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The scale of changes in the current stage of social development actualizes the study of various adaptation models and mechanisms. The main purpose of the study is a comparative analysis of the self-employed form of the Russia and Kazakhstan population adaptation, as well as the identification of factors affecting self-employment. The methods of normative, comparative, statistical, correlation and regression analysis were used. It is determined that self-employment by a combination of such characteristics as risk, independence, income, tax payment is a form of the adaptation entrepreneurial model, which is more typical for developing economies or unstable periods. It is revealed that the cross-country comparative analysis has certain limitations due to different regulatory approaches to the allocation of the self-employed category. Comparative studies require taking into account the contextual component, and they also need to be supplemented with the study of factors affecting self-employment. The study novelty is to identify demographic and economic factors affecting self-employment, the assessment of which on the example of the Kazakhstan regions was the regression analysis task. The information base was the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Kazakhstan Republic data. The study was conducted in the R software environment. The assessment results showed that the choice of self-employed form is directly influenced by age, gender, place of residence, unemployment, the opposite — labor costs, stability conditions. These conclusions should be taken into account when forming state support measures. The prospects for further research are largely determined by the level of statistical and other information about self-employed citizens. In this regard, it seems promising for Kazakhstan to continue research with an emphasis on certain categories of the self-employed, analysis of the influence of various factors. For Russia today, the use of sociological surveys is preferable, and the formation of a statistical base over time will allow for a more in-depth analysis of the influence factors.

The article is devoted to assessing the long-term sustainability of Ukraine’s pension system in order to determine the efficiency of its main function — protection against poverty in old age and income replacement in retirement. The method of calculating the Global Pension Index was applied, which was modified by the authors taking into account the peculiarities of the national labor market (labor migration, shadow employment, etc.). The long-term sustainability indicator is determined on the basis of 9 sub-indicators,which reflect the impact of demographic (life expectancy at state pension age, total fertility rate and old-age dependency ratio, labor force participation rate aged 55—64 or over etc.), structural (contribution of each level of pension system to ensuring the welfare of beneficiaries), economic (the level of private pension assets, expressed as a percentage of GDP, the level of the adjusted government debt and public cost of pensions, real economic growth) factors.The results showed that the sustainability indexof the pension system gradually increased during 2016—2020, reaching its maximum value at 45.29 out of 100 possible. This means that functioning of the pension system is not effective enough in terms of providing adequate income in old age. The disproportionate structure of the pension system, in which almost all the financial strain of paying benefits is concentrated in PAYG system, does not contribute to its sustainability, especially in the long term. Prospects for the development of Ukraine’s pension system are mainly related to the strengthening of private pensions: expanding the participation of the working age population in private pension plans, increasing the share of private pension assets in GDP, increasing protection of investors’ rights, stimulating labor force participation rate retirees. It was shown that GDP per-capita is weakly correlated with pension’s system sustainability. Therefore, economic factors do not have a decisive influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Montenegrin insurance market is in a low level of development compared to developed countries, with dominant share of non-life insurance. There are many factors influencing the insufficient development of life insurance in Montenegro. This manuscript offers an analysis of significant factors that have important impact on life insurance products purchase. In order to prove the hypotheses established in the manuscript, based on the survey, chi square test of independency and regression analysis were carried out. Testing results showed that age structure and education as demographic factors as well as level of employment as economic factor highly influence demand for life insurance in Montenegro while there is no evidence that different trust in insurance system, gender and region influenced purchase of life insurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]