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Deterministic global optimization algorithms like Piyavskii–Shubert, direct, ego and many more, have a recognized standing, for problems with many local optima. Although many single objective optimization algorithms have been extended to multiple objectives, completely deterministic algorithms for nonlinear problems with guarantees of convergence to global Pareto optimality are still missing. For instance, deterministic algorithms usually make use of some form of scalarization, which may lead to incomplete representations of the Pareto optimal set. Thus, all global Pareto optima may not be obtained, especially in nonconvex cases. On the other hand, algorithms attempting to produce representations of the globally Pareto optimal set are usually based on heuristics. We analyze the concept of global convergence for multiobjective optimization algorithms and propose a convergence criterion based on the Hausdorff distance in the decision space. Under this light, we consider the well-known global optimization algorithm direct, analyze the available algorithms in the literature that extend direct to multiple objectives and discuss possible alternatives. In particular, we propose a novel definition for the notion of potential Pareto optimality extending the notion of potential optimality defined in direct. We also discuss its advantages and disadvantages when compared with algorithms existing in the literature.

Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) are at high risk for high levels of sedentary behaviour. To inform the development of programmes to reduce sedentary behaviour, insight into the correlates is needed. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review the evidence on correlates of sedentary behaviour in adults with ID. We performed a systematic literature search in Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Web of Science and Google Scholar up to 19 January 2018, resulting in nine included studies that were published from 2011 to 2018. Correlates were categorized according to the ecological model. Studies predominantly focused on individual level correlates. Of those correlates studied in more than one study, having epilepsy was associated with less sedentary behaviour and inconsistent results were found for sex, genetic syndromes, weight status, physical health, mobility, level of ID, and mental health. Of the few interpersonal and environmental factors studied, only living arrangements were studied in more than one study, with inconsistent results. To date, we have limited and inconclusive evidence about correlates of sedentary behaviour in adults with ID. Only when future studies unravel correlates and determinants, across all domains of the ecological model, will the potential opportunities to improve health by reducing sedentary behaviour come within reach., Unrestricted funding to facilitate meetings of the European Network of Physical Activity Research in People with Intellectual Disabilities (ENPARID) was provided by Ramon Llull University and Obra Social La Caixa (reference 2016-URL-Trac-005) to MGB.

Purpose: The long‐term effects of sociodemographic and health characteristics on television viewing (TV) time changes have not been identified in adulthood. We aimed to examine the modifiable and non‐modifiable determinants of changes in TV‐time in young adults over 10 years.Methods: Participants (N = 2929) aged 24‐39 years were recruited between 2001 and 2011 from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Data were collected using questionnaires and a medical examination. The determinants of changes in TV‐time were estimated using latent growth modeling for men and women separately.Results: For men, inverse associations with initial levels of TV‐time were observed for students becoming employed and already has children, and direct associations were observed for both those who stayed a smoker and those who stayed overweight/obese. Increasing attention to health habits was inversely associated with a slope of TV‐time, whereas age and becoming unemployed were positively associated with the slope of TV‐time. For women, inverse associations with the levels of TV‐time were found for age, staying in non‐manual work, and paying consistently high and increasing attention to health habits, and direct associations were found for staying unemployed, smoking and overweight/obese, and becoming employed, single and non‐smoking. Increasing physical activity, becoming employed, motherhood, and normal weight were inversely associated with the slope of TV‐time, whereas age and staying in non‐manual work were positively associated with the slope of TV‐time.Conclusions: This suggests several gender‐specific determinants of changes in TV‐time that can help identify potential targets for interventions to prevent excessive TV‐time in adulthood. peerReviewed

A system upgrade requires careful planning as its implications to organizational systems might be enormous. Although in IS literature the requirements and process of systems upgrade have been discussed, the timing when to upgrade and what factors guide it has been of lesser interest. Consequently, in this paper we focus on information systems upgrading and its timing from the perspective of the user organization. Upgrading is enabled by the availability of a new software version. When to upgrade, meanwhile, is determined by the business interests of the customer organization, business calendar, development projects, and the vendor. These factors were identified by interviewing 14 IT managers, mainly CIOs, from middle size to large organizations in Finland. They presented 16 different cases of upgrading or modifications of enterprise systems or similar undertakings. The analysis of the cases and the identification of the upgrade timing factors not only increase our understanding of the phenomena in general, but also reveal the customer’s motives and interests regarding IS upgrading and its timing. peerReviewed