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This document provides recommendations for monitoring and treatment of children in whom bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has been established and who have been discharged from the hospital, or who were >36 weeks of postmenstrual age. The guideline was based on predefined Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcomes (PICO) questions relevant for clinical care, a systematic review of the literature and assessment of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. After considering the balance of desirable (benefits) and undesirable (burden, adverse effects) consequences of the intervention, the certainty of the evidence, and values, the task force made conditional recommendations for monitoring and treatment of BPD based on very low to low quality of evidence. We suggest monitoring with lung imaging using ionising radiation in a subgroup only, for example severe BPD or recurrent hospitalisations, and monitoring with lung function in all children. We suggest to give individual advice to parents regarding daycare attendance. With regards to treatment, we suggest the use of bronchodilators in a subgroup only, for example asthma-like symptoms, or reversibility in lung function; no treatment with inhaled or systemic corticosteroids; natural weaning of diuretics by the relative decrease in dose with increasing weight gain if diuretics are started in the neonatal period; and treatment with supplemental oxygen with a saturation target range of 90-95%. A multidisciplinary approach for children with established severe BPD after the neonatal period into adulthood is preferable. These recommendations should be considered until new and urgently needed evidence becomes available., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: L. Duijts has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: E.R. van Meel has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: L. Moschino has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: E. Baraldi has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: M. Barnhoorn has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: W.M. Bramer has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: C.E. Bolton has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: J. Boyd is an employee of the European Lung Foundation. Conflict of interest: F. Buchvald has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: M.J. del Cerro has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: A.A. Colin has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: R. Ersu has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: A. Greenough reports grants and honoraria for lectures from MedImmune/Abbott, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: C. Gremmen has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: T. Halvorsen has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: J. Kamphuis has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: S. Kotecha has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: K. Rooney-Otero has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: S. Schulzke has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: A. Wilson has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: D. Rigau acts as ERS methodologist. Conflict of interest: R.L. Morgan has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: T. Tonia acts as ERS methodologist. Conflict of interest: C.C. Roehr has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: M.W. Pijnenburg has nothing to disclose., (Copyright ©ERS 2020.)

Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) in the newborn combined with persistent pulmonary hypertension was reported previously to occur in 3-12 % of full-term neonates with TGA. Right-to-left shunting at the ductal level causes severe hypoxemia despite prostaglandin infusion and balloon atrial septostomy. Although the introduction of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) has improved the prognosis, this condition still is associated with high preoperative mortality. This report describes the case of a newborn with TGA and persistent pulmonary hypertension, which was managed successfully with oral sildenafil, iNO, and inhaled iloprost during life-threatening acute pulmonary hypertension, thus preventing the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.