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The main objective of cattle breeders in tropical and subtropical regions is to acquire animals with taurine-productive traits adapted to the broad weather range of these regions. However, one of the main challenges on using taurine genetics in these areas is the high susceptibility of these animals to tick-borne diseases. Consequently, the present study evaluated from 10 November 2021-19 April 2022, the over 13 assessments, the Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina DNA loads and the IgG anti-B. bovis and anti-B. bigemina levels in Angus (n = 17, 100% Taurine) and Ultrablack (n = 14, ∼82% taurine and 18% Zebu) calves. Data were analyzed using a multivariate mixed model with repeated measures of the same animal including the fixed effects of evaluation, genetic group, sex, Babesia spp., and their interactions. The repeatability values were estimated from the (co)variances matrix and expressed for each species. The correlations between the DNA loads (CN log ) and IgG titers (S/P) values for the two species were also estimated using the same model. Regarding the specific IgG antibody titers for both Babesia spp., no significant differences were observed between the two genetic groups. However, for B. bovis and B. bigemina DNA loads, Ultrablack calves presented significantly higher values than Angus calves. Under the conditions evaluated in this study, our findings suggest that the low percentage of Zebu genetic in the Ultrablack breed was insufficient to improve resistance against babesiosis. Further studies must demonstrate if the low percentages of Zebu genetics in Taurine breeds can modify the susceptibility to babesiosis infections., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None of the authors of this study has a financial or personal relationship with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Molecular assays have been widely used for the detection and quantification of bovine babesiosis due to their high sensitivity and specificity. However, variations in the sensitivity of pathogen detection may occur depending on the selected target gene. Thus, this study aimed to compare the detection sensitivity (DS) of Babesia bovis and B. bigemina infection levels in artificially and naturally infected cattle using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and six target genes. For B. bovis, the merozoite surface antigen genes 2b and 2c (msa-2b and msa-2c), and the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cybmt) were used. For B. bigemina, the genes encoding the proteins associated with rhoptry 1c (rap-1c), rap-1a, and cybmt were used. Six bovines, free of babesiosis, were artificially infected with 1 × 10 -8 red blood cells infected (iRBC) with B. bovis (n = 3) or 1 × 10 -6 B. bigemina iRBC (n = 3). The animals were evaluated daily until parasitemia was confirmed (≥ 2.0%). The quantity of iRBC present in each animal was determined by examining blood smears. Blood samples were then subjected to DNA extraction, serial dilution, and qPCR analysis to determine the DS of each target gene. In addition, 30 calves naturally infected by Babesia spp. were also evaluated using the same six target genes. Regarding the artificial infection, B. bovis cybmt showed 25-fold higher sensitivity than the msa-2b and msa-2c genes, while the B. bigemina cybmt exhibited 5-fold and 25-fold higher sensitivity than the rap-1a and rap-1c genes, respectively. The rap-1a gene was found to be 5 times more sensitive than the rap-1c gene, while the B. bovis msa-2b and msa-2c genes exhibited similar DS. The positive frequencies of naturally infected calves for the target cybmt, msa-2b, and msa-2c genes (B. bovis) were: 100%, 33.3% and 50%, while cybmt, rap-1a, and rap-1c genes (B. bigemina) were 90%, 83.3%, and 63.3%, respectively. This study may contribute to the selection of suitable genes for molecular monitoring of bovine babesiosis. Mitochondrial genes could be considered as an alternative to improve the sensitivity of B. bovis and B. bigemina detection using qPCR., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that there is no competing interest or conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The study was conducted with the objective of estimating genetic and phenotypic parameters for tick (CRM) and Babesia bigemina (IBBi), Babesia bovis (IBBo), and Anaplasma marginale (IAM) burden in Angus female breed in Brazil. The sample group was composed of Angus females raised in herds located in a region of endemic instability for cattle tick fever in the state of Rio Grande Sul (RS), Brazil. The variance components were estimated using Bayesian inference and Gibbs sampling algorithm, considering a multi-trait animal model. Heritability estimates showed values of low magnitude, ranging from 0.03 (IBBo) to 0.16 (CRM), while repeatability estimates ranged between 0.07 (IBBo) and 0.21 (CRM). Regarding the genetic correlation estimates, the values showed low (-0.01 for IBBo × IAM) to moderate (0.55 between IBBi × IAM) magnitudes. The results indicate that it is possible to use tick count and hemoparasite infection levels as selection criteria, with small genetic gains., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Infections by Anaplasma marginale and infestations by Rhipicephalus microplus occur endemically in Brazil, representing an obstacle to expanding the use of taurine breeds, which are more susceptible. In this study, the levels of infection by A. marginale and infestation by R. microplus were monitored in 31 calves that were either purebred or had a high degree of taurine blood: 17 Angus (100% taurine) and 14 Ultrablack (ca. 82% taurine and 18% Zebu). The animals were evaluated on 13 occasions at 12-day intervals. The levels of A. marginale infection were determined by quantification of DNA copy number (CN) by qPCR, and ticks were monitored by two methods: counting adult females (≥ 4.5 mm) and scoring the level of tick infestation considering all visible instars in the animals' bodies. No significant effects were observed between the means of CN of A. marginale, tick counts and scores among Angus and Ultrablack animals. The repeatability estimates for CN of A. marginale, tick counts and tick scores were 0.53, 0.12 and 0.16, respectively. The correlations between CN and tick counts and scores were close to zero, whereas the correlations between tick assessment methods were 0.57. The absence of differences between the two genetic groups indicates, under the conditions of the present study, that the low degree of Zebu blood did not influence the levels of infection by A. marginale or infestation by R. microplus. The results also suggest that the evaluation of the levels of infestation by ticks using scores can provide information closer to the real infestation rate considering that it uses all the visible instars of the parasites., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Genomic prediction has become the new standard for genetic improvement programs, and currently, there is a desire to implement this technology for the evaluation of Angus cattle in Brazil. Thus, the main objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of evaluating young Brazilian Angus (BA) bulls and heifers for 12 routinely recorded traits using single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP) with and without genotypes from American Angus (AA) sires. The second objective was to obtain estimates of effective population size (Ne) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the Brazilian Angus population. The dataset contained phenotypic information for up to 277,661 animals belonging to the Promebo breeding program, pedigree for 362,900, of which 1,386 were genotyped for 50k, 77k, and 150k single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panels. After imputation and quality control, 61,666 SNPs were available for the analyses. In addition, genotypes from 332 American Angus (AA) sires widely used in Brazil were retrieved from the AA Association database to be used for genomic predictions. Bivariate animal models were used to estimate variance components, traditional EBV, and genomic EBV (GEBV). Validation was carried out with the linear regression method (LR) using young-genotyped animals born between 2013 and 2015 without phenotypes in the reduced dataset and with records in the complete dataset. Validation animals were further split into progeny of BA and AA sires to evaluate if their progenies would benefit by including genotypes from AA sires. The Ne was 254 based on pedigree and 197 based on LD, and the average LD (±SD) and distance between adjacent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across all chromosomes were 0.27 (±0.27) and 40743.68 bp, respectively. Prediction accuracies with ssGBLUP outperformed BLUP for all traits, improving accuracies by, on average, 16% for BA young bulls and heifers. The GEBV prediction accuracies ranged from 0.37 (total maternal for weaning weight and tick count) to 0.54 (yearling precocity) across all traits, and dispersion (LR coefficients) fluctuated between 0.92 and 1.06. Inclusion of genotyped sires from the AA improved GEBV accuracies by 2%, on average, compared to using only the BA reference population. Our study indicated that genomic information could help us to improve GEBV accuracies and hence genetic progress in the Brazilian Angus population. The inclusion of genotypes from American Angus sires heavily used in Brazil just marginally increased the GEBV accuracies for selection candidates., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science.)

Background: High quality and quantity of messenger RNA (mRNA) are required for accuracy of gene expression studies and other RNA-based downstream applications. Since RNA is considered a labile macromolecular prone to degradation, which may result in falsely altered gene expression patterns, several commercial stabilizing reagents have been developed aiming to keep RNA stable for long period. However, for studies involving large number of experimental samples, the high costs related to these specific reagents may constitute a barrier., Methods and Results: In this context the present study was designed aiming to evaluate the stability of mRNA in whole bovine blood collected in EDTA tubes during storage at common fridge (4 °C). Whole blood samples were collected from six Holstein calves and submitted to RNA extraction in each different interval: immediately after blood sampling (< 2 h), at 1-day post-sampling (dps), 2 dps, 3 dps, 7 dps and 14dps intervals. RNA integrity and purity were evaluated, and RT-qPCR assays were run using seven different genes (B2M, ACTB, PPIA, GAPDH, YWHAZ, CD4 and IFN-γ) aiming to evaluate the presence of altered gene transcription during storage. All extracted RNA samples presented high purity, while optimal integrity and unaltered gene expression were observed in whole experimental group up to 3 days of storage., Conclusion: Bovine blood RNA remained stable in K3EDTA tubes for 3 days stored at common fridge and can be successfully and accurately used for gene expression studies., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Two β-globin allelic haplotypes (A and B) were identified in domestic sheep, wherein animals which are homozygous for β B allele (BB haplotype) have a deletion of pre-adult β C -globin and consequently are less tolerant to anemia and hypoxia. Since Haemonchus contortus infection, is associated with severe anemia, studies performed from 1960s to 1990s investigated the association between β-globin haplotype and resistance against this parasite. However, the findings were controversial, pointing out from increased resistance in animals harboring the β A allele to inexistence of association. Thus, our study aimed to develop a qPCR for β-globin haplotype identification, and to evaluate the association between β-globin haplotype and resistance against H. contortus in a group of sheep submitted to artificial infection with this parasite. A total of 286 lambs of Morada Nova breed were experimentally challenged with 4000 H. contortus L3 and monitored for 112 days from weaning. Significantly improved (p < 0.05) phenotypic profiles (lower fecal egg counts, higher packed cell volume and birthweight) were observed for AA haplotype animals, especially when compared to BB animals, while AB animals were similar to BB. This is the first report of a qPCR assay for ovine β-globin haplotype identification. In view of significant differences of phenotypic profiles between haplotype groups, the developed qPCR may constitute an important tool for sheep producers to improve genetic selection of parasite resistant animals., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Different allelic forms of bovine CD4 were previously described in cattle and were also observed in Canchim calves examined in the present experiment. However, the functional relevance of these different CD4 phenotypes has not yet been investigated. CD4 + T helper cells are known to play a central role in immune control against Babesia bovis infection. Thus, our study aimed to compare the profiles of immune cells, specific antibody titers and blood infection levels measured by qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) in calves naturally infected with B. bovis, phenotyped as CD4- (absence of anti-CD4 staining), CD4 + (intermediate staining) or CD4 ++ (high staining). The CD4 mRNA precursor was also measured in these animals. Calves with the CD4- phenotype showed higher amounts of B. bovis DNA in blood samples, compared to the other CD4 phenotypes. It was also observed that these calves with higher levels of infection had lower amounts of natural killer cells and higher expression of the CD4 gene, which can be interpreted as a compensation for the failure of the altered CD4 receptor to recognize relevant B. bovis epitopes., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina are tick-transmitted piroplasms that cause severe damage to the livestock industry in tropical regions of the world. Recent studies demonstrated differences in infection levels of these haemoparasites among bovine breeds and variation between individual cows regarding resistance to these diseases. This study aimed to estimate the repeatability and correlations between B. bovis and B. bigemina using two cattle breeding systems, an individual system (IS) and a collective paddock system (CPS). All animals were Holstein breed, and the levels of B. bovis and B. bigemina in blood samples were estimated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The estimated correlations for the B. bigemina and B. bovis DNA copy number for IS and CPS were moderate and high, respectively, whereas repeatability estimates for both systems and both Babesia species were moderate. Although we cannot infer that the type of rearing system directly influenced the correlation and repeatability coefficients, it appears that the bovine parasitemia burden may be dependent on (or determine) the parasitemia burden on ticks because the bovines remained in the same place for a longer time in both systems. Thus, the babesiosis infection levels of the ticks may have been uniform, a phenomenon that also ensures greater uniformity in cattle infection. This factor may have favored the occurrence of infected ticks leading to higher repeatability estimates and correlations. Our study confirms high variability in resistance/susceptibility between breeds, and the high correlations found may be linked to this characteristic and the most intensive breeding type of dairy cattle. Besides, under the present study conditions, the estimated correlations suggest that measuring an infection level of one Babesia species can predict the level of infection of the other.

Cows' milk may contain two types of β-casein: A1 and A2. A1 digestion is associated with the release of β-casomorphine-7 peptide, which can cause adverse gastrointestinal effects. Two methods - high-resolution melting (HRM) and rhAmp® SNP genotyping - were developed to identify the β-casein gene (CSN2) A1 and A2 alleles directly in milk. DNA milk samples from 45 animals were examined and 10 samples were also sequenced to confirm the accuracy of the assays. The analytical sensitivities of both strategies for A1 allele identification were evaluated by testing decreasing dilutions of A1 allele DNA copies (500 - 5 copies) in the A2 sample. The limits of detection for A1 in A2 samples were 10% (100 copies) and 2% (10 copies) for HRM and rhAmp, respectively. Both techniques were specific, differentiating between A1 and A2 alleles. However, we recommend rhAmp genotyping testing over HRM because of its enhanced sensitivity for A1., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Highlighting genomic profiles for geographically distinct subpopulations of the same breed may provide insights into adaptation mechanisms to different environments, reveal genomic regions divergently selected, and offer initial guidance to joint genomic analysis. Here, we characterized similarities and differences between the genomic patterns of Angus subpopulations, born and raised in Canada (N = 382) and Brazil (N = 566). Furthermore, we systematically scanned for selection signatures based on the detection of autozygosity islands common between the two subpopulations, and signals of divergent selection, via F ST and varLD tests. The principal component analysis revealed a sub-structure with a close connection between the two subpopulations. The averages of genomic relationships, inbreeding coefficients, and linkage disequilibrium at varying genomic distances were rather similar across them, suggesting non-accentuated differences in overall genomic diversity. Autozygosity islands revealed selection signatures common to both subpopulations at chromosomes 13 (63.77-65.25 Mb) and 14 (22.81-23.57 Mb), which are notably known regions affecting growth traits. Nevertheless, further autozygosity islands along with F ST and varLD tests unravel particular sites with accentuated population subdivision at BTAs 7 and 18 overlapping with known QTL and candidate genes of reproductive performance, thermoregulation, and resistance to infectious diseases. Our findings indicate overall genomic similarity between Angus subpopulations, with noticeable signals of divergent selection in genomic regions associated with the adaptation in different environments.

Water buffaloes can be infected by tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in endemic areas where cattle and buffalo coexist. Among TBPs affecting buffaloes is the Apicomplexan hemoparasites Babesia bovis and B. bigemina , transmitted by Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. However, little empirical evidence exists on whether buffalo can support TBPs' infection and transmission. A cohort study was designed to measure the infestation levels of R. microplus in buffaloes as well as the ability of buffalo-fed ticks to transmit B. bovis and B. bigemina to their offspring. Tick infestation of different life stages was quantified in cattle and buffalo kept in field conditions in western Cuba. Engorged adult female ticks were allowed to lay eggs in controlled conditions of humidity and temperature, and reproductive parameters were measured and analyzed. Hosts and tick larvae were tested for the presence of Babesia spp. using species-specific qPCR assays. Tick infestation was not observed in adult buffaloes. However, buffalo and cattle calves were equally infested, although the larval survival rate was higher in cattle calves than in buffalo calves. All larval pools (31) obtained from the adult female ticks were positive for B. bovis, whereas only 68% (21/31) was positive for B. bigemina . Among the 10 larval pools negative for B. bigemina , three proceeded from adult females fed on Babesia -negative buffaloes. The other seven pools were from Babesia -positive animals, three from cattle and four from buffalo calves. Babesia infection levels in tick larvae, quantified by qPCR, were similar in female ticks fed on buffalo and bovine calves. We conclude that water buffalo can sustain tick vector populations and support Babesia infection in levels high enough as to be infective for ticks. Our results also validated the hypothesis that adult female ticks fed on buffalo can transmit the pathogens B. bovis and B. bigemina to their offspring. Nevertheless, further laboratory studies are needed to address the question of whether the transovarial transmission of Babesia occurs in the following settings: (1) When adult females are infected previous to the feeding on the buffalo or/and (2) when the adult females acquire the infection while feeding on the buffalo.

Cattle babesiosis is a tick-borne disease responsible for significant losses for the livestock industries in tropical areas of the world. These piroplasms are under constant control of the host immune system, which lead to a strong selective pressure for arising more virulent or attenuated phenotypes. Aiming to better understand the most critical genetic modifications in Babesia bovis genome, related to virulence, an in silico analysis was performed using DNA sequences from GenBank. Fourteen genes (sbp-2, sbp-4, trap, msa-1, msa-2b, msa-2c, Bv80 (or Bb-1), 18S rRNA, acs-1, ama-1, β-tub, cp-2, p0, rap-1a) related to parasite infection and immunogenicity and ITS region were selected for alignment and comparison of several isolates of Babesia bovis from different geographic regions around the world. Among the 15 genes selected for the study of diversity, only 7 genes (sbp-2, sbp-4, trap, msa-1, msa-2b, msa-2c, Bv80) and the ITS region presented sufficient genetic variation for the studies of phylogeny. Despite this genetic diversity observed into groups, there was not sufficient information available to associate molecular markers with virulence of isolates. However, some genetic groups no were correlated with geographic region what could indicate some typical evolutionary characteristics in the relation between parasite-host. Further studies using these genes in herds presenting diverse clinical conditions are required. The better understanding of evolutionary mechanisms of the parasite may contribute to improve prophylactic and therapeutic measures. In this way, we suggest that genes used in our study are potential markers of virulence and attenuation and have to be analyzed with the use of sequences from animals that present clinical signs of babesiosis and asymptomatic carriers., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Blocking immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding receptors on leukocytes is an established and highly recommended preventive procedure for immunological assays. Failing to prevent such nonspecific binding can lead to erroneous results. Several studies testing different blocking reagents have been performed in murine or human cells, however, there are no specific studies on bovine cells. Our study aimed to investigate the efficiency of blocking reagents to inhibit the nonspecific binding of mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to bovine peripheral blood cells. We observed nonspecific interactions of IgG2a and IgG2b negative isotypes with bovine leukocytes, but not IgG1. We found that these nonspecific bindings could be eliminated by blocking with purified mouse IgG, whereas little or no blocking effect was observed when bovine serum or Mouse Seroblock FcR were applied. Moreover, in the absence of an efficient blocking reagent, the percentage of CD335 positive cells was significantly higher than in the group previously blocked with mouse IgG. Based on these results, and due to the lack of specific commercial blocking reagents for bovine cells, our recommendation is to use purified mouse IgG as a blocking reagent for immune assays targeting bovine leukocytes in order to enhance the accuracy of the results., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Parasitemia generated by Anaplasma marginale causes significant losses in the cattle industry. A major constraint to the effective control and management of anaplasmosis in livestock is the lack of a rapid and reliable diagnostic test to identify the parasite and allow for immediate therapy. In the present study, we developed a novel DNA-based assay for the detection of A. marginale in bovine blood samples, using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). DNA from six cattle and hemoparasite samples (Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Anaplasma centrale and A. marginale) were tested for specificity, sensitivity and cross-reactions. The developed LAMP procedures were also confirmed and compared with the qPCR method. The same gene sequence (major surface protein 1b, msp1b) of A. marginale was used to design a set of primers for the LAMP and qPCR assays. The results showed that LAMP is specific, as no positive signal was observed for the other tested hemoparasites. However, the sensitivity of the qPCR assay was ten times higher than LAMP. Our findings indicate that this LAMP method has a good sensitivity and high specificity for the detection of A. marginale and may have a potential application in the detection and differentiation of bovine anaplasmosis.

Bovine babesiosis caused by protozoan parasites Babesia bovis and B. bigemina is one of the most important causes of losses for the livestock industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Therefore, highly sensitive and specific tools for these hemoparasites detection and monitoring are required, especially in carrier animals, in which low parasite levels were usually present. In this context, qPCR assays have been successfully and fairly used in last years. Aiming to improve the performance of Babesia levels monitoring by qPCR, some of main aspects of this methodology that may influence results were tested: DNA extraction kits, whole blood EDTA pre-treatment, blood source (tip of tail or jugular vein), erythrocytes isolation, FTA card interference and qPCR system of detection. Under our experimental conditions, both EDTA pre-treatment and FTA card application have no influence on the sensitivity of detection, and two DNA extraction kits provided higher sensitivity compared to others. As expected, blood samples collected from the tip of tail vessels presented higher levels of B. bovis DNA compared to those obtained from the jugular vein, and erythrocytes processed isolated has also improved the sensitivity compared to whole blood. Moreover, both qPCR assays here developed using hydrolysis probes for B. bovis and B. bigemina detection, presented enhanced reproducibility compared to qPCR assays using intercalating dye system. Even, qPCR for B. bigemina using hydrolysis probe here developed presented higher sensitivity compared to intercalating dye system. This study has contributed to the improvement of molecular diagnosis of bovine babesiosis, which may improve epidemiological studies related to these pathogens.

Babesia spp. are tick-transmitted intraerythrocytic apicomplexan parasites that infect wild and domestic animals. Babesia bovis and B. bigemina are endemic and responsible for enormous economic losses to the livestock industry in most of the Brazilian territory, wherein the tick Rhipicephalus microplus is the unique vector. Better understanding of epidemiology and parasite-host interactions may improve the tools for disease control and genetic management for selection of resistant animals. This study aimed to detect, quantify and measure the correlation between B. bigemina and B. bovis infection levels in bovine blood and into tick, by absolute quantification of hemoparasite DNA using qPCR. Blood bovine samples and larvae pools from 10 engorged R. microplus females were collected from each Canchim heifers (5/8 Charolais + 3/8 zebu, n = 36). All evaluated samples were positive for both Babesia species tested. Correlations of B. bovis and B. bigemina levels between cattle and tick host were 0.58 and 0.66, respectively. These high positive correlation coefficients indicate that parasitemia load in the bovine may be dependent on or may determine the parasitemia load in the ticks.

Rhipicephalus microplus is a vector of cattle tick fever, a disease caused by the protozoans Babesia bovisand B. bigemina, and also anaplasmosis, produced by the Rickettsiales Anaplasma marginale. These tick-borne pathogens cause considerable losses to Brazilian livestock breeders and represent an obstacle to the expanded use of taurine breeds due to their higher sensitivity to ticks and hemoparasites compared to zebu breeds. Differences in the susceptibility to hemoparasites were also verified within breeds, suggesting that may be possible to select a most resistant phenotype. Therefore, repeatability of R. microplus counts and copy number of hemoparasites DNA were estimated, along with correlations between themselves, aiming to verify if those measures can be used as parameters to classify animals according to their parasite resistance degrees. Forty-two Canchim females kept on pastures naturally infested by ticks were evaluated for the level of infestation by R. microplus and infection by B. bovis, B. bigemina, and A. marginale. Twenty-four evaluations were performed once a month, for adult female ticks counts and blood samplings. The experimental period was divided into four phases, according to the animals age range: Phase 1: 8 to 13 months (collections 1 to 6); phase 2: 14 to 19 months (collections 7 to 12); phase 3: 20 to 25 months (collections 13 to 18), and phase 4: 26 to 31 months (collections 19 to 24). Blood samples were submitted to absolute quantification of hemoparasites DNA sequences using qPCR. The hemoparasite and tick counts data were transformed for normalization and were analyzed using mixed models. Among three species of hemoparasites studied, A. marginale presented the highest level of infection. During phase 3, B. bigemina presented higher infection levels (p < 0.05) compared to B. bovis, whereas no differences were observed in other phases. Estimated repeatabilities for parasite infection levels varied from low to moderate during our experiment. There were low correlations between tick counts and parasite infection levels, and between parasite infection levels from different species by themselves. Based on these results, under conditions of the present study, we suggest that it is possible to identify animals presenting a most resistant phenotype against infection by both hemoparasites and ticks. Moreover, the animal age may be an important factor related to resistance against these pathogens. The data obtained shed more light on the resistance to hemoparasites studied., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The use of pesticides is the main tool to control infestations of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus, and organophosphate (OP) is one of the most used compounds for this purpose. Carboxylesterases (ChEs) are targets for OP pesticides in arthropods, and acetylcholinesterase 2 (AChE 2 ) and esterase 1 (EST 1 ) are metabolic enzymes involved in the xenobiotic detoxification process. The increase in the synthesis of these enzymes can be detected by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay, which was used to identify cattle tick populations resistant to OP pesticides. For that, two field populations of R. microplus were used, one previously identified by the larval packet test (LPT) as OP -sensitive (LC 50 =0.13μg/cm 2 ) and the other OP-resistant (LC 50 =8.14μg/cm 2 ). To promote the OP enzyme detoxification, groups of 10 females of the resistant strain were immersed in solutions of diazinon in technical grade at concentrations of 1.0mg/ml, 2.5mg/ml, and 5.0mg/ml. The ticks that survived diazinon exposure were submitted to qPCR assay, which enabled observing an increase in AChE 2 and EST 1 synthesis in the OP-resistant strain when compared to the susceptible strain. The initial results of expression analysis suggest that the qPCR assay can discriminate OP-resistant and susceptible populations. The development and improvement of molecular diagnostic tests to identify pesticide resistant R. microplus populations are priorities and in the near future it will be important to expand the molecular targets involved in OP resistance, which could be used for better selection of effective strategies to control cattle tick populations., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

With the aim of finding quantitative phenotypic traits that can be used to discriminate the levels of resistance/susceptibility to Babesia bovis, we estimated the repeatability and correlation between the level of infection, determined by the number of copies of a fragment of the gene that encodes cytochrome B (NC mt-cyB) of B. bovis, and the levels of the anti-B. bovis antibodies, in blood samples collected from 51 Angus cattle on two different occasions. Samples with the anticoagulant EDTA were used for DNA extraction and without anticoagulant for separation of the blood serum. The quantification of the NC mt-cyB of B. bovis was carried out by the quantitative PCR technique (qPCR), while the anti-B. bovis IgG antibody titers (S/P) were quantified by the ELISA method. The NC and S/P data were log10-transformed to improve the approximation to the normal distribution and were analyzed using mixed models. The correlations between NC mt-cyB and S/P were estimated, as well as the repeatability values for each trait. The results obtained showed the high sensitivity of the techniques, with 100% of the animals being positive for B. bovis, detected by both the serological and molecular tests. The correlations estimated between NC and S/P were low, 0.10 and 0.12, in the first and second collection, respectively. The repeatability estimated for NC was 0.06, whereas for the S/P it was 0.42. The low correlations between S/P and NC in the two collections demonstrated that the variation in the NC value is independent of the level of antibodies. This results indicated that animals with a higher levels of antibodies against B. bovis in the first collection continued to have a higher levels in the second one. However, the very low values for the repeatability value of NC, and for the correlations between S/P and NC, demonstrates that neither NC or S/P could be used to discriminate animals for resistance/susceptibility to B. bovis., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

The development of resistance to anthelmintics has prompted research into alternative methods of controlling intestinal nematodes in ruminants. This study aimed to assess the activity of Ananas comosus on Haemonchus contortus in Santa Inês sheep. The aqueous extract of pineapple skin (AEPS), bromelain from pineapple stems (B4882) and residue from pineapple processing was evaluated in in vitro and in vivo tests. The enzymatic activity of substances was analyzed by the azocasein method. The egg hatch test (EHT) and larval development test (LDT) were performed using the Embrapa2010 isolate of H. contortus. In the in vivo test, 36 sheep artificially infected with H. contortus were divided into six groups: G1: 2 g/kg BW of the aqueous extract administered for three days; G2: 2 g/kg BW of the industrial pineapple residue for 60 days; G3: 180 mg/animal of bromelain in a single dose; G4: negative control I; G5: positive control (levamisole phosphate); and G6: negative control II. The eggs per gram (EPG) in the feces were counted till 28 days after treatment. LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ were obtained by the probit procedure, while the in vivo test results were analyzed by GLM. The aqueous extract in the in vitro and in vivo test, the bromelain and industrial residue presented 0.102, 0.157, 1.864 and 0.048 enzyme units/mL, respectively. In the egg hatch test, the LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ were respectively 31 and 81 mg/mL for the aqueous extract and 0.50 and 2 mg/mL for bromelain. In the larval development test, the LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ were respectively 1.7 and 7.3 mg/mL for the aqueous extract and 0.019 and 0.086 mg/mL for bromelain. In the in vivo test, the general efficacies of the treatments in relation to the negative control were 22.6%, 42.2%, 3.65% and 89% for the aqueous extract, industrial pineapple residue, bromelain and positive control respectively. The transformed EPG values were 3.19 ± 0.59, 3.32 ± 0.25, 2.85 ± 0.66, 3.44 ± 0.50, 2.28 ± 0.93 and 2.75 ± 0.94 for the aqueous extract, industrial residue, bromelain, negative control I, positive control and negative control II respectively. The results for all the treated groups differed significantly (p<0.05) from the positive control, and although the residue presented efficacy of 42.2%, there was no statistical difference (p>0.05) in relation to the negative control. Therefore, both the aqueous extract and bromelain were effective in vitro, but showed reduced anthelmintic efficacy in vivo. For the pineapple residue, the 42.2% in vivo efficacy in reducing the EPG and the possibility of reducing environmental contamination through reuse of industrial residue indicate it can also be useful for control of this parasite., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Herbal drugs have been widely evaluated as an alternative method of parasite control, aiming to slow development of resistance and obtain low-cost biodegradable parasiticides. This study evaluated the in vitro efficacy on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus of extracts from Carapa guianensis seed oil, Cymbopogon martinii and Cymbopogon schoenanthus leaf essential oil, and Piper tuberculatum leaf crude extract and similar synthesized substances. In the immersion test, engorged females were evaluated in five dilutions ranging from 10% to 0.030625% concentration. In the larval test on impregnated filter paper, the concentration ranged from 10% to 0.02%. The treatments and controls were done in three replicates. Chemical analysis of the oils was performed by gas chromatography. The main compounds were oleic acid (46.8%) for C. guianensis and geraniol for C. martinii (81.4%), and C. schoenanthus (62.5%). The isolated and synthesized substances showed no significant effect on larvae and adult. C. martinii and P. tuberculatum showed the best efficacy on the engorged females. The LC(50) and LC(90) were 2.93% and 6.66% and 3.76% and 25.03%, respectively. In the larval test, the LC(50) and LC(90) obtained for C. martinii, P. tuberculatum, and C. schoenanthus were 0.47% and 0.63%, 0.41% and 0.79%, 0.57% and 0.96%, respectively. The fact that geraniol is present in greater quantities in C. martinii explains its higher activity in relation to C. shoenanthus. It is necessary to validate the in vivo use of safe and effective phytoparasiticidal substances. Efforts should be focused on developing formulations that enhance the efficacy in vivo and lengthen the residual period.