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In this study, biological activities of bioinsecticides which has three different entomopathogenic fungi (Nostalgist BL®-Beauveria bassiana; Nibortem®-Verticillium lecanii and Met 52®-Metarhizium anisopliae) against Macrosiphum rosae L. and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were examined under laboratory conditions. Therefore, bioinsecticides were applied to the second stage nymphs of both aphids by spraying method as the commercially recommended rate. Petri trials were conducted based on randomized parcel trial patterns with 5 replicates. After the applications completed, results were evaluated by counting on live individuals at the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days. The overall results of the study determined that bioinsecticides infect both aphids. While the effects of bioinsecticides on M. rosae were determined as 100.00% on the 5th day of counting for Met 52® and Nostalgist BL® and all bioinsecticides on the 7th day of counting of the applications. The highest mortality rates of the bioinsecticides application on M. persicae were recorded in the Nostalgist BL®, with 23.00%, 70.00%, 82.00% and 91.00%, respectively. As a result, it was found that the Nostalgist BL® was an effective microbial control agent on the second stage nymphs of both M. rosae and M. persicae. © 2020 Parlar Scientific Publications. All rights reserved.

The paper presents new and historical data on the genus Fusicladium verified on the base of the recently published critical monograph. Fifteen species recorded in Poland under the name Fusicladium and synonymous Pollaccia and Spilocaea are reported; 5 are documented by authors’ materials from Central Poland while the other taxa are supported with literature data only, including three species belonging currently to Fusicladiella and Passalora. Three species, reported here for the first time in Poland: Fusicladium convolvularum Ondřej, F. scribnerianum (Cavara) M. B. Ellis and F. virgaureae Ondřej, are known from a few localities in the world. All the species are provided with the distribution maps and the newly reported ones are illustrated with ink drawings.

International audience; The metabolism of cymoxanil [1-(2-cyano-2-methoxyiminoacetyl)-3-ethyl urea] by a very sensitive strain of Botrytis cinerea toward this fungicide was studied by using [2-14C]-cymoxanil. Labeled cymoxanil was added either in a culture of this strain or in its enzymatic extract. The main metabolites, detected in biological samples, were isolated and identified by mass and NMR spectrometry. Their identification allowed us to show that this strain quickly metabolized cymoxanil according to at least three enzymatic pathways: (i) cyclization leading, after hydrolysis, to ethyl parabanic acid, (ii) reduction giving demethoxylated cymoxanil, and (iii) hydrolysis and reduction followed by acetylation leading to N-acetylcyanoglycine. In a cell-free extract of the same strain, only the first and the second enzymatic reactions, quoted above, occurred. Biological tests showed that, among all the metabolites, only N-acetylcyanoglycine is fungitoxic toward this sensitive strain.

International audience; Microbial species present on the surface of grape berries at harvest play an important role in winemaking, thus counting and identifying them is of great importance. The use of conventional microbial techniques and molecular methods allowed a quantitative and qualitative inventory of the different microbial species present on the grape berries. These experiments were carried out in several areas of the Bordeaux region on the red grape varieties Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc. Populations and species clearly varied according to berry development stage. The most widespread yeast species at berry set, Aureobasidium pullulans was never detected at harvest. Fermentative yeasts were detected at harvest and not in the first stage of grape growth. Oenoccocus oeni was detected on immature as well as on mature berries. Gluconobacter oxydans was detected mainly at harvest. Detection of Pediococcus parvulus, was dependent on the vineyard. Veraison appeared to be a key stage for yeast colonisation and the increase in population involved a change in the proportion of each species. The number of A. pullulans fell significantly at veraison as it was superseded by fermentative yeasts. Microbial populations peaked at harvest when the berry surface available for adhesion was largest and no agrochemical treatments had been applied for some weeks. Soil, grape variety and grapegrowing practices may also influence this microbial ecosystem. Based on these and published data, we formulated hypotheses to describe this microbial ecosystem, thus enabling us to develop the concept of a microbial biofilm.

Bulked segregant analysis combined with AFLPs was used to identify molecular markers linked to the Rca 2 gene conferring resistance to Colletotrichum acutatum pathogenicity group 2 which causes anthracnose in the octoploid strawberry Fragaria x ananassa. DNA bulks originating from a cross between the resistant cultivar 'Capitola' and the susceptible cultivar 'Pajaro' were screened with 110 EcoRI/M se IAFLP combinations. Four AFLP markers were found linked in coupling phase to Rca 2 with recombination percentages between 0% and 17.7%. Among the four markers linked to the resistance gene, two were converted into SCAR markers (STS-Rca 2417 and STS-Rca 2240) and screened in a large segregating population including 179 genotypes. The Rca 2 resistance gene was estimated to be 0.6 cM from STS-Rca 2417 and 2.8 cM from STS-Rca 2240. The presence/absence of the two SCAR markers was further studied in 43 cultivars of F. x ananassa, including 14 susceptible, 28 resistant, and one intermediate genotype. Results showed that 81.4% and 62.8% of the resistant/susceptible genotypes were correctly predicted by using STS-Rca 2417 and STS-Rca 2240, respectively. The 14 susceptible genotypes showed no amplification for either SCARs. These developed SCARs constitute new tools for indirect selection criteria of anthracnose resistance genotypes in strawberry breeding programs.

Planten stoten een groot aantal verschillende vluchtige stoffen uit. Die zeggen iets over de toestand van de plant. Met sensoren zijn ze te meten. In de toekomst kun je daarop wellicht monitoren. Wageningen UR Glastuinbouw is erin geslaagd aan de hand van zo’n vluchtige stof een botrytisaantasting in een tomatengewas te detecteren, voordat die zichtbaar is. Het is de bedoeling de methode op te schalen tot praktijkniveau

Botrytis is een lastige klant. Over met name de financiële kant van de maatregelen tegen deze schimmel, de samenhang met bladrandjes en de tegenstelling tussen lagere energiekosten en het grotere risico op Botrytis als gevolg daarvan is nog onvoldoende bekend. Meer kennis van deze onderwerpen zal telers helpen deze schimmel effectiever aan te pakken. Dat bleek in een discussie tussen telers, beleidsmakers, onderzoekers en dienstverleners.

Background: Increasing incidences of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors are threatening the sustainable use of contemporary chemical vector control measures. Fungal entomopathogens provide a possible additional tool for the control of insecticide-resistant malaria mosquitoes. This study investigated the compatibility of the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin and two mosquito-pathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, against a laboratory colony and field population of West African insecticide-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquitoes. Methodology/Findings: A range of fungus-insecticide combinations was used to test effects of timing and sequence of exposure. Both the laboratory-reared and field-collected mosquitoes were highly resistant to permethrin but susceptible to B. bassiana and M. anisopliae infection, inducing 100% mortality within nine days. Combinations of insecticide and fungus showed synergistic effects on mosquito survival. Fungal infection increased permethrin-induced mortality rates in wild An. gambiae s.s. mosquitoes and reciprocally, exposure to permethrin increased subsequent fungal-induced mortality rates in both colonies. Simultaneous co-exposure induced the highest mortality; up to 70.3 +/- 2% for a combined Beauveria and permethrin exposure within a time range of one gonotrophic cycle (4 days). Conclusions/Significance: Combining fungi and permethrin induced a higher impact on mosquito survival than the use of these control agents alone. The observed synergism in efficacy shows the potential for integrated fungus-insecticide control measures to dramatically reduce malaria transmission and enable control at more moderate levels of coverage even in areas where insecticide resistance has rendered pyrethroids essentially ineffective

Botrytis kan in heel wat gewassen fikse problemen veroorzaken. Omdat de sporen in een vochtige omgeving gaan kiemen, is een droog microklimaat de beste remedie. Maar het droogstoken van een hele kas is kostbaar. Met buitenluchtaanzuiging is een betere en energiezuinigere vochtbeheersing te realiseren. Het gewas voldoende open houden, blad snijden en luchtcirculatie zijn manieren om het gewenste microklimaat te bereiken. Antagonisten kunnen Botrytis preventief tegengaan en zijn een alernatief voor chemische middelen, terwijk bestuiving met oxidatieve zoeten of bestrlaing met UV-C-licht met namen in de na-oogst effectief kunnen zijn

Botrytis is een lastige klant. Over met name de financiële kant van de maatregelen tegen deze schimmel, de samenhang met bladrandjes en de tegenstelling tussen lagere energiekosten en het grotere risico op Botrytis als gevolg daarvan is nog onvoldoende bekend. Meer kennis van deze onderwerpen zal telers helpen deze schimmel effectiever aan te pakken. Dat bleek in een discussie tussen telers, beleidsmakers, onderzoekers en dienstverleners.

Planten stoten een groot aantal verschillende vluchtige stoffen uit. Die zeggen iets over de toestand van de plant. Met sensoren zijn ze te meten. In de toekomst kun je daarop wellicht monitoren. Wageningen UR Glastuinbouw is erin geslaagd aan de hand van zo’n vluchtige stof een botrytisaantasting in een tomatengewas te detecteren, voordat die zichtbaar is. Het is de bedoeling de methode op te schalen tot praktijkniveau

Botrytis kan in heel wat gewassen fikse problemen veroorzaken. Omdat de sporen in een vochtige omgeving gaan kiemen, is een droog microklimaat de beste remedie. Maar het droogstoken van een hele kas is kostbaar. Met buitenluchtaanzuiging is een betere en energiezuinigere vochtbeheersing te realiseren. Het gewas voldoende open houden, blad snijden en luchtcirculatie zijn manieren om het gewenste microklimaat te bereiken. Antagonisten kunnen Botrytis preventief tegengaan en zijn een alernatief voor chemische middelen, terwijk bestuiving met oxidatieve zoeten of bestrlaing met UV-C-licht met namen in de na-oogst effectief kunnen zijn

International audience; The filamentous ascomycete Botrytis cinerea is one of the most studied models for understanding the necrotrophic behaviour of phytopathogenic fungi. The genomes of two strains of B. cinerea have been sequenced (B05.10 and T4), which may contribute to elucidating the virulence polymorphism in this fungus. In this study, both strains were genetically modified in order to construct recipient strains designed to target genes that are hard to knock out. Deletions of BcKu70 gene in B05.10 strain and BcKu80 gene in T4 strain both affected the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair mechanism. NHEJ is responsible for the ectopic integration of gene replacement cassettes during fungal transformation and leads to a lower frequency of homologous recombination (HR). Ku deficiencies in B. cinerea did not disturb in vitro or in planta growth, but clearly improved HR efficiency for the putative sesquiterpene cyclase-encoding gene Cnd15, which was hard to knock out in a wild-type strain.

International audience

Uit PPO-onderzoek blijkt dat Alternaria de primaire veroorzaker is van dode bloemknoppen bij peer. De mate van aantasting verschilt per perceel en per jaar. Met de toelating van Switch is een directe bestrijding van Alternaria mogelijk geworden

The fungus Botrytis cinerea is the causal agent of the economically important gray mold disease that affects more than 200 ornamental and agriculturally important plant species. B. cinerea is a necrotrophic plant pathogen that secretes nonspecific phytotoxins, including the sesquiterpene botrydial and the polyketide botcinic acid. The region surrounding the previously characterized BcBOT1 gene has now been identified as the botrydial biosynthetic gene cluster. Five genes including BcBOT1 and BcBOT2 were shown by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to be co-regulated through the calcineurin signaling pathway. Inactivation of the BcBOT2 gene, encoding a putative sesquiterpene cyclase, abolished botrydial biosynthesis, which could be restored by in trans complementation. Inactivation of BcBOT2 also resulted in overproduction of botcinic acid that was observed to be strain-dependent. Recombinant BcBOT2 protein converted farnesyl diphosphate to the parent sesquiterpene of the botrydial biosynthetic pathway, the tricyclic alcohol presilphiperfolan-8 -ol.

Reproduction is of crucial importance for living organisms, from bacteria to humans. Except for mammals and birds, both sexual and asexual reproduction is known almost at every level of thephylogenetictree. A special case of asexual reproduction in filamentous fungi is the so calledparasexualcycle, whenhyphaeof different individuals fuse and the genetic material of different origin can be mixed. The black mouldAspergillusniger is a versatile organism used in industry and sometimes found as opportunistic pathogen. This is an asexual species, and most of the natural isolates are unable to undergo theparasexualcycle, in other words strains are (vegetatively) incompatible. Unlike the A.niger thePodosporaanserina is a strictly sexual species and used as a model organism for studying features ofparasexualcycle. In this study the genetic background of vegetative incompatibility and remnants of presumed ancient sexual stage of A.niger and features of vegetative incompatibility in P.anserina were investigated and compared.

Reproduction is of crucial importance for living organisms, from bacteria to humans. Except for mammals and birds, both sexual and asexual reproduction is known almost at every level of thephylogenetictree. A special case of asexual reproduction in filamentous fungi is the so calledparasexualcycle, whenhyphaeof different individuals fuse and the genetic material of different origin can be mixed. The black mouldAspergillusniger is a versatile organism used in industry and sometimes found as opportunistic pathogen. This is an asexual species, and most of the natural isolates are unable to undergo theparasexualcycle, in other words strains are (vegetatively) incompatible. Unlike the A.niger thePodosporaanserina is a strictly sexual species and used as a model organism for studying features ofparasexualcycle. In this study the genetic background of vegetative incompatibility and remnants of presumed ancient sexual stage of A.niger and features of vegetative incompatibility in P.anserina were investigated and compared.

International audience; WRKY genes encode proteins belonging to a large family of transcription factors that are involved in various developmental and physiological processes and in plant responses to pathogen infections. In the present work, a full-length cDNA from a Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon grape berry library was isolated and characterized. The cDNA, designated VvWRKY2, encodes a polypeptide of 536 amino acids that shows the structural features of group I of WRKY protein family. VvWRKY2 is expressed in the different organs of healthy grapevine plants. In leaves, VvWRKY2 is induced by wounding and after infection with Plasmopara viticola. Constitutive expression of VvWRKY2 in tobacco reduced the susceptibility of transgenic tobacco to three types of fungal pathogens infecting different parts of the plant: Botrytis cinerea (leaves), Pythium spp. (roots) and Alternaria tenuis (seeds). The results indicate that VvWRKY2 may be involved in the resistance of grapevine against the pathogens.

International audience; We studied the interactive effects of either binary or tertiary mixtures of Fusarium mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), and fumonisin B1 (FB1) on the human intestinal cell line, Caco-2, using the endpoints including malonedialdehyde (MDA) production, inhibition of protein and DNA syntheses, DNA methylation, DNA fragmentation, and cell viability as measured by the neutral red (NR) test. The mixtures of mycotoxins reduce cellular viability in increasing order: [FB1+ZEA]

Omvallers in pioenroos door botrytis zijn goed te voorkomen, blijkt uit onderzoek van PPO Glastuinbouw. Daarvoor is de effectiviteit van een aantal middelen onderzocht en het tijdstip van toediening

Omvallers in pioenroos door botrytis zijn goed te voorkomen, blijkt uit onderzoek van PPO Glastuinbouw. Daarvoor is de effectiviteit van een aantal middelen onderzocht en het tijdstip van toediening

International audience

Ramularia collo-cygni is a barley pathogen of increasing importance in Northern and Central Europe, New Zealand and South America. Accurate visual and microscopic identification of the pathogen from diseased tissue is difficult. A nested PCR-based diagnostic test has been developed as part of an initiative to map the distribution of the pathogen in Scotland. The entire nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and 5.8S rRNA gene regions from 14 isolates of diverse global origin exhibited complete homology following sequence characterization. Two pairs of species-specific primers, based on inter-specific sequence divergence with closely related species, were designed and empirically evaluated for diagnostic nested PCR. Nested primers Rcc3 and Rcc4 consistently amplified a single product of 256 bp from DNA of 24 R. collo-cygni isolates of diverse global provenance, but not from other Ramularia species, or other fungi commonly encountered in cereal pathosystems, as well as Hordeum or Secale DNA preparations. Using this approach, R. collo-cygni was successfully identified from naturally infected barley leaf, awn and grain samples of diverse geographical provenance, in particular from symptoms that lacked the presence of characteristic conidiophores. It is envisaged that this assay will become established as an important tool in continuing studies into the ecology, aetiology and epidemiology of this poorly understood yet economically damaging plant pathogen.

Species of Phaeoacremonium are known vascular plant pathogens causing wilt and dieback of woody hosts.The most prominent diseases in which they are involved are Petri disease and esca, which occur on grapevines and are caused by a complex of fungi, including Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and several species of Phaeoacremonium .Various Phaeoacremonium species are also opportunistic on humans, where they are known to cause phaeohyphomycosis.The genus Togninia was confirmed as the teleomorph of Phaeoacremonium by means of morphology, sexual compatibility, and DNA phylogeny. Subsequently, the genus Togninia was monographed along with its Phaeoacremonium anamorphs.Ten species of Togninia and 22 species of Phaeoacremonium were treated.Several new species of Togninia were found during the course of the study, namely T. argentinensis , T. austroafricana , T. krajdenii , T.parasitica , T.rubrigena and T. viticola .New species of Phaeoacremonium includePm. alvesii, Pm. amstelodamense,Pm. argentinense ,Pm. australiense,Pm. austroafricanum, Pm. griseorubrum,Pm.krajdenii,Pm. novae-zealandiae , Pm . iranianum ,Pm. scolyti, Pm. sphinctrophorum,Pm.subulatum,Pm. tardicrescens,Pm . theobromatisandPm. venezuelense .Species were identified based on their cultural and morphological characters, supported by DNA data derived from partial sequences of the actin and β-tubulin genes.Phylogenies of the SSU and LSU rRNA genes were used to determine whether Togninia has more affinity with the Calosphaeriales or the Diaporthales .These results confirmed that Togninia had a higher affinity to the Diaporthales than the Calosphaeriales .Examination of type specimens revealed that T.cornicola , T.vasculosa , T . rhododendri, T . minima var. timidula and T.villosa , were not members of Togninia .New combinations such as Calosphaeria cornicola,Calosphaeriarhododendri , Calosphaeriatransversa , Calosphaeriatumidula,Calosphaeriavasculosa and Jattaeavillosawere therefore proposed to accommodate these species. The correct and rapid identification of Phaeoacremonium species is important tofacilitate the understanding of their involvementin plant as well as human disease.A rapid identification method was developed for the 22 species of Phaeoacremonium currently recognised.It involved the use of 23 species-specific primers, including 20 primers targeting the β-tubulin gene and three targeting the actin gene.These primers can be used in 14 multiplex reactions.Additionally a multiple-entry electronic key based on morphological, cultural andb-tubulin sequence data was developed to facilitate routine species identification. This database can be accessed online athttp://www.cbs.knaw.nl/phaeoacremonium.htm.With this identification tool phenotypic and sequence data can be used to identify the different Phaeoacremonium species.Separate dichotomous keys were provided for the identification of the Togninia and Phaeoacremonium species based on phenotypic characters.Additionally, keys for the identification of Phaeoacremonium -like fungi and the genera related to Togninia were also provided.The mating strategy of several Togninia species was investigated with ascospores obtained from fertile perithecia produced in vitro .Togninia argentinensis and T.novae-zealandiae have homothallic mating systems, whereas T. austroafricana , T. krajdenii , T. minima , T.parasitica , T. rubrigena and T. viticola are heterothallic.The species predominantly isolated from diseased grapevines are Pm. aleophilum , Pm. parasiticum and Pm. viticola .Perithecia of two of these species, T. minima and T. viticola , have been found on grapevines in the field, indicating that these species recombine in vineyards.The genetic diversity among isolates ofPa.chlamydospora on grapevines was investigated by means of Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs).Phaeomoniellachlamydospora isolates were collected from different positions on the same vine, different vines within a vineyard and different vineyards withinSouth Africa.Selected isolates from various grape producing countries, namelyAustralia,France,Italy,Iran,New Zealand,SloveniaandU.S.A.were also included.The overall low level of genetic variation confirmed asexual reproduction to be dominantin the field.Different genotypes were found among isolates ofPa.chlamydospora within the same grapevine, suggesting multiple infections from different inoculum sources.Isolates from different countries had a high percentage of similarity and clustered together, indicating the absence of genotype-geographic structure.The presence of the same genotype in different vineyards and production areas suggests that long-range dispersal through aerial inoculum or infected plant material played an important role in genotype distribution.Seven species of Togninia and 15 species of Phaeoacremonium were newly described during the course of this study.The data obtained in this study, as well as the newly developed dichotomous and online polyphasic keys will enable scientists to correctly identify all the known species and also provide a reference database to which new species can be added in future.The newly reported host ranges and distributions, together with pathogenicity data, will enable scientists to identify species of possible quarantine concern.

Species of Phaeoacremonium are known vascular plant pathogens causing wilt and dieback of woody hosts.The most prominent diseases in which they are involved are Petri disease and esca, which occur on grapevines and are caused by a complex of fungi, including Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and several species of Phaeoacremonium .Various Phaeoacremonium species are also opportunistic on humans, where they are known to cause phaeohyphomycosis.The genus Togninia was confirmed as the teleomorph of Phaeoacremonium by means of morphology, sexual compatibility, and DNA phylogeny. Subsequently, the genus Togninia was monographed along with its Phaeoacremonium anamorphs.Ten species of Togninia and 22 species of Phaeoacremonium were treated.Several new species of Togninia were found during the course of the study, namely T. argentinensis , T. austroafricana , T. krajdenii , T.parasitica , T.rubrigena and T. viticola .New species of Phaeoacremonium includePm. alvesii, Pm. amstelodamense,Pm. argentinense ,Pm. australiense,Pm. austroafricanum, Pm. griseorubrum,Pm.krajdenii,Pm. novae-zealandiae , Pm . iranianum ,Pm. scolyti, Pm. sphinctrophorum,Pm.subulatum,Pm. tardicrescens,Pm . theobromatisandPm. venezuelense .Species were identified based on their cultural and morphological characters, supported by DNA data derived from partial sequences of the actin and β-tubulin genes.Phylogenies of the SSU and LSU rRNA genes were used to determine whether Togninia has more affinity with the Calosphaeriales or the Diaporthales .These results confirmed that Togninia had a higher affinity to the Diaporthales than the Calosphaeriales .Examination of type specimens revealed that T.cornicola , T.vasculosa , T . rhododendri, T . minima var. timidula and T.villosa , were not members of Togninia .New combinations such as Calosphaeria cornicola,Calosphaeriarhododendri , Calosphaeriatransversa , Calosphaeriatumidula,Calosphaeriavasculosa and Jattaeavillosawere therefore proposed to accommodate these species. The correct and rapid identification of Phaeoacremonium species is important tofacilitate the understanding of their involvementin plant as well as human disease.A rapid identification method was developed for the 22 species of Phaeoacremonium currently recognised.It involved the use of 23 species-specific primers, including 20 primers targeting the β-tubulin gene and three targeting the actin gene.These primers can be used in 14 multiplex reactions.Additionally a multiple-entry electronic key based on morphological, cultural andb-tubulin sequence data was developed to facilitate routine species identification. This database can be accessed online athttp://www.cbs.knaw.nl/phaeoacremonium.htm.With this identification tool phenotypic and sequence data can be used to identify the different Phaeoacremonium species.Separate dichotomous keys were provided for the identification of the Togninia and Phaeoacremonium species based on phenotypic characters.Additionally, keys for the identification of Phaeoacremonium -like fungi and the genera related to Togninia were also provided.The mating strategy of several Togninia species was investigated with ascospores obtained from fertile perithecia produced in vitro .Togninia argentinensis and T.novae-zealandiae have homothallic mating systems, whereas T. austroafricana , T. krajdenii , T. minima , T.parasitica , T. rubrigena and T. viticola are heterothallic.The species predominantly isolated from diseased grapevines are Pm. aleophilum , Pm. parasiticum and Pm. viticola .Perithecia of two of these species, T. minima and T. viticola , have been found on grapevines in the field, indicating that these species recombine in vineyards.The genetic diversity among isolates ofPa.chlamydospora on grapevines was investigated by means of Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs).Phaeomoniellachlamydospora isolates were collected from different positions on the same vine, different vines within a vineyard and different vineyards withinSouth Africa.Selected isolates from various grape producing countries, namelyAustralia,France,Italy,Iran,New Zealand,SloveniaandU.S.A.were also included.The overall low level of genetic variation confirmed asexual reproduction to be dominantin the field.Different genotypes were found among isolates ofPa.chlamydospora within the same grapevine, suggesting multiple infections from different inoculum sources.Isolates from different countries had a high percentage of similarity and clustered together, indicating the absence of genotype-geographic structure.The presence of the same genotype in different vineyards and production areas suggests that long-range dispersal through aerial inoculum or infected plant material played an important role in genotype distribution.Seven species of Togninia and 15 species of Phaeoacremonium were newly described during the course of this study.The data obtained in this study, as well as the newly developed dichotomous and online polyphasic keys will enable scientists to correctly identify all the known species and also provide a reference database to which new species can be added in future.The newly reported host ranges and distributions, together with pathogenicity data, will enable scientists to identify species of possible quarantine concern.