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This study aimed to examine physical activity (PA) levels and mental health status (i.e., anxiety and depression) among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2018 National Health Interview Survey. We identified 139 parents of children with ASD and 4,470 parents of children with no disability. Their PA levels, anxiety, and depression were analyzed. Compared with parents of children with no disability, parents of children with ASD were significantly less likely to meet the PA guideline for Americans and had lower odds of vigorous PA (aOR = 0.702), strengthening PA (aOR = 0.885), and light to moderate PA (aOR = 0.994). Parents of children with ASD reported significantly higher odds of anxiety (aOR = 1.559) and depression (aOR = 1.885). This study revealed lower PA levels and higher risks of anxiety and depression in parents of children with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical Scenario: Athletic identity (AI) can be defined as, "the degree to which an individual identifies with an athlete role, and the values, and social networks associated with that identity," and can pose a problem when athletes do not explore themselves outside of sport. This lack of identity development beyond athletics has the potential to lead to the development of a high AI. High AI in athletes can have positive effects in areas such as performance, however, high AI may also pose negative consequences. The development of such an identity can limit the adaptive responses to substantial life changes such as retirement from sport. This inability to adapt may thereby contribute to mental health problems during the transition. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to better understand the relationship between athletic identity and mental health symptoms so clinicians may provide support to enable positive outcomes after retirement from sport. Clinical Question: What is the influence of athletic identity on mental health symptoms in athletes retiring from sports? Summary of Key Findings: (1) High athletic identity contributes to increased mental health symptoms following retirement. (2) Athletic identity had no relationship to mental health symptoms during the preretirement phase of an athlete's career Clinical Bottom Line: The findings suggest that there is high-quality evidence to support that AI has no relationship with mental health symptoms during the preretirement phase and that athletes with high AI are more likely to experience mental health symptoms during their transition out of or retirement from sport. Strength of Recommendation: The grade of B is recommended by the Strength of Recommendation taxonomy for consistent, limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence that high AI has a strong relationship to mental health symptoms following retirement in athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the changes in serum levels of claudin-5 and Apelin-13 in patients with depression and their relationship with disease progression and sleep disorders. Methods A total of 128 patients with depression admitted to our hospital from June 2021 to July 2023 were selected as the study group, and another 128 patients who underwent physical examinations during the same period were selected as the control group. The correlation between the expression levels of serum claudin-5 and Apelin-13 in patients with depression and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) score, as well as the diagnostic value of serum claudin-5 and Apelin- 13 for the severity of depression in patients were analyzed. Results The expression level of claudin-5 in the serum of patients in study group was higher than that of the control group, which increased with the severity of the disease (P < 0.05) and was positively correlated with the HAMD score (r = 0.713, P < 0.05). In addition, the expression level of claudin-5 in the serum of patients with sleep disorders was higher than that of those without sleep disorders (P < 0.05), and the trend of changes in the expression level of Apelin-13 was opposite, Age, age at onset of depression, and claudin-5 were factors for sleep disorders in patients with depression, while Apelin-13 was a protective factor (P < 0.05), The combined detection of serum claudin-5 and Apelin-13 is superior to their individual detection(Z combined detection - claudin-5 = 2.393, Z combined detection - Apelin-13 = 1.964, P = 0.016, 0.044). Conclusion The expression levels of claudin-5 and Apelin-13 in serum of patients with depression were related to the progression of disease and the sleep disorders and the combined detection has high diagnostic value for severe depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• N-acetylcysteine prevents Lipopolysaccharide-induced acute and chronic depression-like behaviors in mice. • N-acetylcysteine counteracts the reduction in dendritic spines caused by Lipopolysaccharide. • N-acetylcysteine counteracts the reduction of BDNF and AMPAR subunits GluA1 and GluA2. • N-acetylcysteine mitigates depression-like behaviors in mice by enhancing synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. Depression, affecting individuals worldwide, is a prevalent mental disease, with an increasing incidence. Numerous studies have been conducted on depression, yet its pathogenesis remains elusive. Recent advancements in research indicate that disturbances in synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, and reduced neurotrophic factor expression significantly contribute to depression's pathogenesis. In our study, we utilized adult male C57BL/6J mice. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can induce both chronic and acute depression-like symptoms in mice, a widely used model for studying depression associated with inflammation. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) exhibits anti-inflammatory and ameliorative effects on depressive symptoms. This study sought to determine whether NAC use could mitigate inflammatory depressive behavior through the enhancement of synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, and increasing levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In this study, we discovered that in mice modeled with depression-like symptoms, the expression levels of dendrites, BDNF, and miniature excitatory postsynaptic potential (mEPSC) in glutamatergic neurons, as well as the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid glutamate receptors (AMPARs) GluA1 and GluA2 subunits, were significantly decreased. These findings suggest an impairment in the synaptic transmission of glutamatergic neurons. Following treatment with NAC, the previously mentioned levels improved, indicating an enhancement in both synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. Our results suggest that NAC exerts a protective effect on mouse models of inflammatory depression, potentially through the enhancement of synaptic transmission and plasticity, as well as the restoration of neurotrophic factor expression. These findings offer vital animal experimental evidence supporting NAC's role in mitigating inflammatory depressive behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Search strategy Selection criteria Data collection and analysis Main results Conclusions Few studies have examined the associations between pregnancy and birth complications and long‐term (>12 months) maternal mental health outcomes.To review the published literature on pregnancy and birth complications and long‐term maternal mental health outcomes.Systematic search of Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Excerpta Medica Database (Embase), PsycInfo®, PubMed® and Web of Science from inception until August 2022.Three reviewers independently reviewed titles, abstracts and full texts.Two reviewers independently extracted data and appraised study quality. Random‐effects meta‐analyses were used to calculate pooled estimates. The Meta‐analyses of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines were followed. The protocol was prospectively registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO: CRD42022359017).Of the 16 310 articles identified, 33 studies were included (3 973 631 participants). Termination of pregnancy was associated with depression (pooled adjusted odds ratio, aOR 1.49, 95% CI 1.20–1.83) and anxiety disorder (pooled aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.20–1.71). Miscarriage was associated with depression (pooled aOR 1.97, 95% CI 1.38–2.82) and anxiety disorder (pooled aOR 1.24, 95% CI 1.11–1.39). Sensitivity analyses excluding early pregnancy loss and termination reported similar results. Preterm birth was associated with depression (pooled aOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.32–1.42), anxiety disorder (pooled aOR 0.97, 95% CI 0.41–2.27) and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (pooled aOR 1.75, 95% CI 0.52–5.89). Caesarean section was not significantly associated with PTSD (pooled aOR 2.51, 95% CI 0.75–8.37). There were few studies on other mental disorders and therefore it was not possible to perform meta‐analyses.Exposure to complications during pregnancy and birth increases the odds of long‐term depression, anxiety disorder and PTSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveMethodResultsDiscussionWe tested the effectiveness of a brief mindfulness-based intervention (bMBI) for emerging adults (EAs) experiencing anxious and depressive symptoms. Specifically, we examined: (1) whether there are improvements in mental health outcomes among participants at post-intervention and in a one-month follow-up, and (2) whether initial health variables predict overall mental health improvement over the intervention.Forty-five undergraduate students who were experiencing mood and/or anxiety symptoms participated in a five-session, in-person mindfulness group. Data on anxious symptoms (Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7), depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire–9), mental well-being (Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale), perceived stress (10-item Perceived Stress Scale), and self-compassion (12-item Self-Compassion Scale – Short Form) were collected at baseline, immediately prior to the beginning of the intervention, at the beginning of session three, immediately following the intervention and at one-month follow-up.The preliminary analysis indicated that this five-session bMBI for EAs was: (1) effective in decreasing psychological distress and increasing well-being, with improvements continuing at the follow-up; and (2) that pre-bMBI self-compassion moderated anxious, depressive and well-being scores at mid-bMBI, post-bMBI, and one-month follow-up.The current findings lend support for an effective intervention for EAs and provide direction for increased services and preventative strategies for EAs in post-secondary education. This study is one of the few studies on such therapeutic interventions for mood and anxiety within EA research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mentoring is often utilised to support youth who have low levels of protective assets. This study explored 300 NZ youth (16-18 years old) who were involved in mentoring relationships to better understand how developmental assets influence depressive symptoms and misconduct behaviours. Results suggest that most participants possessed low to fair levels of internal (77.3%) and external (72.6%) assets with high levels of major depressive symptoms (40.7%) and moderate to high levels of misconduct behaviours (29.4%). There were demographic differences in developmental assets (e.g. Pacific youth reported higher assets and non-student participants reported lower assets than others), depressive symptoms (e.g. higher ranks for females than males) and misconduct behaviours (e.g. higher misconduct behaviours among Māori youth, non-student and full-time employed participants). Importantly, lower levels of external assets (β =  – .90, S.E = .20, p = <.001; 95% CI [−1.30, – .50]) and internal assets (β =  – .76, S.E = 29 .28, p = <.001; 95% CI [−1.31, – .20]) predicted depressive symptoms and low levels of external assets significantly contribute to youth misconduct behaviours (β =  – .40, S.E = .08, p = 31 < .001; 95% CI [-.56, – .23]). These findings suggest strategies, programmes and policies to improve developmental assets which may decrease emotional and behavioural distress among youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A majority of humans faced with severe stress maintain normal physiological and behavioral function, a process referred to as resilience. Such stress resilience has been modeled in laboratory animals and, over the past 15 years, has transformed our understanding of stress responses and how to approach the treatment of human stress disorders such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety disorders. Work in rodents has demonstrated that resilience to chronic stress is an active process that involves much more than simply avoiding the deleterious effects of the stress. Rather, resilience is mediated largely by the induction of adaptations that are associated uniquely with resilience. Such mechanisms of natural resilience in rodents are being characterized at the molecular, cellular, and circuit levels, with an increasing number being validated in human investigations. Such discoveries raise the novel possibility that treatments for human stress disorders, in addition to being geared toward reversing the damaging effects of stress, can also be based on inducing mechanisms of natural resilience in individuals who are inherently more susceptible. This review provides a progress report on this evolving field. A majority of humans maintain normal function despite exposure to severe stress. Work in rodents reveals that such stress resilience is mediated largely by the induction of molecular, cellular, and circuit adaptations that actively drive resilience. Such discoveries are guiding the development of novel treatments for human stress disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protecting brain health is a goal of early intervention. We explored whether sleep quality or chronotype could predict white matter (WM) integrity in emerging mental disorders. Young people (N = 364) accessing early‐intervention clinics underwent assessments for chronotype, subjective sleep quality, and diffusion tensor imaging. Using machine learning, we examined whether chronotype or sleep quality (alongside diagnostic and demographic factors) could predict four measures of WM integrity: fractional anisotropy (FA), and radial, axial, and mean diffusivities (RD, AD and MD). We prioritised tracts that showed a univariate association with sleep quality or chronotype and considered predictors identified by ≥80% of machine learning (ML) models as 'important'. The most important predictors of WM integrity were demographics (age, sex and education) and diagnosis (depressive and bipolar disorders). Subjective sleep quality only predicted FA in the perihippocampal cingulum tract, whereas chronotype had limited predictive importance for WM integrity. To further examine links with mood disorders, we conducted a subgroup analysis. In youth with depressive and bipolar disorders, chronotype emerged as an important (often top‐ranking) feature, predicting FA in the cingulum (cingulate gyrus), AD in the anterior corona radiata and genu of the corpus callosum, and RD in the corona radiata, anterior corona radiata, and genu of corpus callosum. Subjective quality was not important in this subgroup analysis. In summary, chronotype predicted altered WM integrity in the corona radiata and corpus callosum, whereas subjective sleep quality had a less significant role, suggesting that circadian factors may play a more prominent role in WM integrity in emerging mood disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This study aimed to understand nurses' perceptions of COVID‐19‐related policies and risks during the outbreak of COVID‐19 in Hong Kong and to determine how their perceptions influenced their mental health status. A web‐based online survey among Hong Kong nurses was conducted. The questionnaire included a self‐designed 5‐point Likert scale with 17 items to assess the nurses' perceptions of COVID‐19‐related policies and risks, as well as the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Patient Health Questionnaire‐2 (PHQ‐2) and the Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD) for measurement of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), stress, depression and anxiety, respectively. Of 592 nurses enrolled, 30.6% had PTSD (DTS total score ≥40), and 80.4%, 19.9% and 16.4% had moderate‐to‐high levels of stress (PSS‐10 score ≥14), depression (PHQ‐2 score ≥3) and anxiety (GAD score ≥3), respectively. The top three concerned aspects were ‘worried about themselves and friends to suffer this disease’ (84.5%), ‘insufficient number of isolation wards’ (81.8%) and ‘insufficient number of personal protective equipment’ (74.3%). Logistic regression analyses showed that more negative perception on ‘personal protective equipment in the healthcare institutions’, ‘the confidence in HK's control of COVID‐19’, ‘worried about themselves and friends to suffer this disease’ and ‘self‐perceived risk of infection’ indicated higher severity of the four mental health problems (all p < 0.01). The perception on ‘public gathering ban’, ‘the number of isolation wards’ and ‘expected time to control COVID‐19’ were significantly associated with PTSD and stress (all p < 0.05). Nurses' perception on government policies and COVID‐19 risks played an important role in predicting their mental health status. Policy makers should be aware of nurses' psychological responses and provide timely and targeted emotional support to nurses amid and after the COVID‐19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smooth pursuit eye movements are considered a well-established and quantifiable biomarker of sensorimotor function in psychosis research. Identifying psychotic syndromes on an individual level based on neurobiological markers is limited by heterogeneity and requires comprehensive external validation to avoid overestimation of prediction models. Here, we studied quantifiable sensorimotor measures derived from smooth pursuit eye movements in a large sample of psychosis probands (N = 674) and healthy controls (N = 305) using multivariate pattern analysis. Balanced accuracies of 64% for the prediction of psychosis status are in line with recent results from other large heterogenous psychiatric samples. They are confirmed by external validation in independent large samples including probands with (1) psychosis (N = 727) versus healthy controls (N = 292), (2) psychotic (N = 49) and non-psychotic bipolar disorder (N = 36), and (3) non-psychotic affective disorders (N = 119) and psychosis (N = 51) yielding accuracies of 65%, 66% and 58%, respectively, albeit slightly different psychosis syndromes. Our findings make a significant contribution to the identification of biologically defined profiles of heterogeneous psychosis syndromes on an individual level underlining the impact of sensorimotor dysfunction in psychosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methods Results Conclusion Trial Registration The study's purpose was to examine the effect of mindfulness‐based intervention (MBI) on physical and psychological symptoms in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) in Jordan.A repeated‐measure randomized control study was conducted in a haemodialysis unit in Jordan between April 2023 and July 2023. Participants (N = 61) were selected using convenience sampling and then randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed 30‐min MBI, three times a week for 8 weeks during haemodialysis sessions. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale‐21 and the Patient Health Questionnaire‐15 were used to measure the outcomes at baseline, after 5 weeks of the intervention and at the end of the intervention.Mixed‐model repeated‐measure ANOVAs revealed that the experimental group showed significantly lower levels of stress, depression and physical symptoms than the control group over time. Within‐subject repeated‐measure ANOVAs revealed that, in the experimental group, physical symptoms improve significantly over the three points of time. However, significant reductions in psychological symptoms occurred 5 weeks after initiating the intervention, but there was no further significant improvement at the end of the intervention.The study supports the integration of MBI as a symptom management strategy into nursing care plans of patients with ESRD.Clinical trial.gov; registration ID: NCT06064708. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose Experimental Approach Key Results Conclusion and Implications Depression is closely linked with microglial activation and neuro‐inflammation. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPAR‐γ) plays an important role in M2 activation of microglia. Forkhead box (FOX) O3a has been implicated in the regulation of mood‐relevant behaviour. However, little is known about the inflammatory mechanisms of in the microglia of the brain. Here, we have investigated the role of microglial FOXO3a/PPAR‐γ in the development of depression.The effect of FOXO3a on microglia inflammation was analysed in vitro and in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced depression‐like behaviours in vivo. ChIP‐seq and Dual‐luciferase reporter assays were used to confirm the interaction between FOXO3a and PPAR‐γ. Behavioural changes were measured, while inflammatory cytokines, microglial phenotype and morphological properties were determined by ELISA, qRT‐PCR, western blotting and immunostaining.Overexpression of FOXO3a significantly attenuated expression of PPAR‐γ and enhanced the microglial polarization towards the M1 phenotype, while knockdown of FOXO3a had the opposite effect. FOXO3a binds to the promoters of PPAR‐γ and decreases its transcription activity. Importantly, deacetylation and activation of FOXO3a regulate LPS‐induced neuro‐inflammation by inhibiting the expression of PPAR‐γ in microglia cells, supporting the antidepressant potential of histone deacetylase inhibitors. Microglial FOXO3a deficiency in mice alleviated LPS‐induced neuro‐inflammation and depression‐like behaviours but failed to reduce anxiety behaviour, whereas pharmacological inhibition of PPAR‐γ by GW9662 restored LPS‐induced microglial activation and depressive‐like behaviours in microglial FOXO3a‐deficient mice.FOXO3a/PPAR‐γ axis plays an important role in microglial activation and depression, identifying a new therapeutic avenue for the treatment of major depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusion The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the mental health of children and young people (CYP) has been widely reported. Primary care electronic health records were utilised to examine trends in the diagnosing, recording and treating of these common mental disorders by ethnicity and social deprivation in Greater Manchester, England.Time‐series analyses conducted using Greater Manchester Care Record (GMCR) data examined all diagnosed episodes of anxiety disorders and depression and prescribing of anxiolytics and antidepressants among patients aged 6–24 years. The 41‐month observation period was split into three epochs: Pre‐pandemic (1/2019–2/2020); Pandemic Phase 1 (3/2020–6/2021); Pandemic Phase 2 (7/2021–5/2022). Rate ratios for all CYP specific to sex, age, ethnicity, and neighbourhood‐level Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) quintile were modelled using negative binomial regression.Depression and anxiety disorder rates were highest in females, CYP aged 19–24, and White and ‘Other’ ethnic groups. During Pandemic Phase 1, rates for these diagnoses fell in all demographic subgroups and then rose to similar levels as those recorded pre‐pandemic. In Pandemic Phase 2, rates in Black and Mixed‐ethnicity females rose to a significantly greater degree (by 54% and 62%, respectively) than those in White females. Prescribing rates increased throughout the study period, with significantly greater rises observed in non‐White females and males. The temporal trends were mostly homogeneous across deprivation quintiles.The observed fluctuations in frequency of recorded common mental illness diagnoses likely reflect service accessibility and patients' differential propensities to consult as well as changing levels of distress and psychopathology in the population. However, psychotropic medication prescribing increased throughout the observation period, possibly indicating a sustained decline in mental health among CYP, and also clinicians' responses to problems presented. The comparatively greater increases in frequencies of diagnosis recording and medication prescribing among ethnic minority groups warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the bivariate association between fatigue and depression symptoms and physical activity behavior in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). The sample of adults with MS completed the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and wore a waist mounted accelerometer during waking hours for 7 days. We categorized participants as having elevated fatigue and depression based on cut-points for the FSS (i.e., 4+ as indicative of severe fatigue) and the HADS (i.e., 8+ as indicative of elevated depressive symptoms). We used a two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to examine the contribution of fatigue and depression to volume and pattern of sedentary, light (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Results indicated no bivariate association between fatigue and depression and measures of physical activity behavior. The MANOVA indicated there was a significant association between fatigue and MVPA (F = 2.30, p = 0.032) and steps/day (F = 13.6, p < 0.001), independent of depression symptoms. There was no association between depression symptoms and physical activity behavior. This study demonstrated an interrelation between fatigue symptoms and MVPA and steps/day in MS, independent of depression symptoms, and this should be considered in the future design and delivery of physical activity interventions in MS. Fatigue and depression are prevalent and burdensome symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS). These symptoms can collectively worsen psychological and functional outcomes in MS. Fatigue symptoms may impact ambulatory physical activity to a greater degree than depression symptom status in persons with MS. Fatigue is an important consideration when designing behavior change interventions targeted at promoting physical activity in persons with MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) interacts with psychopathology in a complex way; however, little is known about the underlying brain, biochemical, and genetic mechanisms. To clarify the phenotypic and genetic associations between IBS and brain health, we performed a comprehensive retrospective cohort study on a large population. Our study included 171,104 participants from the UK Biobank who underwent a thorough assessment of IBS, with the majority also providing neuroimaging, behavioral, biochemical, and genetic information. Multistage linked analyses were conducted, including phenome-wide association analysis, polygenic risk score calculation, and 2-sample Mendelian randomization analysis. The phenome-wide association analysis showed that IBS was linked to brain health problems, including anxiety and depression, and poor cognitive performance. Significantly lower brain volumes associated with more severe IBS were found in key areas related to emotional regulation and higher-order cognition, including the medial orbitofrontal cortex/ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior insula, anterior and mid-cingulate cortices, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. Higher triglycerides, lower high-intensity lipoprotein, and lower platelets were also related (p < 1 × 10−10) to more severe IBS. Finally, Mendelian randomization analyses demonstrated potential causal relationships between IBS and brain health and indicated possible mediating effects of dyslipidemia and inflammation. For the first time, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between IBS and brain health phenotypes, integrating perspectives from neuroimaging, behavioral performance, biochemical factors, and genetics, which is of great significance for clinical applications to potentially address brain health impairments in patients with IBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) are commonly assessed using self-rating instruments like the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) (current symptoms) and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short-Form (CIDI-SF) (worst-episode symptoms). We performed a systematic comparison between them for their genetic architecture and utility in investigating MDD heterogeneity. Using data from the UK Biobank (n = 41,948–109,417), we assessed the single nucleotide polymorphism heritability and genetic correlation (r g) of both sets of MDD symptoms. We further compared their r g with non-MDD traits and used Mendelian randomization to assess whether either set of symptoms has more genetic sharing with non-MDD traits. We also assessed how specific each set of symptoms is to MDD using the metric polygenic risk score pleiotropy. Finally, we used genomic structural equation modeling to identify factors that explain the genetic covariance between each set of symptoms. Corresponding symptoms reported through the PHQ-9 and CIDI-SF have low to moderate genetic correlations (r g = 0.43–0.87), and this cannot be fully attributed to different severity thresholds or the use of a skip structure in the CIDI-SF. Both Mendelian randomization and polygenic risk score pleiotropy analyses showed that PHQ-9 symptoms are more associated with traits that reflect general dysphoria, whereas the skip structure in the CIDI-SF allows for the identification of heterogeneity among likely MDD cases. Finally, the 2 sets of symptoms showed different factor structures in genomic structural equation modeling, reflective of their genetic differences. MDD symptoms assessed using the PHQ-9 and CIDI-SF are not interchangeable; the former better indexes general dysphoria, while the latter is more informative about within-MDD heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated neurological disorder, and up to 50% of patients experience depression. We investigated how white matter network disruption is related to depression in MS. Using electronic health records, 380 participants with MS were identified. Depressed individuals (MS+Depression group; n = 232) included persons who had an ICD-10 depression diagnosis, had a prescription for antidepressant medication, or screened positive via Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-2 or PHQ-9. Age- and sex-matched nondepressed individuals with MS (MS−Depression group; n = 148) included persons who had no prior depression diagnosis, had no psychiatric medication prescriptions, and were asymptomatic on PHQ-2 or PHQ-9. Research-quality 3T structural magnetic resonance imaging was obtained as part of routine care. We first evaluated whether lesions were preferentially located within the depression network compared with other brain regions. Next, we examined if MS+Depression patients had greater lesion burden and if this was driven by lesions in the depression network. Primary outcome measures were the burden of lesions (e.g., impacted fascicles) within a network and across the brain. MS lesions preferentially affected fascicles within versus outside the depression network (β = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.08 to 0.10, p <.001). MS+Depression patients had more lesion burden (β = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.10, p =.015); this was driven by lesions within the depression network (β = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.003 to 0.040, p =.020). We demonstrated that lesion location and burden may contribute to depression comorbidity in MS. MS lesions disproportionately impacted fascicles in the depression network. MS+Depression patients had more disease than MS−Depression patients, which was driven by disease within the depression network. Future studies relating lesion location to personalized depression interventions are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robust evidence suggests that individuals exposed to childhood trauma are more vulnerable to suffering from later depression. However, the pathway connecting the experience of childhood trauma and depression remains unclear. A total of 3663 participants from six colleges in China completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7, and Multidimensional Existential Meaning Scale. Among all participants, 3115 (M age = 19.20, SD age = 1.38, males = 1384) participants met the selective standard of suffering from childhood trauma and were divided into the traumatized depressed group (the DT group) (n = 1432, M age = 19.26, males = 700) and traumatized non-depressed group (the UDT group) (n = 1683, M age = 19.15, males = 684). In the present study, we examined the comorbidity of anxiety and the facets of meaning in the life network model. We then calculated the bridge symptoms and compared the networks of the DT group and the UDT group. The results of the t -test showed that the DT group scored significantly higher on all symptoms of anxiety and significantly lower on all dimensions of meaning in life compared to the UDT group. Meanwhile, the strongest bridge exists between "Mattering" and "Restlessness" in the symptom network of the DT group, while there is no bridge in the symptom network of the UDT group. The result of NCT indicates that the global strength and the EI value of "Mattering" are significantly higher in the symptom network of the DT group than in the UDT group. Intervention targeting improving the self-esteem of individuals suffering from childhood trauma may help to alleviate their depression and anxiety symptoms. • Higher anxiety and lower meaning in life in traumatic depression adolescents. • "Mattering" and "Restlessness" were bridge symptoms in the comorbidity network. • Improving self-esteem could alleviate the comorbidity of anxiety and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) can damage the brain and may cause abnormal behaviors. There was no population-based study to reveal the relationship between OPFRs and the occurrence of depression. This study utilized a publicly available database to investigate the correlation between OPFRs exposure and the risk of depression, and the mediation effect of inflammation on the correlation. Data in this study was from the database of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multifactorial logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between OPFRs exposure and the risk of depression, and a mediation effect model was constructed to explore the impact of inflammation on the correlation. Data of 1273 participants was included in the study. It was found that individuals with high urinary concentration of bis-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate had an increased risk of developing depression (OR = 1.217, 95 % CI: 1.032–1.435). Combined exposure to OPFRs was significantly associated with the increased risk of depression than single OPFRs exposure. Subgroup analyses based on inflammatory levels in the body revealed that inflammation might exert the mediation effect on the association between OPFRs exposure and the risk of depression, with the contribution proportion of 8.23 %. Cross-sectional data and rapid metabolism of OPFRs lead to uncertainty in revealing long-term exposure in the body. There was a correlation between OPFRs exposure and the risk of depression, which may be mediated by inflammation in the body to some extent. • OPFRs exposure is a risk factor for depression. • Combined exposure to OPFRs causes a higher risk of depression than single exposure. • The inflammatory status may be involved in the depression caused by OPFRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrophysiologic measures provide an opportunity to inform mechanistic models and possibly biomarker prediction of response. Serotonergic psychedelics (SPs) (i.e., psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)) and ketamine represent new investigational and established treatments in mood disorders respectively. There is a need to better characterize the mechanism of action of these agents. We conducted a systematic review investigating the spectral signatures of psilocybin, LSD, and ketamine in persons with major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), and healthy controls. Ketamine and SPs are associated with increased theta power in persons with depression. Ketamine and SPs are also associated with decreased spectral power in the alpha, beta and delta bands in healthy controls and persons with depression. When administered with SPs, theta power was increased in persons with MDD when administered with SPs. Ketamine is associated with increased gamma band power in both healthy controls and persons with MDD. The studies included in our review were heterogeneous in their patient population, exposure, dosing of treatment and devices used to evaluate EEG and MEG signatures. Our results were extracted entirely from persons who were either healthy volunteers or persons with MDD or TRD. Extant literature evaluating EEG and MEG spectral signatures indicate that ketamine and SPs have reproducible effects in keeping with disease models of network connectivity. Future research vistas should evaluate whether observed spectral signatures can guide further discovery of therapeutics within the psychedelic and dissociative classes of agents, and its prediction capability in persons treated for depression. • Serotonergic psychedelics (SPs) decreased gamma power in healthy controls. • Ketamine & SPs increased theta power in persons with depression. • Ketamine & SPs decreased alpha, beta, and delta power in healthy and MDD persons. • Ketamine increased gamma power in both healthy and MDD persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major depression is the most frequent psychiatric disorder and primary care is a crucial setting for its early recognition. This study aimed to develop and validate the DEP-HScore as a tool to predict depression risk in primary care and increase awareness and investigation of this condition among General Practitioners (GPs). The DEP-HScore was developed using data from the Italian Health Search Database (HSD). A cohort of 903,748 patients aged 18 years or older was selected and followed until the occurrence of depression, death or end of data availability (December 2019). Demographics, somatic signs/symptoms and psychiatric/medical comorbidities were entered in a multivariate Cox regression to predict the occurrence of depression. The coefficients formed the DEP-HScore for individual patients. Explained variance (pseudo-R2), discrimination (AUC) and calibration (slope estimating predicted-observed risk relationship) assessed the prediction accuracy. The DEP-HScore explained 18.1 % of the variation in occurrence of depression and the discrimination value was equal to 67 %. With an event horizon of three months, the slope and intercept were not significantly different from the ideal calibration. The DEP-HScore has not been tested in other settings. Furthermore, the model was characterized by limited calibration performance when the risk of depression was estimated at the 1-year follow-up. The DEP-HScore is reliable tool that could be implemented in primary care settings to evaluate the risk of depression, thus enabling prompt and suitable investigations to verify the presence of this condition. • The proposed DEP-HScore accurately captured 18.1 % of the variance in depression occurrence. • The discrimination power of the DEP-HScore was quantified as 67 % (AUC). • The calibration plot demonstrated good performance when selecting a three-month event horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N -acetyl aspartate (NAA) is a marker of neuronal integrity and metabolism. Deficiency in neuronal plasticity and hypometabolism are implicated in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) pathophysiology. To test if cerebral NAA concentrations decrease progressively over the MDD course, we conducted a pre-registered meta-analysis of Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS) studies comparing NAA concentrations in chronic MDD (n = 1308) and first episode of depression (n = 242) patients to healthy controls (HC, n = 1242). Sixty-two studies were meta-analyzed using a random-effect model for each brain region. NAA concentrations were significantly reduced in chronic MDD compared to HC within the frontal lobe (Hedges' g = −0.330; p = 0.018), the occipital lobe (Hedges' g = −0.677; p = 0.007), thalamus (Hedges' g = −0.673; p = 0.016), and frontal (Hedges' g = −0.471; p = 0.034) and periventricular white matter (Hedges' g = −0.478; p = 0.047). We highlighted a gap of knowledge regarding NAA levels in first episode of depression patients. Sensitivity analyses indicated that antidepressant treatment may reverse NAA alterations in the frontal lobe. We highlighted field strength and correction for voxel grey matter as moderators of NAA levels detection. Future studies should assess NAA alterations in the early stages of the illness and their longitudinal progression. • We compared 1H-MRS NAA levels between Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and controls. • Only 8 studies reported NAA levels in first episode of depression. • Thalamic, frontal, occipital NAA was lower in chronic MDD compared to controls. • Antidepressants may reverse frontal NAA deficits, but further research is needed. • Field strength and correction for voxel grey matter fraction modify NAA detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a wide array of research studies published on parental mental health and stress following very preterm birth. This review aims at reviewing the prevalence and risk factors of long-term parental depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress symptoms and parenting stress following very preterm birth. We searched PubMed, PsychINFO and Web of Science for descriptive, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies published between January 2013 and August 2022. 45 studies met our inclusion criteria. In the first two years, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress symptoms and parenting stress were present in ∼20 % of mothers of extreme and very low birth weight (E/VLBW) infants. Long-term psychological distress symptoms could be observed, although few studies have focused on symptoms into school age and longer. Fathers of VLBW infants might experience more psychological distress as well, however, they were only included in ten studies. We found that parental distress is more common when the co-parent is struggling with mental health symptoms. Many risk factors were identified such as social risk, history of mental illness, interpersonal factors (i.e. social support) and child-related factors (i.e. intraventricular hemorrhage, disability, use of medical equipment at home). Several studies have methodological issues, such as a lack of control of known confounders and there is a large variety of measures employed. Important risk factors for stress and mental health symptoms were identified. More evidence is needed to determine if long-term symptoms persist into school age. Research should focus on taking a family-based approach in order to identify preventive strategies and resilience factors in parents of VLBW infants. • Mental health and parenting stress symptomatology is common in the two first years following very preterm birth. • Long term outcomes on mental health could be related to personal and interpersonal risk factors. • Fathers have been less considered in research on mental health and stress outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroticism has been identified as a significant predictor for depression within the adolescent population However, few longitudinal studies have investigated this association and explored the mediation effect of the negative life events. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal association between neuroticism, negative life events, and depression in a large sample of Chinese adolescents. Data on Five Factor Inventory-Neuroticism Subscale (FFI-N) was collected from 1150 participants aged 14–19 years old at baseline, and data on Adolescent Life Event Questionnaire (ALEQ) and Center of Epidemiological Study-Depression (CES-D) were collected both at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Multilevel modelings were used to analyze the longitudinal associations among neuroticism, negative life events and depression. Through a longitudinal study design, results from multilevel regression analyses indicated a direct correlation between increased levels of neuroticism and the aggregation of negative life events with the prediction of more severe depressive symptoms. Further, results of multilevel mediations suggested that the negative life events served to partially mediate the relationship between neuroticism and each dimension of depression. The results cannot be used to make a clinical diagnosis. The current findings suggest the negative life events as a cross-dimensional mediator in the relationship between neuroticism and each dimension of depression. Regulating neuroticism levels and implementing strategies to coping stress derived from daily life events could be integral approaches to reducing the prevalence of depression within the adolescent population. • Neuroticism and negative life events positively predict depression. • Negative life events mediate the effect of neuroticism on all the dimensions of depression. • Negative life events may be the cross-dimensional mediator between neuroticism and each dimension of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current evidence implicates a significant association between depression and obesity and related metabolic dysfunction. The weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI) was recently identified as an ideal index that integrates total body fat, muscle mass, and bone mass. This study investigated the relationship between WWI and depressive symptoms in adults. Participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2018) were enrolled. Depressive symptom severity was measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression, subgroup analysis, and generalized additive models were used to determine the relationship between WWI and depressive symptoms. A total of 34,575 participants were included, with a mean WWI of 11.01; 2,979 participants were suspected of having depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 score ≥ 10). A significant positive association was identified between WWI and depressive symptoms (odds ratio = 1.416, 95 % confidence interval: 1.303–1.539, P < 0.0001). Subgroup analyses suggested that the association between WWI and depressive symptoms was stronger in individuals who were female, overweight, divorced, middle-aged or older (over 40 years old), and had diabetes. Furthermore, the non-linear multivariable regression revealed an inflection point for the WWI at 11.438, and the association was only significant when the WWI was higher than this point. This study was retrospective and only included participants from the United States; therefore, further validation is needed from studies in other countries, especially middle-to-low-income countries, using longitudinal cohorts. This study identified a significant positive association between WWI and depressive symptoms. • Weight-adjusted-waist-index (WWI) was an integrated index that reflect the condition of fat, muscle and bone mass. • WWI is closely related to depression, particularly in females and individuals with marital difficulties or diabetes. • The association between WWI and depressive symptom was more significant when the score of WWI was higher than 11.438. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have analyzed the association between family cohesion and depression, but there are different views and the results are inconsistent. It is necessary to use meta-analysis to explore the association between family cohesion and depression and its influencing factors. Chinese database (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and English databases (ERIC, MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, Elsevier SD, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, and ProQuest dissertations and theses) were searched for articles published by November 2023. Measurements of family cohesion and depression, study design, age, gender, cultural background, and sampling year were analyzed as moderators. Meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model in CMA3.0 software. A total of 71 studies (90,023 participants) were included in this study. The meta-analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between family cohesion and depression (r = −0.31, 95 % CI [−0.35, −0.27]). The association was moderated by measurements of family cohesion and depression, design type, and cultural background, but not by age, gender, or sampling year. The sample size included in this study is relatively small in European and African cultures, making it challenging to analyze cultural differences in the study results at present comprehensively. The findings contribute to the ongoing debate between Social Support Theory and The Circumplex Model, showing that individuals with lower family cohesion tend to experience higher levels of depression. • This meta-analysis found a high correlation between family cohesion and depression. • Measurement tools, cultural background, and design type can moderate this association. • This study clarified the debate on Social Support Theory and the Circumplex Model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between inflammatory dietary patterns and the risk of depression/anxiety has not been clearly established due to differences in study populations, geographic regions, sex, and methods of calculating the inflammatory index. We drew upon a prospective cohort in the UK Biobank and calculated the energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E -DII). The follow-up time was defined from the date of completing the last dietary survey questionnaire to the date of diagnosis of depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety, other types of anxiety, death, loss to follow-up, or the respective censoring dates for England (September 30, 2021), Scotland (July 31, 2021), and Wales (February 28, 2018). The final follow-up times end on September 30, 2021, July 31, 2021, and February 28, 2018, for England, Scotland, and Wales, respectively. During the follow-up process, if a participant develops the condition, dies, or is lost to follow-up, the follow-up is terminated. We used Cox regression to evaluate the connection between E -DII and depression/anxiety. We employed restricted cubic spline curves for nonlinear relationships. We also conducted mediation analyses to explore whether biological age mediated the relationship between E -DII and depression. Additionally, we investigated whether genetic susceptibility modified the relationship between E-DII and depression through interaction modeling. In the final analysis, we included a total of 151,295, 159,695, 165,649, and 160,097 participants for the analysis of depression, all types of anxiety, specific phobia anxiety, and other types of anxiety, respectively. For every one-unit increase in E -DII, the risk of experiencing depression and anxiety increased by 5 % and 4 %, respectively. We identified a "J"-shaped nonlinear relationship (P for nonlinear = 0.003) for both depression and anxiety. A significant association with an elevated risk of depression was observed when E -DII exceeded 0.440, and an increased risk of anxiety was noted when E-DII was more than −0.196. Mediation analysis demonstrated that PhenoAge age acceleration (AA) (For depression, proportion of mediation = 9.6 %; For anxiety, proportion of mediation = 10.1 %) and Klemera-Doubal method Biological Age (KDM AA) (For depression, proportion of mediation = 2.9 %; For anxiety, proportion of mediation = 5.1 %) acted as mediators between E -DII and the development of depression and anxiety (P < 0.05). Diets with pro-inflammatory characteristics are associated with a heightened risk of depression and anxiety. Furthermore, the association of pro-inflammatory diets and depression is mediated by biological age. • Survival analysis with dose-response examined diet's link to depression/anxiety. • Investigating how biological aging mediates inflammation-related diet's impact on depression and anxiety. • Further studies were conducted based on the genetic susceptibility of the participants. • An analysis based on data from a large cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An association between insulin resistance (IR) and depression has been identified in recent years. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between IR and depression in the general population. The population for this cross-sectional study consisted of adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2005 and 2018. Insulin sensitivity was assessed using the Metabolic Score for IR (METS-IR) index, while depression was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9. Logistic regression analyses, subgroup analyses, and dose-response curves were conducted to assess the association between the METS-IR index and depression. A total of 13,157 adults aged over 20 years were included in this study. After adjusting for potential confounders, it was observed that each unit increase in the METS-IR index was associated with a 1.1 percentage point increase in the prevalence of depression (OR = 1.011; 95 % CI: 1.008, 1.014). Patients in the 4th quartile of the METS-IR index had a higher likelihood of depression compared to those in the 1st quartile (OR = 1.386, 95 % CI: 1.239, 1.549). Stratified analyses demonstrated consistent results in all subgroups, except for men, patients under 40 years of age, and those with a history of cancer. Dose-response curves indicated a nonlinear relationship between the METS-IR index and the risk of depression, with an inflection point value of 32.443 according to threshold effect analysis. Our findings suggest that higher METS-IR scores are associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing depressive symptoms among U.S. adults. • The metabolic score is a reliable new way to measure insulin resistance. • A higher metabolic score for insulin resistance index is linked to depression. • There is a "J" shaped relationship between the metabolic score and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII) has been recognized as a novel inflammatory indicator in numerous diseases. It remains unknown how SII affects all-cause mortality among patients with osteoarthritis (OA). In this prospective cohort study, we intended to examine the relationship of SII with all-cause mortality among OA populations and assess the interaction between depression and SII. Data was collected from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2005–2018. The National Death Index (NDI) provided vital status records. Multivariable Cox regression analyses with cubic spines were applied to estimate the association between SII and all-cause and CVD mortality. Stratified analysis and interaction tests assessed the interaction of SII and depression on all-cause mortality. In total 3174 OA adults were included. The lowest quartile Q1 (HR:1.44, 95%CI:1.02–2.04) and highest quartile Q4 (HR:1.44, 95%CI:1.02–2.04) of SII presented a higher risk of death compared with those in second quartile Q2 (Ref.) and third quartile Q3 (HR:1.23, 95%CI:0.89–1.68. Restricted cubic splines analysis revealed a U-shaped association of SII with all-cause mortality, the inflection points were 412.93 × 109/L. The interaction test observed a more significant relationship of SII with all-cause mortality in depression patients than in non-depression patients, indicating that depression can modify this association. First, the observational study design failed to make causal inferences. Second, the baseline SII cannot reflect the long-term level of inflammation. Finally, there may be potential bias. SII was U-shaped associated with all-cause mortality in OA patients, and this association was significantly heightened by depression. • Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) predicts prognosis of osteoarthritis patients. • SII is U-shaped associated with all-cause mortality in osteoarthritis patients. • Depression heightens the association of SII with all-cause mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depressive symptoms seem to be interrelated in a complex and self-reinforcing way. To gain a better understanding of this complexity, the inclusion of theoretically relevant constructs (such as risk and protective factors) offers a comprehensive view into the complex mechanisms underlying depression. Cross-sectional data from individuals diagnosed with a major depressive disorder (N = 986) and healthy controls (N = 1049) were analyzed. Participants self-reported their depressive symptoms, as well as several risk factors and protective factors. Regularized partial correlation networks were estimated for each group and compared using a network comparison test. Symptoms of depression were more strongly connected in the network of depressed patients than in healthy controls. Among the risk factors, perceived stress, the experience of negative life events, emotional neglect, and emotional abuse were the most centrally embedded in both networks. However, the centrality of risk factors did not significantly differ between the two groups. Among the protective factors, social support, personal competence, and acceptance were the most central in both networks, where the latter was significantly more strongly associated with the symptom of self-hate in depressed patients. The network analysis revealed that key symptoms of depression were more strongly connected for depressed patients than for healthy controls, and that risk and protective factors play an important role, particularly perceived stress in both groups and an accepting attitude for depressed patients. However, the purpose of this study is hypothesis generating and assisting in the potential selection of non-symptom nodes for future research. • Symptoms of depression are interrelated in a complex and self-reinforcing way. • The inclusion of risk and protective factors offers a more comprehensive view into depression. • Key symptoms of depression were indecisiveness and lack of satisfaction. • Perceived stress plays an important role in healthy controls and depressed patients. • An accepting attitude seems especially beneficial for depressed patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the gut microbiome has gained significant attention in the spheres of research and public health. As a result, studies have increasingly explored the potential of probiotic dietary supplements as treatment interventions for conditions such as anxiety and depression. The present study examined the effect of mixed probiotics (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Enterococcus faecium) on inflammation, microbiome composition, and depressive-like behaviors in a macaque monkey model. The mixed probiotics effectively reduced the severity of depressive-like behaviors in macaque monkeys. Further, treatment with mixed probiotics gradually increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the gut, improving the balance of the gut microbiota. Additionally, macaques treated with the mixed probiotics showed decreased serum levels of inflammatory factors (P < 0.05), an increased rate of L-tryptophan metabolism (P < 0.05), and the restoration of 5-HT and 5-HTP levels (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis confirmed that Lacticaseibacillus and other beneficial bacteria exhibited a negative correlation with inflammation in the body (P < 0.05), and a positive correlation with tryptophan metabolism (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the mixed probiotics effectively restored intestinal homeostasis in macaques and enhanced tryptophan metabolism, ultimately alleviating inflammation and depressive-like behaviors. • Effects of mixed probiotics on microbes and tryptophan metabolism in macaques. • Mixed probiotics can improve the depression-like behavior of macaques. • Mixed probiotics can significantly reduce the inflammatory level in macaques. • Mixed probiotics can restore gut microbes and metabolic homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicide is an international health concern with immeasurable impact from the perspective of human and social suffering. Prior suicide attempts, anxious and depressive symptoms, and relatively lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are among the most replicated risk factors for suicide. Our goal was to visualize the distribution of these features and their interconnections with use of a network analysis approach in individuals who recently attempted suicide. Individuals with a recent suicide attempt were recruited from nine University Hospitals across Spain as part of the SURVIVE cohort study. Anxious and depressive symptoms, and perceived HRQoL were included in the network analysis. Network structures were estimated with the EBICglasso model. Centrality measures and bridge symptoms connecting communities were explored. Subnetworks comparing younger and older individuals, and women and men were analyzed. A total of 1106 individuals with a recent suicide attempt were included. Depressed mood was the symptom with the greatest influence in the overall network, followed by anxiety symptoms such as feeling nervous, worrying, restless, and having difficulties to relax. Perceived general health was associated with increased suicidal ideation in the whole sample. Older people showed a specific connection between perceived general health and depressed mood. The cross-sectional design does not allow determination of established causality. Depressed mood was the core network's symptom and, therefore, an important target in the management and prevention of suicide. HRQoL had more influence on the network of older populations, in which it should be a primary focus. • Identifying risk factors for suicide is crucial for developing prevention programs. • Network analysis allows studying interrelations of symptoms in suicidal behaviors. • Depressed mood is the core symptom in individuals who recently attempted suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research has associated spoken language use with depression, yet studies often involve small or non-clinical samples and face challenges in the manual transcription of speech. This paper aimed to automatically identify depression-related topics in speech recordings collected from clinical samples. The data included 3919 English free-response speech recordings collected via smartphones from 265 participants with a depression history. We transcribed speech recordings via automatic speech recognition (Whisper tool, OpenAI) and identified principal topics from transcriptions using a deep learning topic model (BERTopic). To identify depression risk topics and understand the context, we compared participants' depression severity and behavioral (extracted from wearable devices) and linguistic (extracted from transcribed texts) characteristics across identified topics. From the 29 topics identified, we identified 6 risk topics for depression: 'No Expectations', 'Sleep', 'Mental Therapy', 'Haircut', 'Studying', and 'Coursework'. Participants mentioning depression risk topics exhibited higher sleep variability, later sleep onset, and fewer daily steps and used fewer words, more negative language, and fewer leisure-related words in their speech recordings. Our findings were derived from a depressed cohort with a specific speech task, potentially limiting the generalizability to non-clinical populations or other speech tasks. Additionally, some topics had small sample sizes, necessitating further validation in larger datasets. This study demonstrates that specific speech topics can indicate depression severity. The employed data-driven workflow provides a practical approach for analyzing large-scale speech data collected from real-world settings. • Transcribed smartphone-collected speech recordings via automatic speech recognition • Utilized a deep learning topic model for identifying topics from transcriptions • Identified six risk topics associated with high depression symptom severity • Explored the contexts of topics using behavioral and linguistic characteristics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the temporal and dyadic associations between anxiety and depressive symptoms during the transition to parenthood (TTP), while exploring the antecedence of attachment insecurities in these associations. Couples of first-time parents (N = 211) completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the Experiences in Close Relationships scale, and a sociodemographic questionnaire during the second trimester of pregnancy and at four and twelve months postpartum. Both prenatal anxiety and depressive symptoms predicted postnatal depressive and anxiety symptoms. Prenatal attachment-related anxiety predicted higher postnatal anxiety and depressive symptoms whereas prenatal attachment-related avoidance predicted higher postnatal depressive symptoms only. Parents whose partners had a higher level of prenatal attachment-related anxiety experienced higher postnatal anxious and depressive symptoms via their own's prenatal depressive symptoms. Parents whose partners had a higher level of prenatal attachment-related avoidance experienced higher postnatal depressive symptoms via their own's prenatal anxious symptoms. No gender differences were found for these associations. The sample was predominantly composed of educated heterosexual French-Canadian Caucasian couples and all measures were self-reported. Our original findings suggest that professionals should routinely screen for anxiety and depressive symptoms in both partners from pregnancy up to one year postpartum. Also, our findings suggest addressing attachment insecurities with both partners to prevent the development of future symptoms during pregnancy or after childbirth. Finally, our study supports the relevance of considering these symptoms at subclinical levels during the TTP. • Anxiety symptoms during pregnancy predicted postpartum depressive symptoms. • Depressive symptoms during pregnancy predicted postpartum anxiety symptoms. • Attachment-related anxiety predicted both anxiety and depressive symptoms. • Attachment-related avoidance is closely related to depressive symptoms. • Parents' attachment insecurities are associated with their partner's symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depressed patients who have become victim of violence are prone to revictimization. However, no evidence-based interventions aimed at reducing revictimization in this group exist. This multicenter randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of an internet-based emotion regulation training (iERT) added to TAU in reducing revictimization, emotion dysregulation, and depressive symptoms in recently victimized, depressed patients compared to TAU alone. Adult outpatients (N = 153) with a depressive disorder who had experienced threat, physical assault, or sexual assault within the previous three years were randomly allocated to TAU+iERT (n = 74) or TAU (n = 79). TAU involved psychotherapy (mainly cognitive behavioral therapy [77.8 %]). iERT comprised six guided online sessions focused on the acquisition of adaptive emotion regulation skills. The primary outcome measure was the number of revictimization incidents at 12 months after baseline, measured with the Safety Monitor. Analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Both groups showed a large decrease in victimization incidents. Mixed-model negative binomial regression analyses showed that TAU+iERT was not effective in reducing revictimization compared to TAU (IRR = 0.97; 95%CI = 0.64,1.46; p =.886). Linear mixed-model analyses demonstrated that TAU+iERT yielded a larger reduction of emotion dysregulation (B = −7.217; p =.046; Cohens d = 0.33), but not depressive symptoms (B = −1.041; p =.607) than TAU. The study was underpowered to detect small treatment effects. Additionally, uptake of iERT was quite low. Although TAU+iERT resulted in a larger decrease of emotion dysregulation than TAU alone, it was not effective in reducing revictimization and depressive symptoms. Patients' revictimization risk substantially decreased during psychotherapy. • Online emotion regulation training improved emotion regulation in depressed patients. • iERT did not reduce revictimization rates or depressive symptoms compared to TAU. • Violent victimization rates decreased substantially during psychotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Experiencing a miscarriage can have profound psychological implications, and the added strain of the COVID-19 pandemic may have compounded these effects. This study aimed to explore the psychological experiences, assess the levels of psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder), and examine the relationships of personal significance of miscarriage and perceived stress with psychological distress of women in North Carolina who suffered a miscarriage of a desired pregnancy between March 30, 2020, and February 24, 2021, of the COVID-19 pandemic, at 14 to 31 months after the loss. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional mixed-methods study using a convergent parallel design. A total of 71 participants from North Carolina completed the online survey and 18 completed in-depth interviews. The survey assessed demographics, mental health and reproductive history, personal significance of miscarriage, perceived stress, anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Interview questions asked about the psychological experience of the miscarriage and how the COVID-19 pandemic affected them and their experience. Results: Findings indicated moderate to severe levels of depression, anxiety, and PTSD, which persisted 14 to 31 months post-miscarriage. After conducting hierarchical binary logistic regressions, we found that perceived stress and prior trauma increased the odds of depression, perceived stress increased the odds of anxiety, and personal significance and prior trauma increased the odds of PTSD symptoms 14–31 months post-miscarriage. Notably, a subsequent successful childbirth emerged as a protective factor against depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Qualitative findings depicted emotions such as profound isolation, guilt, and grief. Women noted that additional pandemic-specific stressors exacerbated their distress. The categories identified via conventional content analysis fell under five broader thematic groups: mental health disorders, negative emotions/feelings, positive emotions/feelings, thoughts, and other experiences. Conclusions: Miscarriage during the COVID-19 pandemic intensified and added complexity to the psychological distress experienced by affected women. The study underscores the need for comprehensive mental health screenings, specialized support for vulnerable groups, and the necessity of trauma-informed care. Providers are strongly encouraged to adopt a multifaceted, individualized approach to patient care that is cognizant of the unique stressors introduced by the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Insomnia is a common feature of depression; however, depression treatment guidelines provide limited recommendations regarding hypnotic drugs. Few studies have thoroughly investigated the use of hypnotic drugs in depression. In this cohort study using national Swedish registers, we included all patients ≥18 years with incident unipolar depression during 2007–2017. Patients were followed for 3 years, noting the annual and quarterly prevalence of hypnotic drug use from prescription fills. Prevalence ratios (PR) comparing 2017 to 2007 were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 222,077 patients with depression were included (mean age 41 years, 59% women). In the year following diagnosis, 44.1% used any hypnotic drug in 2017, compared with 46.7% in 2007 (PR 0.94, 95% CI 0.92–0.97). The most commonly used drugs were Z‐drugs (zopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) with a prevalence of 27.6% in 2017 and 35.6% in 2007 (PR 0.78, 95% CI 0.75–0.80). Melatonin use increased sharply to 12.0% in 2017 from 0.4% in 2007 (PR 28.9, 95% CI 23.5–35.7). Hypnotic drug use was most prevalent in the first two quarters after diagnosis; however, after 3 years, the quarterly prevalence was still 19.2%. Hypnotics were more common among women, older patients, those with somatic comorbidities, more severe depression, or a history of suicide attempt. Evidence from this large register‐based study demonstrates that hypnotics were used to a large extent in depression in Sweden 2007–2017. Z‐drugs use declined and melatonin use increased dramatically. Hypnotic drug use remained high even 3 years after diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Endometrioid carcinoma, originating in the endometrium glandular cells, is often detected early and treated by surgery. However, post‐treatment life quality remains poorly studied, explicitly focusing on sleep quality, fatigue, and depression.In this cross‐sectional, observational study, 147 female patients with endometrioid‐type endometrial carcinoma were evaluated using standardised tools—Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Patients were categorised based on sleep quality and depression levels. The study employed correlation and regression analyses to examine the relationships among these variables.No correlations were found between sociodemographic or lifestyle variables and sleep quality, fatigue, or depression (P > 0.05). A strong correlation was identified between PSQI and FAS (r = 0.623; P < 0.001), PSQI and BDI (r = 0.291; P < 0.001), and FAS and BDI (r = 0.413; P < 0.001). Fatigue and tumour grade were potential predictors of poor sleep. Sleep quality and depression predicted fatigue, while only fatigue was a predictor for depression. Radiotherapy and external radiation rates were notably higher in the mild depression group.Our study suggests an imperative for integrated multi‐disciplinary approaches that focus on medical and psychological aspects of patient care to enhance long‐term well‐being and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/Aims Methods Results Discussion Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a multisystem disorder. We assessed metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence in adults with SMA and its association with motor function, quality of life (QoL), fatigue, and depression.MetS was diagnosed using 2009 consensus criteria. Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE), Revised Upper Limb Module (RULM), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36) were recorded and correlations between muscle function, depression, fatigue, QoL, and MetS were analyzed.We included 36 individuals (18 males; mean age: 38.7 ± 14.6 years). MetS was present in 25.0%. The most common component of MetS was central obesity (69.7%). Nearly half of the SMA individuals exhibited at least one abnormal lipid level result. Individuals with MetS more frequently were SMA type 3 (77.8% vs. 37.0%, p = .02) and had higher levels of fatigue (48.4 ± 6.7 vs. 39.5 ± 11.6, p = .03) than those without MetS. No associations of the presence of MetS with ambulatory status or HFMSE/RULM scores were observed. SMA individuals with MetS scored significantly lower in mental and social domains of QoL and total SF‐36 score (p = .04). We observed weak to moderate correlations between the presence of MetS and SMA type, presence of comorbidities, QoL, and fatigue.The frequency of MetS was modestly higher among adults with SMA than in the general population, particularly in SMA type 3. MetS was associated with reduced QoL and increased fatigue. Larger studies are needed to fully understand the significance of MetS in adults with SMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have shown a correlation between depression and obesity, as well as between depression and the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP). However, there is limited research on the association between visceral obesity and depression, as well as the potential mediating role of AIP in this relationship. Methods: This study included 13,123 participants from the 2005–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Visceral obesity was measured with the Body Roundness Index (BRI), while depression was evaluated with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. The AIP served as a marker for lipid disorders. To investigate the association between the BRI and depression, multivariate logistic regressions, restricted cubic spline models, subgroup analyses, and interaction tests were used. Additionally, a mediation analysis was conducted to explore the role of AIP in mediating the effect of BRI on depression. Results: There was a positive linear correlation between the BRI and depression. After controlling for all covariates, individuals in the highest BRI (Q4) group had an OR of 1.42 for depression (95% CI: 1.12–1.82) in comparison with individuals in the lowest BRI (Q1) group. Moreover, the AIP partially mediated the association between the BRI and depression, accounting for approximately 8.64% (95% CI: 2.04-16.00%) of the total effect. Conclusion: The BRI was positively associated with depression, with the AIP playing a mediating role. This study provides a novel perspective on the mechanism that connects visceral obesity to depression. Managing visceral fat and monitoring AIP levels may contribute to alleviating depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

\nIntroduction: Psychiatric diagnoses are descriptive in nature, but the lay public commonly misconceives them as causal explanations. It is not known whether this logical error, a form of circular reasoning, can sometimes be mistakenly reinforced by health authorities themselves. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of misleading causal descriptions of depression in the information provided by authoritative mental health organizations on widely accessed internet sites. Methods: We searched for popular websites managed by leading mental health organizations and conducted a content analysis to evaluate whether they presented depression accurately as a description of symptoms, or inaccurately as a causal explanation. Results: Most websites used language that inaccurately described depression as a causal explanation to depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Leading professional medical and psychiatric organizations commonly confound depression, a descriptive diagnostic label, with a causal explanation on their most prominently accessed informational websites. We argue that the scientifically inaccurate causal language in depictions of psychiatric diagnoses is potentially harmful because it leads the public to misunderstand the nature of mental health problems. Mental health authorities providing psychoeducation should clearly state that psychiatric diagnoses are purely descriptive to avoid misleading the public. Most psychiatric diagnoses are descriptive: They describe states of mental distress and dysfunction but do not in themselves contain causal explanations. Nonetheless, diagnoses in psychiatry are commonly talked about as if they are concrete entities that explain the symptoms they describe. In this study, we examined whether health organizations themselves contribute to this logical fallacy. We searched for popular websites managed by leading mental health organizations, and evaluated whether they discussed the diagnosis of depression accurately as a description, or inaccurately as a cause for depressive symptoms. We found that the majority of websites presented depression as a cause, instead of a description of symptoms. We discuss the potential harmful consequences of inaccurately presenting descriptive psychiatric diagnoses as causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusion Trial registrationPost-COVID-19 Condition (PCC) is a prevalent, persistent and debilitating phenomenon occurring three or more months after resolution of acute COVID-19 infection. Fatigue and depressive symptoms are commonly reported in PCC. We aimed to further characterize PCC by assessing the relationship between fatigue and depressive symptom severity in adults with PCC.A post hoc analysis was conducted on data retrieved from a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study evaluating vortioxetine for cognitive deficits in persons with PCC. We sought to determine the relationship between baseline fatigue [i.e. Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) total score] and baseline depressive symptom severity [i.e. 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-SR-16) total score] in adults with PCC.The statistical analysis included baseline data from 142 participants. After adjusting for age, sex, education, employment status, history of major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosis, self-reported physical activity, history of documented acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and body mass index (BMI), baseline FSS was significantly correlated with baseline QIDS-SR-16 (β = 0.825, p = .001)In our sample, baseline measures of fatigue and depressive symptoms are correlated in persons living with PCC. Individuals presenting with PCC and fatigue should be screened for the presence and severity of depressive symptoms. Guideline-concordant care should be prescribed for individuals experiencing clinically significant depressive symptoms. Fatigue and depressive symptom severity scores were not pre-specified as primary objectives of the study. Multiple confounding factors (i.e. disturbance in sleep, anthropometrics and cognitive impairment) were not collected nor adjusted for in the analysis herein.Unrestricted Research Grant from H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05047952 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burnout has garnered considerable attention from occupational health specialists for nearly 50 years. In this paper, we discuss three beliefs about burnout that remain ill-supported despite their popularity among researchers and their importance for burnout research. The three beliefs are the following: (a) work-related factors are the prime predictors of burnout; (b) burnout is a condition of epidemic magnitude in contemporary society; (c) burnout is not a depressive condition. As we examine these widely held views, we outline possible paths to clarification to aid future research. We close our commentary by recommending that researchers be vigilant about the risk of drawing premature conclusions about burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of Rubus sp. extract on behavioral and neurochemical parameters in female mice submitted to experimental model of depression induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results indicated that Rubus sp. extract protected against depressive-like behavior induced by LPS. Moreover, the administration of Rubus sp. extract was effective in preventing the increase in reactive species and nitrites levels, as well as the decrease in catalase activity induced by LPS in the cerebral cortex. In the serum, the Rubus sp. extract was effective in preventing the decrease in catalase activity induced by LPS. Treatment with Rubus sp. extract attenuated the increase in acetylcholinesterase activity induced by LPS in the cerebral cortex. Finally, blackberry extract also downregulated IL-1β levels in cerebral cortex. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that treatment with Rubus sp. exerted antidepressant, antioxidant, anticholinesterase and anti-inflammatory effects in a model of depressive – like behavior induced by LPS in female mice. This highlights Rubus sp. as a potential therapeutic agent for individuals with major depressive disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objective Search Strategy, Selection Criteria, Data Collection and Analysis Main Results Conclusion Female pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is a common condition affecting the emotional well‐being of women.To estimate the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in women with PFD.Following prospective registration (PROSPERO CRD42022362095) we conducted a search of three electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus) from inception to April 2023 without language restriction to capture studies reporting the prevalence of depression/anxiety among women with PFD (chronic pelvic pain [CPP], urinary incontinence [UI], pelvic organ prolapse [POP], and/or fecal incontinence [FI]). Only studies with validated tools were included. Data extraction and study quality assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. Stratifying by type of PFD, rates of depression and anxiety were pooled using random effects model computing 95% confidence interval (CI) and assessing heterogeneity using the I2 statistic. Funnel plots were used to detect potential reporting biases and small‐study effects.The search yielded 767 articles, from which 54 studies containing 632 605 women were included. All the studies were high quality. The prevalence of depression was: CPP 26.8% (95% CI: 19.2–34.4, I2 = 98.7%; 12 studies, 4798 participants with 491 cases; Egger's P value = 0.009); UI 26.3% (95% CI: 19.4–33.2, I2 = 99.9%; 26 studies, a total of 346 114 participants with 25 050 cases; Egger's P value = 0.944); POP 34.9% (95% CI: 24.3–45.6, I2 = 68%; three studies, 297 participants with 104 cases; Egger's P value = 0.973); and FI 25.3% (95% CI: 0.68–49.9, I2 = 99.7%; six studies, 14 663 participants with 1773 cases; Egger's P value = 0.780). The prevalence of anxiety was: CPP 29.5% (95% CI: 16.3–42.7, I2 = 97.7%; nine studies, 2483 participants with 349 cases; Egger's P value = 0.001); UI 46.91% (95% CI: 39.1–54.6, I2 = 99.6%; 11 studies, 198 491 participants with 40 058 cases; Egger's P value = 0.337); and POP 28% (95% CI: 13.6–42.4, I2 = 89%; three studies with 355 participants with 90 cases; Egger's P value = 0.306).The prevalence of mental health illness was variable in the different types of PFDs. This meta‐analysis helps quantify the burden of depression and anxiety in PFD and will help inform the policies regarding screening of emotional well‐being by healthcare professionals engaged in care of women with PFD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMethod:Results:Conclusion:Trial registration:Brief cognitive behavior therapy (bCBT) is effective in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety disorders and improving health-related quality of life (HRQoL). However, the mechanisms through which cognitive behavior therapy impact HRQoL are not well understood. This study evaluated whether anxiety and depression symptom reduction is a mechanism of treatment for HRQoL outcomes.Using secondary data from a multisite, pragmatic, randomized trial, this study evaluated bCBT vs enhanced usual care in 16 VA community-based outpatient clinics. Ordinary least-squares path analysis testing multiple mediators was used to evaluate the role of change in depression and anxiety symptoms in the relationship between treatment condition and HRQoL.Receiving bCBT (vs. enhanced usual care) was significantly negatively associated with change (reduction) in depression and anxiety scores. The indirect effect of treatment on mental HRQoL was significant with change in depression scores as mediator. A similar pattern was observed for physical HRQoL and change in anxiety scores as mediator.Findings suggest reduction of depression and anxiety symptoms as a mechanism through which bCBT for depression promoted improvements in HRQoL, with important implications for understanding how CBT impacts functioning, as well as the utility of bCBT in nontraditional mental health settings.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02466126. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postpartum depression and anxiety are major public health concerns that affect 3–39% of women after childbearing and can adversely affect maternal and child health. Most studies have investigated postpartum depression and anxiety and their associated factors among women 4–12 weeks after delivery. There is a scarcity of research among women immediately after delivery from low- and middle-income countries, the gap this study aimed to fill. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 386 postpartum women within one week after delivery. The Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale was used to assess depressive symptoms and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder − 7 scale was used to screen for symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Participants were systematically selected from the postnatal wards and interviewed by trained research assistants from November 2019 to March 2020. Results: Using standard cut points, the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms was 25.39%, and 37.31% respectively. Having a baby with a weight of 2.5 kgs or more and having partner support were associated with decreased odds of both depression and anxiety symptoms. In contrast, complications during delivery, caesarian section, marital status, and partner violence, were associated with increased odds of depressive and anxiety symptoms post-delivery. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of postpartum depression and anxiety symptoms among the study participants in the first week post-delivery, with delivery complications and outcome and psychosocial supports identified as associated factors for depression and anxiety symptoms. These findings highlight the need for early screening to identify those at risk for appropriate intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exposure to different concentration levels of fatty acids (FAs) may have an impact on depression. However, previous studies using individual FAs may not reflect the performance of mixtures of various FAs, and the associations of FA patterns with depression remain unclear. Methods: We conducted the cross-sectional analysis in 792 adults aged 18 and older with available serum FAs and depression screening data in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2012. The serum concentrations of thirty FAs were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and their percentage compositions were subsequently calculated. Depression was defined as the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥ 10. We employed principal component analysis to derive serum FA patterns. We examined the association between these patterns and depression in the overall population and various subgroups through survey-weighted logistic regression. Results: Four distinct patterns of serum FAs were identified: 'high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); low docosatetraenoic acid (DTA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) n-6', 'high long-chain saturated FA and long chain FA', 'low median-chain saturated FA and myristoleic acid' and 'low capric acid and lauric acid; high gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and stearidonic acid (SDA)' pattern. Individuals in the high tertile of 'high EPA and DHA; low DTA and DPA n-6' pattern score had 0.46 (95% CI: 0.22, 0.93) lower odds of developing depression compared to individuals in the lowest tertile after adjusting for confounders such as age, sex, physical activity and total energy intake, etc. The odds ratio (OR) of depression was increased in the population with the highest tertile of 'low capric acid and lauric acid; high GLA and SDA' pattern (OR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.24, 4.83). In subgroup analyses, we observed that the association between 'high EPA and DHA; low DTA and DPA n-6' and depression persisted among specific demographic and lifestyle subgroups, including females, non-Mexican Americans, non-obese, those aged over 60 years, smokers and drinkers. Similarly, 'low capric acid and lauric acid; high GLA and SDA' showed stable associations in female, non-Mexican Americans and smokers. Conclusions: Serum FA patterns are associated with depression, and their relationships vary across sex, race, BMI, age, smoking and drinking subgroups, highlighting the importance of considering specific FA patterns within these demographic and lifestyle categories. Utilization of combined FA administration may serve as a mitigation measure against depression in these specific populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dose-response and nonlinear relationships of cigarette exposure with sleep disturbances and depression are warranted, and the potential mechanism of sex hormones in such associations remains unclear. Methods: Cigarette exposure, trouble sleeping, and depression were assessed by standard questionnaires, and the levels of cotinine and sex steroid hormones were determined among 9900 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Multiple linear regression, logistic regression, and mediation models were conducted to evaluate the associations between smoking, sex steroid hormones, trouble sleeping, and depression. Results: With never smokers as a reference, current smokers had a higher prevalence of trouble sleeping (OR = 1.931, 95% CI: 1.680, 2.219) and depression (OR = 2.525, 95% CI: 1.936, 3.293) as well as testosterone level (β = 0.083, 95% CI: 0.028, 0.140). Pack-years of smoking and cigarettes per day were positively associated with the prevalence of trouble sleeping and depression as well as testosterone level (Ptrend <0.05). The restricted cubic spline model showed linear relationships of cotinine with trouble sleeping, depression, and testosterone. The positive associations of cigarettes per day with trouble sleeping and depression were greater in females than that in males (Pmodification <0.05). However, the potential role of sex hormones was not observed in the association of cotinine with trouble sleeping or depression (Pmediation >0.05). Conclusion: Smoking may induce sex hormone disturbance and increase the risk of sleep problems and depression symptoms, and ceasing smoking may reduce the risk of such complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]