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The well-being of individuals is influenced by their beliefs about gender roles, which are influenced by cultural factors. It is therefore important to compare links between gender role beliefs and well-being in cultures that are more or less gender equitable. This study examined links between gender role beliefs and well-being among young adults in the patriarchal culture of Pakistan and the more egalitarian culture of the United Kingdom (UK). Participants were 1141 university students aged 17–30 (mean = 21.56, SD = 2.54): 411 Pakistani women, 307 Pakistani men, 318 UK women, and 105 UK men. Analyses revealed stronger associations between gender role beliefs and well-being among respondents from Pakistan than respondents from the UK. Furthermore, whereas similar patterns of association were found among women in the two countries, the direction of some associations differed between men in Pakistan and the UK. Moderation models also highlighted variations in the links between egalitarian gender role beliefs and well-being outcomes among women and men in the two countries. Considering our results in the context of other research, there is a need to acknowledge young adults' gender identity concerns when providing, and encouraging engagement with, health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The first aim was to explore whether university students possess the information, motivation and behavioural skills required to adhere to government guidelines for alcohol consumption expressed in "units" of alcohol. The second aim was to identify correlates of greater motivation to adhere to guidelines and greater capacity to monitor alcohol unit intake. Methods: An online questionnaire was completed by 614 university students aged 18-30 living in South-East England. Key outcome variables were motivation to adhere to unit-based guidelines and a novel measure of accuracy of estimating recent alcohol unit intake. Findings: Respondents had poor knowledge of unit-based guidelines and their motivation to adhere to them was low. Only half of the sample had the skills to accurately estimate the alcohol unit content of their recent alcohol consumption. Greater capacity to accurately estimate recent alcohol unit intake and greater motivation to adhere to unit-based guidelines were related to psychological traits of greater conscientiousness and less extraversion, greater familiarity with unit-based guidelines and more positive attitudes toward them, and more moderate alcohol use. Conclusions: Taking into consideration people's beliefs and psychological traits could increase the effectiveness of health behaviour change strategies to curb alcohol consumption.

The psychosocial impact of infertility is affected by cultural factors. In this cross-cultural qualitative study we explored the experience of infertility among six women living in Pakistan and eight living in the UK. Although infertile women in the UK and Pakistan had many shared experiences related to their own desires for motherhood and the hopes of others, they also faced unique psychosocial challenges shaped by cultural context. Based on our findings, we suggest a need for further resources and networks to support women, particularly women living in cultures that allow women few fulfilling social roles other than motherhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]