82 results on '"de Gier B"'
Search Results
2. Disease burden of psittacosis in the Netherlands
- Author
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de Gier, B., Hogerwerf, L., Dijkstra, F., and van der Hoek, W.
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- 2018
3. Chlamydia psittaci (psittacosis) as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia : a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Author
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HOGERWERF, L., DE GIER, B., BAAN, B., and VAN DER HOEK, W.
- Published
- 2017
4. SARS-CoV-2 TEST OUTCOMES AMONG DENTISTS AND DENTAL HYGIENISTS WITH COVID-19-LIKE COMPLAINTS - A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS FROM THE NETHERLANDS
- Author
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van der Weijden, FGA, de Gier, B, de Bruin, MJC, Valkenburg, C, and Slot, DE
- Published
- 2022
5. Staat van Infectieziekten in Nederland, 2019
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Lagerweij, G, Schimmer, B, Mooij, S, Raven, S, Schoffelen, A, de Gier, B, and Hahné, S
- Subjects
RIVM rapport 2020-0048 - Abstract
Het RIVM geeft elk jaar in de Staat van Infectieziekten een overzicht van de belangrijkste ontwikkelingen van infectieziekten in Nederland en, als het voor Nederland relevant is, in het buitenland. Deze jaarlijkse rapportage geeft beleidsmakers bij onder andere het ministerie van VWS en GGD’en inzicht in de ontwikkelingen. Eind 2018 is een vaccinatiecampagne begonnen tegen meningokokken voor tieners. In 2019 hebben minder mensen een ernstige infectie met meningokokken W gekregen dan het jaar ervoor (van 103 in 2018, naar 62 in 2019). Tussen eind november 2019 en eind januari 2020 hebben 66 mensen papegaaienziekte (psittacose) gehad. Dat aantal is veel hoger dan de gemiddeld 10 tot 20 zieken per jaar in de vijf jaar daarvoor. Alle gemelde patiënten zijn opgenomen in het ziekenhuis, van wie er een is overleden. In 2019 zijn twee Nederlandse tropenartsen in Sierra Leone geïnfecteerd met Lassavirus. Beide patiënten zijn naar Nederland gebracht, waarna een van hen overleed. De Staat van Infectieziekten geeft ook aan hoeveel ‘gezonde levensjaren’ verloren zijn gegaan door infectie¬ziekten, uitgedrukt in disability-adjusted life years (DALY’s). Dit wordt ook wel de ‘ziektelast’ genoemd. De infectieziek¬ten waaraan in 2019 in Nederland de meeste gezonde levensjaren verloren gingen, zijn ernstige pneumokokken¬ziekte (9.500 DALYs), griep (8.100 DALYs), en legionella (8.100 DALYs). Deze top-3 is al enkele jaren hetzelfde. Het RIVM geeft ook alvast een eerste schatting van de ziektelast door COVID-19 in Nederland in 2020, gezien de grote impact van deze ziekte in Nederland en wereldwijd. De ziektelast in de eerste golf in 2020 (tot 1 juli) is geschat op, afgerond, 58.500 DALY’s. De meeste gezonde levensjaren zijn verloren gegaan door mensen die vroegtijdig zijn overleden aan COVID-19. Deze ziektelast is gebaseerd op het aantal patiënten van wie via labora¬toriumonderzoek is aangetoond dat ze COVID-19 hebben. De werkelijke ziektelast is hoger, omdat lang niet iedereen met klachten op het virus is getest.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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6. State of infectious diseases in the Netherlands, 2016
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de Gier B, Nijsten DRE, Duijster JW, Hahne SJM, SIS, and I&V
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RIVM report 2016-0069 ,RIVM rapport 2017-0029 - Abstract
The most notable infectious disease outbreak in 2016 was the large Zika virus outbreak in Latin America. During this outbreak it was discovered that the Zika virus can cause Guillain-Barré syndrome, and that infection during pregnancy can lead to severe congenital disorders. In the Caribbean Netherlands, the Zika virus is mainly spread by mosquitoes, while in the European Netherlands sexual transmission of the virus occurs via infected travellers. In 2016, Zika virus infection during pregnancy and severe cases of Zika virus disease became notifiable. The first two cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) infected in the Netherlands occurred in 2016. The virus causing this condition is spread by ticks and infection can lead to (meningo) encephalitis. The main infectious disease outbreaks in the Netherlands in 2016 were caused by Salmonella, hepatitis A virus and Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal disease). In addition, relatively many Legionella infections occurred. From August 2015 to July 2016 low numbers of rotavirus diagnoses were reported in the virological surveillance, similar to the 2013/14 season. A normal season was observed n 2014/15 and 2016/17. These observations might indicate a transition from an annual rotavirus pattern to a biennial pattern in the Netherlands. With regard to international outbreaks, aside from the aforementioned Zika virus epidemic, the yellow fever outbreak in Angola and measles epidemics in several European countries were monitored in order to assess possible risks to the Netherlands. These are some of the highlights of the annual State of Infectious Diseases in the Netherlands report by the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). This report provides insight into infectious disease developments for policy makers at the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS) and in municipal health services (GGD). The thematic Chapter of the 2016 report reviews vaccination and the immune system during the life course. Certain populations, specifically young children, the elderly, pregnant women and people with a weakened immune system, become infected more easily and, if infected, they can experience a more severe disease course. Vaccination may be less effective for these groups. To protect vulnerable groups, maintaining herd protection through high vaccination coverage in the general population is essential.
- Published
- 2020
7. Staat van infectieziekten in Nederland, 2018
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de Gier, B, Schimmer, B, Mooij, SH, Raven, CFH, Leenstra, T, and Hahné, SJM
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Staat van infectieziekten ,infectieziekten ,surveillance ,RIVM rapport 2019-0069 - Abstract
Dit rapport bevat een erratum d.d. 08-07-2019 op pagina 42 en d.d. 10-09-2019 op pagina 43. De afgelopen jaren neemt het aantal mensen dat ziek is geworden van de meningokokken type W-bacterie toe. Deze stijging zette in 2018 door (103 patiënten in 2018, 80 in 2017). Vaccinatie tegen dit type meningokok is daarom sinds mei 2018 toegevoegd aan de vaccinatie voor kinderen van 14 maanden. Daarnaast wordt deze meningokokken ACWY-vaccinatie in 2019 aangeboden aan jongeren die tussen 2001 en 2005 zijn geboren. Een deel van de jongeren uit 2004, is hier al in 2018 voor uitgenodigd. Het griepseizoen 2018-2019 verliep, met naar schatting 400.000 zieken, aanzienlijk milder dan de hevige epidemie van 2017-2018 (900.000 zieken). In juli en augustus 2018 zijn opvallend veel meldingen gedaan van kraamvrouwenkoorts door groep A streptokokken (27 patiënten). In die periode zagen huisartsen ook veel mensen met krentenbaard. Na onderzoek van het RIVM bleek dat de vrouwen die kraamvrouwenkoorts kregen relatief vaak in contact waren geweest met mensen met roodvonk, krentenbaard of keelontsteking; drie ziekten die de groep A streptokok kan veroorzaken. De infectieziekten waaraan in de afgelopen vijf jaar de meeste 'gezonde levensjaren' in Nederland verloren gingen, zijn griep, pneumokokkenziekte, en infecties met legionella, hiv en campylobacter. Dit blijkt uit de Staat van Infectieziekten van het RIVM. Deze jaarlijkse rapportage geeft beleidsmakers bij onder andere het ministerie van VWS en GGD-en een overzicht van de belangrijkste ontwikkelingen van infectieziekten in Nederland en het buitenland. Het verdiepende thema gaat dit jaar over muggen en de ziekten die deze insecten kunnen overbrengen. In de media worden vaak muggensoorten, risico's en de factoren die hierop van invloed zijn, verward. Dit kan onnodige bezorgdheid veroorzaken. Daarom is een overzicht gemaakt van welke muggensoort welke ziekten kan overbrengen, en onder welke omstandigheden. Deze kennis is belangrijk om te kunnen bepalen of er een risico is voor de Nederlandse volksgezondheid. Het is nog onduidelijk wat de invloed van klimaatverandering (temperatuurstijging, meer regen en aanhoudende droogte) is op de risico's van mugoverdraagbare ziekten.
- Published
- 2020
8. Burden of surgical site infections in the Netherlands: cost analyses and disability-adjusted life years
- Author
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Koek, M.B.G., primary, van der Kooi, T.I.I., additional, Stigter, F.C.A., additional, de Boer, P.T., additional, de Gier, B., additional, Hopmans, T.E.M., additional, de Greeff, S.C., additional, Entius, J., additional, Diederen, J.C.M., additional, Groenendijk, E.H., additional, Nolles, L., additional, Jalink-Olthof, K.P., additional, den Broeder, B.J.H., additional, and Blaauwgeers, H.G.M., additional
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- 2019
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9. Levenscyclus van de Mens: Ontwikkeling en gezondheid van conceptie tot ouderdom
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van de Bor, M., de Gier, B., van der Kallen, L.R., AIMMS, and E&H: Environmental Health and Toxicology
- Published
- 2018
10. Staat van Infectieziekten in Nederland, 2017
- Author
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de Gier B, Mooij SH, and Hahné SJM
- Subjects
infectieziekten ,State of Infectious Diseases ,RIVM rapport 2018-0032 ,surveillance ,meldingsplichtige ziekten ,ziektelast ,burden of disease ,infectious diseases ,Staat van Infectieziekten ,notifiable infectious disease - Abstract
Ministerie van VWS
- Published
- 2018
11. Pertussis notifications in the Netherlands: workload versus benefits
- Author
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Te Wierik, M.J.M., primary, de Gier, B., additional, Suijkerbuijk, A., additional, van der Maas, N., additional, Cox, K., additional, and Ruijs, H., additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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12. The incidence of symptomatic infection with influenza virus in the Netherlands 2011/2012 through 2016/2017, estimated using Bayesian evidence synthesis
- Author
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Teirlinck, A. C., primary, de Gier, B., additional, Meijer, A., additional, Donker, G., additional, de Lange, M., additional, Koppeschaar, C., additional, van der Hoek, W., additional, Kretzschmar, M. E., additional, and McDonald, S. A., additional
- Published
- 2018
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13. Surveillance of infectious diseases based on electronic medical records in primary care in 2016
- Author
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Hooiveld, M., Weesie, Y., Schellevis, FG, de Gier, B., Nijsten, D.R.E., Duijster, J.W., Hahné, S.J.M., APH - Quality of Care, APH - Aging & Later Life, General practice, and AII - Infectious diseases
- Published
- 2017
14. Species-specific associations between soil-transmitted helminths and micronutrients in Vietnamese schoolchildren
- Author
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de Gier, B., Nga, T. T., Winichagoon, P., Dijkhuizen, M. A., Khan, N. C., van de Bor, M., Ponce, M. C., Polman, K., and Wieringa, Franck
- Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections and micronutrient deficiencies are closely related and often coexist among low-income populations. We studied the association between infections with specific STH species and micronutrient status in rural Vietnamese schoolchildren. Children (N = 510) aged 6-9 years were recruited from two primary schools. STH infections were determined in stool samples. Hemoglobin, ferritin, retinol, and zinc were measured in blood samples, as well as C-reactive protein to control for inflammation. Iodine excretion was measured in urine. Associations of single and multiple infections with Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm with micronutrient status (hemoglobin, plasma ferritin, retinol, zinc, and urinary iodine) were estimated by multiple regression analysis. Ascaris infections showed a specific and intensity-dependent negative association with vitamin A. Trichuris and hookworm infections were associated with lower hemoglobin concentration, but not with plasma ferritin. Trichuris-infected children had zinc deficiency less often than uninfected children. In conclusion, our study shows species-specific associations between STH infections and micronutrient status in children. The different life cycles of STH species might have specific effects on the absorption or loss of specific micronutrients. Tailor-made combinations of deworming and nutritional interventions may be needed to improve child health and nutrition.
- Published
- 2016
15. Results on Module Integration of IBC Solar Cells Based on the Conductive Backsheet Approach
- Author
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Halm, A., De Gier, B., Schneider, A., Mihailetchi, V.D., Koduvelikulathu, L.J., Galbiati, G., Chu, H., Roescu, R., Libal, J., Van Ommen, N., and Kopecek, R.
- Subjects
New Materials and Concepts for Modules ,New Materials and Concepts for Solar Cells and Modules - Abstract
32nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 53-55, We present here results on 60-cell modules assembled with 6 inch n-type interdigitated back contact (IBC) solar cells which were accomplished in close collaboration between ISC Konstanz, who developed an industrial process to fabricate IBC cells which we call Zebra cells [1] and Eurotron BV, who supplies equipment for back contact module assembly and processed Zebra cells into 60-cell modules. Interconnection is realized by electrically conductive adhesive (ECA) gluing of cells to a conductive copper backsheet. The module sandwich is laminated with commercially available encapsulation material in a standard laminator. We assembled three 60-cell modules so far reaching 294 W, 298 W and 303 W peak power at 1 sun respectively. The cell to module (CTM) power losses ranges between 1.1 to 1.8% relative which is an excellent result taking into account the absence of ISC gain due to finger reflection which eases the CTM loss for modules assembled with front contacted solar cells.
- Published
- 2016
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16. Helminth infections and micronutrients in children
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de Gier, B., van de Bor, Margot, Polman, Katja, Campos Ponce, Maiza, Wieringa, F.T., and Health & Life
- Published
- 2015
17. Production of recyclable crystalline Si PV modules
- Author
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Goris, M.J.A.A., Rosca, V., Geerligs, L.J., De Gier, B., and Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland
- Subjects
OPERATIONS, PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY OF PHOTOVOLTAICS (FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS) ,Quality and Sustainability in Manufacturing and Recycling - Abstract
31st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1925-1929, In this paper we investigate new approaches to enhance recovery of valuable materials during the recycling of crystalline Si (cSi) PV modules. The recycling of out-of-specs, damaged or end-of-life cSi PV modules will gradually become more important for PV suppliers and recyclers. Also recycling can help to further reduce carbon and environmental footprint of cSi PV. We tested two approaches to enhance recyclability of frame, glass, and silicon. The research was based on ECN’s conductive back-contact module technology. First, alternative edge sealants, easy to release from the module, were tested on their protection against air and moisture ingress into the module. Several alternatives were established which show comparable protection as the state-of-the-art silicone-based or double-sided adhesive tape edge sealants, but are much more easy to remove. Second, thermoplastic encapsulant was investigated as a method to improve recyclability of PV modules. The thermoplastic encapsulant used in this study results in PV modules with improved resistance to damp heat (DH) conditions, compared to EVA-based modules. The separation of the components (cells, glass, backsheet) in PV laminates with this thermoplastic encapsulant, using a wire saw device at temperatures around 200 degrees C, was demonstrated. This method may allow recovering of intact solar cells out of end-of-life, out-of-specs or damaged PV modules.
- Published
- 2015
18. The incidence of symptomatic infection with influenza virus in the Netherlands 2011/2012 through 2016/2017, estimated using Bayesian evidence synthesis.
- Author
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Teirlinck, A. C., de Gier, B., Meijer, A., Donker, G., de Lange, M., Koppeschaar, C., van der Hoek, W., Kretzschmar, M. E., and McDonald, S. A.
- Abstract
Due to differences in the circulation of influenza viruses, distribution and antigenic drift of A subtypes and B lineages, and susceptibility to infection in the population, the incidence of symptomatic influenza infection can vary widely between seasons and age-groups. Our goal was to estimate the symptomatic infection incidence in the Netherlands for the six seasons 2011/2012 through 2016/2017, using Bayesian evidence synthesis methodology to combine season-specific sentinel surveillance data on influenza-like illness (ILI), virus detections in sampled ILI cases and data on healthcare-seeking behaviour. Estimated age-aggregated incidence was 6.5 per 1000 persons (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 4.7-9.0) for season 2011/2012, 36.7 (95% UI: 31.2-42.8) for 2012/2013, 9.1 (95% UI: 6.3-12.9) for 2013/2014, 41.1 (95% UI: 35.0-47.7) for 2014/2015, 39.4 (95% UI: 33.4-46.1) for 2015/2016 and 27.8 (95% UI: 22.7-33.7) for season 2016/2017. Incidence varied substantially between age-groups (highest for the age-group <5 years: 23 to 47/1000, but relatively low for 65+ years: 2 to 34/1000 over the six seasons). Integration of all relevant data sources within an evidence synthesis framework has allowed the estimation - with appropriately quantified uncertainty - of the incidence of symptomatic influenza virus infection. These estimates provide valuable insight into the variation in influenza epidemics across seasons, by virus subtype and lineage, and between age-groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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19. Zorg voor Zeeland - deelrapport van de regionale Volksgezondheid Toekomstverkenning Zeeland 2012
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van Kooten, P.J.C., Polder, J.J., Poos, M.J.J.C., de Gier, B., Isenia, E., and Tranzo, Scientific center for care and wellbeing
- Published
- 2012
20. Status of the EU FP7 HERCULES project: what is the potential of n-type silicon solar cells in europe?
- Author
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Muñoz, D., Ribeyron, P.J., Harrison, S., Allebé, C., Descoeudres, A., Despeisse, M., Reichel, C., Glunz, S.W., Peibst, R., Merkle, A., Nielsen, O., Martín, I., Mihailetchi, V., Söderström, T., Demaurex, B., De Wolf, S., Mehlich, H., Zhao, J., Alvarez, J., Dupuis, J., Macron, E., De Gier, B., Tallián, M., Korsós, F., Korte, L., Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. MNT - Grup de Recerca en Micro i Nanotecnologies
- Subjects
Solar cells ,Module integration ,Silicon ,Silicon Solar Cells Improvements and Innovation ,Energies::Energia solar fotovoltaica [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,Interdigitated back-contact solar cells ,Production level ,IBC solar cells ,EU FP7 HERCULES project ,Photovoltaic power generation ,SHJ solar cells ,Solar cell development ,Hybrid concepts ,Homo-heterojunction ,Silicon heterojunction solar cells ,Pilot line activity ,Innovative n-type monocrystalline device structures ,European PV industry ,Wafer-Based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology ,N-type solar cells ,Manufacturing process chain ,Energia solar fotovoltaica - Abstract
32nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 331-334, The concept proposed by the HERCULES project is to develop innovative n-type monocrystalline c-Si device structures based on both sides’ contacted silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells, on interdigitated back-contact (IBC) solar cells with alternative junction formation, as well as on hybrid concepts (homo-heterojunction). These concepts are the most promising technologies to reach ultra-high efficiencies with industrially relevant processes. The HERCULES strategy is to transfer the developed processes to industrial scale by considering all major cost drivers of the entire manufacturing process chain. The final objective is to obtain both high-efficiency solar cells and modules, based on adequately simple process sequences. It requires strong expertise and equipment mastering in order to provide a commercially viable technology that can be implemented by the European PV industry. To this end, the HERCULES consortium takes advantage of its leading European expertise in both research and production. In this paper, major results are presented concerning the first 30 months in material, solar cell development, module integration and pilot line activity. The strong improvements achieved in all the value chain demonstrate the strong need of collaboration within all partners to reach very ambitious objectives from the optimization of n-type solar cells & modules up to production level.
21. Nationwide upsurge in invasive disease in the context of longitudinal surveillance of carriage and invasive Streptococcus pyogenes 2009-2023, the Netherlands: a molecular epidemiological study.
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Rümke LW, Davies MA, Vestjens SMT, van der Putten BCL, Bril-Keijzers WCM, van Houten MA, Rots NY, Wijmenga-Monsuur AJ, van der Ende A, de Gier B, Vlaminckx BJM, and van Sorge NM
- Abstract
Since 2022, many countries have reported an upsurge in invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS) infections. We explored whether changes in Streptococcus pyogenes carriage rates or emergence of strains with potentially altered virulence, such as emm 1 variants M1
UK and M1DK , contributed to the 2022/2023 surge in the Netherlands. We determined emm (sub)type distribution for 2,698 invasive and 351 S . pyogenes carriage isolates collected between January 2009 and March 2023. Genetic evolution of emm 1 was analyzed by whole-genome sequencing of 497 emm 1 isolates. The nationwide iGAS upsurge coincided with a sharp increase of emm 1.0 from 18% (18/100) of invasive isolates in Q1 2022 to 58% (388/670) in Q1 2023 (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.0001). M1UK became dominant among invasive emm 1 isolates in 2016 and further expanded from 72% in Q1 2022 to 96% in Q1 2023. Phylogenetic comparison revealed evolution and clonal expansion of four new M1UK clades in 2022/2023. DNase Spd1 and superantigen SpeC were acquired in 9% (46/497) of emm 1 isolates. S. pyogenes carriage rates and emm 1 proportions in carriage isolates remained stable during this surge, and the expansion of M1UK in iGAS was not reflected in carriage isolates. During the 2022/2023 iGAS surge in the Netherlands, expansion of four new M1UK clades was observed among invasive isolates, but not carriage isolates, suggesting increased virulence and fitness of M1UK compared to contemporary M1 strains. The emergence of more virulent clades has important implications for public health strategies such as antibiotic prophylaxis for close contacts of iGAS patients.IMPORTANCEThis study describes the molecular epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS) infections in the Netherlands based on >3,000 Streptococcus pyogenes isolates from both asymptomatic carriers and iGAS patients collected before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic period (2009-2023) and is the first to assess whether changes in carriage rates or carried emm types contributed to the alarming post-COVID-19 upsurge in iGAS infections. We show that the 2022/2023 iGAS surge coincided with a sharp increase of emm 1, particularly the toxicogenic M1UK variant, in invasive isolates, but not in carriage isolates. These findings suggest that increased virulence and fitness of M1UK likely contributes to an increased dissemination between hosts. The emergence of a more virulent and fit lineage has important implications for iGAS control interventions such as antibiotic prophylaxis for close contacts of iGAS patients and calls for a reappraisal of iGAS control interventions and guidelines.- Published
- 2024
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22. Informed consent for national registration of COVID-19 vaccination caused information bias of vaccine effectiveness estimates mostly in older adults: a bias correction study.
- Author
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van Werkhoven CH, de Gier B, McDonald SA, de Melker HE, Hahné SJM, van den Hof S, and Knol MJ
- Abstract
Objectives: Registration in the Dutch national COVID-19 vaccination register requires consent from the vaccinee. This causes misclassification of nonconsenting vaccinated persons as being unvaccinated. We quantified and corrected the resulting information bias in vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates., Study Design and Setting: National data were used for the period dominated by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (July 11 to November 15, 2021). VE ((1-relative risk)∗100%) against COVID-19 hospitalization and intensive care unit (ICU) admission was estimated for individuals 12 to 49, 50 to 69, and ≥70 years of age using negative binomial regression. Anonymous data on vaccinations administered by the Municipal Health Services were used to determine informed consent percentages and estimate corrected VEs by iteratively imputing corrected vaccination status. Absolute bias was calculated as the absolute change in VE; relative bias as uncorrected/corrected relative risk., Results: A total of 8804 COVID-19 hospitalizations and 1692 COVID-19 ICU admissions were observed. The bias was largest in the 70+ age group where the nonconsent proportion was 7.0% and observed vaccination coverage was 87%: VE of primary vaccination against hospitalization changed from 75.5% (95% CI 73.5-77.4) before to 85.9% (95% CI 84.7-87.1) after correction (absolute bias -10.4 percentage point, relative bias 1.74). VE against ICU admission in this group was 88.7% (95% CI 86.2-90.8) before and 93.7% (95% CI 92.2-94.9) after correction (absolute bias -5.0 percentage point, relative bias 1.79)., Conclusion: VE estimates can be substantially biased with modest nonconsent percentages for vaccination data registration. Data on covariate-specific nonconsent percentages should be available to correct this bias., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest C.H. van Werkhoven declares financial and nonfinancial research support from DaVolterra and bioMérieux; financial research support from LimmaTech; consultancy fees from MSD and Sanofi-Pasteur (all payments to the University Medical Center Utrecht, not related to the current manuscript). There are no competing interests for any other author., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)
- Published
- 2024
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23. Effectiveness of XBB.1.5 Monovalent COVID-19 Vaccines During a Period of XBB.1.5 Dominance in EU/EEA Countries, October to November 2023: A VEBIS-EHR Network Study.
- Author
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Monge S, Humphreys J, Nicolay N, Braeye T, Van Evercooren I, Holm Hansen C, Emborg HD, Sacco C, Mateo-Urdiales A, Castilla J, Martínez-Baz I, de Gier B, Hahné S, Meijerink H, Kristoffersen AB, Machado A, Soares P, Nardone A, Bacci S, Kissling E, and Nunes B
- Subjects
- Humans, Aged, Male, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Retrospective Studies, Vaccination statistics & numerical data, Europe epidemiology, Electronic Health Records, COVID-19 prevention & control, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 Vaccines immunology, COVID-19 Vaccines administration & dosage, European Union, Hospitalization statistics & numerical data, SARS-CoV-2 immunology, Vaccine Efficacy
- Abstract
Using a common protocol across seven countries in the European Union/European Economic Area, we estimated XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19 hospitalisation and death in booster-eligible ≥ 65-year-olds, during October-November 2023. We linked electronic records to construct retrospective cohorts and used Cox models to estimate adjusted hazard ratios and derive VE. VE for COVID-19 hospitalisation and death was, respectively, 67% (95%CI: 58-74) and 67% (95%CI: 42-81) in 65- to 79-year-olds and 66% (95%CI: 57-73) and 72% (95%CI: 51-85) in ≥ 80-year-olds. Results indicate that periodic vaccination of individuals ≥ 65 years has an ongoing benefit and support current vaccination strategies in the EU/EEA., (© 2024 The Authors. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2024
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24. Effectiveness of Omicron XBB.1.5 vaccine against infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB and JN.1 variants, prospective cohort study, the Netherlands, October 2023 to January 2024.
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Huiberts AJ, Hoeve CE, de Gier B, Cremer J, van der Veer B, de Melker HE, van de Wijgert JH, van den Hof S, Eggink D, and Knol MJ
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- Adult, Humans, Netherlands epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, Prospective Studies, COVID-19 prevention & control, Vaccines
- Abstract
We estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.5 vaccination against self-reported infection between 9 October 2023 and 9 January 2024 in 23,895 XBB.1.5 vaccine-eligible adults who had previously received at least one booster. VE was 41% (95% CI: 23-55) in 18-59-year-olds and 50% (95% CI: 44-56) in 60-85-year-olds. Sequencing data suggest lower protection against the BA.2.86 (including JN.1) variant from recent prior infection (OR = 2.8; 95% CI:1.2-6.5) and, not statistically significant, from XBB.1.5 vaccination (OR = 1.5; 95% CI:0.8-2.6).
- Published
- 2024
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25. Relative vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 hospitalisation in persons aged ≥ 65 years: results from a VEBIS network, Europe, October 2021 to July 2023.
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Fontán-Vela M, Kissling E, Nicolay N, Braeye T, Van Evercooren I, Holm Hansen C, Emborg HD, Fabiani M, Mateo-Urdiales A, AlKerwi A, Schmitz S, Castilla J, Martínez-Baz I, de Gier B, Hahné S, Meijerink H, Starrfelt J, Nunes B, Caetano C, Derrough T, Nardone A, and Monge S
- Subjects
- Humans, Aged, 80 and over, Retrospective Studies, Vaccine Efficacy, Europe epidemiology, Hospitalization, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 prevention & control
- Abstract
To monitor relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) against COVID-19-related hospitalisation of the first, second and third COVID-19 booster (vs complete primary vaccination), we performed monthly Cox regression models using retrospective cohorts constructed from electronic health registries in eight European countries, October 2021-July 2023. Within 12 weeks of administration, each booster showed high rVE (≥ 70% for second and third boosters). However, as of July 2023, most of the relative benefit has waned, particularly in persons ≥ 80-years-old, while some protection remained in 65-79-year-olds.
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- 2024
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26. Early COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness of XBB.1.5 vaccine against hospitalisation and admission to intensive care, the Netherlands, 9 October to 5 December 2023.
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van Werkhoven CH, Valk AW, Smagge B, de Melker HE, Knol MJ, Hahné SJ, van den Hof S, and de Gier B
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- Adult, Humans, COVID-19 Vaccines, Netherlands epidemiology, Vaccine Efficacy, Critical Care, Hospitalization, COVID-19 prevention & control, Vaccines
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We present early vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates of the 2023 seasonal COVID-19 XBB.1.5 vaccine against COVID-19 hospitalisation and admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) in previously vaccinated adults ≥ 60 years in the Netherlands. We compared vaccination status of 2,050 hospitalisations including 92 ICU admissions with age group-, sex-, region- and date-specific population vaccination coverage between 9 October and 5 December 2023. VE against hospitalisation was 70.7% (95% CI: 66.6-74.3), VE against ICU admission was 73.3% (95% CI: 42.2-87.6).
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- 2024
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27. Vaccine Effectiveness Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Delta and Omicron Infection and Infectiousness Within Households in the Netherlands Between July 2021 and August 2022.
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Hoeve CE, de Gier B, Huiberts AJ, de Melker HE, Hahné SJM, van den Hof S, and Knol MJ
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- Humans, Netherlands epidemiology, COVID-19 Testing, COVID-19 Vaccines, Vaccine Efficacy, Postoperative Complications, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 prevention & control
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Background: We aimed to estimate vaccine effectiveness against infection (VE-infection) and against further transmission (VE-infectiousness) in a household setting during Delta and Omicron. Knowing these effects can aid policy makers in deciding which groups to prioritize for vaccination., Methods: Participants with a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) test were asked about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination status and SARS-CoV-2 testing of their household members 1 month later. VE-infection and VE-infectiousness were estimated using generalized estimating equation logistic regression adjusting for age, vaccination status, calendar week, and household size., Results: A total of 3399 questionnaires concerning 4105 household members were included. During the Delta period, VE-infection and VE-infectiousness of primary series were 47% (95% confidence interval [CI], -27% to 78%) and 70% (95% CI, 28% to 87%), respectively. During the Omicron period, VE-infection was -36% (95% CI, -88% to 1%) for primary series and -28% (95% CI, -77% to 7%) for booster vaccination. VE-infectiousness was 45% (95% CI, -14% to 74%) for primary series and 64% (95% CI, 31% to 82%) for booster vaccination., Conclusions: Our study shows that COVID-19 vaccination is effective against infection with SARS-CoV-2 Delta and against infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron. Estimation of VE against infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron was limited by several factors. Our results support booster vaccination for those in close contact with vulnerable people to prevent transmission., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. All authors: No reported conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.)
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- 2023
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28. Effects of COVID-19 vaccination and previous infection on Omicron SARS-CoV-2 infection and relation with serology.
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de Gier B, Huiberts AJ, Hoeve CE, den Hartog G, van Werkhoven H, van Binnendijk R, Hahné SJM, de Melker HE, van den Hof S, and Knol MJ
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- Adult, Humans, COVID-19 Vaccines, Cohort Studies, Prospective Studies, SARS-CoV-2, Vaccination, COVID-19 prevention & control
- Abstract
An increasing proportion of the population has acquired immunity through COVID-19 vaccination and previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, i.e., hybrid immunity, possibly affecting the risk of new infection. We aim to estimate the protective effect of previous infections and vaccinations on SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection, using data from 43,257 adult participants in a prospective community-based cohort study in the Netherlands, collected between 10 January 2022 and 1 September 2022. Our results show that, for participants with 2, 3 or 4 prior immunizing events (vaccination or previous infection), hybrid immunity is more protective against infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron than vaccine-induced immunity, up to at least 30 weeks after the last immunizing event. Differences in risk of infection are partly explained by differences in anti-Spike RBD (S) antibody concentration, which is associated with risk of infection in a dose-response manner. Among participants with hybrid immunity, with one previous pre-Omicron infection, we do not observe a relevant difference in risk of Omicron infection by sequence of vaccination(s) and infection. Additional immunizing events increase the protection against infection, but not above the level of the first weeks after the previous event., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)
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- 2023
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29. Vaccine effectiveness of primary and booster COVID-19 vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Netherlands from July 12, 2021 to June 6, 2022: A prospective cohort study.
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Huiberts AJ, de Gier B, Hoeve CE, de Melker HE, Hahné SJM, den Hartog G, Grobbee DE, van de Wijgert JHHM, van den Hof S, and Knol MJ
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- Adult, Humans, Middle Aged, Netherlands epidemiology, Vaccine Efficacy, COVID-19 Vaccines, SARS-CoV-2, Prospective Studies, Vaccination, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 prevention & control
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Objectives: We estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of primary and booster vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2 infection overall and in four risk groups defined by age and medical risk condition during the Delta and Omicron BA.1/BA.2 periods., Methods: VAccine Study COvid-19 is an ongoing prospective cohort study among Dutch adults. The primary end point was a self-reported positive SARS-CoV-2 test from July 12, 2021 to June 06, 2022. The analyses included only participants without a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection based on a positive test or serology. We used Cox proportional hazard models with vaccination status as the time-varying exposure and adjustment for age, sex, educational level, and medical risk condition., Results: A total of 37,170 participants (mean age 57 years) were included. In the Delta period, VE <6 weeks after the primary vaccination was 80% (95% confidence interval 69-87) and decreased to 71% (65-77) after 6 months. VE increased to 96% (86-99) shortly after the first booster vaccination. In the Omicron period, these estimates were 46% (22-63), 25% (8-39), and 57% (52-62), respectively. For the Omicron period, an interaction term between vaccination status and risk group significantly improved the model (P <0.001), with generally lower VEs for those with a medical risk condition., Conclusion: Our results show the benefit of booster vaccinations against infection, also in risk groups; although, the additional protection wanes quite rapidly., Competing Interests: Declarations of competing interest The authors have no competing interests to declare., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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30. Effect of COVID-19 vaccination on mortality by COVID-19 and on mortality by other causes, the Netherlands, January 2021-January 2022.
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de Gier B, van Asten L, Boere TM, van Roon A, van Roekel C, Pijpers J, van Werkhoven CHH, van den Ende C, Hahné SJM, de Melker HE, Knol MJ, and van den Hof S
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- Aged, Humans, Netherlands epidemiology, Causality, Vaccination, COVID-19 Vaccines, COVID-19 prevention & control
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Background: We aimed to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19 mortality, and to explore whether an increased risk of non-COVID-19 mortality exists in the weeks following a COVID-19 vaccine dose., Methods: National registries of causes of death, COVID-19 vaccination, specialized health care and long-term care reimbursements were linked by a unique person identifier using data from 1 January 2021 to 31 January 2022. We used Cox regression with calendar time as underlying time scale to, firstly, estimate VE against COVID-19 mortality after primary and first booster vaccination, per month since vaccination and, secondly, estimate risk of non-COVID-19 mortality in the 5 or 8 weeks following a first, second or first booster dose, adjusting for birth year, sex, medical risk group and country of origin., Results: VE against COVID-19 mortality was > 90 % for all age groups two months after completion of the primary series. VE gradually decreased thereafter, to around 80 % at 7-8 months post-primary series for most groups, and around 60 % for elderly receiving a high level of long-term care and for people aged 90+ years. Following a first booster dose, the VE increased to > 85 % in all groups. The risk of non-COVID-19 mortality was lower or similar in the 5 or 8 weeks following a first dose compared to no vaccination, as well as following a second dose compared to one dose and a booster compared to two doses, for all age and long-term care groups., Conclusion: At the population level, COVID-19 vaccination greatly reduced the risk of COVID-19 mortality and no increased risk of death from other causes was observed., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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31. Number of COVID-19 hospitalisations averted by vaccination: Estimates for the Netherlands, January 6, 2021 through August 30, 2022.
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van Iersel SCJL, McDonald SA, de Gier B, Knol MJ, de Melker HE, Henri van Werkhoven CH, and Hahné SJM
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- Adult, Humans, Netherlands, Vaccination, Hospitalization, COVID-19 Vaccines, COVID-19
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Background: Vaccines against COVID-19 have proven effective in preventing COVID-19 hospitalisation. In this study, we aimed to quantify part of the public health impact of COVID-19 vaccination by estimating the number of averted hospitalisations. We present results from the beginning of the vaccination campaign ('entire period', January 6, 2021) and a subperiod starting at August 2, 2021 ('subperiod') when all adults had the opportunity to complete their primary series, both until August 30, 2022., Methods: Using calendar-time specific vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates and vaccine coverage (VC) by round (primary series, first booster and second booster) and the observed number of COVID-19 associated hospitalisations, we estimated the number of averted hospitalisations per age group for the two study periods. From January 25, 2022, when registration of the indication of hospitalisation started, hospitalisations not causally related to COVID-19 were excluded., Results: In the entire period, an estimated 98,170 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 96,123-99,928) hospitalisations were averted, of which 90,753 (95 % CI 88,790-92,531) were in the subperiod, representing 57.0 % and 67.9 % of all estimated hospital admissions. Estimated averted hospitalisations were lowest for 12-49-year-olds and highest for 70-79-year-olds. More admissions were averted in the Delta period (72.3 %) than in the Omicron period (63.4 %)., Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccination prevented a large number of hospitalisations. Although the counterfactual of having had no vaccinations while maintaining the same public health measures is unrealistic, these findings underline the public health importance of the vaccination campaign to policy makers and the public., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Senna van Iersel reports financial support was provided by Netherlands Ministry of Health Welfare and Sport., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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32. Novel emm 4 lineage associated with an upsurge in invasive group A streptococcal disease in the Netherlands, 2022.
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van der Putten BCL, Bril-Keijzers WCM, Rumke LW, Vestjens SMT, Koster LAM, Willemsen M, van Houten MA, Rots NY, Vlaminckx BJM, de Gier B, and van Sorge NM
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- Humans, Antigens, Bacterial genetics, Netherlands epidemiology, Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins genetics, Carrier Proteins genetics, Streptococcus pyogenes genetics, COVID-19, Streptococcal Infections epidemiology
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Invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS) disease cases increased in the first half of 2022 in the Netherlands, with a remarkably high proportion of emm 4 isolates. Whole-genome sequence analysis of 66 emm 4 isolates, 40 isolates from the pre-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic period 2009-2019 and 26 contemporary isolates from 2022, identified a novel Streptococcus pyogenes lineage (M4
NL22 ), which accounted for 85 % of emm 4 iGAS cases in 2022. Surprisingly, we detected few isolates of the emm 4 hypervirulent clone, which has replaced nearly all other emm 4 in the USA and the UK. M4NL22 displayed genetic differences compared to other emm 4 strains, although these were of unclear biological significance. In publicly available data, we identified a single Norwegian isolate belonging to M4NL22 , which was sampled after the isolates from this study, possibly suggesting export of M4NL22 to Norway. In conclusion, our study identified a novel S. pyogenes emm 4 lineage underlying an increase of iGAS disease in early 2022 in the Netherlands and the results have been promptly communicated to public health officials.- Published
- 2023
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33. Group A Streptococcal Meningitis With the M1UK Variant in the Netherlands.
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van der Putten BCL, Vlaminckx BJM, de Gier B, Freudenburg-de Graaf W, and van Sorge NM
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- Humans, Netherlands epidemiology, Streptococcus agalactiae, Meningitis, Bacterial epidemiology, Meningitis, Bacterial genetics, Meningitis, Bacterial microbiology, Streptococcal Infections epidemiology, Streptococcal Infections genetics, Streptococcal Infections microbiology, Streptococcus pyogenes genetics
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- 2023
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34. [Invasive group A streptococcal infections in the Netherlands].
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Vinkeles Melchers NVS, Nawijn F, Rümke LW, Dix LML, Vestjens SMT, Hietbrink F, Tjon-Kon-Fat R, Verspui-van der Eijk E, de Gier B, Vlaminckx BJM, Içli C, Quaak MSW, and Huijskens EIGW
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- Child, Female, Pregnancy, Humans, Netherlands epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2, Streptococcus pyogenes, COVID-19, Streptococcal Infections diagnosis, Streptococcal Infections epidemiology, Streptococcal Infections microbiology, Fasciitis, Necrotizing epidemiology, Fasciitis, Necrotizing microbiology, Soft Tissue Infections microbiology, Shock, Septic epidemiology, Shock, Septic microbiology, Puerperal Infection
- Abstract
Group A streptococcal (GAS) infections are caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. Infection can occur via droplet infection from the throat and via (in)direct contact with infected people. GAS can cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from superficial skin infections, pharyngitis and scarlet fever, to serious invasive diseases such as puerperal sepsis, pneumonia, necrotising soft tissue infections (NSTI) (also known as necrotising fasciitis/myositis), meningitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS). In invasive GAS infections, the bacteria has penetrated into a sterile body compartment (such as the bloodstream, deep tissues, or the central nervous system). Invasive GAS infections are rare but serious, with high morbidity and mortality. Since March 2022, the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) reported a national increase in notifiable invasive GAS infections (NSTI, STSS and puerperal fever). Particularly NSTI has increased compared to the years before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Remarkably, the proportion of children aged 0 to 5 years with invasive GAS-infections is higher in 2022 than in the previous years (12% compared to 4%). While seasonal peaks occur, the current elevation exceeds this variation. To promote early recognition and diagnosis of invasive GAS infections different clinical cases are presented.
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- 2023
35. Effectiveness of bivalent mRNA booster vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection, the Netherlands, September to December 2022.
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Huiberts AJ, de Gier B, Hoeve CE, de Melker HE, Hahné SJ, den Hartog G, van de Wijgert JH, van den Hof S, and Knol MJ
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- Humans, Netherlands epidemiology, Prospective Studies, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, RNA, Messenger, Vaccination, COVID-19 prevention & control
- Abstract
We used data of 32,542 prospective cohort study participants who previously received primary and one or two monovalent booster COVID-19 vaccinations. Between 26 September and 19 December 2022, relative effectiveness of bivalent original/Omicron BA.1 vaccination against self-reported Omicron SARS-CoV-2 infection was 31% in 18-59-year-olds and 14% in 60-85-year-olds. Protection of Omicron infection was higher than of bivalent vaccination without prior infection. Although bivalent booster vaccination increases protection against COVID-19 hospitalisations, we found limited added benefit in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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- 2023
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36. Higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/5 infection than of BA.2 infection after previous BA.1 infection, the Netherlands, 2 May to 24 July 2022.
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Andeweg SP, de Gier B, Vennema H, van Walle I, van Maarseveen N, Kusters NE, de Melker HE, Hahné SJ, van den Hof S, Eggink D, and Knol MJ
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- Humans, Netherlands epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, Europe, Immunization, Secondary, COVID-19 epidemiology
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BackgroundIn summer 2022, SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 became dominant in Europe. In vitro studies have shown a large reduction of antibody neutralisation for this variant.AimWe aimed to investigate differences in protection from previous infection and/or vaccination against infection with Omicron BA.4/5 vs BA.2.MethodsWe employed a case-only approach including positive PCR tests from community testing between 2 May and 24 July 2022 that were tested for S gene target failure (SGTF), which distinguishes BA.4/5 from BA.2 infection. Previous infections were categorised by variant using whole genome sequencing or SGTF. We estimated by logistic regression the association of SGTF with vaccination and/or previous infection, and of SGTF of the current infection with the variant of the previous infection, adjusting for testing week, age group and sex.ResultsThe percentage of registered previous SARS-CoV-2 infections was higher among 19,836 persons infected with Omicron BA.4/5 than among 7,052 persons infected with BA.2 (31.3% vs 20.0%). Adjusting for testing week, age group and sex, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) was 1.4 (95% CI: 1.3-1.5). The distribution of vaccination status did not differ for BA.4/5 vs BA.2 infections (aOR = 1.1 for primary and booster vaccination). Among persons with a previous infection, those currently infected with BA4/5 had a shorter interval between infections, and the previous infection was more often caused by BA.1, compared with those currently infected with BA.2 (aOR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.5-2.6).ConclusionOur results suggest immunity induced by BA.1 is less effective against BA.4/5 infection than against BA.2 infection.
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- 2023
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37. Increase in invasive group A streptococcal ( Streptococcus pyogenes ) infections (iGAS) in young children in the Netherlands, 2022.
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de Gier B, Marchal N, de Beer-Schuurman I, Te Wierik M, Hooiveld M, de Melker HE, and van Sorge NM
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- Child, Humans, Child, Preschool, Adult, Streptococcus pyogenes, Netherlands epidemiology, Pandemics, Streptococcal Infections diagnosis, Streptococcal Infections epidemiology, Chickenpox, COVID-19, Herpes Zoster
- Abstract
In 2022, a sevenfold increase in the number of notifiable invasive Streptococcus pyogenes (iGAS) infections among children aged 0-5 years was observed in the Netherlands compared with pre-COVID-19 pandemic years. Of 42 cases in this age group, seven had preceding or coinciding varicella zoster infections, nine were fatal. This increase is not attributable to a specific emm type. Vigilance for clinical deterioration as iGAS sign is warranted in young children, especially those with varicella zoster infection.
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- 2023
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38. SARS-CoV-2 TEST OUTCOMES AMONG DENTISTS AND DENTAL HYGIENISTS WITH COVID-19-LIKE COMPLAINTS - A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS FROM THE NETHERLANDS.
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Van der Weijden FGA, de Gier B, de Bruin MJC, Valkenburg C, and Slot DE
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- Humans, Retrospective Studies, Dental Hygienists, Pandemics, Health Personnel, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19
- Abstract
Objective: This retrospective analysis aimed to evaluate, among individuals with COVID-19-like symptoms, the percentage of SARS-CoV-2 positive oral health care workers relative to health care workers in general and a non-close-contact occupation reference group in the Netherlands., Materials and Methods: Data was retrospectively analyzed based on data extracted from the CoronIT database. This contained mass testing data for those experiencing symptoms compatible with COVID-19 recorded from June 2020 up to February 2021. The total number of tests taken and the number of SARS-CoV-2 positive tests were assessed. Sub-analyses were performed for oral health care and health care workers based in professional working locations, long-term care facilities, hospitals, or elsewhere., Results: In total, data from 1,999,390 tests were obtained. Overall, 9.4% tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the three occupational groups. This was 9.2% for oral health care workers, 9.5% for health care workers, and 9.3% for the non-close-contact occupation reference group. For the three occupational groups the adjusted odds ratio with the month as covariate varied from 0.76 to 1.12. The odds ratio for oral health care workers compared to health care workers was 1 [95% CI:0.95;1.05] and 0.97 [95% CI:0.92;1.02] compared to the non-close-contact occupation reference group. Interpretation of the magnitude of the odds ratio indicates that the observed differences are none to very small., Conclusion: During the pandemic oral health care providers were required to adhere to the COVID-19-specific amendments to the national infection control guidelines. Based on the data gathered, dentists and dental hygienists with COVID-19-like symptoms do not test SARS-CoV-2 positive more often than other health care workers or those with a non-close-contact occupation. This supports the assumption that working during the pandemic using the Dutch standard hygiene guideline supplemented with the COVID guideline for oral health care is adequately safe., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2022
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39. The dynamics of scarlet fever in The Netherlands, 1906-1920: a historical analysis.
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McDonald SA, van Wijhe M, de Gier B, Korthals Altes H, Vlaminckx BJM, Hahné S, and Wallinga J
- Abstract
Background. Scarlet fever, an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes , largely disappeared in developed countries during the twentieth century. In recent years, scarlet fever is on the rise again, and there is a need for a better understanding of possible factors driving transmission. Methods. Using historical case notification data from the three largest cities in The Netherlands (Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague) from 1906 to 1920, we inferred the transmission rate for scarlet fever using time-series susceptible-infected-recovered (TSIR) methods. Through additive regression modelling, we investigated the contributions of meteorological variables and school term times to transmission rates. Results. Estimated transmission rates varied by city, and were highest overall for Rotterdam, the most densely populated city at that time. High temperature, seasonal precipitation levels and school term timing were associated with transmission rates, but the roles of these factors were limited and not consistent over all three cities. Conclusions. While weather factors alone can only explain a small portion of the variability in transmission rates, these results help understand the historical dynamics of scarlet fever infection in an era with less advanced sanitation and no antibiotic treatment and may offer insights into the driving factors associated with its recent resurgence., (© 2022 The Authors.)
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- 2022
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40. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection during the Delta period, a nationwide study adjusting for chance of exposure, the Netherlands, July to December 2021.
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van Ewijk CE, Kooijman MN, Fanoy E, Raven SF, Middeldorp M, Shah A, de Gier B, de Melker HE, Hahné SJ, and Knol MJ
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- Adult, Humans, Middle Aged, Netherlands epidemiology, Case-Control Studies, Vaccine Efficacy, SARS-CoV-2, RNA, Messenger, COVID-19 Vaccines, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 prevention & control
- Abstract
BackgroundDifferential SARS-CoV-2 exposure between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals may confound vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates.AimWe conducted a test-negative case-control study to determine VE against SARS-CoV-2 infection and the presence of confounding by SARS-CoV-2 exposure.MethodsWe included adults tested for SARS-CoV-2 at community facilities between 4 July and 8 December 2021 (circulation period of the Delta variant). The VE against SARS-CoV-2 infection after primary vaccination with an mRNA (Comirnaty or Spikevax) or vector-based vaccine (Vaxzevria or Janssen) was calculated using logistic regression adjusting for age, sex and calendar week (Model 1). We additionally adjusted for comorbidity and education level (Model 2) and SARS-CoV-2 exposure (number of close contacts, visiting busy locations, household size, face mask wearing, contact with SARS-CoV-2 case; Model 3). We stratified by age, vaccine type and time since vaccination.ResultsVE against infection (Model 3) was 64% (95% CI: 50-73), only slightly lower than in Models 1 (68%; 95% CI: 58-76) and 2 (67%; 95% CI: 56-75). Estimates stratified by age group, vaccine and time since vaccination remained similar: mRNA VE (Model 3) among people ≥ 50 years decreased significantly (p = 0.01) from 81% (95% CI: 66-91) at < 120 days to 61% (95% CI: 22-80) at ≥ 120 days after vaccination. It decreased from 83% to 59% in Model 1 and from 81% to 56% in Model 2.ConclusionSARS-CoV-2 exposure did not majorly confound the estimated COVID-19 VE against infection, suggesting that VE can be estimated accurately using routinely collected data without exposure information.
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- 2022
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41. Protection of COVID-19 vaccination and previous infection against Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and Delta SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Andeweg SP, de Gier B, Eggink D, van den Ende C, van Maarseveen N, Ali L, Vlaemynck B, Schepers R, Hahné SJM, Reusken CBEM, de Melker HE, van den Hof S, and Knol MJ
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- COVID-19 Vaccines, Humans, SARS-CoV-2, Vaccination, COVID-19 prevention & control, Viral Vaccines
- Abstract
Given the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants and the roll-out of booster COVID-19 vaccination, evidence is needed on protection conferred by primary vaccination, booster vaccination and previous SARS-CoV-2 infection by variant. We employed a test-negative design on S-gene target failure data from community PCR testing in the Netherlands from 22 November 2021 to 31 March 2022 (n = 671,763). Previous infection, primary vaccination or both protected well against Delta infection. Protection against Omicron BA.1 infection was much lower compared to Delta. Protection was similar against Omicron BA.1 compared to BA.2 infection after previous infection, primary and booster vaccination. Higher protection was observed against all variants in individuals with both vaccination and previous infection compared with either one. Protection against all variants decreased over time since last vaccination or infection. We found that primary vaccination with current COVID-19 vaccines and previous SARS-CoV-2 infections offered low protection against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 infection. Booster vaccination considerably increased protection against Omicron infection, but decreased rapidly after vaccination., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
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- 2022
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42. Effectiveness of complete primary vaccination against COVID-19 at primary care and community level during predominant Delta circulation in Europe: multicentre analysis, I-MOVE-COVID-19 and ECDC networks, July to August 2021.
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Kissling E, Hooiveld M, Martínez-Baz I, Mazagatos C, William N, Vilcu AM, Kooijman MN, Ilić M, Domegan L, Machado A, de Lusignan S, Lazar M, Meijer A, Brytting M, Casado I, Larrauri A, Murray JK, Behillil S, de Gier B, Mlinarić I, O'Donnell J, Rodrigues AP, Tsang R, Timnea O, de Lange M, Riess M, Castilla J, Pozo F, Hamilton M, Falchi A, Knol MJ, Kurečić Filipović S, Dunford L, Guiomar R, Cogdale J, Cherciu C, Jansen T, Enkirch T, Basile L, Connell J, Gomez V, Sandonis Martín V, Bacci S, Rose AM, Pastore Celentano L, and Valenciano M
- Subjects
- COVID-19 Vaccines, Europe epidemiology, Humans, Primary Health Care, SARS-CoV-2, Vaccination, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 prevention & control, Influenza Vaccines, Influenza, Human prevention & control
- Abstract
IntroductionIn July and August 2021, the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant dominated in Europe.AimUsing a multicentre test-negative study, we measured COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against symptomatic infection.MethodsIndividuals with COVID-19 or acute respiratory symptoms at primary care/community level in 10 European countries were tested for SARS-CoV-2. We measured complete primary course overall VE by vaccine brand and by time since vaccination.ResultsOverall VE was 74% (95% CI: 69-79), 76% (95% CI: 71-80), 63% (95% CI: 48-75) and 63% (95% CI: 16-83) among those aged 30-44, 45-59, 60-74 and ≥ 75 years, respectively. VE among those aged 30-59 years was 78% (95% CI: 75-81), 66% (95% CI: 58-73), 91% (95% CI: 87-94) and 52% (95% CI: 40-61), for Comirnaty, Vaxzevria, Spikevax and COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen, respectively. VE among people 60 years and older was 67% (95% CI: 52-77), 65% (95% CI: 48-76) and 83% (95% CI: 64-92) for Comirnaty, Vaxzevria and Spikevax, respectively. Comirnaty VE among those aged 30-59 years was 87% (95% CI: 83-89) at 14-29 days and 65% (95% CI: 56-71%) at ≥ 90 days between vaccination and onset of symptoms.ConclusionsVE against symptomatic infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant varied among brands, ranging from 52% to 91%. While some waning of the vaccine effect may be present (sample size limited this analysis to only Comirnaty), protection was 65% at 90 days or more between vaccination and onset.
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- 2022
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43. Prematurity Modifies the Risk of Long-term Neurodevelopmental Impairments After Invasive Group B Streptococcus Infections During Infancy in Denmark and the Netherlands.
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Horváth-Puhó E, Snoek L, van Kassel MN, Gonçalves BP, Chandna J, Procter SR, van de Beek D, de Gier B, van der Ende A, Sørensen HT, Lawn JE, and Bijlsma MW
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- Child, Denmark epidemiology, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Netherlands epidemiology, Streptococcus agalactiae, Infant, Premature, Premature Birth epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: Preterm birth and neonatal infections are both associated with mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental impairments (NDIs). We examined whether the effect of invasive group B Streptococcus disease (iGBS) on mortality and long-term NDI differs for preterm and term infants, and whether co-occurrence of iGBS and prematurity leads to worse outcome., Methods: Nationwide cohort studies of children with a history of iGBS were conducted using Danish and Dutch medical databases. Comparison cohorts of children without iGBS were matched on birth year/month, sex, and gestational age. Effects of iGBS on all-cause mortality and NDI were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression. Effect modification by prematurity was evaluated on additive and multiplicative scales., Results: We identified 487 preterm and 1642 term children with a history of iGBS and 21 172 matched comparators. Dutch preterm children exposed to iGBS had the highest mortality rate by 3 months of age (671/1000 [95% CI, 412-929/1000] person-years). Approximately 30% of this mortality rate could be due to the common effect of iGBS and prematurity. Preterm children with iGBS had the highest NDI risk (8.8% in Denmark, 9.0% in the Netherlands). Of this NDI risk 36% (Denmark) and 60% (the Netherlands) might be due to the combined effect of iGBS and prematurity., Conclusions: Prematurity is associated with iGBS development. Our study shows that it also negatively impacts outcomes of children who survive iGBS. Preterm infants would benefit from additional approaches to prevent maternal GBS colonization, as this decreases risk of both preterm birth and iGBS., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America.)
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- 2022
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44. Incidence and mortality of necrotizing fasciitis in The Netherlands: the impact of group A Streptococcus.
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Nawijn F, de Gier B, Brandwagt DAH, Groenwold RHH, Keizer J, and Hietbrink F
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- Humans, Incidence, Netherlands epidemiology, Retrospective Studies, Streptococcus pyogenes, United States, Fasciitis, Necrotizing epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: Little is known about the exact incidence of necrotizing soft tissue infections. The few incidences reported in international literature are not directly relatable to the Netherlands, or other European countries, due to geographic heterogeneity in causative micro-organisms involved. This resulted in the aim of this study to map the incidence, mortality rate and hospital course of necrotizing fasciitis infections in the Netherlands to gain insight in the incidence of necrotizing fasciitis in the Netherlands and the associated mortality and health care burden., Methods: This nationwide retrospective database study used three distinct data sources to map the incidence of necrotizing fasciitis in the Netherlands between 2014 and 2019, being data from the Dutch Hospital Data (DHD) foundation, data from Osiris-AIZ, which is a database of notifiable diseases managed by regional Public Health Services (GGD) and the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), and previously published studies on necrotizing fasciitis conducted in the Netherlands., Results: The incidence of necrotizing fasciitis in the Netherlands is estimated to be approximately 1.1 to 1.4 cases per 100,000 person years, which corresponds to 193-238 patients per year. Of all necrotizing fasciitis infections, 34 to 42% are caused by the group A Streptococcus. Annually, 56 patients die as a result of a necrotizing fasciitis infection (mortality of 23-29%) and 26 patients undergo an amputation for source control (11-14%). Patients stay a mean of 6 to 7 days at the intensive care unit and have a mean hospital length of stay of 24 to 30 days., Conclusion: The combination of nationwide databases provides reliable insight in the epidemiology of low-incidence and heterogenic diseases. In the Netherlands, necrotizing fasciitis is a rare disease with group A Streptococcus being the most common causative micro-organism of necrotizing fasciitis. The prior Dutch cohort studies on necrotizing fasciitis report slightly higher sample mortality rates, compared to the population mortality. However, necrotizing fasciitis remain associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, risk at amputation and health care burden characterized by prolonged ICU and hospital stay., (© 2021. The Author(s).)
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- 2021
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45. Vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 transmission to household contacts during dominance of Delta variant (B.1.617.2), the Netherlands, August to September 2021.
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de Gier B, Andeweg S, Backer JA, Hahné SJ, van den Hof S, de Melker HE, and Knol MJ
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- COVID-19 Vaccines, Family Characteristics, Humans, Netherlands epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Vaccines
- Abstract
We estimated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness against onward transmission by comparing secondary attack rates among household members for vaccinated and unvaccinated index cases, based on source and contact tracing data collected when the Delta variant was dominant. Effectiveness of full vaccination of the index case against transmission to unvaccinated and fully vaccinated household contacts, respectively, was 63% (95% confidence interval (CI): 46-75) and 40% (95% CI: 20-54), in addition to the direct protection of vaccination of contacts against infection.
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- 2021
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46. Vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infections among household and other close contacts of confirmed cases, the Netherlands, February to May 2021.
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de Gier B, Andeweg S, Joosten R, Ter Schegget R, Smorenburg N, van de Kassteele J, Hahné SJ, van den Hof S, de Melker HE, and Knol MJ
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- COVID-19 Vaccines, Family Characteristics, Humans, Netherlands epidemiology, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2
- Abstract
Several studies report high effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease, however an important knowledge gap is the vaccine effectiveness against transmission (VET). We present estimates of the VET to household and other close contacts in the Netherlands, from February to May 2021, using contact monitoring data. The secondary attack rate among household contacts was lower for fully vaccinated than unvaccinated index cases (11% vs 31%), with an adjusted VET of 71% (95% confidence interval: 63-77).
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- 2021
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47. Mortality, neurodevelopmental impairments, and economic outcomes after invasive group B streptococcal disease in early infancy in Denmark and the Netherlands: a national matched cohort study.
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Horváth-Puhó E, van Kassel MN, Gonçalves BP, de Gier B, Procter SR, Paul P, van der Ende A, Søgaard KK, Hahné SJM, Chandna J, Schrag SJ, van de Beek D, Jit M, Sørensen HT, Bijlsma MW, and Lawn JE
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- Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Cost of Illness, Denmark epidemiology, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Meningitis diagnosis, Meningitis epidemiology, Meningitis etiology, Meningitis mortality, Mortality trends, Netherlands epidemiology, Neurodevelopmental Disorders epidemiology, Pneumonia diagnosis, Pneumonia epidemiology, Pneumonia etiology, Pneumonia mortality, Sepsis diagnosis, Sepsis epidemiology, Sepsis etiology, Sepsis mortality, Severity of Illness Index, Streptococcal Infections diagnosis, Streptococcal Infections epidemiology, Streptococcus agalactiae isolation & purification, Neurodevelopmental Disorders etiology, Perinatal Death prevention & control, Streptococcal Infections complications, Streptococcal Infections mortality
- Abstract
Background: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) disease is a leading cause of neonatal death, but its long-term effects have not been studied after early childhood. The aim of this study was to assess long-term mortality, neurodevelopmental impairments (NDIs), and economic outcomes after infant invasive GBS (iGBS) disease up to adolescence in Denmark and the Netherlands., Methods: For this cohort study, children with iGBS disease were identified in Denmark and the Netherlands using national medical and administrative databases and culture results that confirmed their diagnoses. Exposed children were defined as having a history of iGBS disease (sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia) by the age of 89 days. For each exposed child, ten unexposed children were randomly selected and matched by sex, year and month of birth, and gestational age. Mortality data were analysed with the use of Cox proportional hazards models. NDI data up to adolescence were captured from discharge diagnoses in the National Patient Registry (Denmark) and special educational support records (the Netherlands). Health care use and household income were also compared between the exposed and unexposed cohorts., Findings: 2258 children-1561 in Denmark (born from Jan 1, 1997 to Dec 31, 2017) and 697 in the Netherlands (born from Jan 1, 2000 to Dec 31, 2017)-were identified to have iGBS disease and followed up for a median of 14 years (IQR 7-18) in Denmark and 9 years (6-11) in the Netherlands. 366 children had meningitis, 1763 had sepsis, and 129 had pneumonia (in Denmark only). These children were matched with 22 462 children with no history of iGBS disease. iGBS meningitis was associated with an increased mortality at age 5 years (adjusted hazard ratio 4·08 [95% CI 1·78-9·35] for Denmark and 6·73 [3·76-12·06] for the Netherlands). Any iGBS disease was associated with an increased risk of NDI at 10 years of age, both in Denmark (risk ratio 1·77 [95% CI 1·44-2·18]) and the Netherlands (2·28 [1·64-3·17]). A history of iGBS disease was associated with more frequent outpatient clinic visits (incidence rate ratio 1·93 [95% CI 1·79-2·09], p<0·0001) and hospital admissions (1·33 [1·27-1·38], p<0·0001) in children 5 years or younger. No differences in household income were observed between the exposed and unexposed cohorts., Interpretation: iGBS disease, especially meningitis, was associated with increased mortality and a higher risk of NDIs in later childhood. This previously unquantified burden underlines the case for a maternal GBS vaccine, and the need to track and provide care for affected survivors of iGBS disease., Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation., Translations: For the Dutch and Danish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests AvdE received grants from Pfizer for research on pneumococcal infections (investigator initiated project IIR WI173197) and for research on meningococcal infections (investigator initiated project IIR WI242174), outside the submitted work; participated in the Advisory Boards of Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, and Sanofi-Pasteur; and did consultancy activities for GlaxoSmithKline and Merck Sharp & Dohme (fees paid to Amsterdam University Medical Center). HTS reports that the Department of Clinical Epidemiology is involved in studies with institutional funding from regulators and from various pharmaceutical companies, as research grants to and administered by Aarhus University. None of these studies are related to the current study. All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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48. Cost-effectiveness of maternal immunization against neonatal invasive Group B Streptococcus in the Netherlands.
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Hahn BA, de Gier B, van Kassel MN, Bijlsma MW, van Leeuwen E, Wouters MGAJ, van der Ende A, van de Beek D, Wallinga J, Hahné SJM, and Jan van Hoek A
- Subjects
- Antibiotic Prophylaxis, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Female, Humans, Immunization, Infant, Newborn, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, Netherlands, Pregnancy, Streptococcus agalactiae, Vaccination, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious drug therapy, Streptococcal Infections drug therapy, Streptococcal Infections prevention & control
- Abstract
Background: Neonatal invasive Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection causes considerable disease burden in the Netherlands. Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) prevents early-onset disease (EOD), but has no effect on late-onset disease (LOD). A potential maternal GBS vaccine could prevent both EOD and LOD by conferring immunity in neonates., Objective: Explore under which circumstances maternal vaccination against GBS would be cost-effective as an addition to, or replacement for the current risk factor-based IAP prevention strategy in the Netherlands., Methods: We assessed the maximum cost-effective price per dose of a trivalent (serotypes Ia, Ib, and III) and hexavalent (additional serotypes II, IV, and V) GBS vaccine in addition to, or as a replacement for IAP. To project the prevented costs and disease burden, a decision tree model was developed to reflect neonatal GBS disease and long-term health outcomes among a cohort based on 169,836 live births in the Netherlands in 2017., Results: Under base-case conditions, maternal immunization with a trivalent vaccine would gain 186 QALYs and prevent more than €3.1 million in health care costs when implemented in addition to IAP. Immunization implemented as a replacement for IAP would gain 88 QALYs compared to the current prevention strategy, prevent €1.5 million in health care costs, and avoid potentially ~ 30,000 IAP administrations. The base-case results correspond to a maximum price of €58 per dose (vaccine + administration costs; using a threshold of €20,000/QALY). Expanding the serotype coverage to a hexavalent vaccine would only have a limited additional impact on the cost-effectiveness in the Netherlands., Conclusions: A maternal GBS vaccine could be cost-effective when implemented in addition to the current risk factor-based IAP prevention strategy in the Netherlands. Discontinuation of IAP would save costs and prevent antibiotic use, however, is projected to lead to a lower health gain compared to vaccination in addition to IAP., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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49. Immunogenicity, duration of protection, effectiveness and safety of rubella containing vaccines: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.
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van den Boogaard J, de Gier B, de Oliveira Bressane Lima P, Desai S, de Melker HE, Hahné SJM, and Veldhuijzen IK
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- Adolescent, Child, Female, Humans, Infant, Pregnancy, Pregnant Women, Rubella Vaccine adverse effects, Rubella virus, Rubella prevention & control, Rubella Syndrome, Congenital
- Abstract
Background: Rubella containing vaccines (RCV) prevent rubella virus infection and subsequent congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). To update the evidence on immunogenicity, duration of protection, effectiveness and safety of RCV, we conducted a systematic literature review., Methods: We searched EMBASE and SCOPUS, using keywords for rubella vaccine in combination with immunogenicity (seroconversion and seropositivity), duration of protection, efficacy/effectiveness, and safety. Original research papers involving at least one dose of RCV (at any age), published between 1-1-2010 and 17-5-2019 were included. Where appropriate, meta-analyses were performed. Quality of included studies was assessed using GRADE methodology., Results: We included 36 papers (32 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 4 observational studies) on immunogenicity (RA27/3 strain) in children and adolescent girls, 14 papers (5 RCTs and 9 observational studies) on duration of protection, one paper on vaccine effectiveness (VE) (BRDII strain), and 74 studies on safety, including three on safety in pregnancy. Meta-analysis of immunogenicity data showed 99% seroconversion (95% CI: 98-99%) after a single dose of RCV in children, independent of co-administration with other vaccines. Seroconversion after RCV1 below 9 months of age (BRDII strain, at 8 months) was 93% (95% CI: 92-95%). For duration of protection, the included studies showed a seropositivity of 88%-100% measured 1-20 years after one or two RCV doses. The single study on VE of BRDII strain, reported 100% VE after one and two doses. Among 34,332 individuals participating in the RCTs, 140 severe adverse events (SAEs) were reported as possibly related to RCV. Among the case reports on SAEs, the association with RCV was confirmed in one report (on fulminant encephalitis). Among 3,000 pregnant women who were inadvertently vaccinated, no SAEs were reported., Conclusions: One and two doses of RCV are highly immunogenic for a long period of time, effective in preventing rubella and CRS, and safe., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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50. Occupation- and age-associated risk of SARS-CoV-2 test positivity, the Netherlands, June to October 2020.
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de Gier B, de Oliveira Bressane Lima P, van Gaalen RD, de Boer PT, Alblas J, Ruijten M, van Gageldonk-Lafeber AB, Waegemaekers T, Schreijer A, van den Hof S, and Hahné SJ
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 prevention & control, Child, Child, Preschool, Contact Tracing, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Hospitalization statistics & numerical data, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Netherlands epidemiology, Occupational Exposure, Physical Distancing, Quarantine, Risk, Young Adult, Age Distribution, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 Testing, Communicable Disease Control methods, Occupations statistics & numerical data, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2 isolation & purification
- Abstract
High coronavirus incidence has prompted the Netherlands to implement a second lockdown. To elucidate the epidemic's development preceding this second wave, we analysed weekly test positivity in public test locations by population subgroup between 1 June and 17 October 2020. Hospitality and public transport workers, driving instructors, hairdressers and aestheticians had higher test positivity compared with a reference group of individuals without a close-contact occupation. Workers in childcare, education and healthcare showed lower test positivity.
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- 2020
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