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Population ageing exerts considerable pressure on the funding of public transfers. It is of utmost importance to understand how the transfer system can adapt to population ageing. Using National Transfer Accounts, we illustrate the different organisation of transfer systems across Europe. Countries like Greece and Romania, where labour income already falls short of consumption at age 54, would greatly improve their public system sustainability by following the Swedish example where this happens ten years later. High consumption at older ages is less problematic when financed substantially through savings (the UK) rather than almost exclusively through transfers (Austria).

Die stark besetzten "Babyboomer"-Jahrgänge, die in den 1950er und 1960er Jahren geboren wurden, verlassen in den nächsten 20 Jahren den Arbeitsmarkt. Hierdurch ist ein Rückgang der Bevölkerung im Erwerbsalter zu erwarten, der in der öffentlichen Diskussion häufig als eine Gefahr für den Wirtschaftsstandort Deutschland angesehen wird. Für die Wirtschaftsleistung ist aber weniger die Gesamtzahl der Erwerbstätigen wesentlich, sondern vielmehr deren Ausbildungsstand und der geleistete Arbeitseinsatz in Stunden. Im Fokus steht das Arbeitsangebot. Präsentiert werden Projektionen zur Entwicklung der geleisteten Arbeitsstunden pro Woche nach Bildungsstand bis 2030. Diese werden für verschiedene Entwicklungsszenarien berechnet. Je nach Szenario wird die Gesamtzahl der gearbeiteten Stunden pro Woche bis 2030 stagnieren oder leicht sinken. Eine Steigerung der Frauenerwerbstätigkeit und ein weiterer Anstieg der Erwerbstätigkeit bei Personen über 55 Jahre bieten Potenziale, die durch die Verrentung der Babyboomer entstehenden Lücken weitgehend zu schließen. Auch die Bildungsexpansion der letzten Jahrzehnte wird negativen Folgen der Alterung entgegenwirken, da sie die Anzahl der geleisteten Stunden positiv beeinflusst und Potenzial für weitere Erhöhungen der Pro-Kopf-Produktivität birgt. Beim Alterungsprozess im Arbeitsmarkt ist mit Stagnation oder nur mit geringen Anstiegen zu rechnen.

In den kommenden 20 Jahren wird sich die demografische Alterung stark beschleunigen, denn die zwischen 1955 und 1969 geborenen Babyboomer erreichen bis 2035 das Rentenalter. Migration kann die demografische Alterung langfristig nicht aufhalten, aber die durch die Pensionierungswelle der Babyboomer bedingte temporäre Beschleunigung der Alterung vermindern. Legt man die historischen Trends der letzten 50 Jahre zugrunde, verlangsamt Migration den Alterungsprozess in Deutschland bis zum Jahr 2035 in geringerem Maße als in anderen OECD-Staaten. Zur weiteren Erschließung der Potenziale der Zuwanderung zur Abmilderung der demografischen Alterung in Deutschland bedarf es neben einem Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz mit klaren und transparenten Regeln, das auch die schnelle und dauerhafte Integration in Gesellschaft und Arbeitsmarkt weiter fördert, Verbesserungen der Rahmenbedingungen sowie verstärkte Werbekampagnen und eine Förderung des Spracherwerbs im Ausland.

The precarious rights of senior citizens, especially those who are highly educated and who are expected to counsel and guide the younger generations, has stimulated the creation internationally of advocacy associations and opinion leader groups. The strength of these groups, however, varies from country to country. In some countries, they are supported and are the focus of intense interest; in others, they are practically ignored. For this is reason we believe that the creation of a network of all these associations is essential. The proposed network would act as a support for the already-existing policies of the United Nations' High Commission for Human Rights, of independent experts, and of the Global Alliance for the Rights of Older People. All three have long ago recommended the creation of a recognized instrument for uniting presently scattered efforts. The proposed network, therefore, will seek to promote the international exchange of relevant expertise, and it will reinforce the commitments and actions that single countries are currently taking to meet these objectives. For example, informative public events can be organised to promote particular support initiatives and to provide an opportunity for new members of the network to be presented. The network will promote health for senior citizens, disease prevention, senior mobility, safe free time for seniors, alimentary education, protection against new risks and dangers, as well as equity in the services necessary for seniors to adopt new information and communication technologies. In the case of retired academic members, the network will promote equality with respect to continuing use of digital technologies (particularly email), continuing access to research libraries, and the guaranteed ability for seniors to fund their own research programs and to deliver free seminars.

Während die Weltbevölkerung insgesamt betrachtet noch stets zunimmt weisen einzelne Weltregionen und Länder regional unterschiedliche Trends auf. Geburten, Sterbefälle und Wanderungen sind zudem einem kontinuierlichen Wandel unterworfen. Diese Bevölkerungsprozesse stehen heute im Mittelpunkt einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung, wie sie von den Vereinten Nationen mit der Agenda 2030 und den nachhaltigen Entwicklungszielen (Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs) verfolgt wird. Zur nachhaltigen Gestaltung menschlicher Entwicklung ist es erforderlich, die Ursachen und Herausforderungen des demografischen Wandels zu verstehen, um die künftige Bevölkerungsentwicklung besser einschätzen und ihren Einfluss auf Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und Umwelt berücksichtigen zu können. Die Broschüre bietet in 12 knappen Kapiteln mit Abbildungen und Karten einen aktuellen Überblick zur globalen Bevölkerungsdynamik im Kontext nachhaltiger Entwicklung.

In Global South countries, ageing is an incoming phenomenon with socio-spatial implications that are not much explored yet. Global North countries are already facing ageing trends with significant territorial consequences, such as declining populations that contribute to making certain areas marginal. However, different factors may determine the marginality of a municipality or a region in other settings. Drawing on these premises, the paper discusses whether ageing demographic trends contribute to territorial marginality also in a Global South setting. The paper focuses on the case of Chile, a country characterised by significant territorial inequalities and a population that is becoming older. In doing so, it has a twofold purpose: first, examine census data to define what areas are currently experiencing a demographic decline and if these correspond to the areas that national policies define as marginal; second, examine official documents to consider to what extent both national policies and local development plans define ageing as an element of marginality. The decline of population in Chile defines a geography of marginality that complements and expands the one defined in policy strategies, including more areas. In contrast, institutions at different levels are only partially prepared for dealing with the socio-spatial implications of an increasingly older population.

Industrialised economies are experiencing a decline in mortality alongside low fertility rates - a situation that puts social security systems under severe pressure. Population ageing is associated not only with longer periods of pension claims but also smaller cohorts eventually entering the labour market. This threatens the sustainability of pay-as-you-go social security systems for implementing or further improving appropriate reform measures; adequate forecasts of the future population structure are needed. We propose a probabilistic approach to forecast the number of pensions in Germany up to 2040. Our model considers trends in population development, labour force participation, and early retirement, as well as the effects of pension reforms. Principal component analysis is used to manage the high degree of complexity involved in forecasting trends in old-age and disability pension claims, which arises because of cross-correlations between old-age and disability pension rates, different age groups, and gender. Time series methods enable the inclusion of autocorrelations of the pension rate time series in the model. Monte Carlo simulation is used to quantify future risk. The latter is an important feature of our model, as the future development of the population and, eventually, the pension claims and the financial burden resulting from those claims, are highly stochastic. The model predicts that, in the median trajectory, the number of old-age pensions will increase by almost 5 million between 2017 and 2036, alongside increases in the number of disability pensions by 2036. These numbers take account of the increase in legal retirement ages as part of the 2007 pension reform. After the mid-2030s, however, a moderate decrease can be expected. The results show a clear need for further reforms, especially in the medium term.

The EU has faced substantial demographic challenges in recent times and will continue to do so in the coming decades. This e-paper analyses why and how demographic discourses were hijacked by illiberal, right-wing and conservative forces. It explores who are the main actors in the field of demography in the EU institutions by looking at Twitter posts and documents produced by European commissioners, members and political groups of the European Parliament from 2015 to summer 2021. This e-paper adds to current understandings of Twitter engagement of actors of the European Union by presenting the first quantitative analysis of historical Twitter data in the field of demographic discourses. What issues they discuss, and which explanatory frameworks are used, is analysed with the method of critical discourse analysis. The key findings of the Twitter analysis how that EU institutions are aware that demographic change is primarily driven by ageing population, migration and decreasing birth-rates. While there is consensus across EU actors that the ageing population is a major demographic challenge, other factors remain insufficiently targeted. This e-paper finds that the decline of birth rates has been addressed by the European Commission in a way that leaves it as an open frame, which is filled by the right-wing groups. With respect to demographic discourses on migration, the EU Commission seems to have promoted an interpretative template that also allows for arguments on anti-migration discourses.

Der Band zeigt die Ergebnisse des Praxisforschungsprojektes BUSLAR. Untersucht wurde, wie durch Selbstorganisation z.B. in Bürgerhilfevereinen in ländlichen Räumen Aufgaben der Unterstützung älterer Menschen übernommen werden. Von Seiten der Politik wird dieses Engagement begrüßt in der Hoffnung, es könne Lücken in der öffentlichen Daseinsvorsorge ein stückweit schließen - ohne angemessene Unterstützung, ist dieses Engagement nachhaltig gefährdet.

The extension of late working life has been proposed as a potential remedy for the challenges of aging societies. For Germany, surprisingly little is known about trends and social inequalities in the length of late working life. Here, we use data from the German Microcensus to estimate working life expectancy from age 55 onwards for the 1941-1955 birth cohorts. We adjust our calculations of working life expectancy for working hours, and present results for western and eastern Germany by gender, education, and occupation. While working life expectancy has increased across cohorts, we find strong regional and socioeconomic disparities. Decomposition analyses show that among males, socioeconomic differences are predominantly driven by variation in employment rates; whereas among women, variation in working hours is also highly relevant. Older eastern German women have longer working lives than older western German women, which is likely attributable to the GDR legacy of high female employment.

Higher fertility slowly increases the workers-to-retirees ratio over the long run, which can ease the pension financing challenge brought about by population aging. It may or may not increase production per capita. Existing simulation studies all find a positive impact on public finances over the long run. They however differ on the impact on output per capita. Whether differences are due to model designs or country characteristics is unknown. Using the same macroeconomic model for a sample of 14 European countries, I find that the long-run pension deficits are reduced 27% on average, if one woman out of five had one more child in her lifetime. Variations across countries are small. On the other hand, I find that output per capita increases in all countries from my sample, with one exception. Differences in population structures, ageproductivity profiles and pension systems can explain the exception. Fertility-promoting policies will always ease the public finance challenge due to population aging, but may worsen output per capita if pension payments are too loosely connected to earnings histories or if age-productivity profiles are very steep.

Trotz des schnellen Wachstums des Anteils der Bevölkerung in einem Alter ab 80 Jahren an der Gesamtbevölkerung (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2019), ist das Wissen über diese Bevölkerungsgruppe bislang gering. Zwar gibt es thematisch, methodisch und regional spezifische Studien, jedoch keine repräsentative Erfassung der Lebenssituation und Lebensqualität dieser Altersgruppe für den gesamtdeutschen Raum. Eine gute Datenlage ist jedoch notwendig: Zum einen, um den besonderen Unterstützungsbedarfen im hohen Alter zukünftig besser gerecht werden zu können. Zum anderen, um Lösungsansätze für sozialpolitische Herausforderungen wie der sozialen Sicherung im Alter sowie im Hinblick auf eine Generationengerechtigkeit entwickeln zu können. "Hohes Alter in Deutschland" (D80+) ist eine bundesweit repräsentative Querschnittsbefragung der hochaltrigen Menschen in Privathaushalten und in Heimen. Die Studie baut auf dem im Hochaltri-genpanel NRW80+ (Wagner et al., 2018) entwickelten Studienprotokoll und dem interdisziplinär ent-wickelten Rahmenmodell zur Erklärung von Lebensqualität im hohen Alter (Neise et al., 2019) auf. Die Studie D80+ „Hohes Alter in Deutschland“ wird vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) für drei Jahre gefördert und gemeinsam vom Cologne Center for Ethics, Rights, Economics, and Social Sciences of Health (ceres) und dem Deutschen Zentrum für Altersfragen (DZA) durchgeführt. Die Studie vereint Perspektiven der an den beteiligten Institutionen verorteten Disziplinen wie Soziologie, Psychologie, Versorgungswissenschaften, Gerontologie und Medizin. Aufgrund der Coronapandemie konnte eine persönliche Befragung nicht umgesetzt werden. Stattdessen wurde zunächst eine schriftliche Befragung, und darauf aufsetzend eine telefonische Befragung realisiert. Dabei wurden auch Fragen zu Erfahrungen im Zusammenhang mit der Coronapandemie gestellt. Im Rahmen der schriftlichen Befragung beteiligten sich insgesamt 10.372 Personen und damit mehr als j

This paper assesses the effect of key demographic changes (population ageing and increasing educational attainment) that are expected by 2030 on the income distribution in the EU-27 and examines the potential of tax-benefit systems to counterbalance negative developments. Theory predicts that population ageing should increase income inequality, while the effect of upskilling is more ambiguous. Tax-benefit systems may stabilize these expected changes though this is largely an empirical question given their typically complex nature. We use a decomposition technique to isolate the effect of projected demographic change on income inequality and poverty from the reaction of the labor market to this demographic change through wage adjustments. Our results show that demographic change is likely to lead to increasing inequality while related wage adjustments work mainly in the opposite direction. Changes to projected relative poverty are minimal for most countries. With a few exceptions, EU tax-benefit systems are able to absorb most of projected increase in market income inequality.

This study investigates whether the incidence of continued vocational education has changed as the German workforce commenced an aging process which is expected to intensify. As the lifespan in productive employment lengthens human capital investments for older workers become increasingly worthwhile. Using the data of a German population survey we describe recent trends in the development of human capital investments and apply decomposition procedures to the probability of continued education. Holding everything else constant the shift in the population age distribution by itself would haveb lead to a decline in training participation over the considered period, 1996-2004. However, the decomposition analyses yield that behavioral changes caused an increase in training particularly among older workers. This is confirmed by multivariate regressions on pooled cross-sectional data: the increase in training probabilities is highest among older workers.

Population aging is an inevitable global demographic process. Most of the literature on the consequences of demographic change focuses on the economic and societal challenges that we will face as people live longer and have fewer children. In this paper, we (a) briefly describe key trends and projections of the magnitude and speed of population aging; (b) discuss the economic, social, and environmental consequences of population aging; and (c) investigate some of the opportunities that aging societies create. We use Germany as a case study. However, the general insights that we obtain can be generalized to other developed countries. We argue that there may be positive unintended side effects of population aging that can be leveraged to address pressing environmental problems and issues of gender inequality and intergenerational ties.

The paper presents the concept of the "silver economy" as an economic system related to population aging and underlines the features of this policy idea. The study first introduces the discourse and stages of constructing this system by international and national public policy actors in aging. Next, a critical analysis of the dimensions and areas of implementation and development of the silver economy as a policy concept was carried out as well as a review of its external and internal limitations. The conclusion contains proposals for further research directions.

Opracowanie ma charakter poglądowo-teoretyczny, powstało bowiem na podstawie przeglądu dostępnej literatury przedmiotu (polskiej i zagranicznej). Publikacja skierowana jest zarówno do naukowców jak i studentów zajmujących się tematyką starzenia się ludności, starości i osób starszych oraz do coraz szerszego grona zainteresowanych tymi zagadnieniami praktyków, w tym polityków i decydentów oraz reprezentantów usług publicznych, przedstawicieli mediów i organizacji pozarządowych., The study is illustrative and theoretical in nature, as it was based on a review of the available literature on the subject (Polish and foreign). The publication is addressed to both scholars and students dealing with the subjects of population ageing, old age, and older adults, as well as to a growing group of practitioners interested in these issues, including politicians and decision-makers as well as representatives of public services, the media, and non-governmental organizations.

This paper discusses the demographic potential of France in the late 20th and early 21st century. The research question concerning its demographic situation is answered through the in-depth description, analysis and assessment of the country's demographic resources in the period between 1991 and 2013, with respect to France excluding Mayotte or to metropolitan France. Due to the extensive and complex nature of the subject matter, the aspects of the demographic situation in France analysed in this paper have been chosen based on their relevance. Therefore, the paper consists of three main parts: population statistics and fluctuations in country's demographic structure, vital statistics (natality, fertility and mortality, excluding the question of marriages and divorces), as well as international migrations with a strong focus on the immigration to France. To sum up, the demographic situation in France is relatively optimistic when compared to other European countries (as exemplified by the rising total population figure, being the second most populated state in the EU, having positive natural increase rate and migration rate, approaching the threshold of generation renewal). The ageing of the population is one of the major demographic challenges for France; yet it is progressing at a slower pace than in the rest of Europe. Given its demographic situation, France actively seeks to define Europe-wide policy, for instance with respect to regulating international migrations.

This paper aims to present different approaches to the analysis of public policies on ageing. The study contains short descriptions of selected theories on formulating and implementing responses to challenges related to the issues and problems relevant to older people and ageing people. The paper discusses selected concepts such as politicization of ageing, public policy on ageing and the politics of ageing. In the further part of the work, an attempt was made to discuss the framework of the stages of the public policy design cycle and codesign as well as selected public policy theories associated with the population ageing that were divided into deductive and inductive approaches and broken down into levels of social system analysis (micro, meso and macro). The summary presents proposals for further research directions., Artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie różnych podejść do analizy polityki publicznej dotyczącej starzenia się ludności. Opracowanie zawiera krótkie opisy wybranych teorii formułowania i wdrażania odpowiedzi na wyzwania związane z kwestiami i problemami istotnymi dla osób starszych i starzejących się. Omawia wybrane pojęcia, m.in. upolitycznienie starzenia się, polityka publiczna wobec starzenia się ludności i polityka starzenia się. W dalszej części pracy podjęto próbę omówienia ram etapów cyklu projektowania i współprojektowania polityki publicznej i wybrane teorie polityki publicznej wobec starzenia się ludności w podziale na podejścia dedukcyjne i indukcyjne oraz w podziale na poziomy analizy systemu społecznego (mikro, mezo i makro). W podsumowaniu przybliżono propozycje dalszych kierunków badań.

Globally, the population is ageing, which has serious consequences for businesses. The prosperity of companies is crucially dependent on the ability to effectively manage their employees, including older workers. Best practice in age management is defined as those measures that combat age barriers and/or promote age diversity. These measures may entail specific initiatives aimed at particular dimensions of age management; they may also include more general employment or human resources policies that help to create an environment in which individual employees can achieve their potential without being disadvantaged by their age (Walker, 1999). Promoting early retirement is generally not encouraged. Companies now have to encourage longer working lives. Much needs to be done to ensure that work remains a positive experience for workers throughout their career trajectories, and it does not damage their health. It has been found by studies that health is significantly related to retirement timing (both planned and unplanned) (Goyer, 2013, Adams et al., 2014), influences work performance (Merrill et al., 2012; Ilmarinen, 2009), and health-related organisational policies can positively influence employee retention (Towers, 2005). The major contemporary challenges to health at work are those associated with the way work, and work organisations are designed and managed. This is especially true for older workers. A comprehensive and effective approach towards age management can be very beneficial for them. How should companies implement age management? Some possible ways are set out in this policy brief below, which focuses on best practices in age management regarding ergonomic aspects and health interventions for older workers at an organisational level. The intention is to discuss the current situation and to illustrate some organisational techniques in selected countries. This policy brief can serve as an inspiration for, among others, companies and policymakers. Recommend

Gerontology together with its subfields, such as social gerontology (sociology of ageing), geragogy, educational gerontology, political gerontology, environmental gerontology, and financial gerontology, is still a relatively new academic discipline that is currently intensively developing, expanding research fields and combining various theoretical and practical perspectives. The interdisciplinarity, transdisciplinarity, and multidisciplinarity of research on ageing and old age, despite its vast thematic, methodological and theoretical diversity, have a common denominator, which is the focus of research work on improving the quality of life of older people (see Fabiś et al., 2015). It is the concern for the components of quality of life such as welfare and well-being as well as focus on learning about phenomena conditioning successful ageing that has become motivators and premises hidden or visible in many texts included in the Research Topic "Perspectives and Theories of Social Innovation for Ageing Population." The Research Topic that we are presenting to our readers is unique not only because of its size but above all because of its novelty and social involvement, visible in the content of individual chapters. The presented collection includes 17 articles prepared in total by 76 authors from the following countries: China, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Two journals were combined with this Research Topic: "Frontiers in Public Health" and "Frontiers in Sociology." The presented Research Topic contains seven types of articles covering: two community case studies (Brown et al.; Pinzón-Pulido et al.), eight original research articles (Berde; Bjursell; Dovie; Senior; Spinelli et al.; Stypińska et al.; Wanka; Zhang and Yang), two perspective articles (Aoo et al.; Piel and Robra), one hypothesis and theory paper (Toczyski et al.), one

In recent years we may observe increasing interest in the development of social innovation both regarding theory as well as the practice of responding to social problems and challenges. One of the crucial challenges at the beginning of the 21st century is population ageing. Various new and innovative initiatives, programs, schemes, and projects to respond to negative consequences of this demographic process are emerging around the world. However, social theories related to ageing are still insufficiently combined with these new practices, social movements, organisational models, and institutions. Many scholars are still using notions and tools from classical theories of social gerontology or the sociology of ageing such as disengagement theory, activity theory, and successful and productive ageing. Such theories do not sufficiently explain ageing in the context of, for example, a broad use of the information and communications technologies (ICTs) including robotics and automation, new healthcare and long-term care models, advancements in the development and governance of age-friendly environments, and public engagement of older adults into co-production of services delivered by public, private, non-governmental as well as non-formal entities.

Health in later life is shaped by behavior and policies over the life course and reflects the differences between the societies in which we are ageing. This multidisciplinary book answers questions from all life course phases and its interconnections from a European perspective based on the most recent SHARE data.

We provide to readers the 11th volume of the "Czech-Polish-Slovak Studies in Andragogy and Social Gerontology" series. We are delighted to announce that the presented study is the result of the work of scientists from seven countries: Austria, China, Ghana, Hungary, Japan, Poland, and Russia. This international collection of texts is part of the global discourse on the determinants of adult education and the functioning of people in late adulthood. The 11th volume is a collection of research results that show both the positive and negative dimensions of ageing through the prism of research experience from various geographical and cultural areas. The researchers invited to the presented volume tried to illustrate the issues assigned to the following topics: ageing with dignity; retirement age; assumptions and conditions resulting from living in the home; the relationship between challenges concerning life expectancy and needs; care and ageing services; and foundations and potential changes in pension systems. The research results presented in this volume have a common denominator, which is caring for the quality of life of the older people regardless of their place of residence. Thus, the study "Between Successful and Unsuccessful Ageing: Selected Aspects and Contexts" brings new insights from scientists who scrupulously characterize the complexity of processes that affect the positive and negative conditions of functioning in old age, which is a mosaic of various nuances. Inviting readers to familiarize themselves with the content of the monograph, we would like to thank the reviewers who contributed to the improvement of the quality of the texts and open new fields for participation in further joint publishing projects.

Migration and population ageing belong to the central challenges for the current and future Europe. Since 1985, the number of inhabitants in European countries who were born outside their country of residence has more than doubled. Besides, already by 2020, a quarter of Europeans will be over 60 years old. Both developments will have substantial impacts on numerous aspects of the European society. Using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), this volume investigates one of the intersections between migration and ageing by putting the focus on persons aged 50+ who migrated at some point in their life and now grow old abroad. Until now, little is known about the long-term consequences of migration. In the three studies of his thesis, Stefan Gruber investigates in how far migrants are affected by having migrated with regard to two different outcomes: subjective well-being and cognitive functioning.

Ravenstein, writing in 19th century papers, observed that migration varied with the life course. However, he did not investigate this variation in detail, as the necessary data were not then available. Age-specific migration has been a focus for researchers of migration in the 20th and 21st centuries. Building on this research, the current paper explores age-specific migration in Russia focussing on its spatial diversity. We compare age-specific migration patterns found in Russia and those observed in other developed countries. For this investigation, we mainly use Russian administrative data on residence registration for 2012-2016, together with information on populations by age in the latest census in 2010. The data are analysed using a classification of local administrative units classified by degree of remoteness from Russia’s principal cities (regional centres). The main results are as follows: In Russia, young people participate strongly in migration flows between peripheral territories and regional centres. The net migration surplus in regional centres is mostly produced by the migration of 15-19 year-olds starting further and higher education courses. Peak migration occurs in this age group. This type of migration represents upward mobility in the spatial hierarchy because institutions of higher education are located in the large cities. People aged 20-29 and 30-39 migrate in much smaller numbers, but they also replenish the population of regional centres. The inflow of middle-aged migrants and families with children was directed to the areas located closest to the regional centres, the suburbs. This type of migration is observed in regions with a well-developed middle class with high purchasing power, for example, in the city of Moscow and in the Moscow Region. Peripheral territories have similar profiles of age-specific migration, but of loss rather than gain. The farther they are from regional centres, the more significant the outflow of young people and

The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) is a multidisciplinary and crossnational face-to-face panel study of the process of population ageing. For the sixth wave of data collection, we applied an adaptive/responsive fieldwork design in the German sub-study of SHARE to test actual possibilities and effects of implementing targeted monitoring strategies during fieldwork. The central aim of this design was to improve panel sample representativeness by attempting to achieve more equal response probabilities across subgroups. However, our findings show that we only partly met this goal. Although our adaptive design (interviewer bonus incentives for 80+ respondents) indicated some positive effects, very old panelists still participated less than average in the end. Furthermore, our responsive design measure (contact schedule optimization for young, still working respondents) during fieldwork appeared to be complicated to implement within the regular fieldwork conditions and therefore ineffective. Overall, our results are hence in line with Tourangeau (2015), who argued that respondent characteristics that are suitable for responsive fieldwork measures might in fact be of limited use for true bias reduction.

Das Working Paper 4/2005 beschäftigt sich mit demographischer Alterung, also dem langfristigen Wandel von einer "jungen" zu einer "alten" Altersstruktur. Es werden verschiedene Aspekte behandelt wie der Übergang von hohen zu niedrigen Geburtenraten und Sterbeziffern, die Zunahme der Lebenserwartung, aber auch der Zuwachs der Gruppe der alten Menschen an sich ("doppeltes Altern"). Es werden Trends und Potenziale einer alternden Gesellschaft aufgezeigt., Working Paper 4/2005 deals with demographic ageing, in other words the long-term change from a "young" to an "old" age structure. Various aspects are dealt with, such as the transition from high to low birth and mortality rates, the increase in life expectancy, as well as the growth in the size of the group of the elderly per se ("double ageing"). Trends and potentials of an ageing society are demonstrated.

Die KOSIS-Gemeinschaft 'Aktives Altern' hat zum Ziel, durch regelmäßige kommunale Bevölkerungsbefragungen Informationen zum Thema "Demografischer Wandel" zu erheben und bereitzustellen. Inhaltlich werden vor allem die durch die Alterung der Gesellschaft erwachsenden Chancen und Herausforderungen in den Blick genommen. Als Chance kann gesehen werden, dass in der Generation 55plus ein Lebensentwurf des Aktiven Alterns an Bedeutung gewinnt. Herausforderungen ergeben sich durch den stark zunehmenden Anteil der Pflegebedürftigen in der Bevölkerung. Es werden Ablauf und ausgewählte Ergebnisse der zweiten Erhebungswelle von 2019 vorgestellt. Die Daten und Befunde geben den Praktiker*innen vor Ort wertvolle Hinweise auf Problemlagen und mögliche Handlungsansätze. Als besonders hilfreich erweist sich dabei eine kleinräumige, stadtgebietsbezogene Betrachtung, da sich dadurch zielgerichtet Maßnahmen ableiten lassen.

Globalization has generated increased societal heterogeneity and awakened interest of a new kind in social cohesion and integration. But globalization is not the only contemporary process to give rise to societal hybridization. Two other such processes - much less attended to in the theoretical debate but no less problematic as regards social integration - are societal ageing and robotization. Drawing on statistical estimates, this paper begins by assessing the relevance of these new processes of hybridization. The predictions in question indicate that in the near future, everyday interaction, not just with cultural strangers and 'intelligent' machines, but also with people suffering from dementia, will be an omnipresent phenomenon, confronting our societies with types and degrees of alterity never before encountered. Whereas contact with cultural strangers is to some extent familiar (though not yet taken as standard), interaction with intelligent technological devices and dementia sufferers represent new forms of alterity for which most societies have not yet established routines of conduct. This paper gives a detailed account of a number of empirical studies showing how new forms of hybrid interaction and cooperation evolve out of repeated contact with each of the three alterities. With this groundwork in place, the paper then attempts to identify not only the ways in which routines may develop out of interaction with the three alterities but also the trends towards, and prerequisites for, the emergence of a new culture of cooperation and interaction.

The booming increase of the senior population has become a social phenomenon and a challenge to our societies, and technological advances have undoubtedly contributed to improve the lives of elderly citizens in numerous aspects. In current debates on technology, however, the "human factor" is often largely ignored. The ageing individual is rather seen as a malfunctioning machine whose deficiencies must be diagnosed or as a set of limitations to be overcome by means of technological devices. This volume aims at focusing on the perspective of human beings deriving from the development and use of technology: this change of perspective - taking the human being and not technology first - may help us to become more sensitive to the ambivalences involved in the interaction between humans and technology, as well as to adapt technologies to the people that created the need for its existence, thus contributing to improve the quality of life of senior citizens.