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Summary: In this paper, a new high‐step‐up DC‐DC converter without any coupled inductors or transformers is introduced. The structure of the introduced converter consists of two boost techniques, namely, switched inductor and switched capacitor, used simultaneously. The drawbacks of each technique are mitigated according to the proposed structure and the introduced control method. Therefore, the main contribution of the introduced converter is its ability to use boost techniques while avoiding high input current ripples and inrush currents in the path of semiconductor devices. Thus, there is no need for an auxiliary inductor. Additionally, the number of required components is low, and it benefits from a common ground, which are advantages of this converter in terms of economy and reliability. Another advantage is the high efficiency of the proposed converter in comparison with recent topologies, making it suitable for renewable energy applications such as photovoltaic (PV) systems and fuel cell applications. The proposed converter has been implemented in a laboratory to verify its performance. It operates at 94.51% efficiency with a 200 W output power, a 40 kHz switching frequency, a 40 V input voltage, and a 240 V output voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the influence of the magnetizing inductance of the transformer on zero-voltage switching of the primary transistors in a soft-switching full-bridge dc-dc converter with a controlled rectifier and turn-off snubber. The optimized version of the transformer allows for achieving a full zero-voltage and zero-current turn-on of the primary transistors in a full-bridge soft-switching DC-DC converter. The analysis is verified by measurements on a laboratory model of the converter. The influence of undischarged output capacitances on the efficiency is measured as well. Also, the impact of the GaN transistors on the zero-voltage switching is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to build unique zero voltage transition (ZVT) nonisolated bidirectional DC-DC converters for hybrid electric vehicle battery storage. First, a high-voltage gain bidirectional converter (BDC) is examined. This converter can soft-switch insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). The primary insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are operated under zero-current conditions throughout the turn-on to turn-off commutation phase to reduce switching losses and increase efficiency. A soft-switched cell with a resonant inductor, capacitor, and additional IGBTs achieves zero-current turn-off. A new converter uses insulated-gate bipolar transistors with zero-voltage transition operation. Soft-switched cells improve the hard-switched bridgeless DC-DC converter (BDC). Resonant inductors, capacitors, and auxiliary switching devices make up the softswitched cell. Soft-switched cells enable zero voltage turn-on of primary insulated-gate bipolar transistors. This converter charges the battery in buck mode and boosts it to provide the necessary output voltage. This study examined a 70 V/300 V power system's high-gain bidirectional converter (BDC) design simulation. The converter was tested at 50 kHz with 800 W output power. The high-gain soft-switched BDC has 96.5% boost and 97% buck efficiency. Operating principles, design analysis, and simulation assessments are included in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selecting the appropriate charger for electric vehicles (EVs) is crucial for enhancing performance, with non-isolated DC-DC converters playing a significant role in charging EV batteries. The efficient conversion of input power into output as per the requirement is main perspective in the design of DC-DC converters. This paper delves into the landscape of non-isolated DCDC converters utilized in EV charging, emphasizing their pivotal role. Additionally, it introduces a novel approach by incorporating machine learning-based pulse width modulation (PWM) control for the buck DC-DC converter. By integrating machine learning algorithms into the control scheme, the efficiency and performance of the charging system can be greatly enhanced, resulting in improved overall EV operation. This innovative application of machine learning not only optimizes charging efficiency but also enables adaptability to varying input/output conditions, ultimately leading to more efficient and effective charging processes for EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In this paper, a family of single‐switch high step‐up DC‐DC converters based on switched‐capacitor (SC) cells and coupled inductor (CL) or built‐in transformer (BIT) is proposed. By replacing one active switch in the 3X‐ladder switched‐capacitor converter (SCC) with the primary side of a CL or BIT whose secondary side is incorporated into a multiplexed current path, the proposed topology integrates the high power‐density feature of a ladder SCC with the voltage‐lift effect of a CL or BIT. In addition, the problems of high current spikes and limited efficiency in the voltage regulation range of the traditional ladder SCC are tackled, making them suitable for distributed generation systems, microgrids, and so forth. For illustration purposes, the performance of the topologies within the family is compared in multiple ways, detailed operation principles and design considerations of one specific converter are given. Finally, experimental results are presented to verify the analytical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Flux balance method and state equation method are representative methods to synthesize DC–DC converters according to given conditions. Both of them include a step to synthesize DC–DC converters from equivalent circuits of different intervals, which is difficult to process by manual synthesis. Considering the equivalent circuits can be transformed into loop matrices, a systematic synthesis method of DC–DC converters based on loop matrices is proposed in this paper. The proposed method transforms volt‐second balance equations or state equations into loop matrix in each switching interval, and then outputs all the corresponding DC‐DC converters. As an example, 11 DC–DC converters with the voltage gain of D2 is synthesized by the proposed method, six of which are firstly proposed. To compare their performances and select the best one, an evaluation index system is constructed, simulations of the converters are carried out to obtain the values of the indices, and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy method are used to evaluate the converters. Prototypes of the best two converters are built, and the experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed synthesis and evaluation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper presents a family of multiport Z‐source converters with minimal number of switches and passive components. The paper focuses on the development of a novel converter and its methodology for selecting the topology of common ground/noncommon ground Z‐source DC–DC single‐input dual‐output configurations, aimed at higher power density, enhancing operational efficiency, size, cost, and centralized power management across multiple ports. In comparison to conventional Z‐source single input single output converters, this design achieves high‐voltage conversion rates while concurrently delivering two distinct outputs with and without common ground, rendering it particularly advantageous for electric vehicle and isolated microgrid applications with renewable energy integration. The proposed converters undergo comprehensive analysis and comparison across various potential configurations. Specifically, configurations yielding equivalent output voltages are prioritized, facilitating their utility in multilevel inverter applications. The assessment encompasses the determination of maximum efficiency; voltage stresses on capacitors, diodes, and switches; inductor currents; and ripples under diverse loads and duty cycles for all configurations. Experimental results are provided to showcase the validity and capabilities of these converters. As research efforts on converter topologies continue to grow, it is expected that this paper will enhance comprehension of multiport Z‐source converter topologies ideas for numerous applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT A novel high‐gain switched capacitor (HGSC) DC–DC converter for carbon neutral energy applications is presented in the scientific paper. It consists of two MOSFET switches, and utilization of a simultaneous switching approach for the switches enables simplified control. The switched capacitor (SC) technique is utilized to extract high gain from the proposed HGSC topology; the basic idea is periodic charging and discharging of the capacitor. The proposed HGSC topology operational mode is carried out in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) along with the steady‐state analysis, and different switching stages are discussed in detail. Then, an analysis is carried out to demonstrate the proposed HGSC converter's special feature with other high‐gain converters. An averaging state‐space technique is used to determine the suggested converter's dynamics performance, and a small signal analysis is used to verify its stability. Furthermore, the HGSC topology is thoroughly analyzed in terms of power losses. For comparing the practical efficiency of the designed converter, nonidealities voltage gain is derived. The maximum efficiency of 96.7% is obtained at 150 W output power with the help of the dSPACE 1104 controller. Whenever the HGSC converter is fed with an input voltage supply of 20 V. It generates output voltages between 140 and 240 V. Extensive experimental investigation is carried out on a 200 W laboratory prototype model to verify the practicability and feasibility of HGSC DC–DC converter topology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, wide voltage range DC/DC converters have been widely used in telecom power, solar generation and electric vehicle charger applications. Based on this, a new multi‐resonant converter with wide input voltage is proposed here. Compared with the traditional LLC converter, the proposed converter can maintain the output voltage within a narrow frequency regulation range in both under‐resonance and over‐resonance areas. Thus, a wide voltage range can be realized without additional switch components or complex control strategies. The topology and the corresponding working principle of the proposed converter are introduced. In addition, the equivalent model by considering the fundamental wave is established and the influence of the resonance parameters on the voltage gain characteristic is analysed in detail. With these considerations, the resonance parameters are designed. Finally, a 500 W experiment platform is established to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this manuscript, a direct current (DC) boost converter based on a switched-capacitor circuit with closed-loop control, tailored for applications with high-voltage gain, is introduced. The converter utilizes a network with switching capacitors to enhance voltage gain without relying on inductors, making it ideal for high-voltage scenarios. An active disturbance rejection control (ADRC)-based control scheme is used to maintain output voltage stability in the presence of disturbances. The proposed converter's functionality and performance are assessed through simulations and experimental tests under various load conditions. A loss analysis, considering the losses from switches and diodes, is provided to determine the net efficiency. The results from both simulations and experiments show that the proposed converter achieves a high-voltage gain, excellent load regulation, and rapid transient response, highlighting its potential for applications that require a high-voltage boosting operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the trend in power electronics has been toward high-efficiency and high-power-density converters. Additionally, this trend has allowed electric vehicles to accommodate larger batteries, which necessitate bi-directional capabilities not only for driving but also for vehicle to grid (V2G), etc. This article proposes a comparative analysis of GaN-based bi-directional topologies, namely the dual active bridge (DAB) converter and the CLLC converter. To ensure a fair analysis of the proposed topologies, prototypes with the same target of efficiency above 97.5% and a power density of 5.5 kW/L have been constructed. This research can support the adoption of 10.9 kW bi-directional topologies in GaN-based on-board chargers (OBCs) for EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we present the design, simulation, and implementation of a DC-DC synchronous buck converter utilizing IISB's 2 μ m 4H-silicon carbide (SiC) complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The converter is designed to meet the demands of modern integrated circuits, particularly in the field of integrated power management. The SiC technology offers enhanced performance and reliability at high temperatures, making it especially suitable for applications that operate in these conditions, including automotive systems, and aerospace, among others. The power transistors and gate drivers are fully integrated on-chip, optimizing efficiency and minimizing footprint. Additionally, the study contributes to the understanding of SiC technology and its application in integrated circuit design. Simulation results demonstrate a peak efficiency of 86.6% at 120 mA load current and 84.8% at 300 mA load current, showing the converter performance under different operating conditions. Furthermore, at high temperatures (295 °C), the converter achieves an efficiency of 89.6%, demonstrating its robustness and versatility in extreme environments. These findings contribute to the advancement of integrated circuit design and facilitate advancements in more efficient and robust power management solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fully sustainable hydrogen production demands renewable energy sources. This study uses an approach that combines solar photovoltaic (PV) systems with batteries to tailor the energy supply to the unique demands of anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzers. An open source DC-DC adjustable converter is designed, prototyped, and tested to enable an AEM to operate at its optimum efficiency without disrupting the continuous operation of existing loads. A structured operating schedule is simulated to align PV performance with AEM electrolyzer characteristics. The results show the >90% efficiency open-source converter was able to directly power the electrolyzer while taking advantage of solar energy surplus for hydrogen production. By strategically scheduling the electrolyzer to maximize output and minimize waste the system only utilizes excess solar energy. By employing this sustainable method, the study highlights a scalable solution that not only enhances the efficiency of hydrogen production, but also promotes the deployment of PV. • Surplus PV energy is used via structured AEM electrolyzer schedules for H₂ production. • 75% of AEM is PV-powered, reducing energy waste, with batteries covering the rest. • Open-source adjustable DC-DC converter ensures optimal AEM electrolyzer performance. • Custom DC-DC converter achieves 90% efficiency, cutting power loss for the electrolyzer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high voltage gain DC–DC converter with a Y-source network is proposed in this paper for applications such as fuel cells and PV systems. The proposed converter topology is a combination of a Y-source module with a switched capacitor boost module. It is a single switch topology to produce high voltage gain at the load. The superiority of the proposed topology is the high voltage transfer ratio and continuous input current. The voltage gain of the converter can be achieved up to twenty times the input voltage at a duty cycle of 25% itself. The steady state analysis of the converter is carried out using mathematical equations and the working of the converter is explained. The design and analysis of the passive components in the circuit are explained. To illustrate the highlights of the converter, the proposed topology is compared with similar converters in the literature. The simulation of the converter is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The circuit is verified in the laboratory using a 100W prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new topology of multi-input bidirectional DC-DC converters is proposed in this paper. The converter has a boost behavior, i.e., the output voltage is higher than the sum of the input voltages. This family of converters is particularly suited for hybrid energy storage systems, where different DC sources are connected together and where the output voltage is significantly higher than the voltage of a single storage. The proposed converter reduces the number of required switches, leading to higher efficiency and reduced complexity compared to traditional n-input converters. The new topology demonstrates superior performance by enabling higher efficiency with fewer components. A dedicated control, based on PI controllers, is provided to ensure stable operation under dynamic conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed solution is tested using experimental results on a four-input 20 A/100 V converter prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper proposes a zero‐input‐current‐ripple (ZICR) high‐voltage‐gain dc‐dc converter with an integrated Y‐source network. It achieves zero input current ripple by introducing a parallel branch of an extra inductor, a coupled winding, and a capacitor at the input port. The voltage of the added inductor is opposite to that of the coupled winding. By adding the Y‐source coupled inductor, the boost capability of the converter is improved. The unique boost circuit structure makes that one winding in the three‐winding coupling inductance is step‐down type (the turns ratio n2 < 1) while the other winding is step‐up type (the turns ratio n1 > 1). In such a case, high voltage gain can be obtained under a lower turn ratio of the coupled inductor. The inherent passive clamping circuit clamps the spike voltage noises of the main switch to a low level and improves the efficiency. All the diodes have achieved ZCS (zero current switching) turn‐off. By comparing with several new converters, the advantages of this converter are proved. Finally, a 200‐W, 48‐ to 380‐V, 50‐kHz experimental prototype is built based on the theoretical research. At the rated power, the measured efficiencies with and without ZICR are 95.2% and 95.6%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems, to obtain the best energy conversion efficiency, effective DC‐DC converters must balance the solar panels output voltage with the voltage on the DC bus. The converter is designed to have low voltage stresses on each device, and it has the characteristics of a wide input range and high gain. The following actions were done to confirm that the proposed converter had a number of features appropriate for PV systems and an experimental verification platform was established based on theoretical analysis and small‐signal modeling. The input range of the scaled‐down experimental prototype is 40–80 V, with a rated output of 400 V and a rated power of 200 W. The experiment confirms the accuracy and feasibility of the theoretical analysis for the converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a high-gain Quasi-Z-Source (QZS) DC-DC converter with continuous input current is investigated. In order to increase the voltage level from lower to higher, a switched capacitor (SC) branch is added to QZS. This converter has absolute common ground, high gain, continuous input current, and low current stresses across the inductors and power switch. In this article, the principles of the converter's operation have been reviewed, and then the voltage and current stress on the elements have been calculated. In addition, in order to analyse the efficiency of the proposed converter, it has been compared with other converters in detail. Furthermore, the parameters design of the main components is presented. The proposed converter is simulated in MATLAB, and the results validate the functionality of theoretical predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of EVs (Electric Vehicles) as a zero-carbon alternative to fossil fuelpowered transport represents the importance of development in HESS (Hybrid Energy Storage System) and EMS (Energy Management Strategies). The present study focuses on a HESS model based on a parallel full-active configuration that integrates a (Li-ion) battery with a supercapacitor connected by two DC-DC bi-directional converters, are suitable options to power supply an electric vehicle. The EMS governing the HESS emerges as a critical element in the overall performance of EVs. The fuzzy logic control strategies have been widely used in high-level supervision and control; MPPT fuzzy logic is used for controller PV system. A complete study of the HESS; PV system, battery/supercapacitor is tested using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results show the performance and efficiency of the battery/supercapacitor for the EVs. Hence, the benefits of battery/supercapacitor use in a hybrid storage system are investigated and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coil alignment plays a vital role in wireless charging systems which affects the transmission power and resonance coupling efficiency in electric vehicle (EV) charging. Also, the cutting-edge controlling model is used to improve the converter operations in the wireless inductive power transfer (IPT) system for EV charging. This work proposes a deer hunting optimized converter control (DHOCC) algorithm for buck dc–dc converter to effectively step down the desired voltage and reduce the system complexity such as misalignments and air gap. The coil’s misalignment and air gaps are changed through the buck dc–dc converter output. This algorithm aligns the coil by changing the ranges of misalignment and air gap to improve coupling efficiency. The EV is placed on its surface to charge the battery. The proposed work is designed in the MATLAB/Simulink platform and the experimental setup validation has been carried out through the laboratory test setup. The simulation output shows the high effective coupling between two coils for an 8 cm air gap with 89.7% power transfer efficiency (PTE) and the experimental output shows an 8 cm air gap with 84.77% of PTE. The obtained result demonstrates the performance of the DHOCC based on a wireless IPT system under less complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the problem of controlling a DC propulsion motor of an autonomous underwater vehicle using a bidirectional non-isolated DC-DC converter. An automatic speed control system with a parametric controller was developed in the Matlab / Simulink package. To reduce energy conversion stages, dc-dc converters are often used to control dc motors AUV. The result of the work is an adaptive control system for the speed of the AUV propeller, which would provide high accuracy for a wide range of speeds and at the same time limit the maximum current and voltage at the armature. The indicators of the quality of performance in various modes of operation were determined, maps of the controller settings were compiled, and parametric correction was introduced. The operation of the system is analyzed and drawbacks are eliminated, such as voltage surges when switching from one speed to another, a decrease in overshoot and settling time. The performance of the system is analyzed under the conditions of random inputs from the propeller. The description of the laboratory stand for the study of the control system is given. A description of the laboratory study of the operation of the "DC converter—engine" system under conditions of random fluctuations in the moments on the motor shaft is given. It is shown that the proposed system has shown itself well under laboratory conditions and the experimental results are consistent with modeling in Matlab / Simulink.Article Highlights: To developing new architectures for the AUV propulsion system, the underlying question is to choose the most energy-efficient algorithm for the operation of the control system. Further research will be aimed at improving the laboratory plant in terms of reducing ripple voltage, control accuracy and signal filtering. Tests were carried out for various modes of operation of the propeller drive. The processed laboratory test results were compared with simulation results. They demonstrated that the control system got well with the speed control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new high step-up DC-DC switched-mode converter in which not only the input and output ports can be connected to a common ground, but also the service time of the input source is extended due to continuous current injection to the proposed power converter. Furthermore, the fast dynamic response is offered by minimum phase characteristics. This key feature is achieved by making the proposed converter’s control to output transfer function, free from the right half plane zero (RHPZ). Full description of the operation principles, theoretical analysis related to steady-state operation, and also the small-signal modelling derivation of the proposed converter, are presented in this paper. In the end, to confirm all the merits of the proposed converter and accuracy of theoretical analysis, a sample 25 V - 100 V laboratory prototype DC-DC converter with 100W output power has been implemented, and the main experimental results have also been outlined.

Abstract In recent years, wide voltage range DC/DC converters have been widely used in telecom power, solar generation and electric vehicle charger applications. Based on this, a new multi‐resonant converter with wide input voltage is proposed here. Compared with the traditional LLC converter, the proposed converter can maintain the output voltage within a narrow frequency regulation range in both under‐resonance and over‐resonance areas. Thus, a wide voltage range can be realized without additional switch components or complex control strategies. The topology and the corresponding working principle of the proposed converter are introduced. In addition, the equivalent model by considering the fundamental wave is established and the influence of the resonance parameters on the voltage gain characteristic is analysed in detail. With these considerations, the resonance parameters are designed. Finally, a 500 W experiment platform is established to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed converter.

The demand for high-gain, efficient, and cost-effective power converters with simple control mechanisms to connect electric vehicle batteries to the grid is increasing. This study introduces a switched capacitor-based power boost converter circuit to meet these needs. The minimal number of power switches in the circuit simplifies control operations and improves practical applicability. The proposed converter boosts the battery pack voltage by a factor of 5 and 11 for duty ratios of 0.5 and 0.8, respectively, which is significant compared to conventional boost converters. However, designing an electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter is crucial when a power converter board requires the application of a wide range of switching frequencies to enhance electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) immunity. Therefore, as the next step, the EMI/EMC filter design stages were discussed for the proposed converter. For this purpose, 15 printed circuit board (PCB) design rules were checked using the Altium Designer EMI Design Rule Checker, and board EMI/EMC compatibility was analysed. The resonance between the power and ground layers in the PCB was assessed using the plane resonance analyser. The results of simulation and laboratory tests are presented, which confirms the theoretical studies. On the basis of the software results, the points on the electronic board most susceptible to visual interferences have been identified. To minimise these EMI/EMC errors, it is suggested to add electronic components, such as capacitors, at these points according to mathematical and software findings.

Abstract This paper introduces the design and comprehensive performance evaluation of a novel Multi-Load and Multi-Source DC-DC converter tailored for electric vehicle (EV) power systems. The proposed converter integrates a primary battery power source with a secondary renewable energy source—specifically, solar energy—to enhance overall energy efficiency and reliability in EV applications. Unlike conventional multi-port converters that often suffer from cross-regulation issues and limited scalability, this converter ensures stable power distribution to various EV subsystems, including the motor, air conditioning unit, audio systems, and lighting. A key feature of the design is its ability to independently manage multiple power loads while maintaining isolated outputs, thus eliminating the inductor current imbalance that is common in traditional systems. Experimental validation using a 100 W prototype demonstrated the converter’s ability to deliver stable 24 V and 48 V outputs from a 12 V input, with output voltage deviations kept within ± 1%, significantly improving upon the ± 5% deviations typically seen in existing converters. Furthermore, the system achieved an impressive 93% efficiency under variable load conditions. The modular nature of the converter makes it not only suitable for EV applications but also for a broader range of industries, including renewable energy systems and industrial power supplies. This paper concludes by discussing optimization strategies for future improvements and potential scaling of the technology for commercial use in sustainable energy applications.

The paper describes the influence of the magnetizing inductance of the transformer on zero-voltage switching of the primary transistors in a soft-switching full-bridge dc-dc converter with a controlled rectifier and turn-off snubber. The optimized version of the transformer allows for achieving a full zero-voltage and zero-current turn-on of the primary transistors in a full-bridge soft-switching DC-DC converter. The analysis is verified by measurements on a laboratory model of the converter. The influence of undischarged output capacitances on the efficiency is measured as well. Also, the impact of the GaN transistors on the zero-voltage switching is discussed.

Abstract As of now, all over the world is focusing on the Electric Vehicle (EV) technology because its features are low environmental pollution, less maitainence cost required, high robustness, and good dynamic response. Also, the EVs work continuously until the input fuel is provided to the fuel stack. Here, a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is used as an input source to the electric vehicle system because of its merits fast startup, and quick response. However, the PEMFC gives nonlinear voltage versus current characteristics. As a result, the extraction of maximum power from the fuel stack is very difficult. The main aim of this work is to study different Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques (MPPT) for the DC-DC converter-fed PEMFC system. The studied MPPT controllers are Adjusted Step Value of Perturb & Observe (ASV with P&O), Adaptive Step Size with Incremental Conductance (ASS with IC), Radial Basis Functional Network (RBFN), Incremental Step-Fuzzy Logic Controller (IS with FLC), Continuous Step Variation based Particle Swarm Optimization (CSV with PSO), and Adaptive Step Value-Cuckoo Search Algorithm (ASV with CSA). The selected MPPT controllers’ comprehensive study has been in terms of maximum power extraction, tracking speed of the MPP, settling time of the fuel stack output voltage, oscillations across the MPP, and design complexity. From the comprehensive performance results of the hybrid MPPT controllers, the ASV with CSA technique gives superior performance when equated to the other MPPT controllers.

Various forms of distributed generation (DG), such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, play a crucial role in advancing a more sustainable future, driven by economic factors and environmental policies implemented by governments. DC-DC converters are essential for harnessing power from solar cells, as they maintain a constant output voltage despite fluctuations in input voltage. Typically, step-up converters are employed to raise output voltage levels, though they often apply the same voltage to an active switch as the output voltage, which can be limiting. To effectively integrate distributed generation sources with the utility grid, high-voltage gain step-up converters are necessary since these sources typically operate at low voltage levels. This study presents an enhanced design of non-isolated DC-DC converters with high voltage gain tailored for photovoltaic (PV) applications. The proposed architecture achieves a quadratic increase in output voltage gain, which alleviates voltage stress on the active switch. Our converter design features a quadratic boost converter complemented by a voltage-boosting cell, facilitating significant voltage amplification. This topology benefits from employing an active switch while minimizing the number of inductors required, resulting in a more compact circuit design. Furthermore, the proposed architecture shares characteristics with recently published topologies regarding passive component utilization, voltage gain, and other relevant parameters. To validate our findings, we conducted mathematical analyses and simulations, with results corroborated by experimental data from laboratory prototype tests.

Abstract The paper deals with the problem of controlling a DC propulsion motor of an autonomous underwater vehicle using a bidirectional non-isolated DC-DC converter. An automatic speed control system with a parametric controller was developed in the Matlab / Simulink package. To reduce energy conversion stages, dc-dc converters are often used to control dc motors AUV. The result of the work is an adaptive control system for the speed of the AUV propeller, which would provide high accuracy for a wide range of speeds and at the same time limit the maximum current and voltage at the armature. The indicators of the quality of performance in various modes of operation were determined, maps of the controller settings were compiled, and parametric correction was introduced. The operation of the system is analyzed and drawbacks are eliminated, such as voltage surges when switching from one speed to another, a decrease in overshoot and settling time. The performance of the system is analyzed under the conditions of random inputs from the propeller. The description of the laboratory stand for the study of the control system is given. A description of the laboratory study of the operation of the "DC converter—engine" system under conditions of random fluctuations in the moments on the motor shaft is given. It is shown that the proposed system has shown itself well under laboratory conditions and the experimental results are consistent with modeling in Matlab / Simulink.

Abstract This paper presents the design and analysis of a high voltage gain converter utilizing a coupled inductor with reduced voltage stress, specifically for photovoltaic energy-based systems. The proposed converter employs a two-winding coupled inductor and voltage multiplier cells to achieve an increase in output voltage while mitigating voltage stress across semiconductor components. Additionally, the voltage multiplier cells function as voltage clamps for the power switch, further enhancing the converter's performance. The converter features a single switch design, which simplifies control, reduces cost, and improves reliability. Key advantages of the converter include a low component count, a common ground between input and output ports, and high efficiency. The converter's performance is thoroughly investigated through mode analysis and steady-state analysis. Comparative evaluations with similar converters are conducted to highlight the benefits and performance of the proposed design. To validate the theoretical analysis, a 125 W prototype with 26 V input and 200 V output voltages operating at a 50 kHz switching frequency is developed, and experimental results are presented, demonstrating the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed high voltage gain converter.

This article introduces a novel approach for controlling a single-phase grid-connected inverter using neural network technology. While previous studies have primarily focused on voltage control techniques to facilitate power transfer in such systems, this paper advocates for the application of artificial intelligence for enhanced efficiency. Specifically, the proposed control method employs a neural network trained for function approximation to optimize power exchange between the microgrid and the main power grid. To manage battery operations, a bidirectional converter is utilized, ensuring efficient charging and discharging. During grid integration mode, voltage regulation within the microgrid is overseen by the single-phase inverter, whereas boost converters take charge during isolation mode. Results demonstrate a considerable enhancement in power management between the microgrid and the grid, alongside effective voltage regulation of the DC bus.

Abstract This article presents two power converters with controllers attached to the Free‐Piston Stirling Linear Generator (FPSLG) and energy storage system (ESS). The rectifier uses hysteresis‐SVPWM current regulation and CB‐SPWM, while the buck‐boost converter utilizes the dual‐loop PI control method. The storage battery receives energy from a linear‐generator with a rectifier and converter. The FPSE and linear motors in the FPSLG convert thermal to electrical energy. A two‐level electrical energy conversion technique using a three‐phase AC signal to DC and DC‐DC converter has been devised to reduce output electrical energy oscillation as well as stabilize the generating system's DC power. Initially, the FPSE's nonlinear model and the three‐phase permanent magnet linear‐motor's linear mathematical model were created and followed by the ESS and control mechanism simulation. The simulation shows that the ESS system and control approach can give stable power to the storage battery using linear‐generator power. The PR controller replaces the PI controller in the position loop to improve frequency and displacement tracing. The control system design was simulated in MATLAB and the topology's feasibility and correctness were confirmed. Comparative analysis shows that, rectifier uses the H‐SVPWM's unity power factor of AC and stability controllability of the DC‐side voltage is better than the CB‐SPWM approach.

This paper presents the design and analysis of a high voltage gain converter utilizing a coupled inductor with reduced voltage stress, specifically for photovoltaic energy-based systems. The proposed converter employs a two-winding coupled inductor and voltage multiplier cells to achieve an increase in output voltage while mitigating voltage stress across semiconductor components. Additionally, the voltage multiplier cells function as voltage clamps for the power switch, further enhancing the converter's performance. The converter features a single switch design, which simplifies control, reduces cost, and improves reliability. Key advantages of the converter include a low component count, a common ground between input and output ports, and high efficiency. The converter's performance is thoroughly investigated through mode analysis and steady-state analysis. Comparative evaluations with similar converters are conducted to highlight the benefits and performance of the proposed design. To validate the theoretical analysis, a 125 W prototype with 26 V input and 200 V output voltages operating at a 50 kHz switching frequency is developed, and experimental results are presented, demonstrating the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed high voltage gain converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As of now, all over the world is focusing on the Electric Vehicle (EV) technology because its features are low environmental pollution, less maitainence cost required, high robustness, and good dynamic response. Also, the EVs work continuously until the input fuel is provided to the fuel stack. Here, a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is used as an input source to the electric vehicle system because of its merits fast startup, and quick response. However, the PEMFC gives nonlinear voltage versus current characteristics. As a result, the extraction of maximum power from the fuel stack is very difficult. The main aim of this work is to study different Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques (MPPT) for the DC-DC converter-fed PEMFC system. The studied MPPT controllers are Adjusted Step Value of Perturb & Observe (ASV with P&O), Adaptive Step Size with Incremental Conductance (ASS with IC), Radial Basis Functional Network (RBFN), Incremental Step-Fuzzy Logic Controller (IS with FLC), Continuous Step Variation based Particle Swarm Optimization (CSV with PSO), and Adaptive Step Value-Cuckoo Search Algorithm (ASV with CSA). The selected MPPT controllers' comprehensive study has been in terms of maximum power extraction, tracking speed of the MPP, settling time of the fuel stack output voltage, oscillations across the MPP, and design complexity. From the comprehensive performance results of the hybrid MPPT controllers, the ASV with CSA technique gives superior performance when equated to the other MPPT controllers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single-inductor multi-source energy harvesting system that can harvest three types of ambient energy was presented. The system can self-supply using an integrated self-starting circuit that does not require an external battery. It performs hybrid modulation of pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) and pulse-width modulation (PWM) and realizes adaptive asynchronous control for input and output, achieving higher system stability and better energy aggregation. Adaptive maximum power point tracking (MPPT) was implemented to generate inductor charging control signals with different frequencies and duty cycles according to different input sources, enabling the inductor to operate in discontinuous mode (DCM) under different input conditions. The energy harvesting system was designed using a 0.18-μm CMOS process. The simulation results show that the system can realize low-voltage self-startup as low as 200mV and can provide a stable output of 1.4V to the load with a 1V harvested voltage to self-supply. The highest conversion efficiency of the system is 76.43%@Rload=10kΩ, and the average power consumption in sleep mode is 2.38μW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transportation industry is experiencing a switch towards electrification. Availability of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure is very critical for broader acceptance of EVs. The increasing use of OBCs, due to their cost-effectiveness and ease of installation, necessitates addressing key challenges. These include achieving high efficiency and power density to overcome space limitations and reduce charging times. Additionally, the growing interest in bidirectional power flow, allowing EVs to supply power back to the grid, highlights the importance of innovative OBC solutions. This review article provides a thorough analysis of the current advancements, challenges, and prospects in EV on-board charger technology. It aims to offer a comprehensive review of OBC architectures, components, technologies, and emerging trends, guiding future research and development. Addressing these challenges is essential to enhance the efficiency, reliability, and integration of OBCs within the broader EV ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are emerging as promising candidates for various applications in robotics and optical devices due to their lightweight, miniaturization potential, high energy density, simple structure, and low power consumption. However, their effective actuation always demands sophisticated high-voltage driving circuits that are compact and responsive. DEAs need to be capable of generating intricate high-voltage waveforms or simultaneously controlling multiple quadrants with distinct high-voltage levels. This paper proposes a high-voltage power supply for DEAs, featuring a four-quadrant high-voltage driving circuit. The circuit is capable of independently generating high-voltage signals ranging from 100 V to 6000 V and producing arbitrary waveforms with adjustable frequencies. The independent operation of the quadrants without crosstalk showcases the system's integration and potential for cross-disciplinary applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the central processing unit (CPU) of laptop computer operates at very high clock frequencies (GHz) with abrupt load transitions. Therefore, it necessitates an efficient voltage regulator in order to realize the rapid CPU dynamics. In view of this, this paper presents a 4-phase interleaved synchronous buck converter (ISBC) for the CPU applications. It has the exceptional features such as input and output current ripple cancellation, good thermal performance, higher power, current and efficiency. The design of a 9~19 V input, 1 V/45 A, 300 kHz ISBC is accomplished as a CPU voltage regulator. The performance of the converter is interpreted for the line and load regulations based on the voltage mode hysteretic controller. The elaborative PSIM simulation results are presented in view of emphasizing the strength of this controller. Moreover, the efficiency analysis of the Si devices as well as GaN devices based interleaved converter is explored in detail. The GaN devices can ameliorate the power density (PD) as well as efficiency of the ISBC. It also highlights the importance of the switching frequency selection and optimization for the ISBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The instantaneous power of 1- $\phi $ ϕ solar photovoltaic system comprising of high-gain DC-DC converter and 1- $\phi $ ϕ photovoltaic inverter has a twice line frequency that creates the undesirable second order harmonic current. This paper provides topological changes in both DC-DC converter and DC-AC inverter to mitigate the undesirable second-order harmonic current. Re-boost converter is used instead of boost converter, and power decoupling-based 1- $\phi $ ϕ inverter is used for the inverter purpose. To provide adequate DC-link voltage, standard maximum power point tracking scheme is used. To control the output of inverter, fixed-frequency sliding mode controller is used that provides better response in steady state as well as transient state conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This manuscript introduces a novel multilevel middle point clamped (MMPC) DC-DC converter and its associated switching scheme aimed at maintaining the desired medium-voltage DC (MVDC) collector grid within offshore all-DC wind farms. Building upon previous work by the authors, which proposed an all-DC structure serving as a benchmark system, this study explores the application of the MMPC DC-DC converter within this framework. Within the all-DC wind generation system, a 9-phase hybrid generator (HG) integrated into the wind turbine is linked to the MVDC collector grid through an AC-DC stage, which is a passive rectifier. This passive rectifier offers elevated voltage ratings and protection against back power flow. The conventional neutral point clamped (NPC) converter concept has been thoroughly investigated and expanded upon to develop the proposed MMPC DC-DC converter. The proposed MMPC DC-DC converter integrates boosting capabilities, facilitating the connection of the generator's rectified voltage to the MVDC collector grid while regulating variable rectified voltage to a fixed MVDC collector grid voltage. The MVDC collector grid is further interconnected with high-voltage DC (HVDC) through a DC-DC converter situated in an offshore substation. This paper further provides a comprehensive overview of the proposed MMPC DC-DC converter, detailing its operational modes and corresponding switching schemes. Through an in-depth examination of operational modes, duty cycles for each switch and mode are defined, subsequently establishing the relationship between rectified input voltage and MVDC output voltage for the MMPC DC-DC converter. Utilizing the middle point clamped architecture, this innovative converter offers several advantages, including low ripple voltage, a modular structure, and reduced switching stress because of the multilevel voltage and the incorporation of a hard point, which also facilitates the capacitor voltage balancing. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed converter is evaluated via simulation studies of a wind turbine conversion system utilizing two cascaded MMPC DC-DC converters operating under variable input voltage conditions. The simulations confirm its efficacy, supported by promising results, and validating its performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a detailed analysis of a previously introduced boost converter based on cascaded capacitor connections. The analyzed converter maintains the same voltage gain as its conventional double-boost converter counterpart. The main advantage of the redesigned converter is that it requires smaller capacitors, rated to a lower voltage, due to the cascaded connection. This makes it suitable for various applications, including distributed generation and microgrids. This paper conducts the mathematical modeling of the converter with large signal models and the equilibrium operation in continuous conduction mode, employed to implement a control scheme. Even though the individual capacitor voltage ripple reaches high values, for voltage gains above five, the output voltage ripple is lower compared with that of other converters. The analysis also includes a comparative study with the conventional double dual boost converter. Simulations assess the proposed topology's ability to effectively minimize the switching ripple in the output voltage, even with smaller capacitors. Finally, experimental results are also provided to confirm the functionality of the proposed converters under various operational conditions, which confirm its suitability for low-voltage generator applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a design and analysis of novel DC-DC boost converter with a least component count. The proposed converter produces high DC gain voltage in comparison to some recently presented high voltage DC-DC converter. Here one switch, one inductor, two capacitors and one diode are used to achieved a high voltage gain without compromising efficiency of converter. The converter’s performance is evaluated using theatrical, simulation and experimental methods, with results indicating a four times of input voltage and a fast-transient response at various duty cycles is achieved. Due to its low component count the proposed converter is compact and hence it offers an effective solution for various power applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various forms of distributed generation (DG), such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, play a crucial role in advancing a more sustainable future, driven by economic factors and environmental policies implemented by governments. DC-DC converters are essential for harnessing power from solar cells, as they maintain a constant output voltage despite fluctuations in input voltage. Typically, step-up converters are employed to raise output voltage levels, though they often apply the same voltage to an active switch as the output voltage, which can be limiting. To effectively integrate distributed generation sources with the utility grid, high-voltage gain step-up converters are necessary since these sources typically operate at low voltage levels. This study presents an enhanced design of non-isolated DC-DC converters with high voltage gain tailored for photovoltaic (PV) applications. The proposed architecture achieves a quadratic increase in output voltage gain, which alleviates voltage stress on the active switch. Our converter design features a quadratic boost converter complemented by a voltageboosting cell, facilitating significant voltage amplification. This topology benefits from employing an active switch while minimizing the number of inductors required, resulting in a more compact circuit design. Furthermore, the proposed architecture shares characteristics with recently published topologies regarding passive component utilization, voltage gain, and other relevant parameters. To validate our findings, we conducted mathematical analyses and simulations, with results corroborated by experimental data from laboratory prototype tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A DC‐DC converter with high boost and low switching voltage stress is proposed by combining switched capacitor (SC) and coupled inductor (CL) techniques based on a conventional boost circuit. The design methodology of this converter includes substituting SC for a single switch in the boost converter, combining CL, and integrating a resonant boost circuit for absorbing leakage inductance. The improved power switch topology in this design has lower voltage stress, lower diode current stress, fewer total components, and common ground than other conventional DC‐DC converters. The operating modes and steady state analysis of the converter are provided in terms of leakage inductance utilization, with component stress derivation and theoretical efficiency analysis. In addition, comparisons with other dc‐dc converters are made. Subsequently, experiments were conducted on a 200 W DC‐DC converter prototype to verify the reliability of the converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]