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Hybrid transmissions have attracted great attention in the automotive industry due to their energy-saving, low-emission properties, and have become a focus of research and development. This paper presents a new method to design the configuration of two mode power split hybrid transmission using the combination of the simple planetary gear trains (PGT). For this purpose, the hybrid transmission structure is divided into two substructures, which achieve different operation modes respectively. Then the output of one substructure is reconnected with the components of another substructure to obtain the complete hybrid transmission configuration. In addition, by adding additional shifting elements, the hybrid configurations can also realize the fixed gear mode as a traditional automatic transmission. As a result, 38 hybrid transmissions are obtained, and the kinematic analysis of a new configuration is performed for the subsequent optimization. Furthermore, using this decomposition and recombination method, the hybrid transmissions with multiple PGTs and different operation modes can be synthesized by changing the predefined modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last 20 years, fluid-related natural catastrophes caused by climate change have produced severe floods in numerous countries, resulting in many casualties, large scale infrastructure damage, and enormous economic losses. These catastrophic hydrodynamic phenomena disrupt whole transportation networks by washing down bridge decks, piers, and roadways, complicating rescue and recovery efforts. As recent flash floods have demonstrated, inland transportation infrastructure is just as vulnerable to fluid hazards as coastal infrastructure. This research investigates the mechanics of fluid flow impact to learn how fluid currents affect bridge piers. The next step is to build a finite volume bridge pier model that considers the consequences of fluid flow and radial motion around the pier. Results from fluid impact analysis, fluid–structure coupling analysis, and theoretical analysis are contrasted with those derived using the equations specified by national and international design standards. According to the results, it is necessary to raise the fluid flow force computed using the codes' formulas to account for the impact of the flood on the bridge pier. The standard codes for the highway bridge design approach frequently produce a larger fluid flow force result, so we can ignore fluid–structure interaction on the bridge pier in water flow velocity, which is minor. It is possible to disregard the fluid–structure interaction on the bridge pier only when finite volume analysis is performed. Practical Applications: Understanding the impact of fluid flow on bridge piers is crucial for enhancing the resilience of transportation infrastructure in the face of increasing hydrodynamic threats due to climate change. This research delves into the mechanics of fluid–structure interaction, shedding light on how fluid currents affect bridge stability. By developing a finite volume bridge pier model, the study provides a more accurate assessment of the forces exerted by floods, enabling engineers to design bridges that can withstand extreme hydrological events more effectively. The findings highlight the limitations of current design standards, suggesting that traditional approaches may underestimate the forces exerted by floodwaters on bridge piers. By incorporating fluid–structure interaction analysis into design protocols, engineers can ensure safer and more resilient bridge infrastructure, reducing the risk of catastrophic failure during severe flooding events. This research underscores the importance of adopting advanced modeling techniques to account for dynamic fluid behavior and mitigate the impact of hydrological pressures on critical infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of New Architecture is the property of New Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Concrete-to-concrete interface shear-stress transfer behavior is crucial for concrete composite slabs with lattice girders. In practice, diagonal reinforcements in the lattice girders make shear reinforcement ratios with ranging from 0.05% to 0.3%. However, numerous studies have shear reinforcement ratios greater than 0.5%, and investigations on interface with low shear reinforcement ratios are still insufficient. To investigate the shear-stress transfer behavior and to propose a simplified approach to calculate shear-capacity, direct shear tests were carried out to obtain the effects of surface roughness, shear reinforcement ratio and shear reinforcement inclined angle on shear-stress behavior. The tested results showed that the concrete-to-concrete interface occurred debonding brittle failure. The ultimate shear strength was mainly provided by interface bond strength, and the residual shear strength depended on shear reinforcement and surface roughness. The bond strength of smooth surface decreased by 26.5% than that of rough surface. The inclined angle of shear reinforcement should be not greater than 90. Finite element models established in ABAQUS were validated based on the tested results, which could be used to enlarge the parameters' range. The parametric analysis was conducted, and the dominant factors affecting on the interface shear-capacity were obtained. At last, a simplified approach was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classification of design codes by the level of complexity of their design was cre-ated for the first time. The obtained results are key to understanding the role of the QR code as a full-fledged work of art in the context of modern design. In the future, this will allow us to single out the most noticeable trends in the development of coded information in the conditions of modern visual culture.

Classification of design codes by the level of complexity of their design was created for the first time. The obtained results are key to understanding the role of the QR code as a full-fledged work of art in the context of modern design. In the future, this will allow us to single out the most noticeable trends in the development of coded information in the conditions of modern visual culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dictation is considered an efficient exercise for testing French as a foreign language (FFL) learners’ language proficiency. However, the traditional class-based approach to dictation is constrained by the inherent complexity of the exercise’s design, materialisation, and delivery. In this research, we adopted a design-based research approach to design, develop, and apply an intelligent French dictation platform, which we tested on 50 undergraduate FFL learners. By examining their feedback, we identified certain advantages of the platform, such as time–space flexibility, instant correction, and the opportunity to repeat exercises, but also some disadvantages, such as inconvenient text entry, the inability to question a teacher, and the absence of collective learning and supervision. Crucially, this study constitutes an encouraging step forward in classifying frequent errors made by Chinese learners. The results provide a starting point for developing more advanced dictation platforms that will be capable of automatised error classification in the future.

In order to scientifically evaluate the traffic safety risk to non-motorized vehicles caused by the setting of right-turn channelized island at signalized intersections, the video of five signalized intersections in Nanchang was collected in the field, and the conflicts data between motor and non-motor vehicle in the area of right-turn channelized island at each intersection, geometric design characteristics of intersections, intersection channelization treatment and traffic flow characteristics were extracted. The improved TTC ( time to collision) index was used to determine the traffic conflicts, and a total of 304 traffic conflicts were obtained. Based on the Bayesian method, a random-effect conflict model was constructed to take into account the heterogeneity of different intersections. The fit of the random-effect and fixed-effect negative binomial models was compared and the significant influencing factors were analyzed. Based on the random-effect model, the formula for calculating the number of expected conflicts between motor and non-motor vehicle was determined and the standard curves for the setting of channelized island were plotted under different traffic conditions and a case description was provided. It is concluded that the random-effects model has a better fit for conflicts between motor and non-motor vehicle than the fixed-effects model. Compared with the intersection without channelized islands, the installation of paint and raised channelized islands will increase traffic conflicts by 38% and 61. 4% respectively, each 1% increase in the volume of right-turning motor vehicle traffic, the volume of crossing non-motor vehicle traffic and the number of illegal non-motor vehicle movements will lead to an increase in conflicts between motor and non-motor vehicle by 0. 85%, 0. 44% and 0. 18% respectively. A 1% increase in the average speed of right-turning motor vehicles would result in a 2. 5% reduction in the conflicts. The research results provide effective ideas for quantitatively analyzing the impact elements of traffic conflicts, which can provide theoretical support for the traffic design of right-turn channelized islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, a great number of people with visual impairment take advantage of mainstream technology via assistive technology. User involvement in the systems development life cycle contributes to addressing user needs accurately. This article presents practical strategies to facilitate participatory design approaches involving users with visual impairment. Both researchers and professional designers will benefit these practical strategies by using them as action checklists for preparing, conducting, and concluding a participatory design session ethically and responsibly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several different designs of 1.2kV-rated 4H-SiC MOSFETs have been successfully fabricated under various ion implantation conditions. Implantation conditions consisted of different P+ profiles and implantation temperatures of both room temperature (25°C) and elevated temperatures (600°C) in order to monitor subsequent lattice damage. Through the use of X-Ray topography, SEM imaging, and electrical measurements, it was shown that room temperature implanted devices can mimic the static performances of high temperature implanted MOSFETs and reduce lattice damage suffered during the fabrication process, when the dose of high energy implants are suppressed.

Nature has its own principles to preserve the ecosystem. It is the main source of various systems. Nature’s capabilities are superior in many fields that allow design solutions to some problems. The concept of biomimicry design combines biology and engineering to achieve complete unity, and to create sustainable design strategies based on taking advantage of solutions found in nature to solve various design problems.Design is one of the important fields of life. It is an artistic thought that accompanies the trends of arts as a artistic construction process that can be discerned from nature, the organization of elements, blocks, spaces, volumes and interrelations to achieve unity, balance, rhythm and movement within the artwork. For the design process to perform its function successfully in accordance with the concept and requirements of the design media; The biomimicry science became an approach to scientific thinking and engineering systems taken from nature to reach various entrances to artistic creativity.Biomimicry design is one of the newly emerging scientific and artistic way that produced by simulating nature’s systems and employing them in various designs to express and build contemporary design thought that simulates nature and its construction.Therefore, this study seeks to use the direction of biomimicry design as an aesthetic dimension to present a new vision to devise innovative designs with different tactile, sensual and visual effects for women's printing fabrics through color calculations and repeated formal rhythms.

Our goal is to introduce the term designcommunication written in one word, a creative, academically based design approach combining theory and practical experience as good as possible in various application settings, be it education, scientific research, concept, product or system development. Designcommunication provides a highly flexible framework and a sound methodological base beyond the familiar. Designcommunication, in other words, creating a connection as designing, is an approach that uses a holistic triple relation framework of opposing dimensions: material–immaterial, permanent–variable and survival–subsistence–development relations. This framework of relations is available and possibly applicable to anyone regardless of level and area of education. Introducing such a design approach to education opens new horizons of creative cooperation, as designcommunication facilitates the development of creativity, collaboration and communication as increasingly valued soft skills.

In maternity rooms, breastfeeding chairs are crucial pieces of equipment that greatly influence the breastfeeding experience. However, an abundance of data indicates that there are still issues with breastfeeding chairs, including inadequate support for breastfeeding, poor body type adaptability, and failure to adequately analyse the requirements of mothers and baby users. This study used an innovative research approach to breastfeeding chair design from the standpoint of user requirements to improve breastfeeding willingness and user experience. We propose a user requirement assessment design approach that integrates the Kano model, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and quality function development (QFD) based on the requirements of mother and baby groups. This approach was intended to build a user experience evaluation model for mother- and baby-friendly products. Following this approach to breastfeeding chair design, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) was used to assess the chair. Compared to the original breastfeeding chairs, the designs of breastfeeding chairs that met important requirements for mothers and infants, such as safety, hygiene, and breastfeeding support, resulted in an approximately 23 % increase in user satisfaction. This effectively improved the user experience of both mothers and infants. This approach is centred on the basic requirements of mothers and babies. It evaluates the essential requirements that impact the breastfeeding experiences of mothers and babies and provides multifaceted data regarding the attributes of the different requirements of mothers and babies. This results in theoretical research references for ensuing user-driven design products that cater to the requirements of mothers and their infants and play a pivotal role in formulating design guidelines for mother- and baby-friendly products.

Although the thermal environment of buildings with thermally complex building envelopes can be predicted, comprehensive guidelines are not available for designers to implement the thermal-environment analysis. Therefore, this study examines the application scope of advanced thermal-analysis methods from the designers' perspective. The results of the simple model were consistent with the experimental values, with an error of approximately 0.5°C. The analytically determined convective heat-transfer-coefficient values were within 0.3–0.5°W・m2K, and the difference in the predicted values between the results of the simplified and detailed models was minor. The convective heat transfer coefficient calculated using the reference temperature defined at the dimensionless distance y+ was more accurate than that was obtained using the general energy simulation incorporating the boundary-layer theory. Although the simplified advection rate had a maximum error of approximately 150 m3/h, it was considered acceptable. The differences amongst the zones were less than 0.59°C, which is considered minor. The results obtained by using summer advection were sufficiently accurate. Furthermore, the dew-point temperature was used to evaluate the risk of dew condensation. Specifically, the results indicated that the introduction of outside air increased the risk of condensation on the floor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punching shear resistance of flat slabs with combined reinforcement utilising steel fibres and stirrups To reinforce areas subject to punching shear, punching shear reinforcement systems such as stirrups or double‐headed anchors are commonly used. An alternative is to utilise steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC), which can achieve a similar increase in load‐bearing capacity as stirrups. In the current German codes, a combined utilisation of SFRC and punching shear reinforcement is excluded due to a lack of experimental data to validate a design approach. On the other hand, both Model Code 2010 and Annex L of the next generation of Eurocode 2 already contain design principles that consider steel fibres and punching shear reinforcement additively. However, the suitability in terms of reliability/safety and economic efficiency has not yet been sufficiently validated due to missing experimental results. In order to close the existing gap, a total of eight large‐scale punching shear tests with combined reinforcement (stirrups, steel fibres) were carried out by the Chair of Concrete and Masonry Structures at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) following initial positive findings from preliminary tests. This paper describes and discusses in detail the setup, testing procedure and main results and findings of these experimental investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Educação is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Our goal is to introduce the term designcommunication written in one word, a creative, academically based design approach combining theory and practical experience as good as possible in various application settings, be it education, scientific research, concept, product or system development. Designcommunication provides a highly flexible framework and a sound methodological base beyond the familiar. Designcommunication, in other words, creating a connection as designing, is an approach that uses a holistic triple relation framework of opposing dimensions: material-immaterial, permanent-variable and survival-subsistence-development relations. This framework of relations is available and possibly applicable to anyone regardless of level and area of education. Introducing such a design approach to education opens new horizons of creative cooperation, as designcommunication facilitates the development of creativity, collaboration and communication as increasingly valued soft skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Amazonia Investiga is the property of PRIMMATE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This review paper highlights the most fundamental state of knowledge regarding the fatigue of concrete that is available through the literature over the last decades and reveals the areas that are needed for further investigation. The loading factors influencing the fatigue performance and the fatigue life estimation of concrete structures are taken into consideration. This review explores the impact of eight loading parameters on the fatigue life of concrete structures, and we aimed to be succinct in our investigation. Besides, we present a review on the deterministic and probabilistic approaches for fatigue life prediction. For example, in more recent studies, the utilization of machine learning techniques has been shown to outperform the traditional methods. The review gives adequate insight into the approach of some of the main current design codes for fatigue life prediction of concrete.

The use of steel‐concrete composite structures with a high installation grade is becoming increasingly popular in building and industrial construction. To reduce construction height building services are routed through web openings in the girders. However, these openings represent local points of interference where, in the case of composite girders, parts of the acting shear forces are transferred from the web of the steel profile into the concrete slab. This results in additional, local stresses in the remaining steel girder and in the concrete chord, which must be considered in the design of the floor girders and shear connectors. Web openings in composite girders are not addressed in the current European design standard for steel‐concrete composite construction (EC 4). Only with the introduction of the second generation of Eurocodes in the coming years this case will be normatively regulated. During the preparation of the standard further questions about the load‐bearing behaviour arose, as the existing design approaches usually only consider a selection of possible failure scenarios or neglect essential verification steps. A joint research project between the University of Kaiserslautern‐Landau and RWTH Aachen University aims to develop a suitable design concept for composite girders with web openings. Model and beam tests accompanied by numerical simulations will provide further information on the complex local and global load‐bearing behaviour of the composite girders. This paper presents the results of experimental investigations and numerical simulations on the influence of large web openings on the global load‐bearing behaviour of the shear connectors in the composite joint. Based on 60 pull‐out tests and numerical simulations, the load‐bearing behavior of head bolt anchors under combined shear and tensile loading was researched and evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A design feature of the construction of electric heaters for non-pressurized spacecraft using a heating element in the form of a tape of a material with high resistivity, located on a flat base (electrical insulating substrate) in the form of a snake with the organization of the necessary gaps between the tapes, is revealed. A mathematical model has been developed for calculating the main design parameters of electric heaters: power, mass, heated surface area. The nomenclature of efficiency indicators used as optimization criteria has been formed: power utilization factor, filling factor of an electrically insulating substrate tape, surface density, energy-mass efficiency, thermal efficiency of heating, target efficiency. The methodological principles for ranking the requirements for the parameters of electric heaters are determined using the selected optimization criteria: the preferred use of tape materials with high resistivity and minimum thickness. A method is formulated for step-by-step calculation of the parameters of electric heaters in the presence of restrictions on the maximum heat flux density determined from the conditions for the use of electric heaters. General recommendations have been developed for choosing the parameters of electric heaters: use increased voltage, minimize the thickness of the heating element tape and the width of the gap between the tapes, determine the minimum value of the tape length for the maximum heat flux density at a given voltage rating.

Conventional reinforced concrete piers are vulnerable to severe compressive damage under strong earthquake conditions and are difficult to quickly rehabilitate. This paper develops a new type of composite pier, consisting of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) and reinforced concrete (RC). This UHPC-RC composite pier uses a UHPC cover outside of an RC core to achieve a high load-carrying capacity and mitigate compressive damage. An experiment is performed to evaluate the performance of the UHPC-RC composite pier under cyclic deformation. The crack development, ultimate failure modes, and load-carrying capacities of the pier are observed. Because of the extraordinary compressive strength of UHPC, the composite pier suffers little compressive damage under large lateral deformations. The composite pier fails as a result of fracturing of the reinforcement. A numerical model is developed to reproduce the cyclic behavior of the composite pier. On the basis of the verified numerical model, a parametric analysis is used to investigate the influence of the thickness of the UHPC cover and the axial load ratio. Finally, an approach is recommended for designing composite piers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology and design are increasingly recognized as important drivers of social innovation (SI). While new-age technologies can disrupt the realm of social innovation through resource-efficient solutions and multiple outcome benefits, the appliction of design thinking approaches and techniques can enhance the potential for SI through human-centered participatory processes and a socially shared vision and impact. Despite extensive research focusing on SI practices driven by technology and design respectively, few studies have concentrated on the synergistic effects of technology and design in the field of SI. This paper addresses this gap through an exploratory study on the incorporation and role of technology in the practice of design for SI. By applying the mapping approach to a sample of 81 Design-enabled Innovation (DEI) pilot projects in the DESIGNSCAPES project, the distribution, hosts and manifestations of technology footprints are identified, taking into account the multi-phase innovation processes and multifaceted role of design. Our findings suggest that in design-supported SI, technology can be integrated in a systematic and conventional manner across a range of domains related to people, interactions, contexts, and artefacts and that its interaction with design actions is highly dependent on the different roles of design, followed by a further discussion of a conceptual argument regarding the possible role of technology in supporting design for SI. Based on these findings and results, the article concludes with the limitations of the study and possible theoretical and managerial implications.

With the growing demand for the bearing capacity of columns, large-section angle steel (LAS) columns have been widely adopted. Q345 is the most commonly used steel, but research on the axial compression stability of LAS columns mainly focuses on steels with 420 MPa and above. In order to study the buckling behavior of Q345 LAS columns, a total of 96 specimens are subjected to axial compression tests. The test results are compared with the specification and analyzed. Based on test data, an accurate finite element model of the Q345 LAS column is established, and the parametric analysis is carried out through the model. The results show that the buckling mode of Q345 LAS columns is flexural buckling, and local buckling is not observed. The axial compression stability coefficient of Q345 LAS short columns is significantly higher than the result of the specification. The reasons come from the constitutive model and the buckling mode, and the influence of section size can be ignored. The curve a in GB50017-2017 and Eurocode 3 can be used to calculate the axial compression stability of Q345 LAS columns. Finally, a new column curve is proposed to calculate the axial compression stability of Q345 LAS columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fishways are essential hydraulic structures to ensure the migration of fish and other aquatic organisms in the area of cross structures in river systems. In this context, the present study focuses on vertical slot fishways with specific geometries and their discharge coefficients. A comprehensive data analysis was performed, aiming on the development of new fitting parameters in conjunction with their respective approaches for practical design procedures. In addition, validity ranges and parameter dependencies were defined. Using the new fitting equations, it is possible to determine accurate discharge coefficients to design functional strutures for a defined validity range. Results show that discharge coefficients are highly dependent on the basin geometry. Comparing newly developed fitting parameters have shown that investigated fitting equations can be used to determine discharge coefficients. However, it should be noted that newly developed fittings can only be applied in practice for the defined range of validity for investigated exemplary geometries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies & Work of the Collegium of Management & Finance / Studia i Prace Kolegium Zarzadzania i Finansów is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study included a series of experiments and a detailed numerical analysis to reveal the cross-sectional behaviors and residual compression ultimate capacities of cold-formed titanium-clad bimetallic steel (TCBS) angle section stub columns (ASSCs) following exposure to high temperatures. Four cold-formed TCBS ASSCs with different geometric dimensions were tested. The exposure temperature included 20 °C, 700 °C, and 900 °C. After experiment, a comprehensive numerical analysis was carried out, wherein 200 finite element models were included. Given the lack of specialized design approaches for cold-formed TCBS structures, the applicability of conventional design approaches for carbon steel structures to cold-formed TCBS ASSCs subjected to high temperatures was assessed, where the design approaches in EN 1993-1-1, AISI 100, and the Direct Strength Method were considered. It was found that the existing design approaches for post-fire cold-formed TCBS ASSCs lacked precision. Hence, modifications to the design approach in EN 1993-1-1 were proposed to improve the accuracy on the prediction of the residual compressive ultimate capacities of cold-formed TCBS ASSCs following exposure to high temperatures. This provided the foundation for evaluating the post-fire serviceability of cold-formed TCBS structures. • Cold-formed titanium-clad bimetallic steel angle section stub columns were subjected to post-fire compression tests. • Finite element models verified against the test results were proposed for parameter study. • Design standards for cold-formed titanium-clad bimetallic steel angle section stub columns were validated and revised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Resistance of cold-formed TCBS stub columns was experimentally and numerically investigated. • No obvious separation was found between the substrate and cladding layer of the TCBS stub columns after cold-forming and compression. • Some modification suggestions were proposed to improve the prediction accuracy of cold-formed TCBS stub columns. Titanium-clad bimetallic steel (TCBS) exhibits outstanding corrosion resistance, and can be advantageously applied in corrosive environments. This study investigated an innovative application of TCBS in cold-formed stub columns. During the cold-forming process, TCBS demonstrated no discernible separation at the bonding interface of the Q235 substrate layer and TA1 cladding layer, indicating the maintenance of synergistic deformation between the cladding and substrate layers. The compressive behavior and ultimate resistance of cold-formed TCBS angle and channel section stub columns were investigated using both experimental and numerical methods. These tests included material tensile flat and corner coupon tests, initial local geometric imperfection measurements, and stub column tests. The stub column test comprised four cold-formed TCBS angle section stub columns and three cold-formed TCBS channel section stub columns covering the non-slender and slender cross-sections. The experimental results were utilized to validate the finite-element (FE) model, which was then used in a parametric study to obtain further numerical data at different cross-sections. A comparative analysis of the ultimate resistance from the tests and numerical analyses with the predicted results from design approaches in EN 1993-1-1, AISI S100, and the direct strength method (DSM) was revealed. The evaluation findings generally showed that the EN 1993-1-1 design method forecasts for cold-formed TCBS channel section stub columns were dangerous. The non-slender cross-section classification coefficient, which was inapplicable to cold-formed TCBS channel steel stub columns, was the primary cause of the above unsafe prediction. As for the design approaches in AISI S100 and DSM for cold-formed TCBS angle and channel section stub columns, as well as those in EN 1993-1-1 for cold-formed TCBS angle section stub columns, they were judged safe but conservative. The above prediction error was mainly caused by ignoring the enhancement in strength properties of the TCBS after the cold-forming process. The considerations mentioned above led to the proposal and demonstration of modifying recommendations that offered safe, accurate, and consistent design approaches to ultimate resistance for the cold-formed TCBS angle and channel section stub columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residual behavior of the 6063-T5 aluminium alloy (AA) square hollow section (SHS) and rectangular hollow section (RHS) stub columns after different high temperatures (HTs) was investigated. A total of 48 coupon specimens and 16 stub columns were tested. The parametric study included 144 numerical models. Based on the tensile coupon test results, the effects of HT exposure on the mechanical properties of the 6063-T5 AA were clarified. After the stub column test, the variation trends of stub column ultimate resistance agreed well with those of the strength properties of the stress-strain curves. The local buckling was observed in all stub column specimens. The numerical simulation was selected to reveal the residual behavior of the RHS and SHS stub columns after different HTs. The results from the experiment and parametric study were used to evaluate the accuracy of existing design approaches. With the increment in HT, the accuracy of existing design approaches decreased, especially when the cross-section was non-slender. The modification suggestions considering the strain hardening effects were recommended to improve the accuracy of the design approaches in EN 1999-1-1 and GB 50429 on the ultimate resistance of the 6063-T5 AA SHS and RHS stub columns after HTs. The experiment results and modification suggestions were useful to build the evaluation approach on the residual serviceability of AA structure after HTs. • Mechanical characteristics of the 6063-T5 aluminium alloy (AA) after high temperatures (HTs) revealed. • Resistance performance of the 6063-T5 AA SHS and RHS stub columns after HTs investigated. • Modification suggestions for the current design approaches proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Engineering Mechanics / Gongcheng Lixue is the property of Engineering Mechanics Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this paper is to reflectively explore minimalist architecture as an architecture that is driven by the reduction-based design method. The discussion aims to reframe the design processes and methods of minimalist architecture as informed by field observation. The phenomenon of applying a minimalist architectural approach has become a trend in small-scale housing in Indonesia lately. In the country, the small-scale residential design processes take place in different contexts and are faced with various limitations, from resources, budgets, land size, materials, and so on. The study will frame this discussion around exploring the reductive design method as a way of responding to these limitations. Informed by design strategies from the modern architecture movement, the study was conducted by observing reduction strategies in eight small-scale domestic design which was published and well-narrated in various media. The study findings demonstrate that the reduction does not only exist in the visual aspect of the design and construction process. It also exist in numerous other design elements, such as materials, forms, spaces, and ornamentation, as a strategic response towards the limitations of various resources.

Abstract Background Quality by design (QbD) refers to the achievement of certain predictable quality with desired and predetermined specifications. A quality-by-design approach to method development can potentially lead to a more robust/rugged method due to emphasis on risk assessment and management than traditional or conventional approach. An important component of the QbD is the understanding of dependent variables, various factors, and their interaction effects by a desired set of experiments on the responses to be analyzed. The present study describes the risk based HPLC method development and validation of ceftriaxone sodium in pharmaceutical dosage form. Results An efficient experimental design based on central composite design of two key components of the RP-HPLC method (mobile phase and pH) is presented. The chromatographic conditions were optimized with the Design Expert software 11.0 version, i.e., Phenomenex ODS column C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5.0 μ), mobile phase used acetonitrile to water (0.01% triethylamine with pH 6.5) (70:30, v/v), and the flow rate was 1 ml/min with retention time 4.15 min. The developed method was found to be linear with r2 = 0.991 for range of 10–200 μg/ml at 270 nm detection wavelength. The system suitability test parameters, tailing factor and theoretical plates, were found to be 1.49 and 5236. The % RSD for intraday and inter day precision was found to be 0.70–0.94 and 0.55–0.95 respectively. The robustness values were less than 2%. The assay was found to be 99.73 ± 0.61%. The results of chromatographic peak purity indicate the absence of any coeluting peaks with the ceftriaxone sodium peak. The method validation parameters were in the prescribed limit as per ICH guidelines. Conclusion The central composite design experimental design describes the interrelationships of mobile phase and pH at three different level and responses to be observed were retention time, theoretical plates, and peak asymmetry with the help of the Design Expert 11.0 version. Here, a better understanding of the factors that influence chromatographic separation with greater confidence in the ability of the developed HPLC method to meet their intended purposes is done. The QbD approach to analytical method development was used for better understanding of method variables with different levels.

This article is about of the experience of mastering the discipline "Computational Methods" by students of the direction 02.03.02 Fundamental Informatics and Information Technologies of Nizhny Novgorod State University, where a student, under the general guidance of a mentor, independently carries out research work, repeating and consolidating theoretical knowledge and forming the skills and abilities of general professional and professional competencies, including IT-directions. It is the elements of research education that contribute to a more active independent work of the student, which is not always successfully attainable in universities and therefore is considered relevant in teaching. Further, in the article the choice of topics is justified. Next, the authors describe the progress of one of the works: the problem of finding the optimal control with an initial-boundary value problem for an equation of hyperbolic type and a phase constraint. It shows the transition to an integral-differential equation to automatically satisfy the phase constraint. The student, applying one of the methods for finding the minimum, finds the optimal value of the truncated problem, thereby obtaining a minimizing sequence. The convergence of the sequence of optimal values of the objective functions of the truncated problems to the optimal value of the original is proved. Screenshots of a program written by the popular algorithmic Python language, performed by one of the students, are presented. Thus, the authors describe their experience of merging in the educational process of science and the IT-industry, where one cannot prepare a competitive graduate without the other.

This paper presents the experimental and numerical analysis of cold-formed Q1200 ultra-high-strength steel (UHSS) angle- and channel-section stub columns to elucidate their resistance performance. Initially, the mechanical property test including the flat and corner coupon specimens was conducted to quantify the effect of the cold-forming process on Q1200 UHSS. Then, the stub column test was conducted on 16 cold-formed Q1200 UHSS angle- and channel-section stub columns. Based on the experimental results, a finite element model was established to simulate the resistance performance of the cold-formed Q1200 UHSS angle- and channel-section stub columns. Subsequently, a parametric study involving 133 numerical models was performed. Then, the suitability of the design approaches in EN 1993-1-12, AISI S100, AS/NZS 4600, and the direct strength method (DSM) was evaluated. For angle-section stub columns, the design approach outlined in EN 1993-1-12 was deemed suitable and the effective cross-sectional area design approach and DSM in AISI S100 were found to be safe. However, these approaches were excessively conservative for slender cross-sections in directly predicting the ultimate resistance of angle sections. Because of unsafe predictions, the design approaches in EN 1993-1-12, AISI S100, and DSM were deemed inappropriate for channel-section stub columns. The modification suggestions were proposed for the current design approaches, where the beneficial effects from the strain hardening were included. Based on the comparisons, the revised design approaches in EN 1993-1-12, AISI S100, and DSM could be used to accurately predict the ultimate resistance of the cold-formed Q1200 UHSS angle- and channel-section stub columns. • Mechanical properties of Q1200 UHSS with cold-forming effects were studied. • Resistance of cold-formed Q1200 UHSS angle and channel sections was revealed experimentally and numerically. • Design approaches were evaluated for cold-formed Q1200 UHSS angle and channel sections under axial compressive loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]