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Shearing of fractures and faults is important because it can result in permeability change or even induce seismicity—both are keys for efficient and safe energy recovery and storage in Earth systems. Quantitative analysis of shearing of intersecting fractures and faults is challenging because it can involve dynamic frictional contacts that are complicated by deformation of the rock matrix. To predict the shearing of intersecting fractures/faults, we attempt to answer the question of how intersections impact the shearing of a fracture network and whether we can simplify the description as compared to classical discrete fracture network (DFN) models. To answer these questions, we conducted a series of numerical simulations on scenarios for variable numbers of intersecting fractures. All these examples yield consistent results: the results of using DFNs are consistent with those of using hypothetical major paths. This leads to a new model, which we name simplified discrete fracture network model, to analyze shearing of intersecting fractures/faults using major path(s). We found that the intersections of fractures do not fundamentally change the shearing of two intersecting fractures if the intersecting angles are small. Furthermore, increasing the number of fractures/faults may relax the stress as more fractures/faults become available for shearing and distributing the stress. The simplified DFN model, which can capture efficiently the shearing behavior of each major paths from a large number of intersecting fractures/faults, will be a promising conceptual model that is complementary to existing equivalent continuum and discrete fracture models to analyze shearing of intersecting fractures/faults.

A theoretical comparison has been made for some calcium isotopes (20Ca) which are even–even nuclei and have the atomic mass (Z = 20) with its previous experimental data. Theoretical calculations of some 20Ca isotopes (A = 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52) adopted by the shell model theory were performed to calculate the transition rate B(E2), theoretical intrinsic quadruple moments (Q0Th) and theoretical deformation parameters (β2, δ)Th were calculated by two methods by using different effective interactions for each isotope such as, su3fp, fpbm, fprkb, fpd6, kb3. Through code NuShellX@MSU, the single-body density matrix was calculated. The effects of the core polarization were neglected by adopting various effective charges that were employed, effective charges of conventional (Con-E), effective charges of standard (St-E) and effective charges of Bohr and Mottelson (B-M-E) which were calculated. The theoretical values of the B(E2)Th, the Q0Th and the (β2, δ)Th were then compared with the previous experimental data where values of the transition rate B(E2)Th, theoretical intrinsic quadrupole moments Q0Th and theoretical deformation parameter (β2, δ)Th, using the fpbm, the fpd6 and the kb3 interactions were the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objective Methods Results Conclusion Although the specific relationship between the stress changes in the external fixator during tibial fracture treatment and the bone healing process remains unclear, it is believed that stress variations in the external fixator scaffold can, to a certain extent, reflect the progress of tibial healing.This study aims to propose a non‐invasive method for assessing the degree of fracture healing by monitoring the changes in stress transmission, the locations of stress‐sensitive points, and displacement in the external fixator‐tibia system during the healing process of tibial fractures.In this study, finite element models of tibial fractures at various healing stages were developed. Physiological conditions, including axial, torsional, and bending loads on the tibia, were simulated to evaluate stress and strain within the external scaffold‐tibia system under normal physiological loading conditions.The results indicate variations in the stress distribution between the external fixator and the tibia during different stages of healing. In the early phase of fracture healing, the external fixator plays a crucial role as the primary load‐bearing unit under all three loading conditions. As the fracture healing progresses, the stress on the tibia gradually increases, concentrating on the medial part of the tibia under axial and torsional loading, and at the upper and lower ends, as well as the central part of the anterior and posterior tibia during bending loading. The stress at the callus gradually increases, while micro‐movements decrease. The stress within the external bracket gradually decreases, with a tendency for the connecting rod to transfer stress towards the screws. Throughout the fracture healing process, the location of maximum stress in the external fixator remains unchanged. Under axial and torsional loading, the maximum stress is located at the intersection of the lowest screw and the bone cortex, while under bending loading, it is at the intersection of the second screw and the connecting rod.During the bone healing process, stress is transferred between the external fixation frame and the bone. As bone healing advances, the stress on the connecting rods and screws of the external fixation frame decreases, and the amplitude of stress changes diminishes. When complete and robust fusion is achieved, stress variations stabilize, and the location of maximum stress on the external fixation frame remains unchanged. The intersections of the lowest screw and the bone cortex, as well as the second screw and the connecting rod, can serve as sensitive points for monitoring the degree of bone healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reutilisation of waste tire chips to improve red clay is of great significance to environmental protection. The mechanical properties of tire chip and cement stabilised red clay (TCCSRC) at different proportions were investigated through compaction, compression, unconfined compression strength (UCS), and direct shear tests. The UCS and shear strength of TCCSRCs with different proportions were tested and analysed at their optimal moisture content (OMC). The results indicated that the porosity ratio, UCS, shear strength, and cohesion of TCCSRC decreased with increasing tire chip content. The addition of cement increased the sample UCS and shear strength. When the content of tire crumb is 20% and the cement content is 5%, the specimens show good performance in all basic properties, including UCS can reach 1034.3 kPa; the shear strength can reach 46.7 kPa when the axial pressure is 150 kPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the effects of deformation on the structure of CMnSi steel at various deformation levels. After hot forging, the structure of CMnSi steel comprises coarse-sized alpha and pearlite particles. The average grain size of steel after forging was 100 μm. After hot rolling, the grain size gradually decreases, with the average size of the ferrite and pearlite grains measured as 60 μm. After that, CMnSi steel was subjected to cold deformation at levels of 40%, 60%, and 80%. The grain size of the CMnSi steel sample after 80% cold deformation reached level 7, corresponding to about 25 μm. For a deformation level of 40%, the grain size was level 5, corresponding to 40 μm, while a deformation level of 60% produced a grain size of 35 μm, corresponding to level 6. In addition, scanning electron microscopy showed that after 80% deformation, smaller particles with a size of about 5 μm appear inside the parent particles. Moreover, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed the carbide appearance in the form M23C6, with M being a mixture of Fe and Mn. These carbides have a fine size of about 1–2 μm and contribute to the prevention of particle growth during subsequent heat treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to find out the underlying effect of anisotropy on the failure characteristics from the mesoscopic mechanism, using the concept of fabric tensor and assumption of mutual mapping between isotropic space and anisotropic space, a compound stress is proposed based on the combination of ordinary stress and fabric tensor. This compound stress can be used to describe the primary anisotropic properties effectively. For the difference in the effect of stress-induced anisotropy on shear strength of various geotechnical materials in the deviatoric plane, a generalized failure criterion is proposed. This failure criterion can effectively describe various criteria forms from Von-Mises criterion to SMP criterion within a relatively large range. The hydrostatic pressure effect can also be indicated by the shape of the power function on the meridional plane. A primary anisotropy generalized failure criterion can be obtained when the compound stress is used to describe the new generalized failure criterion and the corresponding transformation stress method has been proposed. This method can consider the effect of native induced anisotropy and stress induced anisotropy on the shear strength simultaneously. The comparison between predicted and tested results shows that the proposed anisotropic generalized stress failure criterion and its transformation method can be applied to the geotechnical engineering practice simply, its rationality and applicability have also been verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate prediction of excavation deformation and stress affects the safety of excavation engineering and the surrounding environment. However, the traditional calculation method ignores the influence of soil shear action and its nonlinear deformation characteristics. Therefore, this paper proposed a coupled analytical method for braced excavation considering the continuity of soil deformation and nonlinear pile–soil interaction. A nonlinear Pasternak two-parameter foundation model was developed based on the Pasternak foundation model and nonlinear p–y curves. The control differential equations for the excavation in the critical and embedded sections were derived. Also, the numerical solutions of excavation deformation and force under different boundary conditions were obtained by the finite difference method and Newton's iteration method. Further, the excavation calculation procedure considering the construction process and nonhomogeneity of soil was suggested. Through finite-element (FE) and engineering case analyses, the traditional calculation method overestimated the excavation deformation and internal force, while the proposed methods were consistent with the measured results. Finally, the effects of soil shear stiffness and initial foundation reaction modulus on the excavation were discussed, and we found that the two parameters had more significant impact on the wall bending moment than displacement. The results provide some reference for the design calculation of braced excavation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Static granular packings play a central role in numerous industrial applications and natural settings. In these situations, fluid or fine particle flow through a bed of static particles is heavily influenced by the narrowest passage connecting the pores of the packing, commonly referred to as pore throats, or constrictions. Existing studies predominantly assume monodisperse rigid particles, but this is an oversimplification of the problem. In this work, we illustrate the connection between pore throat size, polydispersity, and particle deformation in a packed bed of spherical particles. Simple analytical expressions are provided to link these properties of the packing, followed by examples from Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations of fine particle percolation demonstrating the impact of polydispersity and particle deformation. Our intent is to emphasize the substantial impact of polydispersity and particle deformation on constriction size, underscoring the importance of accounting for these effects in particle transport in granular packings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a digital bio-dosimeter (DBD) with a square window size of 7 × 7 pixels is proposed for the quantitative detection of the deformed biological cells irradiated by X-rays with different energies and γ-rays from 60Co. The basic idea of the DBD is to compute the energy of the bio-dosimeter window size by summing up the entire gray levels. Peripheral blood films (PBFs) from male albino rats irradiated by ionizing radiations are prepared and photographed using an Automatic Image Contour Analysis system with high magnification to produce a 2D image. The surf function in MATLAB is used to convert the 2D image to a 3D shaded surface to resample the date more finely. The proposed DBD shows that the computed energies on the boundaries of the normal RBCs are nearly the same, while the computed energies on the boundaries of the deformed cells are significantly larger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Petroleum Refinery Engineering is the property of Petroleum Refinery Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study delves into the bearing response of two types of Fiber Metal Epoxy Laminates (FMLs): Glass Fiber/Stainless Steel laminates and Glass Fiber/Jute/Stainless Steel laminates, where a portion of glass fiber is replaced with jute. The primary focus is to assess the impact of introducing natural fiber (jute) into FML on its pin‐type bearing performance, considering various edge‐to‐hole ratios (e/D), width‐to‐hole ratios (W/D), and stacking orders. The study aims to understand how these parameters influence the bearing load and failure modes of the laminates. Observations reveal that variations in e/D and W/D ratios, along with the stacking arrangement of materials in the FMLs, exert a significant influence on the ultimate load‐bearing capacity of the pinned joint. It is observed from the study that, for the two stacking sequences considered, the load bearing capacity of the FMLs with W/D ratio 6 is greater than those with W/D ratio of 4 by a maximum of 23.06%. Moreover, if the weight fraction of the glass fiber content in the FML is reduced, the ultimate load bearing capacity of the FML also gets curtailed to a maximum extent of 44%. The experimental findings suggest that the prepared fiber metal laminate, characterized by lower weight, cost‐effectiveness, and enhanced environmental friendliness, exhibits a substantial capacity to withstand bearing loads. Consequently, it emerges as a promising candidate for the construction of structures such as storage silos, offering a balanced combination of structural performance and sustainability. Highlights: FML bearing performance: Glass/Stainless versus Glass/Jute/Stainless.Influence of e/D and W/D ratios on pin‐type bearing.Stacking order impact on load‐bearing capacity.Lightweight, cost‐effective, and eco‐friendly FMLs.Promising for silo construction: structural and sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of an accurate and meticulously designed simulation model for heat distribution during welding has helped maintain the popularity of welding as a reliable approach for attaching components. A simulated heat source involves uneven heating, resulting in uneven deformation and stress. An ANSYS simulation is used to analyze the stress in a welded flat plate. The simulation models are created using SOLIDWORKS software. The model employs the temperature-dependent characteristics of alloy steel to function as a thermal model that evaluates stress and the distribution of heat within the structure. This study offers a comprehensive examination of welded joints through the utilization of THERMO-MECHANICAL Finite Element Analysis (FEA) tools, specifically ANSYS. The study focuses especially on the analysis of single U and unsymmetrical double U welding connections. The study examined the heat distribution, thermal loads, and impacts on fixtures associated with welding, specifically focusing on the design of the welding joint. The results indicate that the heat from welding caused a maximum deformation of 0.55 mm for the single U joint and 0.54 mm for the double U welding joints. Both joint configurations displayed significant thermal stress at a distance of 5 mm from the center of the weld. According to the ANSYS models, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) has a length of 45.4 mm for a single U joint and 53.6 mm for an unsymmetrical double U joint. The second aspect of this investigation involves assessing the comparative durability or thermal strains of various depositions in the previously mentioned joint. Moreover, it is essential to assess the expected heat distortion and stress when examining prospective welding materials for on-site use. This will enhance the implementation of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study uses a Finite Element (FE) Method to forecast residual stresses and deformation caused by the GTA welding process. The authors use a 5 mm thick stainless steel plate for the analysis. Residual stress and distortion predictions are made by successfully coupling thermal and mechanical studies. Mechanical and thermal analyses of moving heat source-exposed plates were conducted sequentially. Applications such as ANSYS and SOLIDWORKS are used to do the FE analysis. In transient thermal analysis, the arc's heat input has been modeled using a Gaussian distribution. Consideration of temperature-dependent physical and mechanical parameters is integral to the modeling process. The welding heat in stainless steel welding and how it behaves inside the joint has significant effects in determining the welding joint distortion, mechanical properties, and the weldments fit with the design criteria due to stainless steel thermal properties. Subsequent mechanical analysis is fed the transient thermal histories to the model. Analyzing mechanical systems involves using the big displacement hypothesis. How restrictions influence distortion and residual stresses is quantitatively investigated. The anticipated stresses and distortion values are presented and discussed for various scenarios. Welding distortion was minimized when a copper backing plate was used, as shown by a lower maximum deformation measured compared to situations without the plate. The backing plate reduced maximum stress values and lowered residual stresses. A backing plate also made the fusion zone smaller and the temperature drop from the peak welding temperature to room temperature steeper. According to the research, using a copper backing plate during stainless steel welding may significantly reduce deformation and residual stresses. The results could improve stainless steel welding by choosing the best materials for backing plates and improving welding. Investigation results and the mathematical models of welding simulation can significantly improve stainless steel deformation-reducing techniques in many applications and introduce particular techniques to predicate the impacts of backing plates in such welding processes as food, chemical, Pharmaceutical, Oil and Gas, and water treatment industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quarter of a century ago, during cartographic works using then-known field methods for measuring structural features, on the boundary of the Sudetic and Fore-Sudetic blocks, new phenomena were recognised; these were interpreted to be tectonic in nature and the result of left-lateral strike-slip movement in the subsurface. Grabens, half-grabens, shear zones and seismites in the gold-bearing sands and gravels that form the slopes of the valley of the River Kaczawa, are estimated to be of Pliocene and early Pleistocene age, having been interpreted as deposits of the pre-Kaczawa alluvial fan system. The natural exposures documented 25 years age have now all disappeared. In 2022, these levels became exposed again as a result of renewed gravel exploitation and phenomena described in the past reappeared. Field measurements were made again, this time using modern data-recording techniques, such as photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning. This work has enabled a comparison of field measurement methods with those obtained from the point clouds data. The results were found to be highly consistent. At the same time, precise reconstructions of the structures and their connection to the geodetic reference system make it possible to supplement previous geokinematic interpretations for this segment of the Sudetic Marginal Fault Zone (SMFZ). A formerly postulated left-lateral strike-slip regime in this zone was confirmed during the period of formation of the pre-Kaczawa alluvial fan deposits, but also probable is a kinematic inversion that must have occurred during, or just after, the early Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii), an economically and recologically valuable fish species, is extensively cultured in the aquaculture industry. However, the severe skeletal deformities that occur during the rearing process pose a significant challenge, profoundly impacting growth performance and economic sustainability. Despite recognition of these deformities, comprehensive studies investigating the underlying mechanisms of skeletal deformities in Murray cod remain scarce. To solve this problem, our study combines histological and molecular studies to understand the characteristics and mechanisms of these deformities. The results are as follows: (i) At the histological level, we observed notable abnormalities in the brain and muscle tissues of deformed Murray cod, including an enlarged ventricle and irregular muscle fiber structure. These observed abnormalities could potentially impact the skeletal development of Murray cod. (ii) At the molecular level, we performed a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of the brain and muscle tissues of normal and deformed Murray cod. Our analysis identified 8834 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 3788 up-regulated genes and 4555 down-regulated genes. Enrichment analysis of GO and KEGG pathways showed that Cell Adhesion, Notch Signaling, Wnt Signaling, Cell Adhesion Molecules, The ECM-Receptor Interaction Pathway, and PI3K-Akt Signaling pathways may be involved in vertebral deformities. Notably, in deformed Murray cod, we observed significant changes in the expression of certain genes closely associated with skeletal development. For example, down-regulated expression of Fibronectin 1 (FN1) and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP2) was found in brain tissue. These genes may play a crucial role in the process of skeletal formation and development. At the same time, we verified through qRT-PCR to ensure the reliability of our data. In conclusion, our study provides a comprehensive understanding of Murray cod's skeletal deformities through histological and transcriptomic analyses and reveals the molecular mechanism of Murray cod's skeletal development. And provide insights to address these economically important anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current asphalt pavement design method instituted in Brazil, MeDiNa, requires tests to determine the parameters of resilient modulus and permanent deformation of the granular layers. As these tests have a long execution time and high cost, this study analysed the variation of the resilient modulus (using composite model tested and linear predicted values) of low-volume road subgrade and the impact on the pavement design. This study simulated four different subgrades considering the soils of the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, Ceara, north-eastern Brazil and three predefined pavement structures. Total and subgrade rutting provided by the MeDiNa software were used as evaluation parameters. The simulation results allowed the authors to verify that the calculated rutting values are very close despite the resilient modulus adopted. In conclusion, road designers can consider any predicted linear value of the resilient modulus or composite models in the design of these highways, even with forecast errors greater than 20%. The study also proposes a low-volume road design catalogue considering the subgrades analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to identify relations between mechanical behavior, deformation mechanisms, microstructural properties, and H2O distribution, Tana‐quartzite samples with added H2O ranging from 0 to 0.5 wt.% were deformed by axial shortening at constant displacement rates, at 900°C and 1 GPa, reaching up to ∼30% bulk strain. Samples with lower quantities of added H2O (0.1 and 0.2 wt.%) were in average ∼30 MPa weaker than the as‐is samples with no added H2O. In contrast, samples with more than 0.2 wt.% added H2O revealed more variable mechanical behavior, showing either weaker or stronger trend. The weaker samples showed strain localization in their central parts in the vicinity of the thermocouple, that is, the hottest parts of the samples, whereas the stronger samples showed localization in their upper, slightly colder parts. Bulk deformation is accommodated by crystal plasticity and dissolution‐precipitation processes. Distribution of H2O in our samples revealed systematic decrease of H2O content in the interiors of original grains, caused by increasing strain and H2O draining into grain boundary regions. With increasing content of added H2O, the quartz recrystallization gradually changes from subgrain‐rotation‐dominated to crack‐induced nucleation, along with increasing quantity of melt/fluid pockets. The unexpected strain localization in the upper parts of stronger samples most likely results from mode‐1‐cracking that led to drainage of grain boundaries (GB) due to the crack dilatancy effect, and inhibited dissolution‐precipitation in the hottest part of the samples next to the thermocouple. The locus of deformation is then shifted to colder regions where more H2O is available along GB. Plain Language Summary: The mechanical behavior of rocks is reflected by deformation microstructures, and it is usually dependent on available H2O in the deformation environment. We tested influence of H2O in quartzite samples by adding various amounts of H2O prior to deformation experiments, in the range from 0 to 0.5 wt.%. The results showed that samples with up to 0.2 wt.% of added H2O are generally weaker than the as‐is samples, while with H2O addition of more than 0.2 wt.% mechanical behavior becomes more erratic. These samples showed either weaker or stronger behavior. While plastic deformation in weaker samples is localized mostly in sample regions with the highest temperature, deformation in stronger samples is unexpectedly localized in colder regions. Quartz grains are found to release initially present H2O from their interiors into grain boundary regions during deformation. Changes in mechanical properties with increasing content of H2O are closely related with changes in recrystallization processes. The unexpected localization of deformation in the colder regions results from drainage of GB due to the crack dilatancy effect. In the resulting dried GB, the dissolution‐precipitation processes would be impeded, while the locus of deformation is shifted to colder parts with more H2O along the GB. Key Points: H2O initially present inside the quartz grains is transferred into grain boundary region during heating, pressurization, and deformationA quantity of added H2O of >0.2 wt.% causes more variable mechanical behavior of the samples due to enhanced crackingDilatant cracks lead to draining of fluid from grain boundaries and make the dissolution‐precipitation processes locally less efficient [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CFG pile technology is primarily employed for foundation reinforcement, offering cost-saving benefits and demonstrating significant reinforcement effects. Consequently, it has gained widespread utilization. However, due to its unique composition and exceptional strength characteristics, investigating the dynamic properties of rubber particle loess-CFG poses significant challenges. In this study, a numerical simulation approach is employed to investigate the dynamic characteristics of rubber particle loess-CFG and its deformation response under dynamic loading is analyzed. The results indicate that the deformation of rubber particle loess-CFG remains minimal under static loading, while it significantly increases under dynamic loading. However, the vertical and horizontal displacements at the top of the mattress layer are comparatively smaller than those observed in loess-CFG, highlighting their seismic stability. The mattress layer of the rubber particle loess-CFG undergoes vertical compression and deformation, while being horizontally squeezed towards the central region. The horizontal displacement and its variation range are significantly greater than that of the entire pile and the soil between piles. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze the material properties, thickness, and extent of the mattress layer during design in order to mitigate its influence. When subjected to dynamic loading at the base of the model, the rubber particle loess-CFG exhibits a strip distribution of vertical displacement which gradually decreases from bottom to top. Moreover, as focal depth increases, the impact of dynamic loading on foundation deformation diminishes. Consequently, rubber particle loess-CFG provides a dual functionality of enhancing foundation strength while effectively resisting dynamic deformations. These research findings provide a theoretical basis for designing reinforced foundations using rubber particle loess-CFG and offer an innovative approach for recycling waste tire rubber particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blossom end enlargement (BEE) is a postharvest deformation that may be related to the influx of photosynthetic assimilates before harvest. To elucidate the mechanism by which BEE occurs, expression marker genes that indicate the physiological condition of BEE-symptomatic fruit are necessary. First, we discovered that preharvest treatment with a synthetic cytokinin, N-(2-Chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU), promoted fruit growth and suppressed BEE occurrence. This suggests that excessive assimilate influx is not a main cause of BEE occurrence. Subsequently, the expression levels of seven sugar-starvation marker genes, CsSEF1, AS, CsFDI1, CsPID, CsFUL1, CsETR1, and CsERF1B, were compared among symptomatic and asymptomatic fruits, combined with and without CPPU treatment. Only CsSEF1 showed a higher expression level in asymptomatic fruits than in symptomatic fruits, regardless of CPPU treatment. This was then tested using fruits stored via the modified-atmosphere packaging technique, which resulted in a lower occurrence of BEE, and the asymptomatic fruits showed a higher CsSEF1 expression level than symptomatic fruits, regardless of the packaging method. CsSEF1 codes a CCCH-type zinc finger protein, and an increase in the expression of CsSEF1 was correlated with a decrease in the fruit respiration rate. Thus, CsSEF1 may be usable as a BEE expression marker gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Binder jetting (BJT), a sinter-based additive manufacturing method, has great potential to enable the mass production of metal parts because of its high productivity and low-cost printers. The ability to manufacture aluminum parts by BJT will lead to the fabrication of heat-dissipation devices whose cooling efficiency is improved through unique geometric designs. Although liquid-phase sintering is effective for densifying aluminum green parts without applying pressure, liquid decreases the apparent viscosity of the components, resulting in deformation. The ability to predict the sintering-induced deformation minimizes the costly and time-consuming trial and error required to produce parts with high accuracy. We used numerical simulations to predict the deformation in an aluminum finned heatsink, which is one of the most versatile heat-dissipation devices. The viscoplastic finite element method, in which the viscosity for liquid-phase sintering was calibrated on the basis of experiments, accurately simulated the changes in shrinkage over time during sintering. The calibrated simulator analyzed the effect of the heatsink's design on its deformation behavior, whereas thicker fin plates decreased the tilting of the fins and increased the bending of the base plate, and the number of fins hardly affected either deformation behavior. The methodology established in this work is valuable in manufacturing aluminum heatsinks with the desired shape by BJT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cartilage is well lubricated over a lifetime and this phenomenon is attributed to both of the surface hydration lubrication and the matrix load-bearing capacity. Lubricious hydrogels with a layered structure are designed to mimic cartilage as potential replacements. While many studies have concentrated on improving surface hydration to reduce friction, few have experimentally detected the relationship between load-bearing capacity of hydrogels and their interface friction behavior. In this work, a bilayer hydrogel, serving as a cartilage prototype consisted of a top thick hydrated polymer brush layer and a bottom hydrogel matrix with tunable modulus was designed to investigate this relationship. The coefficient of friction (COF, μ) is defined as the sum of interfacial component (μInt) and deformation/hysteresis component (μHyst). The presence of the top hydration layer effectively dissipates contact stress and reduces the interface interaction (μInt), leading to a stable and low COF. The contribution of mechanical deformation (μHyst) during the sliding shearing process to COF can be significantly reduced by increasing the local mechanical modulus, thereby enhancing the load-bearing capacity. These results show that the strategy of coupling surface hydration layer with a high load-bearing matrix can indeed enhance the lubrication performance of hydrogel cartilage prototypes, and implies a promising routine for designing robust soft matter lubrication system and friction-control devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Micronanoelectronic Technology is the property of Micronanoelectronic Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to investigate the laws of the laser peening forming process and the effects of laser peening on the surface quality and tensile properties of 5083 aluminum alloy, experiments were conducted utilizing various laser peening paths, energies, and plate thicknesses. Subsequently, laser peening forming experiments were performed on S-shaped and different shapes of aluminum alloy substrates. The impact of different laser peening durations on surface morphology and tensile properties was then analyzed. Results indicated that the largest bending deformation perpendicular to the laser peening path reached 12.5 mm. In cases where the laser peening path was inclined relative to the horizontal direction, torsional deformations were observed in the aluminum alloy plate. For laser energy levels of 5 J, 6 J, and 7 J, deformation amounts were 3.8 mm, 4.9 mm, and 5.4 mm, respectively. Plates with thicknesses of 4 mm exhibited convex deformation, while those with 2 mm thickness showed concave deformation. Furthermore, following one and two laser peening cycles, the residual stresses in the alloy plates were −80 MPa and −107 MPa, the surface hardness increased by 16 HV and 31 HV, the roughness increased by 2.495 μm and 3.615 μm, and the tensile strength increased by 9.5 MPa and 18.5 MPa, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Urban Mass Transit is the property of Urban Mass Transit Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Excavations for underground structures, such as working shafts, underground grain silos, and parking garages, are characterized by uniformity, consistent dimensions, large quantities, and strict timelines. Prefabricated recyclable supporting structures (PRSS) are gaining attention over traditional retaining structures due to their standardized design, efficient construction, and reusability, which suit such excavations better. To validate their performance, full-scale tests are conducted to analyze the deformation and stress characteristics of PRSS. The results show that the average maximum lateral displacement of supporting pile is 0.07% of the excavation depth (He), roughly half that of steel plate. Differences in ground surface settlement behind steel plates and the supporting piles are not as significant as those in their lateral displacements. While the displacement of the supporting piles is insufficient to induce soil movement into the active limit state on the non-excavation side, the circular excavation's arching effect reduces the earth pressure on this side of the supporting piles below the active earth pressure limit. Furthermore, the earth pressure acting on the steel plates is lower than that acting on the supporting piles, suggesting the presence of a soil arching effect between two adjacent piles. These findings offer valuable insights for guiding the construction of PRSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the fractured weak fault zone, rock mass exhibits low strength and poor self-stability. The geological conditions are complex, and when tunnels cross through fractured zones, significant deformations and collapses are prone to occur, leading to geological hazards. This paper investigates the in situ stress and deformation patterns of the Dongmachang Tunnel No. 1, proposing support solutions for addressing tunnel deformations through field experiments and numerical simulations. The on-site monitoring results indicate that despite implementing measures such as grouting reinforcement and temporary steel supports to control surrounding rock deformation, significant structural damage still occurred in the tunnel support system. The manifestations included severe sinking and cracking of the arch crown, strong inward deformation of the sidewalls, widespread cracking, crushing, and spalling of shotcrete, slight arching uplift, and severe distortion and twisting of steel arches forming a "Z" or "S" shape. To ensure tunnel safety and control the stability of excavations in weak fault zones, a comparison of tunnel deformation support schemes is conducted through field experiments and numerical simulations, indicating that replacing the upper tunnel structure and invert can effectively prevent tunnel deformations. These measures are vital for the sustainable development of tunnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of fast-responding electrically conductive polymers as actuators activated by low electrical current is now regarded as an urgent matter. Due to their limited electrical conductivity, actuators based on polymeric hydrogels must be activated using a high voltage (up to 200 V) and frequency (up to 500 Hz) when employing AC power. In this work, to improve the electrical conductivity of the hydrogel and decrease the required activation voltage of the hydrogel actuators, lithium chloride (LiCL) was added as a conductive filler to the polymer matrix of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). In order to ascertain the deformation of actuators, activation and relaxation times, actuator efficiencies, and generated force under the conditions of activation, linear actuators that can be activated by extension/contraction (swelling/shrinking) cycles were prepared and investigated depending on the LiCl content, applied voltage, and frequency. Under a load of approximately 20 kPa and using a 90 V AC power at a 50 Hz frequency with a 30 wt.% LiCl content, it was found that the actuators' total contraction, reinforced by a woven mesh braided material, was about 20% with a ~2.2 s activation time, while the actuators' total extension, reinforced by a spiral weave material, was about 52% with a ~2.5 s activation time, after applying a 110 V AC at a 50 Hz frequency with a 10 wt.% LiCl content. Furthermore, as the lowest voltage, a 20 V AC power can operate these actuators by increasing the LiCl weight content to the same PVA mass content. Moreover, the PVA/LiCl hydrogels' activation force can be greater than 0.5 MPa. The actuators that have been developed have broad applications in soft robotics, artificial muscles, medicine, and aerospace fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper mainly studies the effect of surface carbon content on the deformation of M50 steel bearing ring, and the carbon content is changed by short-time carburizing on the surface of the bearing ring. By using the scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction analyzer, hardness tester and torsion spring tester to observe the microstructure and measure the hardness and size variation characteristic. The size and ovality variations of carburized and uncarburized samples are analyzed. Results show that austempering hardness decreases and tempering hardness increases with the increase of surface carbon content. The size of the bearing ring without carburizing is reduced by 0.31 mm after austempering, and the martensite in the surface layer plays a key role in inhibiting the size reduction. The size of the bearing ring with the carbon potential of 0.6% is reduced by 0.01 mm after austempering, and the size reduction is inhibited by the transformation of martensite in the core and surface. The ununiformity of carburizing layer makes the martensitic transition time in different regions inconsistent, resulting in the ovality of M50 steel increased by 0.14 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open‐cell aluminum foams are gaining importance for the design of lightweight structures and as electrodes in lithium‐ion batteries. AlSi7Mg0.3 foams are produced by a modified investment casting process. By tuning the mold temperature, a change from the usual nearly monocrystalline dendritic to a polycrystalline globular grain structure is achieved. Tension and compression tests on single struts and foam specimens, respectively, are combined with digital image correlation, scanning electron microscopy, and phase contrast‐enhanced microcomputed tomography in a synchrotron facility to correlate the mechanical properties and the failure mechanisms with the microstructure. The "globular" foams exhibit a lower strength and a less pronounced subsequent stress drop than the "dendritic" foams and the deformation mechanism changes from shear band‐dominated failure to a layer‐by‐layer collapse, because of the lower strength and higher ductility of the "globular" struts. The "dendritic" struts have a more homogeneous microstructure, while the "globular" struts often contain silicon agglomerates in their central region. Accordingly, the latter struts exhibit a higher degree of scatter for the fracture strain. Thus, the arrangement of the silicon particles and the eutectic determines the mechanical properties on the strut level and thereby the failure behavior on the foam level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn this paper, we characterize a relative Rota-Baxter operator on an n-Lie superalgebra with a representation (called an n-LSRep pair) as a Maurer-Cartan element of a certain Lie n-algebra. Then, we introduce the notions of n-pre-Lie superalgebras and symplectic n-Lie superalgebras and give some related results based on relative Rota-Baxter operators. In the next part, we give the cohomologies of relative Rota-Baxter operators on n-LSRep pairs and study infinitesimal deformations and extensions of finite order deformations of relative Rota-Baxter operators through the cohomology groups of relative Rota-Baxter operators. Finally, we build the relationship between the cohomology groups of relative Rota-Baxter operators on n-LSRep pairs and those on (n+1)-LSRep pairs by certain linear functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents experimental tests based on coal collected from a coal mine based underground water reservoir (CMUWR). The mechanical responses of dry and water-soaked coal samples under the complex normal and shear stresses under multi-amplitude and variable frequency is investigated. The experimental results reveal the effects of stress path, water soaking and frequency on deformation, energy dissipation, secant modulus and shear failure surface roughness. The experimental results show that when normal and shear stresses are applied simultaneously, there is a significant competitive relationship between them. On the dominant side, the strain rate will be significantly increased. The sample under a loading frequency of 0.2 Hz exhibits a longer fatigue life. During the cyclic shear test, the shear strain of the water-soaked sample is higher than that of the dry samples. The average roughness coefficient of failure surface exhibits an increasing pattern with increase in shear strength, the elevated roughness of a shear surface is advantageous in constraining shear displacements of specimens, thereby lowering the energy dissipation. This study can provide theoretical and practical implications for a long-term safety evaluation of CMUWR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of hydroelectric plants, this article emphasizes the imperative of robust monitoring strategies. The utilization of fiber-optic sensors (FOSs) emerges as a promising approach due to their efficient optical transmission, minimal signal attenuation, and resistance to electromagnetic interference. These optical sensors have demonstrated success in diverse structures, including bridges and nuclear plants, especially in challenging environments. This article culminates with the depiction of the development of an array of sensors featuring Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs). This array is designed to measure deformation and temperature in protective grids surrounding the turbines at the Santo Antônio Hydroelectric Plant. Implemented in a real-world scenario, the device identifies deformation peaks, indicative of water flow obstructions, thereby contributing significantly to the safety and operational efficiency of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately characterizing permanent deformation in granular materials subjected to cyclic loading is crucial for pavement design. This paper introduces an alternative approach to characterizing permanent deformation in a framework that reduces the number of load cycle repetitions by applying an alternative analytical strategy based on plastic strain rate variation over time. The methodology uses a cycle-hardening approach to establish correlations between short-term (post-compaction) and long-term (shakedown state) plastic strain accumulation. This alternative approach provides an efficient means to accelerate the characterization of permanent deformation, ensuring the integrity and validity of the assessment in a more time-efficient and resource-optimized way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the present paper is to provide a cohomology theory and crossed modules of modified Rota–Baxter pre-Lie algebras. We introduce the notion of a modified Rota–Baxter pre-Lie algebra and its bimodule. We define a cohomology of modified Rota–Baxter pre-Lie algebras with coefficients in a suitable bimodule. Furthermore, we study the infinitesimal deformations and abelian extensions of modified Rota–Baxter pre-Lie algebras and relate them with the second cohomology groups. Finally, we investigate skeletal and strict modified Rota–Baxter pre-Lie 2-algebras. We show that skeletal modified Rota–Baxter pre-Lie 2-algebras can be classified into the third cohomology group, and strict modified Rota–Baxter pre-Lie 2-algebras are equivalent to the crossed modules of modified Rota–Baxter pre-Lie algebras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Slow flow” is one very important concept in modern fundamental and clinical biomedicine. Slow coronary flow is indicative of delayed filling of the terminal coronary artery vessels, occurring in the absence of significant coronary stenosis. This group patient of patients exhibits a high incidence of disability and represents a significant financial and material burden for the state and the healthcare system in general.The primary objective of our study was to examine patients with slow coronary flow.We studied the standard parameters recommended by the international health care system (electrocardiography (by Medica QRS-12, Germany), through the electrical activity of a patient’s heart by the electrical impulses (beating) of the heart; HC1(Germany); coagulogramma by Coatron M1 (Germany), troponin by AQT 90 (Germany); general blood test we used automatic human counting device HC1(Germany). Also, we investigate the original parameters (non-standard parameters, which we use in this pilot study) that we were first studied for this diagnosis and non-standard parameters.A general blood test showed that patients with slow flow had a higher blood leukocyte count than the control group, but the amount of hemoglobin was normal, the hematocrit was much higher than in the control group, and the platelet count was close to the lower limit of clinical standards.We obtained details of blood flow by coagulation situation, such as prothrombin time, prothrombin index, international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen, and rheological properties such as index of erythrocyte aggregability, index of erythrocyte deformability, plasma viscosity, in silico blood rheological index.Blood flow can be considered as a superposition of vortices with similar frequencies and wave vectors that change after bifurcations or other obstacles in the vascular network. These factors together determine the conditions for structuring the flow of moving blood. Disruption or alteration of these factors results in slow flow. It has been found that the speed of blood flow in the coronary arteries depends on changes in the number and function of red blood cells. Slow flow is directly influenced by the aggregation and deformation of red blood cells, their number, and plasma viscosity. Consequently, the rheological status plays a crucial role in determining blood flow and its velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of baffle structures as a highly effective strategy for mitigating debris flow has attracted significant scholarly attention in recent years. Although the predominant focus of existing research has been on augmenting the energy dissipation capabilities of baffle structures, their deformation behavior under impact load has not been extensively investigated. Addressing this research gap, the current study systematically designs a series of physical model experiments, incorporating variables such as baffle height, shape, and various combinations of baffle types to comprehensively analyze the deformation characteristics of baffles subjected to debris flow impact. The experimental results reveal that the deformation of baffle group structures demonstrates a marked non-uniform spatial distribution and exhibits a latency effect. Additionally, distinct baffle configurations show considerable variations in peak strain, suggesting that combining different baffle shapes can not only optimize energy dissipation but also enhance resistance to deformation. Moreover, the relationship between baffle height and the development of deformation in relation to energy dissipation capacity is inconsistent, indicating that deformation must be a key consideration in the design of baffle structures. Consequently, this paper advocates for the formulation of a deformation-based design strategy for baffle structures, with the findings presented herein providing a foundational reference for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the maintenance access tunnel in a long-distance water diversion project as an example and using two-dimensional and three-dimensional finite element analysis, the influence law of different fracture zone space position to the tunnel construction deformation characteristics was studied in order to provide data support for tunnel lining design. The studied influencing factors included the direction, inclination, width of the fracture zone, the distance between the fracture zone and the tunnel, the tunnel depth and the lateral pressure coefficient. The different combinations of the above factors were used to simulate different working conditions, so as to obtain the changing laws of the dome sinking, tunnel convergence and invert heave during tunnel excavation. The results show that when the inclination angle is small, the dome sinks larger and the convergence is smaller, while when the inclination angle is large, the opposite is true. In addition, the tunnel deformation gradually decreases with the increase of the distance, and approximately stabilizes when the distance L>0.4D. The deformation of the tunnel increases with the increase of the buried depth; the dome subsidence of the tunnel decreases with the increase of the lateral pressure coefficient, and the smaller the inclination angle, the greater the amount of subsidence, while the tunnel convergence shows the opposite trend. In contrast, when the direction of the fracture zone is oblique to the direction of excavation, the tunnel's vault sinks, inverted bulge and convergence is greater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of shear deformation on the electronic and optical properties of the Al-doped arsenene has been investigated using the first-nature principle based on density general function theory. Within this study, the 5.882% doping concentration in the Al-doped arsenene makes it reasonably stable and the doping of Al atoms causes the arsenene to exhibit quasi-metallic properties. The combined energy calculations show that the structural stability of the Al-doped arsenene is not significantly affected by shear deformation. With increased shear deformation, the band gap of intrinsic arsenene reduces, and the band gap of the Al-doped arsenene similarly does. Optical properties analysis indicates that shear deformation redshifts both the absorption and reflection peaks of the doped system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hypoxia is a recurring problem in the fish farming industry. Currently, it is known that the exposure of fish and fry to a hypoxic environment induces important changes in their metabolism, compromising not only their development but also their reproduction and mortality rates. Our hypothesis is that hypoxia constitutes one of the etiological factors causing deformation of the body and caudal fin in this species, as well as affecting its growth. Methods: We analyzed two hundred forty Salmo salar salmon fry, differentially cultured at 100% saturation (normoxia condition) and 60% (hypoxia condition) for 2, 4, 6, and 8 days, including a group under continuous hypoxia. We performed diaphanization and Alcian blue staining, along with standard histological techniques. The polyclonal anti-HIF-1a antibody was used as a marker of hypoxia in Salmo salar, and hypoxia in these fish was associated with the immunopositivity of this antibody. Results and discussion: The results indicate that there is an association between exposure to hypoxia and the deformation of the body and fin, as well as an agreement between hypoxia and the total length of the fry and fin. Several months after the event occurred, we were able to find and describe angiogenesis, blood vessel disorganization, and vasodilation histologically. Finally, hypoxic cells in the fry (HIF-1a) could be recognized and confirmed as hypoxia sensors. All of this indicates that hypoxia not only affects the fry during the development phase of the event, but that its results can be evident much later and affect the fry throughout their entire ontogeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of centrifuge tests was conducted to explore the deformation mechanisms and earth pressures mobilised in loose and dense sand for a complete set of passive movement modes of a rigid retaining wall: rotation about the top and base and translation. Sand deformations were measured by particle image velocimetry and earth pressures were observed by a Tekscan pressure mapping system. Simplified linkages between wall displacements, sand strains and earth pressures were built. Superposition of such results would allow designers to predict retaining wall behaviour in sand during the construction sequence as well as ultimate collapse in a mobilisable strength design procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we apply electron tomography to characterize 3D dislocation microstructures in two quartz mylonite specimens from the Moine and Main Central Thrusts, both of which accommodated displacements by dislocation creep in the presence of water. Both specimens show dislocation activity with dislocation densities of the order of 3–4 × 1012 m−2 and evidence of recovery from the presence of subgrain boundaries. 〈a〉 slip occurs predominantly on pyramidal and prismatic planes (〈a〉 basal glide is not active). [c] Glide is not significant. On the other hand, we observe a very high level of activation of 〈c + a〉 glide on the 101‾0 $\left\{10\overline{1}0\right\}$, 101‾1 $\left\{10\overline{1}1\right\}$, 112‾n $\left\{11\overline{2}n\right\}$ (n = 1,2) and even 213‾1 $\left\{21\overline{3}1\right\}$ planes. Approximately 60% of all dislocations show evidence of climb with a predominance of mixed climb, a deformation mechanism characterized by dislocations moving in a plane intermediate between the glide and the climb planes. This atypical mode of deformation demonstrates comparable glide and climb efficiency under natural deformation conditions. It promotes dislocation glide in planes not expected for the quartz structure, probably by inhibiting lattice friction. Our quantitative characterization of the microstructure enables us to assess the strain that dislocations can generate. We show that glide systems indicated by the observed dislocations are sufficient to accommodate any arbitrary 3D strain by themselves. Although historically dislocation glide has been regarded as being primarily responsible for producing strain, activation of climb can also directly contribute to the finite strain. On the basis of this characterization, we propose a numerical modeling approach for attempting to characterize the local stress state that gave rise to the observed microstructure. Plain Language Summary: In this study, we characterize dislocation microstructures generated in quartz deformed in natural shear zones by advanced transmission electron microscopy to better understand the geological deformation conditions and the response of quartz to applied stresses. We characterize the crystal defects responsible for deformation of the mineral and their three‐dimensional geometries. We highlight an original deformation mechanism activated at very low natural strain rates that involves simultaneous dislocation glide and climb outside of their crystallographic glide planes. Key Points: Deformation involves mostly 〈a〉 and 〈c + a〉 slip on pyramidal and prismatic planes; [c] glide is marginal, 〈a〉 basal is not activatedApproximately 60% of the dislocations move by mixed climb, that is, a combination of glide and climbUnder natural strain‐rates glide and climb velocities are comparable [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors have proposed different models of deformation of droplets and bubbles in regular and non-Newtonian fluids depending on Weber, Morton, and Reynolds numbers. Consideration has been given to a geometric interpretation of the issues of deformation with the aim of evaluating the surface and volume of a deformed droplet. The influence of asphalt and resin material contained in heavy oils on the degree of deformation of the droplets in them has been evaluated. Models of deformation of droplets and bubbles in regular and non-Newtonian fluids have been developed. It has been noted that the change in the shape of droplets in heavy oils is slight owing to their high viscosity. A comparison of the proposed models of deformation of droplets with the existing experimental data and with other models has been made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The prosthetic foot is an essential component of the prosthetic limb used by people who suffer from amputation. The prosthetic foot or limb is expensive in developing countries and cannot be used by most people with special needs. OBJECTIVE: In this study, an uncomplicated prosthetic foot is designed that can be manufactured at low costs using 3D printer technology and can be provided to a wide range of amputees. The foot was designed using CAD software and analyzed using ANSES. METHODS: Carbon fiber material was chosen to be suitable for the manufacturing process using 3D printer technology. The selected material was tested in tensile and fatigue tests to determine its mechanical properties. The numerical analysis was carried out assuming the use of an artificial foot by a patient weighing 85 kg. RESULTS: The results showed that the material proposed for manufacturing has good mechanical properties for this application. The results of the engineering analysis also showed that the model has successfully passed the design process and is reliable for use by amputees. CONCLUSION: The success model designed in this study in the numerical analysis process gives reliability to the use of this design to manufacture the prosthetic foot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Data concerning the mechanical properties of the perineum during delivery are very limited. In vivo experiments raise ethical issues. The aim of the study was to describe some of the biomechanical properties of each perineal tissue layer collected from sows in order to better understand perineal tears during childbirth. Material and methods: Samples of each perineal tissue layer were obtained from the skin, the vagina, the external anal sphincter (EAS), the internal anal sphincter (IAS), and the anal mucosa of fresh dead sows. They were tested in quasi‐static uniaxial tension using the testing machine Mach‐1®. Tests were performed at a displacement velocity of 0.1 mm·s−1. Stress–strain curves of each perineal tissue layer before the first damage for each sow were obtained and modeled using a hyperelastic Yeoh model described by three coefficients: C1, C2, and C3. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to measure the correlation between the C1 hyperelastic coefficient and the duration between the first microfailure and the complete rupture for each perineal tissue layer. Pearson correlation was computed between C1 and the number of microfailures before complete rupture for each tissue. Results: Ten samples of each perineal tissue layer were analyzed. Mean values of C1 and corresponding standard deviations were 46 ± 15, 165 ± 60, 27 ± 10, 19 ± 13, 145 ± 28 kPa for the perineal skin, the vagina, the EAS, the IAS, and the anal mucosa, respectively. According to this same sample order, the first microfailure in the population of 10 sows appeared at an average of 54%, 27%, 70%, 131%, and 22% of strain. A correlation was found between C1 hyperelastic coefficient and the duration between the first microfailure and the complete rupture (r = 0.7, p = 0.02) or the number of microfailures before complete rupture only for the vagina (r = 0.7, p = 0.02). Conclusions: In this population of fresh dead sow's perineum, the vagina and the anal mucosa were the stiffest tissues. The IAS and EAS were more extensible and less stiff. A significantly positive correlation was found between C1 and the duration between the first microfailure and the complete rupture of the vagina, and the duration between the first microfailure and the complete rupture of the vagina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flax fibre-reinforced polymer was used to manufacture 27 tubes. A parametric study was conducted to investigate the effect of length and wall thickness on the tubes' bending capacity, strain behaviour, and failure mechanism which was investigated by conducting four-point loading experiments. The results indicated that with increasing the tube length, the failure mode of the tubes changed from ring-type deformation mode for short tubes to shear mode for medium-length and then to the bending mode for long tubes. While for short tubes, the largest strains developed in the hoop direction of the cross-section at mid-height, bottom, or top; for medium-length and long tubes, the largest strains occurred in the axial direction of the top or bottom cross-section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The country of Libya, situated on the Mediterranean fault zone, has a distinctive geodynamic regime due to the interplay between the Eurasian and African plates, which governs its tectonic evolution. In addition to its seismological significance, Libya is characterized by numerous subsidence and slope instabilities in regions with steep terrain. These geological phenomena have significant consequences for the built environment, as they pose an immediate danger to entire towns and essential infrastructure. Furthermore, infrequent weather phenomena, such as intense precipitation and thunderstorms, when coupled with the geological characteristics of some regions and the presence of seismically active terrain, have the potential to trigger landslide and land subsidence, resulting in significant harm to vital infrastructure. The current study utilizes the DInSAR technology to identify distinct subsidence occurrences that were induced by intense precipitation in coastal regions of Libya, specifically in Derna. These areas experienced significant flooding resulting in collapses during September 2023. A total of six pairs of co-event Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) were utilized to generate displacement maps in the vertical, north-east, and north-west directions for the purpose of analysing the deformations. The aforementioned activities are conducted via Sentinel-1A images, which is freely accessible through the Copernicus program. Additionally, flood-prone zones were defined using Sentinel-1 GRD imagery. The Interferometric processing revealed multiple areas of subsidence. Subsidence rates of up to −14 cm were found in Derna city's urban cores after flood. The findings suggest that subsidence may have an effect on the flood-proneness of the region of Derna City as Ground subsidence also occurred in the period immediately before the earthquake, at a rate of −14 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dominant structural fabric in the Eastern Goldfields is the steep north- to north-northwest-trending S2 foliation that is axial planar to upright F2 folds, developed during intense horizontal east–west shortening (D2–4 event). These structures consistently overprint D1 structures, which comprise layer-parallel S1 foliation, extensional shears, thrusts and recumbent F1 folds. The D1 event represents a separate and distinct episode of deformation with a markedly different stress regime (dominant vertical σ1), compared with the stress regime during the D2–4 events (horizontal east–west oriented σ1). There is little evidence for pre-2670 Ma ductile deformation in the Eastern Goldfields, as: (1) the ca 2730–2670 Ma greenstone sequences are deposited conformably on the older ca 2800 Ma greenstone sequences, with the first significant angular unconformities observed at the base of the post greenstone late basins; (2) a lack of schist or gneiss clasts in the late basins suggests that the surrounding uplifted sequence was largely undeformed; (3) the layer-parallel S1 foliation is observed throughout the 2720–2670 Ma greenstone sequence; and (4) the dominant low north- and south-plunges of F2 folds suggest that the sequence was predominantly flat-lying prior to strong east–west shortening (D2–4 events). The ca 2670–2655 Ma D1 event represents a period of sagduction that occurred immediately after cessation of rifting as a result of gravitational instability from deposition of dense, cold, greenstone sequences onto thinned, light, hot felsic crust. Late basins represent depocentres on the sinking greenstones during sagduction. Marked contrasts in the structural style of gold deposits, metallogeny and fluid sources, typically attributed to progressive deformation during orogenesis, could instead reflect temporally distinct mineralising events during changing tectonic regimes. In the East Yilgarn, an early plumbing system dominated by north-northwest-trending basin-controlling structures was likely established during rifting and focused fluids during multiple hydrothermal circulation events. ca 2720–2670 Ma greenstone sequences in the Eastern Goldfields were deposited in intracratonic rift basins. Rifting triggered an episode of sagduction that formed the early dome-and-basin geometry of the Eastern Goldfields and the onset of orogenesis at ca 2650 Ma (D2–4 events) modified the existing dome-and-basin geometry. Late basins represent depocentres on sinking greenstone sequences during sagduction. Gold mineralisation occurred throughout the changing tectonic regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bending deformation is easy to occur under the action of cutting force during machining, due to the weak stiffness of slender beam structural parts of Ti6Al4V. This will lead to the change of the theoretical cutting position relationship between the tool and the workpiece, thus affecting the machining accuracy and quality of the parts. Aiming at the structural characteristics and machining deformation of slender beam parts with weak stiffness of Ti6Al4V, the bending deformation of slender beam structural parts under the action of static force is analyzed by theory of Euler Bernoulli beam and finite element simulation of ABAQUS. The influence of support mode on the overall static stiffness and machining deformation of the beam is discussed. It is concluded that the clamping method of fulcrum assisted support and micro-crystalline wax filling in the machining process of slender beam structural parts of Ti6Al4V cannot only effectively suppress the machining deformation of parts but also solve the problem of machining chatter of parts. The machining accuracy and quality of slender beam structural parts are effectively improved. Slender beam parts with weak stiffness of Ti6Al4V processed according to this clamping concept. The maximum deformation of the part is 0.017 mm, the maximum dimensional deviation is − 0.015 mm, and the surface roughness Ra of the part is less than 0.5 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residual stress is the main factor that causes the deformation of the connecting rod during its coupled machining process. Thus, it is essential to predict the residual stress and deformation of the connecting rod before its machining. As the traditional independent analysis method is no longer suitable to the coupled machining process, a novel genetic-based method was proposed. Firstly, the genetic mechanism of residual stress field and deformation field was established to realize the effective correlation of multiple machining process simulation models. Secondly, a milling process was established based on the birth and death element method, which converted complex milling processes into dynamic loading of milling forces and the elimination of elements of the FEM model. It realized the coupling of initial residual stress (IRS) and machining induced residual stress (MIRS). Then, a multi-process simulation model of heat treatment, cutting off, and milling of connecting rod was established, which can reveal the evolution law of the residual stress field under multi-process coupling of connecting rod, the coupling mechanism between IRS and MIRS, and the deformation response law of the big hole cylinder of the connecting rod. The proposed method will have great significance to the deformation control of connecting rod. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]