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The phytochemical constituents, acute toxicity, and antiulcer activity of Duranta erecta fruit extracts were determined in rodents. The antiulcer activity was tested utilizing a pylorus ligation. For the pylorus ligation-induced ulcer model, positive controls received ranitidine 10 mg kg−1. The negative controls were given ethanol (1 mL). The hydroethanolic fruit extracts of D. erecta demonstrated no mortality or notable behavioral effects up to 5000 mg kg−1. The crude ethanol fruit extract of D. erecta demonstrated antiulcer effects on pyloric ligation in rats at 500 and 1000 mg kg−1 doses. The values obtained at 1000 mg kg−1 dose are equivalent to those obtained with ranitidine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular replication-associated protein (Rep)-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses are highly diverse and have a broad range of hosts. In this study, we report the detection of Bo-Circo-like virus AH20-1 in the feces of diarrheal cattle. The virus has a circular genome of 3,912 nucleotides, three major putative open reading frames, and encodes a Rep gene of 310 amino acids. We found that the virus is closely related to the Bo-Circo-like virus CH strain, which belongs to the novel Kirkoviridae family. Furthermore, we conducted a nationwide surveillance program and found that the virus is prevalent in China (23.6%, 205/868), with the BCLa subtype being the predominant strain. Our findings suggest that the virus can infect sheep, highlighting the potential for cross-species transmission. Our pressure analysis indicates that the CRESS-DNA Kirkoviridae family has broad host adaptation, and that selection pressure played an important role in the evolution of its Rep genes. Our study underscores the need for continued epidemiological surveillance of this virus due to its widespread prevalence in our ruminant population and potential for cross-species transmission.

Phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase alpha (PI4KIIIa), encoded by the PI4KA gene, can synthesize phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI-4-P), which serves as a specific membrane marker and is instrumental in signal transduction. PI4KA mutations can cause autosomal recessive diseases involving neurological, intestinal, and immunological conditions (OMIM:619621, 616531, 619708). We detected sepsis, severe diarrhea, and decreased immunoglobulin levels in one neonate. Two novel compound heterozygous mutations, c.5846T>C (p.Leu1949Pro) and c.3453C>T (p.Gly1151=), were identified in the neonate from the father and the mother, respectively. Sanger sequencing and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for peripheral blood and minigene splicing assays showed a deletion of five bases (GTGAG) with the c.3453C>T variant at the mRNA level, which could result in a truncated protein (p.Gly1151GlyfsTer17). The missense mutation c.5846T>C (p.Leu1949Pro) kinase activity was measured, and little or no catalytic activity was detected. According to the clinical characteristics and gene mutations with functional verification, our pediatricians diagnosed the child with a combined immunodeficiency and intestinal disorder close to gastrointestinal defects and immunodeficiency syndrome 2 (GIDID2; OMIM: 619708). Medicines such as immunomodulators are prescribed to balance immune dysregulation. This study is the first report of a synonymous mutation in the PI4KA gene that influences alternative splicing. Our findings expand the mutation spectrum leading to PI4KIIIa deficiency-related diseases and provide exact information for genetic counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveThe present study was undertaken to identify the serotypes and drug resistance profiles of Salmonella recovered from diarrheal patients in Anhui Province, and provide evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of foodborne diseases caused by Salmonella.MethodsFrom 2015 to 2020, 980 Salmonella were collected from 16 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Anhui Province. The strains were serotyped, and the drug susceptibility profile was studied by micro-broth dilution method.ResultsNine hundred and eighty Salmonella included 82 serotypes with a predominance of Salmonella enteritidis 31.43% (308/980), Salmonella typhimurium 26.22% (257/980), Salmonella agona 7.35% (72/980), Salmonella thompson 6.63% (65/980) and Salmonella london 3.37% (33/980). The highest resistance were ampicillin (AMP), nalidixin (NAL), tetracycline (TET) and ampicillin/sulbactam (AMS), which were 62.35%, 47.96%, 47.86%, 43.16%, respectively. The resistance rates to AMP, AMS, NAL, cefoxitin (CFX), and azithromycin (AZM) showed a significant upward trend (P

Proper sanitation facilities promote health because they allow people to dispose of their waste appropriately. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the Chinese government has been committed to improving water and sanitation. The coverage of sanitary latrines in rural China reached more than 70.0% in 2022. Using published literature, open data, and national statistics, this study evaluated the health effects of improved latrines in China. A search strategy aimed at collecting all latrine improvement-related community intervention research in China from 1990 to 2021 was designed and implemented. Incidences of three diseases—schistosomiasis, diarrheal disease, and soil-transmitted helminths (STH)—were used as indicators of health benefits. The relationship between adjusted relative risk (RR) and coverage of sanitary latrines in the study area was examined using a log-linear model. Overall, 411 incidences of the three diseases before and after community intervention were extracted from 74 qualified articles. The results demonstrated the importance of promoting access to sanitary latrines in disease prevention and control in China. The overall estimates revealed mean reductions of 60% for diarrhea risk, 42% for schistosomiasis risk, and 65% for STH risk compared to no intervention. In addition, increasing sanitary latrine coverage was negatively correlated with RR in China, indicating that populations with high sanitary latrine coverage were less likely to be affected with water, sanitation, and hygiene-related diseases.

Abstract Background Almost half of the estimated 5.3 million deaths of under-five children in 2018 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa with morbidity contributing substantially to these deaths. Seeking medical care for children has been described as an important measure of reducing mortality occasioned by morbidity. This study examined factors influencing mothers’ health seeking behaviour for their children in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods This study made use of data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The study involved 75,982 children who received or did not receive measles vaccine and 93,142 children who sought or did not seek medical care when affected by fever or cough and diarrhoea. Binary logistic regression was applied in the analysis. Results Most of the children (74%) received measles vaccine while less than one-fifth sought medical care for fever or cough (16%) and diarrhoea (10%). Majority of the children of women who received measles vaccine and sought medical care when they had fever or cough are from richest households. Children of women with primary and secondary or higher education, children of working women and children of women that attended antenatal care during pregnancy are more likely to seek medical care for fever or cough. While children of women who live in urban areas and children of second or higher order of birth are less likely to receive measles vaccine, children aged 24–35 months and those who were of average size at birth are less likely to seek medical care for diarrhoea. Conclusions This study has revealed that mothers’ health care seeking behaviour for their children is influenced by social, maternal and child factors. Any intervention aimed at improving child health in sub-Sharan Africa should take these factors into consideration.

Introduction: Human microsporidiosis represents an important and rapidly emerging opportunistic disease. The present study investigated the prevalence of microsporidia among HIV positive and HIV negative patients with or without diarrhoea in Vhembe and Mopani Districts in the Limpopo Province. Methodology: A total of 170 stool samples were collected from these patients and microsporidia species was detected using a Real-Time PCR targeting a conserved region of the small ribosomal subunit rRNA (SSU-rRNA) gene of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon hellem, and Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Results: Fifty six (32.9%) were positive for microsporidia. The prevalence was higher in HIV negative patients (36.6%) while 24.1% of patients who were HIV positive had microsporidia. Microsporidia was more common among patients aged between 1 and 10 years (52.6%). However among the HIV positive patients, microsporidia prevalence was higher among those that were not taking antiretrovirals (ARVs) compared to those who were on ARVs, (36.6%) and (24.1%), respectively. Microsporidia was also noted to be significantly associated with diarrheal and stomach pains; p = 0.02 and p = 0.048, respectively. Furthermore, microsporidia infections was more prevalent among patients who had animals at home (p = 0.037). Conclusions: Study has shown a high prevalence of microsporidia among patients attending primary health centers in the Mopani District for the first time. Prevalence of microsporidia was higher among HIV negative and HIV positive patients who were not on ARV treatment. Keeping animals in the household appeared to be a risk of getting infected with microsporidia. Further studies are needed to determine the genetic characteristics of these organisms in the study population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is a disorder characterized by thickening of the pyloric muscles, accompanied by gastric outlet obstruction. CLINICAL CASE: A 21-year-old female patient who started with diarrheal stools, vomiting of gastro-biliary content and weight loss in one month. An antrectomy was performed, with the finding of pyloric stenosis, without data suggestive of malignancy, and placement of a gastro-jejunal tube with adequate evolution. In the definitive pathological study, it was found, macroscopically: hypertrophic pyloric muscle that occluded all the lumen and prevented the passage of solid and liquid foods. Five months after the surgical event, tolerance to the oral route, occasional vomiting of food content, and persistence of nausea were correctly executed, for which reason she continues on medical treatment with antiemetics and a proton pump inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS: The role of the pathologist in this disease is decisive, since it is an exceptional disease, it is not usually included in the differential diagnoses of gastric emptying disorder, in addition to the need to exclude any neoplastic process in adult patients, such as gastric adenocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Intestinal protozoa are parasites transmitted by consumption of contaminated water and food and mainly affect children and elder people and cause considerable health problems. They are the leading causes of outpatient morbidity due to diarrhea in the developing countries. So, assessing water and food source of diarrheal patients and identifying the main associated factors for transmission of protozoan parasitic infections help for effective control measures of protozoan infections. Hence, the current study was aimed at determining the prevalence of foodborne intestinal protozoa infections and associated factors among diarrheic patients in North Ethiopia. Methods A health facility based cross-sectional study was conducted among 223 patients with watery diarrhea in four selected government health facilities in North Ethiopia from November 2016–June 2017. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demography of study participants and factors associated with foodborne protozoa infections. The diarrheic stool samples were collected, transported, and processed using direct wet mount, formal-ether concentration and modified ZiehlNeelson staining methods. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 and descriptive statistics, bi-variate, and multivariate logistic regressions were computed. P-value

• The Bo-Circo-like virus AH20-1 was discovered in the feces of cattle exhibiting diarrhea. • The first comprehensive epidemiological survey of cattle in China revealed a positivity rate of 23.6%. • The BCLa subtype is the predominant strain among this group of viruses, with the potential for cross-species transmission. Circular replication-associated protein (Rep)-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses are highly diverse and have a broad range of hosts. In this study, we report the detection of Bo-Circo-like virus AH20-1 in the feces of diarrheal cattle. The virus has a circular genome of 3,912 nucleotides, three major putative open reading frames, and encodes a Rep gene of 310 amino acids. We found that the virus is closely related to the Bo-Circo-like virus CH strain, which belongs to the novel Kirkoviridae family. Furthermore, we conducted a nationwide surveillance program and found that the virus is prevalent in China (23.6%, 205/868), with the BCLa subtype being the predominant strain. Our findings suggest that the virus can infect sheep, highlighting the potential for cross-species transmission. Our pressure analysis indicates that the CRESS-DNA Kirkoviridae family has broad host adaptation, and that selection pressure played an important role in the evolution of its Rep genes. Our study underscores the need for continued epidemiological surveillance of this virus due to its widespread prevalence in our ruminant population and potential for cross-species transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background This article presents the development of a school handwashing programme in two different sub-Saharan countries that applies the RANAS (risk, attitudes, norms, ability, and self-regulation) systematic approach to behaviour change. Methods Interviews were conducted with 669 children enrolled in 20 primary schools in Burundi and 524 children in 20 primary schools in Zimbabwe. Regression analyses were used to assess the influence of the RANAS behavioural determinants on reported handwashing frequencies. Results The results revealed that, in both countries, a programme targeting social norms and self-efficacy would be most effective. In Burundi, raising the children’s perceived severity of the consequences of contracting diarrhoea, and in Zimbabwe, increasing the children’s health knowledge should be part of the programme. Conclusions The school handwashing programme should create awareness of the benefits of handwashing through educational activities, raise the children’s ability and confidence in washing hands at school through infrastructural improvements, and highlight the normality of washing hands at school through events and poster creation.

We investigated the ability of biofilm formation, survival, and behavior of diarrheal and emetic Bacillus cereus vegetative cells and spores in tofu. Both diarrheal and emetic B. cereus did not proliferate at a temperature below 9 °C in tofu. However, the emetic B. cereus grew faster than diarrheal B. cereus at 11 °C and had better survival ability at low temperatures. Both diarrheal and emetic B. cereus were able to form a biofilm on stainless steel. These biofilm cells were transferred to tofu in live state. The transferred biofilm cells could not grow at a temperature below 9 °C but grew over 11 °C, like planktonic cells. B. cereus contamination in tofu at a high concentration (>6 logs CFU/g) was not entirely killed by heating at 80, 85, or 90 °C for 2 h. Spores and emetic B. cereus had higher resistance to heat than vegetative cells and diarrheal B. cereus, respectively.

Stomach acidity is an important barrier of the human body to protect itself from microbial pathogens entering the small intestine and causing infection. This study examined the survival adaptations of non-acid adapted diarrheal Shigella and Salmonella strains in an environment mimicking the human stomach. The bacterial responses to the challenge of acidic simulated gastric fluid were studied using flow cytometry physiological heterogeneity, membrane integrity and survival (culturability) respectively. Flow cytometry showed that bacterial cells, when exposed to gastric fluid, transformed distinctly, into physiologically heterogeneous sub-populations: intact, stressed and damaged cells, when stained with propidium iodide and thiazole orange. Shigella and Salmonella cells became membrane compromised during initial acid shock (0–30 min), and 80% of these cells shifted to the stressed state throughout gastric fluid exposure. Approximately 10–30% of bacterial strains remained culturable after 60 min of gastric fluid exposure at pH 2.5–4.5, with the percentage increasing with an inoculum size of 10 2 CFU/ml. This ability of non-acid adapted Shigella and Salmonella sp. to adapt and survive low pH gastric fluid, even though the bacterial numbers decreased or changed to a stressed state, further supports the possible risk of infection when consumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This article presents the development of a school handwashing programme in two different sub-Saharan countries that applies the RANAS (risk, attitudes, norms, ability, and self-regulation) systematic approach to behaviour change. Methods: Interviews were conducted with 669 children enrolled in 20 primary schools in Burundi and 524 children in 20 primary schools in Zimbabwe. Regression analyses were used to assess the influence of the RANAS behavioural determinants on reported handwashing frequencies. Results: The results revealed that, in both countries, a programme targeting social norms and self-efficacy would be most effective. In Burundi, raising the children's perceived severity of the consequences of contracting diarrhoea, and in Zimbabwe, increasing the children's health knowledge should be part of the programme. Conclusions: The school handwashing programme should create awareness of the benefits of handwashing through educational activities, raise the children's ability and confidence in washing hands at school through infrastructural improvements, and highlight the normality of washing hands at school through events and poster creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on chemotaxonomy, we decided to investigate the possible antidiarrheal activity in mice of a crude ethanolic extract obtained from aerial parts of Croton grewioides (CG-EtOH). We tested for any possible toxicity in rat erythrocytes and acute toxicity in mice. Antidiarrheal activity was assessed by determining the effect of CG-EtOH on defecation frequency, liquid stool, intestinal motility and intestinal fluid accumulation. CG-EtOH showed no in vitro cytotoxicity and was not orally lethal. In contrast, the extract given intraperitoneally (at 2000 mg/kg) was lethal, but only in females. CG-EtOH produced a significant and equipotent antidiarrheal activity, both in defecation frequency (ED50 = 106.0 ± 8.1 mg/kg) and liquid stools (ED50 = 105.0 ± 9.2 mg/kg). However, CG-EtOH (125 mg/kg) decreased intestinal motility by only 22.7% ±4.4%. Moreover, extract markedly inhibited the castor oil-induced intestinal contents (ED50 = 34.6 ± 5.4 mg/ kg). We thus conclude that CG-EtOH is not orally lethal and contains active principles with antidiarrheal activity, and this effect seems to involve mostly changes in intestinal secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This study was done in Basrah Maternity and Child hospital from January 2002 till the end of December 2002 to determine the proportion of children less than two years of age with diarrheal diseases among hospitalized children and to study the morbidity and mortality of these patients. A child less than two years of age with diarrhea represents the leading cause of hospitalization and constituted (35%) of the total admission during the study period. Infants less than one year of age represent (64.9%) of all cases of diarrhea and the remaining were above one year of age. About (74.9%) of these cases were acute diarrhea and (25.1%) were chronic cases. Age of less than one year and associated malnutrition were the two most important predictors of development of chronic diarrhea. Sex of patients did not influence the occurrence of acute and chronic diarrhea. The duration of diarrhea and the age of patient determined the outcome of cases. Acute cases among infants less than one year of age have higher mortality than those children above one year of age. No death reported for acute cases above one year. The case fatality for chronic diarrhea was (49 % for under I year and 7.15 % for those above 1 year) and it is about 8 times more than that of acute cases. This mortality rate is more than the reported rate in the literatures by about two times, reflecting the need for improving the management of these of children.

Phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase alpha (PI4KIIIα), encoded by the PI4KA gene, can synthesize phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI-4-P), which serves as a specific membrane marker and is instrumental in signal transduction. PI4KA mutations can cause autosomal recessive diseases involving neurological, intestinal, and immunological conditions (OMIM:619621, 616531, 619708). We detected sepsis, severe diarrhea, and decreased immunoglobulin levels in one neonate. Two novel compound heterozygous mutations, c.5846T>C (p.Leu1949Pro) and c.3453C>T (p.Gly1151=), were identified in the neonate from the father and the mother, respectively. Sanger sequencing and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for peripheral blood and minigene splicing assays showed a deletion of five bases (GTGAG) with the c.3453C>T variant at the mRNA level, which could result in a truncated protein (p.Gly1151GlyfsTer17). The missense mutation c.5846T>C (p.Leu1949Pro) kinase activity was measured, and little or no catalytic activity was detected. According to the clinical characteristics and gene mutations with functional verification, our pediatricians diagnosed the child with a combined immunodeficiency and intestinal disorder close to gastrointestinal defects and immunodeficiency syndrome 2 (GIDID2; OMIM: 619708). Medicines such as immunomodulators are prescribed to balance immune dysregulation. This study is the first report of a synonymous mutation in the PI4KA gene that influences alternative splicing. Our findings expand the mutation spectrum leading to PI4KIIIa deficiency-related diseases and provide exact information for genetic counseling., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Zhang, Kang, Zhang, Bai, Pang, Liu, Zhang, Chen, Yu, Lv, Gao, Liu, Gai, Wang and Li.)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Bacillus coagulans strain Unique IS-2 in the treatment of patients with acute diarrhea. To this end, a total of 28 patients with acute diarrhea were included in a prospective, phase II clinical study upon obtaining consent and ethical committee approval. The trial was performed on patients of both sexes between 18 to 55years of age and having > 3 loose motions in last 24 hours for less than7 Days. All patients were assigned to receive capsule (containing 2 billion CFU of Bacillus coagulans strain Unique IS-2) two 6mes daily for a duration of 10 days. Efficacy was evaluated by assessment of duration of diarrhea (in minutes) frequency of defecation (times per day), abdominal pain (3=severe; 2=moderate; 1=mild; 0=absent) and consistency of stool (1=normal, 2=hard, 3= semi liquid, and 4=loose). Safety aspects of capsule were evaluated by assessment of incidence, type of adverse events, physical examination, and clinical laboratory test values (CBC, SGPT, serum creatinine, stool routine and microscopy). Concomitant medications including rescue medications were monitored throughout the study. Efficacy assessment for duration of diarrhea, frequency of defecation, abdominal pain, consistency of stool and fever was done on 1, 3, 6and 10 days. Mean values for, duration of diarrhea decreasedj%m 35.60 ± 5.46 to 3.52 ± 2.69 min per day, frequency of defecation was decreased from 7.96 ± 3.89 to 0.76 ± 0.60 times per day, abdominal pain decreased from 3.16 ± 0.99 to 0.36 ± 0.49 and consistency of stool improved from -3.84 ± 0.55 to 1.00 ± 0.00. No significant change in safety parameters was observed during treatment. This trial demonstrates that utilization of B. coagulans Unique IS-2 strain is efficient and safe to treat the patients with acute diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B. Gillett, popularly known as "imburana", "imburana-de-cheiro" or "imburana-de-espinho", has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, such as diarrhea. The indian tribes "Kairir-Shokó and shokó use the bark to treat diarrhea. However, there is no scientific evidence to justify the therapeutic use of this species. To investigate the ethnomedicinal use of Commiphora leptophloeos , with respect to the antimicrobial, antisecretory, antimotility and antispasmodic activities of the crude ethanolic extract obtained from its leaves (CL-EtOH L) and the mechanism underlying this action in rodents. In the evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities was determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract, against different strains of bacteria and fungi. All experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Paraíba (045/2016). In addition, behavioral screening and acute toxicity assessment of CL-EtOH L were performed in female mice (n = 6). In the investigation of antidiarrheal activity (n = 6), frequency of defecation and number of liquid stools, were classified during 4 h, and intestinal fluid and transit were measured. In addition, the antispasmodic effect on rat ileum (n = 5) was also investigated. The ethanolic extract is rich in flavonoids and the main were identified as C-glycosylated flavonoids (isoorientin, orientin, and vitexin). In the evaluation of antimicrobial and antifungal activity, the extract showed moderate efficacy only against the tested strains of Candida krusei ATCC-6258, Candida parapsilosis ATCC-22019 and Candida glabrata ATCC-90030. The extract had no toxic effect until 2000 mg/kg. In castor oil-induced diarrhea, CL-EtOH L inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, both total defecation frequency (ED 50 = 380.4 ± 145.4 mg/kg) and the number of watery stools (ED 50 = 151.2 ± 76.3 mg/kg). The extract showed no effect on fluid accumulation or normal intestinal transit. On the other hand, when the animals were pretreated with castor oil, the extract decreased the distance traveled by the activated charcoal (ED 50 = 177.0 ± 50.3 mg/kg). In the investigation of antispasmodic effect, CL-EtOH L antagonized the contractions induced by KCl 30 mM (IC 50 = 208.2 ± 25.9 μg/mL) and CCh 10−6 M (IC 50 = 95. ± 22.0 μg/mL). To verify the participation of muscarinic receptors in this effect, cumulative carbachol curves were performed in the absence and presence of the extract, and a non-competitive pseudo-irreversible antagonism of these receptors was observed. The data indicate that ethanol extract obtained from the leaves of Commiphora leptophloeos has an antidiarrheal effect due to inhibition of the intestinal motility and antispasmodic effect, through the antagonism of muscarinic receptors. In addition, we suggest that flavonoids isolated from CL-EtOH L may be responsible for antidiarrheal activity of this extract. This explains its ethnomedicinal use in the treatment of diarrhea. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the ability of biofilm formation, survival, and behavior of diarrheal and emetic Bacillus cereus vegetative cells and spores in tofu. Both diarrheal and emetic B. cereus did not proliferate at a temperature below 9 °C in tofu. However, the emetic B. cereus grew faster than diarrheal B. cereus at 11 °C and had better survival ability at low temperatures. Both diarrheal and emetic B. cereus were able to form a biofilm on stainless steel. These biofilm cells were transferred to tofu in live state. The transferred biofilm cells could not grow at a temperature below 9 °C but grew over 11 °C, like planktonic cells. B. cereus contamination in tofu at a high concentration (>6 logs CFU/g) was not entirely killed by heating at 80, 85, or 90 °C for 2 h. Spores and emetic B. cereus had higher resistance to heat than vegetative cells and diarrheal B. cereus, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]