the experiment confirm the hypothesis, proving that, for up to 20% m/m diesel oil concentration in lubricating oil, the changes in the lubricity of used lubricating oil diluted with diesel oil can be evaluated based on reference data prepared for mixtures of diesel oil with fresh lubricating oil. The linear approximation of μ and r trends is made with a certain margin of error we estimated. The experiment also confirms the results of previous studies which state that oil aging products in small quantities contribute to improved lubricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the verification of the hypothesis on using certain approximation curves in the evaluation of used lubricating oil. These curves are plotted for fresh lubricating oil to approximate the parameters of lubricating oil diluted with diesel oil. To confirm the hypothesis, an experiment is conducted to determine the flash point, initial boiling point, density at 15 °C, kinematic viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C, and viscosity index. The analysis covers fresh oil and used SAE 30 grade Marinol CB-30 RG1230 oil taken from the circulating lubrication system of a supercharged, trunk-piston, 4-stroke ZUT Zgoda Sulzer 5 BAH 22 engine that is located in the Marine Power Plant Laboratory of the Maritime University of Szczecin. Undiluted lubricating oils (both fresh and used) and mixtures of lubricating oils with diesel oil are examined for diesel oil concentrations in the mixture equal to 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20% m/m. Orlen Efecta Diesel Biodiesel is used to prepare the mixtures. The functions approximating the parameters for fresh oil are determined and adapted to describe the variation of the same parameters for the used lubricating oil. For each case, the coefficient of determination, the maximum relative error of the model fitting to the experimental results, and the root mean square error (RMSE) are determined. In the experiment, the variation in the parameters of the used lubricating oil remained the same as for fresh oil parameters. Thus, the research hypothesis is confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, buckthorn twigs were used to prepare activated carbon preparation by chemical activation with a microwave technique for removing diesel oil from water. buckthorn twigs and activated carbon were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis techniques. Design-Expert (13 Stat-Ease) with response surface methodology (RSM) was selected to identify and analyze the effects of activated carbon preparation factors. These factors include impregnation ratio, impregnation time, and microwave power with exposure time on the adsorption of methylene blue dye. Likewise, the effects of adsorption factors including; diesel oil concentration, pH, adsorption time, and adsorbent dosage on the removal efficiency were studied. The results showed that the maximum removal efficiency was 96.0823% with the significance of all adsorption factors. The adsorption data were fitted with the adsorption isotherm and kinetics models. The results showed that Freundlich and second-order kinetic models well described diesel oil adsorption, thus elucidating the applicability of multilayer and chemosorption processes. In addition, the thermodynamics parameters of diesel oil adsorption were determined, and the results demonstrated a spontaneous and endothermic adsorption process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This research investigated the effects of various iron fertilizers and the introduction of Piriformospora indica (P. indica) fungus on the biodegradation of diesel oil in soil experiencing water deficiency. Methods: The treatments included applying pure Fe at rates of 0, 60, and 90 kg/ha, derived from Fe sulfate (FeSO4) and Fe slag (containing 58.2 % Fe2O3), in a diesel oilcontaminated soil with concentrations of 0 % and 8 % (W/W). These treatments were implemented in a corn plant cultivation system, where the plants were inoculated with P.indica fungus under conditions of drought stress. After 90 days, the plant and soil Fe concentration was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Furthermore, the extent of diesel oil bio-degradation in the soil was assessed. Results: Applying 90 kg/ha pure Fe from Fe sulfate and Fe slag significantly enhanced the bio-degradation of diesel oil in the soil by 13.2 and 16.1 %, respectively. However, the efficiency of this process was lower under drought-stress conditions. In addition, Plant inoculation with P.indica significantly enhanced the diesel oil bio-degradation of the soil contaminated with 8 % (W/W) diesel oil under drought stress by 15.7 %. Moreover, the soil microbial activity was significantly increased by 14.1 %. Conclusion: The combined use of P.indica, along with iron slag and iron sulfate, markedly enhances the biodegradation process of diesel oil within the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows the effect of the addition of effective microorganisms and silver on the exhaust gas composition and fuel consumption. Exhaust emission standards are becoming increasingly stringent, which makes it difficult for engine manufacturers to meet them. For this reason, intensive work is underway to use alternative propulsion systems on ships, and for diesel engines, alternative fuels. Among other things, this applies to mixtures of petroleum-based fuels with vegetable oils and their esters. Unfortunately, their use, due to their physicochemical properties, can negatively affect the performance of the engine and the wear of its components. Therefore, the aim of this study was to see how additives of effective microorganisms in the form of ceramic liquid and tubes, and a silver solution and colloidal silver would affect some engine parameters, including the exhaust gas composition and fuel consumption. The authors are not aware of the results of previous research on this issue. The tests were carried out on a diesel engine for four types of green additives at concentrations of 2% and 5%, at different ranges of its load. The additives added to the diesel fuel were characterised, and the test stand was presented, along with the parameters of the tested fuel. The effect of additives on selected engine parameters, including fuel consumption, was presented. The characteristics of hourly fuel consumption and selected components of the exhaust gas, including nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide as a function of the concentration of ecological additives are shown and analysed. It was found that the most beneficial additive that had a positive effect on the exhaust gas composition and fuel consumption was a silver solution in a 2% concentration. There was a decrease of up to 4% in the NOx content of the exhaust gas, a decrease in carbon monoxide of more than 28%, a decrease in carbon dioxide of 4.6% and a decrease in fuel consumption of around 3% was achieved under the tested conditions. The use of these additives is an innovative solution that has a positive impact on reducing the emissions of harmful compounds into the atmosphere. In further research, it will be necessary to study the effect of this additive on the combustion process in the engine and the wear of its components, as well as to confirm the results obtained in real operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequent oil spill accidents caused by transportation, storage and usage may lead to severe damage on aquatic and ecological environments. Effective methods for rapid oil recovery are urgently in demand. Polyvinyl chloride, hydrophobic nano-SiO2, expanded graphite were separately applied to polyurethane and melamine sponge to fabricate superhydrophobic sponge material. The selected superhydrophobic sponge was introduced to establish sponge - covered disc skimmer. Oil recovery tests of the device were conducted to determine the optimum parameters. The examined operating conditions encompassed sponge thickness, immersion depth, rotational speed, oil slick thickness, operation time. The results showed that the melamine sponge modified by both polyvinyl chloride and hydrophobic nano-SiO2 exhibits super-hydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 150.3°. The absorption capacity for diesel oil can reach 53.89 g/g. The absorption capacity can still achieve 90 % of its initial capacity even after 500 extrusion-absorption separation tests. The results indicate the superiority of the superhydrophobic sponge covered surface in oil recovery over the standard steel surface regardless of the operating conditions. The recovery rate of the device can still achieve 96.4 % of its initial capacity with 95 % efficiency even after 85 h operation. The results suggest the superhydrophobic sponge - covered disc skimmer may have great application perspectives in oil spill recovery.

The biological removal of a mixture of soil contaminants, namely, hydrocarbons, is not equally efficient for each compound. Some pollutants can be metabolized by the microbial consortium but also generated again as by-products from the removal of others. At the end of the runs, notwithstanding the high integral removal, single compounds can still be present with a relevant concentration. This paper presents the results achieved in a study of the aerobic degradation of diesel oil in three mesocosms carried out for several months with the same operative conditions. They differed in biological management: Natural Attenuation (NA), Biostimulated without inoculation (BS), and Biostimulated with Inoculation (BS + IN). At the end of the runs, the pollution removal was calculated by measuring the residual diesel oil, both as an average in the total amount of soil and only at the bottom of each column. The overall removal was around 2%, 66%, and 72% for NA, BS and BS + IN, reduced to 0%, 48%, and 47%, respectively, if measured only at the bottom. For the biostimulated mesocosms, the speciation of the hydrocarbons was carried out to assess their concentration. The findings evidence the need to delve deeper into this issue and assess the speciation of contaminants.

This article proposes using the Arrhenius model for estimating the viscosity of a mixture of two liquids in the quantitative assessment of the physicochemical properties of lubricating oils in the context of assessing the level of dilution of lubricating oil with diesel oil. Dynamic are made of mixtures of lubricating oil and diesel oil with known concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100% m/m of the diesel oil content in the mixture. Mixtures of the most popular oils (viscosity classes SAE 30 and SAE 40) with diesel oil that meet the requirements of the DMX of the marine distillate fuels category are prepared and tested. Viscosity measurements are performed at 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 °C temperatures. The Arrhenius model is used to estimate the viscosity of the mixtures with an assumed diesel oil content and to estimate the diesel oil concentration in the mixtures with a known measured viscosity value. In both cases, the absolute estimation error is determined, and the accuracy of the estimation is assessed against the known concentration of diesel oil in the mixture with lubricating oil and the temperature at which the viscosity is measured. The estimated concentrations of diesel oil in mixtures with lubricating oil are useful to assess the condition of the lubricating oil (for concentrations of diesel oil lower than 5% m/m). The method is proposed to be used in practice to support standard laboratory oil analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil pollution is one of the most dangerous pollutant due to the huge quantities that are spillage from crude oil that contains toxic compounds. To treat contaminated soil with oil, bioremediation is an important methods which involve use microorganisms and plants to degraded pollutants and clean up the soils. A biological pot factorial experiment was carried out in a (CRD) design to study the ability of Rhizobia species, a mixture of Bacillus and Grasspea leguminous plant for removal diesel oil from contaminated soil. The results showed that the different species of bacteria led to a significant increase in the amount of diesel oil absorbed by roots and shoots of plant for all treatments compared to the control treatment. And the Vigna radiata (R4) species gave a highest value (13.70 mLpot−1) absorbed by shoots compared to lowest value of control treatment (4.15 mLpot−1), with a significant increase about (230.12%). The diesel oil amounts remaining in soil were decreased significantly with the addition of different isolates of Rhizobium bacteria or Bacillus compared to the control treatment. Moreover, there were significant differences in the amount of diesel oil degraded in soil treated with different isolates of microbial treatments planted compared to control treatment. The adding Rhizobia isolated from Vicia faba (R2) recorded the highest amount decomposed (504.33) mLpot−1 compared to the control treatment (318.52) mLpot−1 with a significant increase (58.33%). Therefore, we concluded that the Grasspea plant with Rhizobia species or Bacillus can be used for phytoremediation contaminated soil with diesel oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the collection performance of diesel oil on low-rank coal slime flotation, SPS (Span80, Polysorbate, sodium dodecyl sulfate) composite emulsifier was mixed with diesel fuel to prepare SPS microemulsion, as a collector for coal slime flotation. When the ratio of SPS emulsifier to diesel oil is 1:2, clean coal yield and the combustible recovery reached the highest, they were 50.16% and 82.65%, respectively. Through Contact angle test, Zeta potential analysis, EDLVO theoretical calculation, the mechanism of SPS microemulsion improving the flotation effect of low-rank coal slime was discussed. The Synergistic adsorption of SPS emulsifier and diesel oil on coal surface increases the coal surface contact Angle by 24.8°, increase the absolute value of Zeta potential on coal surface in solution by 9.14 mV, the energy barrier of the total interaction energy (VT) was increased from 8.4 × 10−18J to 9.8 × 10−18J. The coal particles treated by SPS microemulsion have the best dispersion and contact with collector droplets more fully. SPS microemulsion can be used as a new collector for low-rank coal slime flotation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the potential applications of the Fuel Shot liquid catalyst in compression ignition (CI) engines for reducing toxic substances in exhaust gases. Incorporating catalysts into fuel can optimize the combustion process, consequently reducing the emission of toxic substances into the atmosphere. Toxic compounds, such as nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and hydrocarbons, adversely affect flora and fauna. Various methods are known for reducing their concentration in engine exhaust gases, one of which is the Fuel Shot liquid catalyst. The authors conducted experiments on a Fiat 1.3 JTD engine with a Common Rail system. The results indicate that the application of the liquid catalyst reduces the content of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases and slightly decreases fuel consumption. Additionally, investigations were carried out on the engine's injection apparatus, which was fueled with modified fuel. The findings demonstrate that the fuel additive does not affect the wear of precision parts of fuel injectors and high-pressure pumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When diesel oil infiltrates into the formation of the unsaturated zone under certain pressure conditions, a water–oil–gas multi-phase flow system is formed and the resistivity of the contaminated zone changes continuously. Most findings in the fresh diesel-contaminated zone support the high resistivity anomaly feature. Still, previous studies have found that resistivity is lower in the fresh contaminated zone than in the background clean soil layer due to altered soil wettability. This study aims to investigate the link between wettability traits and changes in resistivity. It employs varying sand particle sizes and moisture levels for simulation experiments, focusing on diesel oil infiltration in unsaturated strata. The research observes alterations in wettability and soil resistivity during this infiltration process. In addition, it examines the connection between wettability and saturation exponent changes using Archie's formula and the saturation exponent (n). The results showed that the change of resistivity in the process of diesel infiltration in the unsaturated zone was mainly influenced by the initial water saturation and wettability of the soil. Meanwhile, the wettability of soil particles underwent a dynamic change process from water-wet to water–oil mixed-wet and oil-wet. In addition, the saturation exponent n increased, then decreased, and then increased again, finally stabilizing. The results unveiled the characteristics of resistivity and wettability changes during the initial evolution of the freshly contaminated source area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experience shows that dilution of lubricating oil with diesel oil is unfavorable to the engine, causing issues including deterioration of engine performance, shortening of oil life, and reduction in engine reliability and safety. This paper presents the verification of the hypothesis that the changes in lubricity, friction coefficient, and decreasing oil film thickness (using a relative approach, given as a percentage) are similar for lubricating oil and diesel mixtures prepared from fresh lubricating oil and used lubricating oil. To validate this hypothesis, an experiment is conducted using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFFR), in which the lubricity is determined by the corrected average wear scar WS1.4, the coefficient of friction μ, and the percentage relative decrease in oil film thickness r. A qualitative visual assessment of the wear scars on the test specimens is also performed after the HFFR tests. The testing covers mixtures of SAE 30 grade Marinol CB-30 RG1230 lubricating oil with Orlen Efecta Diesel Biodiesel. The used lubricating oil is extracted from the circulating lubrication system of a supercharged, trunk-piston, four-stroke ZUT Zgoda Sulzer 5 BAH 22 engine installed in the laboratory of ship power plants of the Maritime University of Szczecin. Mixtures for the experiment are prepared for fresh lubricating oil with diesel oil and used lubricating oil with diesel oil. Mixtures of these lubricating oils with diesel oil are examined for diesel oil concentrations in the mixture equal to 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20% m/m. The results of the experiment confirm the hypothesis, proving that, for up to 20% m/m diesel oil concentration in lubricating oil, the changes in the lubricity of used lubricating oil diluted with diesel oil can be evaluated based on reference data prepared for mixtures of diesel oil with fresh lubricating oil. The linear approximation of μ and r trends is made with a certain margin of error we estimated. The experiment also confirms the results of previous studies which state that oil aging products in small quantities contribute to improved lubricity.

Investigations into the effective, fast, and economically viable remediation of soils polluted with petroleum-derived products are still relevant. The vegetative pot experiment was conducted at the Didactic-Experimental Garden greenhouse (NE, Poland, 53.759° N, 20.452° E) on loamy sand (LS) and sandy loam (SL) soils. Its main research objective was to assess the effectiveness of biochar (B), halloysite (H) and alginite (A) in the biological regeneration of contaminated soil diesel oil (DO) and petrol (P). The assessment was conducted by determining the magnitude of the adverse impact of these xenobiotics on the growth and development of Zea mays, as well as the activity of seven soil enzymes. The impact of the tested contaminants and sorbents was assessed based on the impact factors (IF) of DO and P, as well as B, H, and A on Zea mays biomass and enzymatic activity of the soil. Soil contamination with petroleum-derived products disrupted the growth and development of Zea mays. DO had a stronger inhibitory effect on plant growth compared to P. Zea mays cultivated in LS, which was less resistant to the effects of these contaminants compared to that cultivated in SL. The impact of DO and P on enzyme activity depended on the soil texture. DO stimulated enzyme activity in LS and SL, while P only did so in LS. All remediation substances, and biochar in particular, led to an increase in plant biomass in the DO-contaminated soils. Both biochar, halloysite and alginite also improved the biochemical quality index (BA) of SL and LS. Despite the unquestionable remediation potential of the analyzed sorbents, their highest efficacy can only be achieved by their application on soils with physicochemical properties corresponding to their characteristics, which is a valuable guideline for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of diesel oil has been proven to increase exhaust emissions which will have an impact on the environment. Mixing diesel oil with other fuels can reduce exhaust emissions and increase combustion efficiency. This article discusses the review of mixing kerosene with diesel oil and biodiesel. The method was the fuel are running in the diesel engine and calculated the performance and emissions in the engine. The fuel properties of mixing kerosene with diesel oil and biodiesel can reduce the level of viscosity and specific gravity of the fuel and increase the calorific value which will have an impact on improving the atomization in combustion. In addition, mixing diesel oil and kerosene can reduce emissions such as CO2, CO, HC, particulate, and opacity. However, mixing kerosene with biodiesel can increase NOx emissions. In addition, the addition of kerosene in diesel oil can lead to low fuel consumption in diesel oil. The addition of kerosene with biodiesel will increase thermal efficiency. Therefore, it can be concluded that the addition of kerosene into diesel oil and biodiesel can improve engine performance in the engine and reduce some exhaust emissions.

Sustainable biodesulfurization (BDS) processes require the use of microbial biocatalysts that display high activity against the recalcitrant heterocyclic sulfur compounds and can simultaneously withstand the harsh conditions of contact with petroleum products, inherent to any industrial biphasic BDS system. In this framework, the functional microbial BDS-related diversity in a naturally oil-exposed ecosystem, was examined through a 4,6-dimethyl-dibenzothiophene based enrichment process. Two new Rhodococcus sp. strains were isolated, which during a medium optimization process revealed a significantly enhanced BDS activity profile when compared to the model strain R. qingshengii IGTS8. In biocatalyst stability studies conducted in biphasic mode using partially hydrodesulfurized diesel under various process conditions, the new strains also presented an enhanced stability phenotype. In these studies, it was also demonstrated for all strains, that the BDS activity losses were decoupled from the overall cells' viability, in addition to the fact that the use of whole-broth biocatalyst positively affected BDS performance.

Desulfurization technology is essential to remove sulfur content in diesel oil to achieve clean fuel products. In this study, oxidative desulfurization via ultrasonic bath equipment was utilized in conjunction with a synthesized activated carbon supported phosphotungstic acid (HPW-AC) catalyst. This research focuses on the extent of desulfurization in a simulated diesel oil. This contains 2.3% sulfur from benzothiophene (BT) and dibenzothiophene (DBT) mixed in actual diesel oil. The effects of ultrasonication time (30 min to 90 min), reaction temperature (40 °C to 70 °C), and catalyst dosage (6 wt% to 18 wt%) were examined for the oxidation of the simulated diesel oil containing BT and DBT. A 2k full factorial design was implemented in the experimental runs to evaluate the parameters by the analysis of variance. Results showed that the curvature of the model was not significant (p-value = 0.3134). Thus, further optimization runs were no longer required to fully analyze the model. The best conditions for sulfur conversion can be attained at 30 min, 70 °C and 18 wt% HPW-AC catalyst. Furthermore, the basic diesel oil properties (density, viscosity, and calorific value) were compared before and after the desulfurization treatment process. Results indicated that the simulated diesel oil retained essentially the same properties prior to its treatment. This proves to show a promising result that can further be improved for its applicability in future industrial practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental study on the flame geometric characteristics of large-scale open pool fires under well-controlled wind conditions. Square fuel pools with combustion areas of 50 m2, 100 m2, 200 m2, 380 m2, and 400 m2 were used to burn RP-5 aviation fuel and diesel oil. A large-scale open jet wind tunnel generated a well-controlled and regulated horizontal wind field with wind speed (U) of up to 17 m/s. It was found that the evolution of large-scale pool fires under wind conditions involved four regimes, namely free vertical pool fire, tilted pool fire without flame drag, tilted pool fire with stable flame drag, and tilted pool fire close to the ground. The wind significantly affected the flame shape, the vortex structures, and the smoke layer characteristics around the flame. Five quantities of flame geometry were measured, including the flame base drag (l d), the flame length (L), the vertical flame height (H), and two flame tilt angles of θ 1 (defined by the fuel pool center) and θ 2 (defined by the flame base center). The critical wind speeds for flame base drag were obtained for the first time, and it showed a steady increase with the fuel pool size. With increasing U , the vertical flame height (H) decreased steadily, while the flame length (L) increased slightly, and the flame base drag (l d) and the flame tilt angles (θ 1 , θ 2) increased steadily and leveled off for U >7–8 m/s. By introducing the buoyancy length scale and integrating the mixture fraction equation, the correlations for the five flame geometric characteristics were derived, which agreed well with the data of large-scale pool fires in this work and literature. The correlation for flame base drag also successfully predicted the critical wind speed for the occurrence of the flame drag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The biosurfactant production can enhance the hydrocarbon biodegradation, as the hydrophobicity of these compounds reduces the degradation rates. Much of the attention was given to microbial hydrocarbon biodegradation, while limited work is present regarding the capacity of fungal biosurfactants for enhancing the remediation process. This research work identified the potential of biosurfactant production and hydrocarbon degradation of selected fungal strains belonging to Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Candida genera in contrast to a hydrocarbon-degrading and biosurfactant non-producing fungal strain. The highest biodegradation was noted for Aspergillus niger FA5 (90.7%), followed by Penicillium chrysogenum FP4 and Aspergillus terreus FP6 (87.4 and 85.0%, respectively), and lastly, Candida sp. FG2 (80.1%). Biosurfactant-producing hydrocarbon degrading fungal strains A. niger FA5, P. chrysogenum FP4, A. terreus FP6, and Candida sp. FG2 degraded hydrocarbons 1.32-, 1.27-, 1.24-, and 1.18-fold higher than non-producing A. flavus FP10 (68.6%). When the data were analyzed for correlation, hydrocarbon degradation was found negatively corelated to surface tension (r = –0.747, p = 0.005), while positively correlated with emulsification index (r = 0.964, p < 0.001), and cell hydrophobicity (r = 0.835, p < 0.001). The results indicate that fungi capable of attaching hydrocarbons at high concentration to the cell surface and effectively reducing surface tension were able to exhibit significant improvements in the rate of hydrocarbon degradation. Hence, it is concluded that if a fungus can produce biosurfactant that can improve hydrocarbon emulsification and reduce surface tension, the hydrocarbon breakdown can be accelerated from 12 to 22% compared to non-producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of salicylic acid and rice husk ash on Pb and Cd concentration in pinto bean plants grown in soil that was contaminated with both diesel oil and heavy metals. Methods: The treatments in this study included the application of rice husk ash to soil at concentrations of 0 %, 4 %, and 8 % (W/W) as well as the foliar application of salicylic acid to pinto bean plants grown in soil contaminated with diesel oil, Cd, and Pb at concentrations of 0 %, 4 % and 8 % (W/W). After a growth period of 90 days, the pinto bean plant was harvested and the concentration of Pb and Cd in the plants was measured using Atomic absorption spectroscopy. In addition, the extent of diesel oil bio-degradation in the soil was determined. Results: The results indicate a significant reduction in the concentration of Cd and Pb in pinto bean plants (by 11.7 and 15.4 %, respectively) due to the application of rice husk ash (8 % (W/W)) in the soil. Furthermore, the bio-degradation of diesel oil in the soil was found to be significantly enhanced, while the activity of plant enzymes APX and POX was observed to be decreased. Conclusion: The interaction between rice husk ash and salicylic acid the reduction in Pb and Cd concentration was significantly influenced by, while the bio-degradation of diesel oil in the soil increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soil pollution caused by diesel oil and heavy metals has become an increasingly serious environmental issue, with negative global-scale impacts. The remediation of contaminated soil requires special attention, in which phytoremediation has emerged as an ecofriendly solution. However, the response of plants to the combined stress of diesel oil and heavy metals remains largely unknown. In this study, the aim was to investigate the potential of Populus alba and P. russkii for phytoremediation by examining their response to combined diesel oil and heavy metal stress. In a greenhouse experiment using soil contaminated with 15 mg kg−1 of diesel oil and varying concentrations of Sr (0, 10, or 100 mg kg−1), we studied the physiological and biochemical changes, as well as the Sr absorption, of P. alba and P. russkii. The results showed that at high concentrations of Sr and diesel oil, the growth of both species was substantially inhibited, but P. alba exhibited higher resistance due to its higher antioxidant enzyme activities and increased accumulation of soluble sugar and proline. Additionally, P. alba concentrated Sr in the stem, whereas P. russkii accumulated Sr in the leaf, exacerbating its negative effects. Diesel oil treatments were beneficial for Sr extraction due to cross-tolerance. Our findings indicate that P. alba is more suitable for the phytoremediation of Sr contamination due to its superior tolerance to combined stress, and we identified potential biomarkers for monitoring pollution. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical basis and implementation strategy for the remediation of soil contaminated by both heavy metals and diesel oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pyrolysis of plastic waste to fuel will lead to greener waste management, ensure sustainability and serve as an alternative energy source. This study seeks to convert plastic waste into diesel engine-grade oil as an alternative energy source for various applications. A mixture of plastic waste of 58% PET, 20% HDPE, 12% LDPE, 7% PP, and 3% PS were used for the study. Catalytic and thermal pyrolysis was conducted in a batch reactor at a temperature of 450 °C for 2 h using Nitrogen gas. The plastic fuel produced was then analyzed using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The various characteristics of the oil, such as the kinematic viscosity, calorific value, density, and pour point, were determined. The results indicated that thermal pyrolysis produced 13% liquid, 59% gas and 27% solid residue, and on the other hand, catalytic pyrolysis yielded 15.16% liquid, 69.16% of gas, and 14.8% of solid residue. The FT-IR also showed the presence of aliphatic and aromatic compounds with a predominance of the aliphatic group. From the GC–MS analysis, the plastic fuel contains 30 compounds in the C8- C40 range. The calorific value of plastic fuel after analysis was 43.175 MJ/kg in catalytic pyrolysis and 34.132 MJ/kg in thermal pyrolysis. Also, the kinematic viscosity was 4.344 cSt in catalytic pyrolysis and 2.750 cSt in thermal pyrolysis, while the density and pour point were 0.856 g/cm3 and −17 °C respectively. These results show that catalytic pyrolysis yielded more gas and liquid with high calorific value than the thermal pyrolysis. This is an indication of the use of catalysts to improve the conversion of plastic into energy. The conversion of plastic waste into diesel oil will not only address environmental challenges but help achieve the SDGs 7 & 13 as well as Goal 7 of Agenda 2063.

This article presents the verification of the hypothesis on using certain approximation curves in the evaluation of used lubricating oil. These curves are plotted for fresh lubricating oil to approximate the parameters of lubricating oil diluted with diesel oil. To confirm the hypothesis, an experiment is conducted to determine the flash point, initial boiling point, density at 15 °C, kinematic viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C, and viscosity index. The analysis covers fresh oil and used SAE 30 grade Marinol CB-30 RG1230 oil taken from the circulating lubrication system of a supercharged, trunk-piston, 4-stroke ZUT Zgoda Sulzer 5 BAH 22 engine that is located in the Marine Power Plant Laboratory of the Maritime University of Szczecin. Undiluted lubricating oils (both fresh and used) and mixtures of lubricating oils with diesel oil are examined for diesel oil concentrations in the mixture equal to 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20% m/m. Orlen Efecta Diesel Biodiesel is used to prepare the mixtures. The functions approximating the parameters for fresh oil are determined and adapted to describe the variation of the same parameters for the used lubricating oil. For each case, the coefficient of determination, the maximum relative error of the model fitting to the experimental results, and the root mean square error (RMSE) are determined. In the experiment, the variation in the parameters of the used lubricating oil remained the same as for fresh oil parameters. Thus, the research hypothesis is confirmed.

This article shows the effect of the addition of effective microorganisms and silver on the exhaust gas composition and fuel consumption. Exhaust emission standards are becoming increasingly stringent, which makes it difficult for engine manufacturers to meet them. For this reason, intensive work is underway to use alternative propulsion systems on ships, and for diesel engines, alternative fuels. Among other things, this applies to mixtures of petroleum-based fuels with vegetable oils and their esters. Unfortunately, their use, due to their physicochemical properties, can negatively affect the performance of the engine and the wear of its components. Therefore, the aim of this study was to see how additives of effective microorganisms in the form of ceramic liquid and tubes, and a silver solution and colloidal silver would affect some engine parameters, including the exhaust gas composition and fuel consumption. The authors are not aware of the results of previous research on this issue. The tests were carried out on a diesel engine for four types of green additives at concentrations of 2% and 5%, at different ranges of its load. The additives added to the diesel fuel were characterised, and the test stand was presented, along with the parameters of the tested fuel. The effect of additives on selected engine parameters, including fuel consumption, was presented. The characteristics of hourly fuel consumption and selected components of the exhaust gas, including nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide as a function of the concentration of ecological additives are shown and analysed. It was found that the most beneficial additive that had a positive effect on the exhaust gas composition and fuel consumption was a silver solution in a 2% concentration. There was a decrease of up to 4% in the NOx content of the exhaust gas, a decrease in carbon monoxide of more than 28%, a decrease in carbon dioxide of 4.6% and a decrease in fuel consumption of around 3% was achieved under the tested conditions. The use of these additives is an innovative solution that has a positive impact on reducing the emissions of harmful compounds into the atmosphere. In further research, it will be necessary to study the effect of this additive on the combustion process in the engine and the wear of its components, as well as to confirm the results obtained in real operating conditions.

Desulfurization technology is vital in the removal of sulfur compounds in diesel to attain clean fuels. In this research, the mixing assisted oxidative desulfurization (MAOD) in conjunction with a high shear mixer was used with the catalyst of the activated carbon supported phosphotungstic acid. This study discusses the desulfurization of a simulated diesel, containing 2.3 wt% S of dibenzothiophene and benzothiophene in real fuel oil. The influences of mixing speed (8,000 rpm to 16,800 rpm), mixing time (30 min to 90 min), and mixing temperature (25°C to 65°C) were examined for the sulfur oxidation. A 2k full factorial design and a face-centered cube design were utilized for the screening and optimization studies, respectively, in the experimental runs. The analysis of variance was able to determine and generate a simplified quadratic model to predict the response in the MAOD process. The optimum variables for sulfur conversion were achieved at 88.5 min (mixing time), 16,800 rpm (mixing speed), and 63.28°C (mixing temperature). The confirmatory run resulted in percent oxidation of 62.37 % and validated the generated model. Moreover, the fundamental properties of diesel oil were analyzed for comparison prior to and after the MAOD method. The results revealed the retention of essential properties of the simulated diesel oil even after the MAOD treatment step. Thus, the MAOD process has successfully preserved the properties of diesel oil even after its treatment process. This indicates a promising result of the MAOD process favorable for its future applications.

Copyright of Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The manuscript intends to demonstrate the impact of aircraft operating fluids on the parameters of airfield hardened concrete. In the studies conducted over the longer term than provided for in the applicable standards, the impact of these operating fluids on the durability of C 30/37 concrete composed with the use of basalt and granite aggregate was determined. The tests showed that the discussed operating fluids have a destructive effect on airfield runway concrete to a varying degree. The currently applied agents that protect runway pavement against its deterioration fulfil their function only in a limited scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of diesel fuel for transportation, industry, and electricity generation causes several environmental issues via an increase in the amount of sulfur compound emissions. Commercial diesel fuel must be free of sulfur-containing compounds since they can cause several environmental problems. Considering the currently available processes to eliminate sulfur compounds, oxidative desulfurization (ODS) is one of the effective means for this purpose. This work presented a simple, low cost, and efficient ODS system of high-sulfur diesel fuels using peroxide oxidation with the aid of citric, pimelic, and α-ketoglutaric acids. The aim of the study was to investigate the potential of these acids as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) activators for ODS and to optimize the reaction conditions for maximum sulfur removal. The results showed that citric, pimelic, and α-ketoglutaric acids were effective catalysts for the desulfurization of high-sulfur diesel with an initial sulfur content of 2568 mg L−1, achieving a sulfur removal efficiency of up to 95%. The optimized reaction conditions were found to be 0.6 g of carboxylic acid dosage and 10 mL of H2O2 at 95 °C. The desulfurization efficiency of the real diesel sample (2568 mg L−1) was shown to be 27, 34, and 84.57%, using citric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and pimelic acid after 1h, respectively. The effectiveness of the oxidation process was characterized by gas chromatographic pulsed flame photometric detector (GC-PFPD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The experimental results demonstrated that the developed system exhibited high efficiency for desulfurization of real high-sulfur diesel fuels that could be a good alternative for commercial application with a promising desulfurization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flotation of low-rank-oxidized coals is a challenging task for the recovery of carbonaceous material using conventional collectors. The presence of polar hydroxyl, carbonyl, phenols, and other oxygenated functional groups on the surface of such colas influence the hydrophobicity of coals. The present paper summarizes the results of in-depth studies on the analysis of the flotation response of low-volatile-medium coking coal using two types of collectors viz., the conventional Diesel oil and a biodegradable Mahua oil. The performance and response of the flotation to these two reagents have been analyzed through kinetic studies. Further, the presence of oxygenated functional groups and fatty acids in the biodegradable collector markedly enhances the flotation of low-rank-oxidized coals (also called LVMC coal) are compared with the conventional collector diesel oil. The paper recommends that, since biodegradable oil is a natural, renewable, environmentally friendly, nontoxic oil, which has no chemical additives or harmful chemicals, it can be used as an alternative collector for the flotation of low-rank-oxidized coals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pipeline leakage accidents of dielectric liquid often occurs in chemical industry, while the investigations on flow electrification of leakage pipe are few. In this study, experiments were conducted to measure and analyze the streaming current inside the pipe and the leakage current of the pipe wall in both intact and leak pipes. Two kinds of diesel oil, namely the light heavy diesel oil and heavy diesel oil, were selected as the flowing media. Furthermore, an empirical expression of the space charge density and the streaming current based on the modified velocity equation was proposed. The space charge density distribution obtained from the experimental streaming current was compared with the theoretical values. The results show that the space charge density obtained from experiments by the proposed expression is in good agreement with the theoretical value. • The streaming current and the leakage current of the pipeline are measured and analyzed by experiments. • The flow electrification of both intact and leak pipelines is studied. • An empirical expression of the space charge density and the streaming current is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes using the Arrhenius model for estimating the viscosity of a mixture of two liquids in the quantitative assessment of the physicochemical properties of lubricating oils in the context of assessing the level of dilution of lubricating oil with diesel oil. Dynamic are made of mixtures of lubricating oil and diesel oil with known concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100% m/m of the diesel oil content in the mixture. Mixtures of the most popular oils (viscosity classes SAE 30 and SAE 40) with diesel oil that meet the requirements of the DMX of the marine distillate fuels category are prepared and tested. Viscosity measurements are performed at 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 °C temperatures. The Arrhenius model is used to estimate the viscosity of the mixtures with an assumed diesel oil content and to estimate the diesel oil concentration in the mixtures with a known measured viscosity value. In both cases, the absolute estimation error is determined, and the accuracy of the estimation is assessed against the known concentration of diesel oil in the mixture with lubricating oil and the temperature at which the viscosity is measured. The estimated concentrations of diesel oil in mixtures with lubricating oil are useful to assess the condition of the lubricating oil (for concentrations of diesel oil lower than 5% m/m). The method is proposed to be used in practice to support standard laboratory oil analysis.

Biofuels are interested in using alternative fuel in diesel engines because those are friendly to the environment and can be recycled. However, characteristics of chemical and physical differences compared to diesel fuel. While using the fuel injection system of an engine must be adjusted. Computational Fluid Dynamics KIVA-3V software allows simulation of the working cycle of the engine with injection pressure effect. This paper presents the results of a simulation study of B15 biofuel used on the 4CHE Yanmar diesel engine, and the fuel injection pressure was adjusted at 210, 220, 230, and 240 bar within the limits of high-pressure pump adjustment. The results showed that the soot emissions of the engine were lowest at 230 bars.

Coconut is a popular plant and is often concentrated mainly in coastal and river areas in the southern provinces of Vietnam. That is a tree with economic value and preventing erosion in river areas. Coconut tree grows very well on sandy soil with high salt tolerance, specific it is suitable for places with lots of sunshine and average rainfall as the climate in Vietnam Therefore, in Vietnam, coconuts are an abundant raw material used to produce biomass and bioenergy. This paper mainly presents the research process of applying coconut oil as a fuel to reduce environmental pollution from internal combustion engines, replacing a part of traditional fuel. Research results by experimental methods have shown that coconut oil does not need to be synthesized into biodiesel but mixed directly into diesel oil with different ratios that can be used as fuel to reduce emissions pollution, mainly soot. However, the combustion pressure of the engine tends to decrease when the proportion of coconut oil in the diesel-coconut oil mixture exceeds 20% coconut oil (20% coconut oil - 80% diesel oil).

For environmental and economic purposes, it is necessary to search for methods that reduce gas emission by flare from the oil refineries. It causes environmental pollution and warmup. All laboratory tests have been completed at Koya University, with the contribution of the Institute of Technology in Koya, to check some readings and verify their accuracy. Increasing the absorptivity of the gases by heavy oil will have expected to improve oil burning characteristics. This research aims to determine the best operating conditions that leads for higher absorption. In this research the diesel oil is considered as a heavy cut and LPG as a light gas. A lab scale unit was installed for that purpose. The amount of changes in oil weight before and after atomizing was determines as well as, the properties of the diesel oil like flash point, cetane number, and diesel index. The effect of a wide range of atomizing time (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 90) minutes at different temperatures (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50) °C was considered. The data is discussed and graphically analyzed. The optimum operating conditions is achieved by, 9 liters/minute gas Atomizing flowrate of LPG for one liter of diesel oil, atomizing Temperature is 30 ᵒC, atomizing Time is 30 minutes’ minimum till 60 minutes’ maximum. The produced Diesel Flash Point is 55 ᵒC, and the amount of gas absorption is 24 gm per 850 gm of diesel oil which represent 2.8 % of diesel weight and 5% of LPG gas flowrate.

In this study, pure polystyrene nanofiber and polystyrene composite nanofibers with different ratios of Ti4O7 were obtained. Diesel oil sorption of the obtained nanofibers was investigated in two experimental studies. The aim of the first was to experimentally determine the nanofiber with the fastest diesel oil sorption capacity. For this purpose, the diesel oil sorption capacity (q) was examined for both pure polystyrene (PS) nanofibers and PS nanofibers with 15 wt% and 25 wt% Ti4O7 nanoparticle additives in different volumetric mixing ratios (Vr) of diesel oil and tap water. The results of this study determined that the fastest diesel oil sorbent capacity was formed in 15 wt% Ti4O7 nanoparticle-doped PS nanofiber (PSNF2). The data were modeled with Rule-Based Mamdani Type Fuzzy Logic (RBMTF). The input parameters of RBMTF were density (D), Vr, time (t), initial mass of fibers (mo), and tap water sorption mass (mw), while the q was output parameter. The multiple coefficient of determination for q was calculated as R2 = 0.9825. The purpose of the second experimental study was to examine the behavioral performance (Δm) of nanoparticles-doped PS nanofibers (PSNF2), which has the fastest the diesel oil sorption capacity, at different pH and different temperatures, according to different timings. In this experimental study, it was determined that the behavior performance of PSNF2 was the highest at pH7, especially at 20 °C for the first minute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a brief introduction to the indicators of the volatility and flammability of lubricating oils and fuels. It is proposed that the initial boiling point be used as an indicator of the contamination of lubricating oil with distillate fuel (i.e., diesel biofuel oil) in the context of the rapid detection of explosion risks in the crankcase. Detailed tests were carried out on lubricating oil samples (SAE 30 and SAE 40 grades, which are most commonly used in the lubrication systems of marine trunk engines) diluted with diesel oil at selected mass concentrations (0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100%). The oils were tested to determine their relevant properties: the flash point temperature and the initial boiling temperature. The flash point was determined in a closed crucible using the Pensky–Martens method, which is in accordance with PN-EN ISO 2719. The differences between the initial boiling point and the flash point of the tested lubricating oils were determined for different dilution levels of lubricating oil in diesel fuel. An approximate method for the calculation of the flash point of the oil based on the initial boiling point is proposed. The results of oil flash point measurements are compared with values calculated as a function of the boiling point for both lubricating oils tested. An evaluation of how well models fit the experimental results is reported. Conclusions are presented on the applicability of the proposed method during operational practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]