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2. The Italian version of the quick mild cognitive impairment (Qmci-I) screen: normative study on 307 healthy subjects

Author

Iavarone, Alessandro, Carpinelli Mazzi, Michele, Russo, Gennaro, D’Anna, Francesco, Peluso, Silvio, Mazzeo, Pietro, de Luca, Vincenzo, de Michele, Giuseppe, Iaccarino, Guido, Abete, Pasquale, Milan, Graziella, Garofalo, Elisabetta, Musella, Caterina, O’Caoimh, Rónán, Molloy, William, de Joanna, Gabriella, Manzo, Valentino, Ambra, Ferdinando Ivano, Postiglione, Alfredo, Illario, Maddalena, Arcopinto, Michele, Cuccaro, Patrizia, de Chiara, Simona, DE LUCIA, Natascia, Del Giudice, Carmine, Ferrara, Nicola, Girardi, Vincenzo, Grimaldi, Iolanda, Liguori, Ilaria, Pernas, Francesco Orfila, Paúl, Constança, TRAMONTANO, GIOVANNI, Tripodi, Francesca Saveria, Iavarone, Alessandro, Carpinelli Mazzi, Michele, Russo, Gennaro, D’Anna, Francesco, Peluso, Silvio, Mazzeo, Pietro, de Luca, Vincenzo, de Michele, Giuseppe, Iaccarino, Guido, Abete, Pasquale, Milan, Graziella, Garofalo, Elisabetta, Musella, Caterina, O’Caoimh, Rónán, Molloy, William, de Joanna, Gabriella, Manzo, Valentino, Ambra, Ferdinando Ivano, Postiglione, Alfredo, Illario, Maddalena, Arcopinto, Michele, Cuccaro, Patrizia, de Chiara, Simona, DE LUCIA, Natascia, Del Giudice, Carmine, Ferrara, Nicola, Girardi, Vincenzo, Grimaldi, Iolanda, Liguori, Ilaria, Pernas, Francesco Orfila, Paúl, Constança, Tramontano, Giovanni, and Tripodi, Francesca Saveria

Subjects
Male, Normative study, Aging, Neuropsychological Tests, 03 medical and health sciences, Cognition, 0302 clinical medicine, Linear regression, Humans, Cognitive Dysfunction, 030212 general & internal medicine, Cognitive impairment, Aged, Language, Aged, 80 and over, Word fluency, Geriatrics and Gerontology, Healthy subjects, Middle Aged, Mental Status and Dementia Tests, Confidence interval, Italy, Normative, Female, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Clinical psychology
Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To devise an Italian version of the quick mild cognitive impairment screen (Qmci) and to obtain normative data. METHODS: An Italian version of the Qmci screen (Qmci-I) was administered to 307 subjects free from cognitive impairment. The normative sample was divided into three age levels (50-59; 60-69 and 70-80 years) and four education levels (3-5; 6-8; 9-13; >13 years of school attendance). Multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate the effect of age, sex and schooling on Qmci-I scores (overall and by domains) and to calculate cut-off values, with reference to the confidence interval on the fifth centile. RESULTS: The mean Qmci-I score was 64/100 (SD = 11). The age variable showed a significant negative effect on the overall Qmci-I score, with older people performing worse than younger ones. Conversely, education was associated with higher scores. Significant effects of age and education affected logical memory alone. For the other domains, the following effects were found: (1) higher age associated with lower scores on delayed recall; (2) higher education levels associated with higher scores on immediate recall, clock drawing and word fluency. The adjusted cut-off score for the Qmci-I screen in this sample was 49.4. Qmci-I scores were weakly correlated with those of MMSE (rho = 0.20). CONCLUSIONS: The Qmci-I is a rapid and multi-domain short cognitive screening instrument useful for evaluating cognitive functions. However, like other screening tools, it is significantly influenced by age and education, requiring normative data and correction of values when used in the clinical practice.

Published
2018

5. Mini-Mental State Examination: new normative values on subjects in Southern Italy.

Author

Carpinelli Mazzi, Michele, Iavarone, Alessandro, Russo, Gennaro, Musella, Caterina, Milan, Graziella, D'Anna, Francesco, Garofalo, Elisabetta, Chieffi, Sergio, Sannino, Maria, Illario, Maddalena, De Luca, Vincenzo, Postiglione, Alfredo, Abete, Pasquale, with the support of the Working group, Ambra, Ferdinando Ivano, Arcopinto, Michele, Cuccaro, Patrizia, De Chiara, Simona, Del Giudice, Carmine, and De Joanna, Gabriella

Abstract

Objective: The aims of the present study were: (a) to obtain new normative data of the Italian version of the Mini-Mental Examination State (MMSE) (Measso et al. in Dev Neuropsychol 9:77–85, 1993) by administering the tool to a sample of normal Italian individuals more representative of the current Italian population; (b) to compare the sensitivity of this tool in detecting patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD according to NIA-AA), as compared to the those reported in previous normative Italian studies. Methods: MMSE was administered to 314 normal subjects recruited among individuals (and/or their relatives) attending the Offices of General Practitioners (GP) or Memory Clinics in Campania (Italy) by convenience sampling. A group of 47 patients with AD were included into the study. The effect of demographic variables on the raw MMSE scores of normal subjects was checked by multiple linear regression assuming MMSE scores as dependent variable and age, gender and education as the independent one(s). Therefore, a simultaneous regression model was constructed to correct the raw scores according the sensitive variables. Correction grid and equivalent scores were devised to classify subject's performance. Results: The mean raw MMSE score was 27.78 (SD = 1.80) (range 22–30/30). There was no significant difference between scores achieved by men or women (p = 0.688). Multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant effect of age and years of school attendance on the MMSE raw score, whereas gender did not show any significant effect. The cutoff score, distinguishing between pathological and normal performances, was fixed at the fifth centile corresponding to 24.9/30, higher than the current score of 23.8/30. The new cutoff value was able to identify 44/47 patients with AD, in contrast to 38/47 subjects detected by currently used norms. Conclusions: (1) A more updated and representative population sample; (2) a new cutoff threshold able to distinguish between normal and pathological performances; (3) a correction grid that reduces the risk of false-positive and false-negative values due to the influence of the main demographic factors; (4) greater sensitivity, compared to previous Italian normative studies in identifying people with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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