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In the early 2000s, the global emergence of rotavirus (RVA) G12P[8] genotype was noted, while G12P[6] and G12P[9] combinations remained rare in humans. This study aimed to characterize and phylogenetically analyze three Brazilian G12P[9] and four G12P[6] RVA strains from 2011 to 2020, through RT-PCR and sequencing, in order to enhance our understanding of the genetic relationship between human and animal-origin RVA strains. G12P[6] strains displayed a DS-1-like backbone, showing a distinct genetic clustering. G12P[6] IAL-R52/2020, IAL-R95/2020 and IAL-R465/2019 strains clustered with 2019 Northeastern G12P[6] Brazilian strains and a 2018 Benin strain, whereas IAL-R86/2011 strain grouped with 2010 Northern G12P[6] Brazilian strains and G2P[4] strains from the United States and Belgium. These findings suggest an African genetic ancestry and reassortments with co-circulating American strains sharing the same DS-1-like constellation. No recent zoonotic reassortment was observed, and the DS-1-like constellation detected in Brazilian G12P[6] strains does not seem to be genetically linked to globally reported intergenogroup G1/G3/G9/G8P[8] DS-1-like human strains. G12P[9] strains exhibited an AU-1-like backbone with two different genotype-lineage constellations: IAL-R566/2011 and IAL-R1151/2012 belonged to a VP3/M3.V Lineage, and IAL-R870/2013 to a VP3/M3.II Lineage, suggesting two co-circulating strains in Brazil. This genetic diversity is not observed elsewhere, and the VP3/M3.II Lineage in G12P[9] strains seems to be exclusive to Brazil, indicating its evolution within the country. All three G12P[9] AU-1-like strains were closely relate to G12P[9] strains from Paraguay (2006-2007) and Brazil (2010). Phylogenetic analysis also highlighted that all South American G12P[9] AU-1-like strains had a common origin and supports the hypothesis of their importation from Asia, with no recent introduction from globally circulating G12P[9] strains or reassortments with local G12 strains P[8] or P[6]. Notably, certain genes in the Brazilian G12P[9] AU-1-like strains share ancestry with feline/canine RVAs (VP3/M3.II, NSP4/E3.IV and NSP2/N3.II), whereas NSP1/A3.VI likely originated from artiodactyls, suggesting a history of zoonotic transmission with human strains. This genomic data adds understanding to the molecular epidemiology of G12P[6] and G12P[9] RVA strains in Brazil, offering insights into their genetic diversity and evolution., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

This study aimed to investigate the frequency and genotypic diversity of human bocavirus (HBoV) in historical fecal samples collected before 2005 in Brazil and understand its natural history in patients with diarrhea. Between 1998 and 2005, 3347 samples were tested for HBoV by RT-PCR, with a detection rate of 5.8% (195/3347). Coinfection with norovirus (NoV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) was found in 34.9% (68/195), indicating HBoV's potential role as a causative agent of diarrheal disease. The detection rate varied over the years (p < 0.05), suggesting natural oscillatory fluctuations. HBoV was more prevalent in fall and winter, with higher positivity in children ≤5 years (p < 0.05), reinforcing that HBoV is an important pathogen in childhood diarrhea. Genotyping (32.8%; 64/195) revealed the circulation of HBoV-1 (79.7%, 51/64), HBoV-3 (12.5%, 8/64), HBoV-2 (6.2%, 4/64), and the rare HBoV-4 (1.6%, 1/64). Difference in HBoV-1 and HBoV-2/-3 mono-infections prevalence (p < 0.05), suggests a potential role of HBoV-1 in the pathogenicity of diarrheal disease. The study highlights HBoV's lasting impact on viral gastroenteritis in Brazil and emphasizes its genotypic diversity. Recommending screening for HBoV in public health laboratories is crucial for understanding its role in gastrointestinal diseases. The data also contribute to understanding the molecular characterization of enteric viruses in historical fecal samples., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Glioblastoma is the most frequent primary malignant brain tumor without effective treatment, which makes this work extremely relevant. The study of the bioactive compounds from medicinal plants plays an important role in the discovery of new drugs.This research investigated the constituents of Tapirira guianensis and its antitumor potential ( in vitro and in vivo) in glioblastoma. The T. guianensis extracts were characterized by mass spectrometry. The ethyl acetate partition (01ID) and its fractions 01ID-F2 and 01ID-F4 from T. guianensis showed potential antitumor treatment evidenced by selective cytotoxicity for GAMG with IC50 14.1 µg/mL, 83.07 µg/mL, 59.27 µg/mL and U251 with IC50 25.92 µg/mL, 37.3 µg/mL and 18.84 µg/mL. Fractions 01ID-F2 and 01ID-F4 were 10 times more selective when compared to TMZ and 01ID for the two evaluated cell lines. T. guianensis also reduced matrix metalloproteinases 2 - 01ID-F2 (21.84%), 01ID-F4 (29.6%) and 9 - 01ID-F4 (73.42%), ID-F4 (53.84%) activities, and induced apoptosis mainly through the extrinsic pathway. Furthermore, all treatments significantly reduced tumor size (01ID p < 0,01, 01ID-F2 p < 0,01 and 01ID-F4 p < 0,0001) and caused blood vessels to shrink in vivo . The present findings highlight that T. guianensis exhibits considerable antitumor potential in preclinical studies of glioblastoma. This ability may be related to the phenolic compounds and sesquiterpene derivatives identified in the extracts. This study deserves further in vivo research, followed by clinical investigation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Rotavirus (RVA) G8 is frequently detected in animals, but only occasionally in humans. G8 strains, however, are frequently documented in nations in Africa. Recently, an increase in G8 detection was observed outside Africa. The aims of the study were to monitor G8 infections in the Brazilian human population between 2007 and 2020, undertake the full-genotype characterization of the four G8P[4], six G8P[6] and two G8P[8] RVA strains and conduct phylogenetic analysis in order to understand their genetic diversity and evolution. A total of 12,978 specimens were screened for RVA using ELISA, PAGE, RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. G8 genotype represented 0.6% (15/2434) of the entirely RVA-positive samples. G8P[4] comprised 33.3% (5/15), G8P[6] 46.7% (7/15) and G8P[8] 20% (3/15). All G8 strains showed a short RNA pattern. All twelve selected G8 strains displayed a DS-1-like genetic backbone. The whole-genotype analysis on a DS-1-like backbone identified four different genotype-linage constellations. According to VP7 analysis, the Brazilian G8P[8] strains with the DS-1-like backbone strains were derived from cattle and clustered with newly DS-1-like G1/G3/G9/G8P[8] strains and G2P[4] strains. Brazilian IAL-R193/2017/G8P[8] belonged to a VP1/R2.XI lineage and were grouped with bovine-like G8P[8] strains with the DS-1-like backbone strains detected in Asia. Otherwise, the Brazilian IAL-R558/2017/G8P[8] possess a "Distinct" VP1/R2 lineage never previously described and grouped apart from any of the DS-1-like reference strains. Collectively, our findings suggest that the Brazilian bovine-like G8P[8] strains with the DS-1-like backbone strains are continuously evolving and likely reassorting with local RVA strains rather than directly relating to imports from Asia. The Brazilian G8P[6]-DS-1-like strains have been reassorted with nearby co-circulating American strains of the same DS-1 genotype constellation. However, phylogenetic analyses revealed that these strains have some genetic origin from Africa. Finally, rather than being African-born, Brazilian G8P[4]-DS-1-like strains were likely imported from Europe. None of the Brazilian G8 strains examined here exhibited signs of recent zoonotic reassortment. G8 strains continued to be found in Brazil according to their intermittent and localized pattern, thus, does not suggest that a potential emergence is taking place in the country. Our research demonstrates the diversity of G8 RVA strains in Brazil and adds to the understanding of G8P[4]/P[6]/P[8] RVA genetic diversity and evolution on a global scale.

Background: Immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in transplant recipients is suboptimal and alternative vaccination regimens are necessary., Methods: We compared the immunogenicity of a standard-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccination (SDTIIV), double-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccination (DDTIIV), and booster-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccination (BDTIIV) of the 2014 seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in kidney transplant recipients. We randomized 176 participants to SDTIIV (59), DDTIIV (59), and BDTIIV regimens (58). Antibody titers were determined by hemagglutination inhibition at enrollment and 21 d postvaccination. Seroprotection rates (SPRs), seroconversion rates (SCRs), and geometric mean ratios (GMRs) were analyzed separately for participants with low (<1:40) and high (≥1:40) prevaccination antibody titers., Results: Vaccination was confirmed for 172 participants. Immunogenicity analysis was done for 149 participants who provided postvaccination blood samples. In the subgroup with high prevaccination antibody titers, all vaccination regimens induced SPR > 70% to all antigens, but SCR and GMR were below the recommendations. In the subgroup with low prevaccination antibody titers, DDTIIV and BDTIIV regimens induced adequate SCR > 40% and GMR > 2.5 for all antigens, whereas SDTIIV achieved the same outcomes only for influenza B. SPRs were >70% only after DDTIIV (A/H1N1-77.8%) and BDTIIV (A/H3N2-77.8%). BDTIIV regimen independently increased seroprotection to A/H1N1 (PR = 2.58; P = 0.021) and A/H3N2 (PR = 2.21; P = 0.004), whereas DDTIIV independently increased seroprotection to A/H1N1 (PR = 2.59; P = 0.021)., Conclusions: Our results suggest that DDTIIV and BDTIIV regimens are more immunogenic than SDTIIV, indicating the need for head-to-head multicenter clinical trials to further evaluate their efficacy., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study combined conventional epidemiology of human astroviruses. From 2010 to 2016, 232 stool samples from children under 5 years of age were screened using NGS and conventional RT-PCR followed by genetic analysis in order to investigate the genotypic diversity of classical human astrovirus (HAstV) circulating in Tocantins State, Brazil. HAstV was detected in 16 cases (6.9%). Seven specimens (43.7%; 7/16) were positive according RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS) to investigate the molecular to both NGS and RT-PCR. NGS and RT-PCR individually revealed six (37.5%; 6/16) and three (18.8%; 3/16) additional positive samples, respectively. Sequencing of the HAstV-positive samples revealed HAstV-1a (9/16), HAstV-4c (3/16), and HAstV-5c (4/16) lineages., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

During 2006-2011, 5035 fecal samples were tested by PCR for human adenovirus (HAdV) and sequenced. HAdV was detected in 198 cases (3.9%), with the highest rate in children ≤ 5 years. Enteric HAdVs were the most prevalent genotypes (78%; 146/187): HAdV-F41 (63.6%; 119/187), HAdV-F40 (12.3%; 23/187), HAdV-A12 (1.6%; 3/187) and HAdV-A31 (0.5%; 1/187). Non-enteric HAdVs were detected in 22% (41/187): HAdV-C1 (8.0%; 15/187), HAdV-C2 (6.9%; 13/187), HAdV-C5 (4.3%; 8/187), HAdV-D8 (1.3%; 2/187), HAdV-B21 (0.5%; 1/187), HAdV-B3 (0.5%; 1/187) and HAdV-C6 (0.5%; 1/187). This 6-year retrospective study points out a high diversity of HAdV types circulating in Brazil and highlights the need to carry out molecular epidemiological studies of HAdV among patients with acute diarrheal infection on a regular basis.

Beginning in late 2016 Brazil faced the worst outbreak of Yellow Fever in recent decades, mainly located in southeastern rural regions of the country. In the present study we characterize the Yellow Fever Virus (YFV) associated with this outbreak in São Paulo State, Brazil. Blood or tissues collected from 430 dead monkeys and 1030 pools containing a total of 5,518 mosquitoes were tested for YFV by quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and indirect immunofluorescence. A total of 67 monkeys were YFV-positive and 3 pools yielded YFV following culture in a C6/36 cell line. Analysis of five nearly full length genomes of YFV from collected samples was consistent with evidence that the virus associated with the São Paulo outbreak originated in Minas Gerais. The phylogenetic analysis also showed that strains involved in the 2016-2017 outbreak in distinct Brazilian states (i.e., Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Santo) intermingled in maximum-likelihood and Bayesian trees. Conversely, the strains detected in São Paulo formed a monophyletic cluster, suggesting that they were local-adapted. The finding of YFV by RT-PCR in five Callithrix monkeys who were all YFV-negative by histopathology or immunohistochemistry suggests that this YFV lineage circulating in Sao Paulo is associated with different outcomes in Callithrix when compared to other monkeys.

Background: Polyoma viremia is associated with damage to renal tubular and urothelial cells. This may imply that a certain level of viremia, even cleared thereafter, could be associated with long-term renal dysfunction., Methods: We, retrospectively, analyzed 390 first renal transplants adult recipients (≥18 years) who were monitored for BK viremia in the first 12 months and evaluated estimated GFR (MDRD-4 equation) at 1 month and at the last follow-up (959 ± 392 days)., Results: One hundred and ninety-nine patients (51%) developed at least one positive viremia: 105 (53%) low viremia (<10 4  copies/mL), 36 (18%) high viremia (4 × 10 4  > viremia ≥ 10 4  copies/mL) and 58 (15%) viremia (≥4 × 10 4  copies/mL) consistent with polyoma virus associated nephropathy (PyVAN). Out of these 58 patients, 24 (6%) developed bx-proven (SV40+) PyVAN and 34(8.7%) presumptive PyVAN (SV40-). Baseline characteristics, immunosuppression, KDRI, rejection episodes, etc., did not differ among groups but there were more deceased donors and ATG induction therapy in the high viremia group. At last follow-up, all patients in the low, high viremia and presumptive PyVAN (except 2) had cleared BK viremia. Bx-proven PyVAN led to 14 graft losses, 10 due to PyVAN. In the presumptive PyVAN there was only one graft loss registered as due to PyVAN. eGFR, at 1 month after KTx, did not differ among groups (51 ± 22 vs 48 ± 24 vs 45 ± 27 vs 43 ± 18 vs 46 ± 22 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ), for no, low and high viremia as well for presumptive PyVAN and bx-proven PyVAN groups, respectively. At the last follow-up, eGFR did not differ between the no, low, and high viremia compared to baseline and to each other but was statistically lower in the presumptive and bx-proven PyVAN (38 ± 15 and 17 ± 7 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) either compared to baseline or to the other groups., Conclusions: This study shows that low and high levels of BK viremia do not lead to GFR changes although very high viremia levels, compatible with presumptive or bx-proven PyVAN, even if cleared thereafter, lead to allograft damage and decreased GFR., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The fifth case of paratesticular rhabdomyoma is described in a 55-year-old man. The histology revealed a tumor consisting of round or spindle cells, with deeply acidophilic cytoplasm and cross striations. An inguinal resection was performed, and the patient is well with no local recurrence or metastasis 13 months after surgery.