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Members of the genus Hemerocallis have significant value as ornamental, edible, and medicinal plants, particularly in China, where they have been utilized for thousands of years as both a vegetable and Traditional Chinese Medicine. Hemerocallis species exhibit strict control over flowering time, with individuals flowering either diurnally or nocturnally. However, our understanding of the evolutionary history of this genus, especially concerning important horticultural traits, remains limited. In this study, sequencing and assembly efforts were conducted on 73 samples within the Hemerocallis genus. All accessions were classified into two distinct groups based on their diurnal (daylilies) or nocturnal (nightlilies) flowering habits. Comparative analysis of the chloroplast genomes from these two groups identified fifteen variant hotspot regions, including fourteen SNPs and one deletion, which hold promise for the development of molecular markers for interspecific identification. Phylogenetic trees, generated through both maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference methods using 76 shared protein-coding sequences, revealed that diurnal flowering evolved prior to nocturnal flowering. The divergence between the two groups is estimated to have occurred approximately 0.82 MYA (95% CI: 0.35-1.45 MYA). The ancestral state of Hemerocallis is hypothesized to have featured diurnal flowering with orange yellow petals. This study marks the first reconstruction of the evolutionary history and ancestral state of the genus Hemerocallis. The findings contribute significantly to our understanding of the adaptation and speciation history within the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to assess the impact of UV-B radiation on flavonoid compound levels in 'Stella de Oro' daylily leaves, three distinct treatment groups were established: a control group (CK) devoid of UV-B exposure, a low-dose UV-B group (L, 10 μw/cm²), and a high-dose UV-B group (H, 20 μw/cm²). Throughout the UV-B exposure period, parameters including leaf gas exchange, dry weight ratio, and flavonoid compound content were monitored. Following the UV-B treatment, there was a notable increase in the net photosynthesis rate (Pn) by 72 %, stomatal conductance (Gs) by 46 %, transpiration rate (Tr) by 42 %, and water use efficiency (WUE) by 21 %. Moreover, there was a notable increase in the total content of rutin, myricetin, and quercetin in the leaves by 110 %, 55 %, and 47 % respectively. The observed changes in leaf dry weight ratio under UV-B exposure in group H were consistent with the alterations in flavonoid compound levels in the leaves. Based on the results, PCA analysis indicated a significant correlation between WUE and flavonoids content, possibly related with the combined effect of Pn and Tr. [Display omitted] • The daylily photosynthesis capacity was improved by increasing UV-B treatments. • The dry weight ratios increased significantly under higher UV-B condition (20 μw/cm²). • UV-B increased the leaf rutin, myricetin and quercetin contents after 20-d treatments. • WUE under UV-B radiation was closely related to flavonoid synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sucrose invertase is an important catalytic enzyme that is widely distributed in plants and can irreversibly hydrolyze sucrose into fructose and glucose. Daylily is an important perennial flower worldwide and a traditional vegetable in East Asia. Previous studies have suggested that sucrose invertase is involved in the aging of daylily flowers. However, knowledge about the number, physicochemical properties, and expression patterns of daylily sucrose invertases is still lacking. Identifying the daylily sucrose invertase family genes in the genome is highly important for understanding phylogenetic evolution and determining the genetic function of sucrose invertase. Methods: To obtain basic knowledge about the number, classification, sequence composition, and physicochemical properties of sucrose invertases in daylily, bioinformatics software was used to analyze the genome of Hemerocallis citrina (H. citrina), and the basic properties of sucrose invertase genes and proteins were obtained. Then, combined with transcriptome data from flower organs at different developmental stages, the expression patterns of each gene were clarified. Finally, the reliability of the transcriptome data was verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Through software analysis, 35 sucrose invertases were identified from the H. citrina genome and named HcINV1-HcINV35; these enzymes belong to three subfamilies: cell wall invertases, vacuolar invertases, and chloroplast invertases. The amino acid composition, motif types, promoter composition, gene structure, protein physicochemical properties, gene chromosomal localization, and evolutionary adaptability of daylily invertases were determined; these results provided a comprehensive understanding of daylily invertases. The transcriptome expression profile combined with fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT‒PCR) analysis suggested that almost all daylily invertase genes were expressed in flower organs, but even genes belonging to the same subfamily did not exhibit the same expression pattern at different developmental stages, suggesting that there may be redundancy or dissimilation in the function of daylily sucrose invertases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daylily (Hemerocallis citrina) is a perennial herb of the genus Hemerocallis of Liliaceae. It is also an economically important crop and is widely cultivated. Daylily has nutritional, medicinal and ornamental values. The research literature shows that daylily is a high-quality food raw material rich in soluble sugars, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, dietary fiber, carotenoids, mineral elements, polyphenols and other nutrients, which are effective in clearing heat and diuresis, resolving bruises and stopping bleeding, strengthening the stomach and brain, and reducing serum cholesterol levels. This article reviews the main nutrients of daylily and summarizes the drying process of daylily. In addition, due to the existence of active ingredients, daylily also has a variety of biological activities that are beneficial to human health. This article also highlights the nutritional quality of daylily, the research progress of dried vegetable rehydration technology and dried daylily. In the end, the undeveloped molecular mechanism and functional research status of daylily worldwide are introduced in order to provide reference for the nutritional quality research and dried processing industry of daylily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep disorders are widespread. Inhaled aromatherapy has shown advantages over medication in treating insomnia. Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) has been found to positively affect sleep either by ingestion or inhalation, but there is a lack of research on the sleep aid effect of its inhalation route. At present, the floral scent characteristics of daylily are not obvious, and the extraction rate of essential oil is low. Based on the above problems, this study developed daylily essence which replicates the natural aroma of plants and investigated the effect of inhaling daylily essence aroma on sleep activity by using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and electroencephalogram (EEG). According to PSQI results, inhaling the aroma of daylily essence improved participants' subjective sleep quality. The difference between men and women was statistically significant (p <.05). The slow‐wave sleep activity of EEG in the experimental group was significantly stronger than that in the control group (p <.01). In addition, the frontal and central regions were more responsive to aroma stimuli (p <.05). The results of this study show that the aroma of daylily can promote the subjective and objective sleep quality of healthy college students, and the use of fragrance intervention is a potential scheme to improve sleep quality and insomnia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because the water content of fresh daylily is high, the quality of fresh daylily decreases rapidly after harvest. It is very important to explore the suitable processing methods for extending the shelf life of daylily. The effects of different vacuum pulsating preventive technology (PVD) conditions on nutritional composition, color, flavor, rehydration rate and microstructure of daylily were investigated, so as to improve the quality of dried daylily. The effects of different drying temperatures (65, 70, 75, 80 " and 85 ") on the quality of daylilies were studied under the conditions of vacuum holding time (10 min) and atmospheric holding time (5 min) using PVD equipment. Furthermore, principal component analysis and partial least squares method were used to discriminate the drying process, flavor composition and characteristic taste of daylily. The results showed that the content of free amino acids in naturally dried (CK) daylily was the highest, at 0.858 mg/g. The !E value was the highest, at 16.47, further indicating that the overall quality of the sample was poor. After PVD drying, daylily has a bright and vibrant color, good rehydration performance, and significantly increased protein and flavonoid content. When PVD was 80 ", the primary color retention rate was the highest (!E= 7.28), and the free amino acid content was the highest (0.818 mg/g). When PVD was 75 ", the protein (7.331 g/L) and Ga (1072.445 "g/kg) content in the sample was the highest. When PVD was 70 the proportion of /3-fold and "helix content in the daylily sample was the highest, at 35%. When PVD was 65 the flavonoid content (1.653 mg/g) and rehydration rate are the highest (3.04%), and inorganic sulfides, nitrogen oxides, and terpenoids can be well retained. In addition, partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed that aspartic acid, histidine, serine, glutamic acid, and alanine are characteristic taste substances of daylily. Conclusion: Different PVD drying temperatures lead to differences in the physicochemical properties and nutritional components of daylily. The research results can provide suitable process parameters to meet different quality attribute requirements and consumer acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fermentation process was carried out with varied input variables, and all the models showed significant p-values for interaction of variance (

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The ecologically fragile agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China is characterized by relatively poor arable land quality. Yunzhou District in Datong City, which is situated within this transitional zone, boasts over 600 years of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni cultivation. Exploring the effects of soil physicochemical properties on daylily yield and related agronomic traits is essential for enhancing the ecological and economic value of dominant crops in ecologically fragile areas. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the daylily, a characteristic cash crop that is grown in the agro-pastoral ecotone in Yunzhou District. Physicochemical property measurement and yield estimation were performed using soil samples collected from 37 sites, with Spearman's correlation analysis, one-way analysis of variance with multiple comparisons, path analysis, and stepwise regression analysis used to analyze the generated data. The results showed the following: (1) The pathway analysis of daylily yield with each agronomic trait showed that the BN and PH directly affected the yield of daylily with direct pathway coefficients of 0.844 and 0.7, respectively, whereas the SN indirectly affected the yield of daylily through the BD and PH, with indirect pathway coefficients of 0.827 and 0.566, respectively. (2) A total of four principal components were extracted for the soil factors, of which SMC, ST and BD had large loadings on PC1; OM, TN and pH had large loadings on PC2; AK had large loadings on PC3; and AP had large loadings on PC4. (3) From the principal component regression and stepwise regression, it can be seen that SMC is the most critical factor affecting the yield of daylily, as well as the related agronomic traits, and the results also show that yield prediction was affected by OM, ST, and AK, while BN was influenced by OM and ST, and SN and PH were influenced by AP. Comparing the goodness of fit and significance of the two models, it can be concluded that the stepwise regression model is the optimal model for this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daylily is one of the most popular perennial herbaceous plants with the high nutritional and medicinal value. Manual picking cannot fully meet the large-scale planting in recent years, due to the high labor intensity and cost while low efficiency. Alternatively, automated picking can be expected in the daylily planting under agricultural mechanization. Among them, object detection and segmentation are the key technologies for the intelligent harvesting of daylily using machine vision. However, the original object detection has been prone to produce the missed and false detections in the unstructured environments, such as the unstable lighting conditions, complex and variable backgrounds, as well as mutual occlusion of targets. It is a high demand for the accuracy of the positioning during picking. In this study, an improved YOLO-Daylily model was proposed for the object detection and instance segmentation of daylily using YOLOv7-seg model. The CBAM (Convolutional Block Attention Module) attention mechanism module was also introduced into the YOLOv7-seg backbone network, in order to reduce the influence of background and interference factors; In the ELAN (effective layer aggregation networks) module, PConv (partial convolution) was used to replace the original 3 × 3 convolutional layers, thus reducing the redundant calculations and memory access. CoordConv was used to replace the 1×1 convolutional layer in the PA-FPN (path aggregation feature pyramid networks) of the neck network, in order to enhance the perception of position and mask robustness. The residual connection was used to combine the geometric information of shallow feature maps with the semantic information of deep feature maps, for the better detection and segmentation performance of the improved model. The ablation test showed that the detection accuracy, recall rate and average precision were 89.5%, 84.2% and 90.3%, respectively, which were 2.5, 2.3, and 2.7 percentage points higher than the baseline model. The segmentation accuracy, recall rate, and average precision were 91.8%, 83.2% and 90.5%, respectively, which increased by 0.2, 3.5, and 3 percentage points. A comparison was made to further verify the reliability of the improved YOLO-Daylily model. The performance of segmentation was also verified with the traditional two-stage segmentation, including Mask R-CNN and single-stage, such as SOLOv2, YOLOv5l-seg, and YOLOv5x-seg. The experimental results indicate that the YOLO-Daylily model was achieved in a significantly higher average accuracy of segmentation, particularly with a rise of 8.4 percentage points, compared with the two-stage instance segmentation (Mask RCNN). The number of floating-point operations was reduced by 50% from 258.2 to 128.3. The frame per second (FPS) segmentation speed increased by about 1.8 times. Compared with SOLOv2, YOLOv5l-seg, and YOLOv5x-seg models, the average segmentation accuracy AP50 raised 12.7%, 4.8%, and 5.4%, respectively; The GFLOPs parameters decreased by 88.7, 18.1, and 135.7, respectively. The size of the improved model decreased as well. The better performance of detection, recognition, and segmentation was obtained to reduce the missed and false detections. The improved model can meet the requirements of real-time detection. The finding can provide the theoretical support for the practical application of intelligent harvesting of daylily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The farming–pastoral ecotone in northern China is an ecologically vulnerable area with low-quality arable land, and cash crops are an important economic source for local farmers. Although local governments have introduced supportive policies, there are still several factors that hinder the implementation of the policies: there is a lack of sufficient research on the distribution of specialty crops, and the driving factors for agricultural planting structure adjustment are not yet clear. In this study, the specialty cash crop of the daylily planting industry in Yunzhou District, in the Farming–Pastoral Ecotone in northern China, was selected as the research object. Field surveys were conducted to collect sample points and village-level survey data, which were further combined with Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data, and vegetation indices. Support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) classifiers were utilized to identify daylilies and compare the accuracy using different combinations of input data. Furthermore, the classification results were counted by village, and spatial autocorrelation was used to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of daylilies. Finally, in conjunction with the village-level survey data, Spearman correlation analysis, multiple regression trees (MRT), and random forests were employed to explore the driving factors of daylily cultivation. The results indicate that using an RF classification tree of 300 resulted in the optimal method, as it achieved the highest accuracy for crop classification. The overall accuracy and daylily classification accuracy were 94.6% and 94.75%, respectively. Daylily distributions were mainly concentrated near the Sanggan River, urban areas, and the tourism industry. The distribution area of daylilies in each village was concentrated in 13.4–38.8 hm2. Spatial clustering showed more aggregation of low–low and high–high types. Labor force and daylily yield were identified as the most significant influencing factors. Further analysis of the different regions revealed the importance of industry support policies and technical training. This study provides data to support the distribution of specialty crops in Yunzhou District and a technical basis for adjusting agricultural planting structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background Sucrose invertase is an important catalytic enzyme that is widely distributed in plants and can irreversibly hydrolyze sucrose into fructose and glucose. Daylily is an important perennial flower worldwide and a traditional vegetable in East Asia. Previous studies have suggested that sucrose invertase is involved in the aging of daylily flowers. However, knowledge about the number, physicochemical properties, and expression patterns of daylily sucrose invertases is still lacking. Identifying the daylily sucrose invertase family genes in the genome is highly important for understanding phylogenetic evolution and determining the genetic function of sucrose invertase. Methods To obtain basic knowledge about the number, classification, sequence composition, and physicochemical properties of sucrose invertases in daylily, bioinformatics software was used to analyze the genome of Hemerocallis citrina (H. citrina), and the basic properties of sucrose invertase genes and proteins were obtained. Then, combined with transcriptome data from flower organs at different developmental stages, the expression patterns of each gene were clarified. Finally, the reliability of the transcriptome data was verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Through software analysis, 35 sucrose invertases were identified from the H. citrina genome and named HcINV1-HcINV35; these enzymes belong to three subfamilies: cell wall invertases, vacuolar invertases, and chloroplast invertases. The amino acid composition, motif types, promoter composition, gene structure, protein physicochemical properties, gene chromosomal localization, and evolutionary adaptability of daylily invertases were determined; these results provided a comprehensive understanding of daylily invertases. The transcriptome expression profile combined with fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT‒PCR) analysis suggested that almost all daylily invertase genes were expressed in flower organs, but even genes belonging to the same subfamily did not exhibit the same expression pattern at different developmental stages, suggesting that there may be redundancy or dissimilation in the function of daylily sucrose invertases.

Daylily (Hemerocallis citrina) is a perennial herb of the genus Hemerocallis of Liliaceae. It is also an economically important crop and is widely cultivated. Daylily has nutritional, medicinal and ornamental values. The research literature shows that daylily is a high-quality food raw material rich in soluble sugars, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, dietary fiber, carotenoids, mineral elements, polyphenols and other nutrients, which are effective in clearing heat and diuresis, resolving bruises and stopping bleeding, strengthening the stomach and brain, and reducing serum cholesterol levels. This article reviews the main nutrients of daylily and summarizes the drying process of daylily. In addition, due to the existence of active ingredients, daylily also has a variety of biological activities that are beneficial to human health. This article also highlights the nutritional quality of daylily, the research progress of dried vegetable rehydration technology and dried daylily. In the end, the undeveloped molecular mechanism and functional research status of daylily worldwide are introduced in order to provide reference for the nutritional quality research and dried processing industry of daylily.

Hemerocallis citrina Baroni (daylily) is an important cash crop in many regions of China. Daylily rust caused by Puccinia hemerocallidis (Ph) is a major disease in H. citrina. Rust infection on the leaves of two resistant and susceptible varieties of H. citrina was examined. Transcriptome sequencing and defense enzyme activity were used to analyze the differential expression of related genes after 0, 72, 144, 192, and 288 h, to reveal the response mechanism of H. citrina to rust infection and screen-related resistance genes. The results suggested that 72 h after Ph infection was the key time point for determining differences between resistant and susceptible varieties. DEGs were significantly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant–pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction, and the MAPK signaling pathway. TFs WRKY33 and CYP98A are key genes closely related to the disease-resistance response of H. citrina. This study is the first large-scale transcriptomic analysis of H. citrina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Daylily is a functional food with high nutritional value in China. Datong (DT) in Shanxi Province is one of the four main production areas of daylily. Therefore, Linfen (LF), Lvliang (LL), and Yangquan (YQ) in Shanxi Province have also introduced daylily from DT. However, geographical and climatic conditions and producing patterns cause variations in the daylily quality. In the present study, we found that the nutrient composition of daylilies from different producing areas of Shanxi Province varied. The key environmental factors affecting the nutrition of daylily in different regions were altitude and temperature. The widely targeted metabolomics results showed that 1642 metabolites were found in daylily. The differential metabolites between DT and YQ, LL and LF were 557, 667, and 359, respectively. Notably, 9 metabolic pathways and 59 metabolite markers were associated with daylily from different areas. This study provides a theoretical basis for the quality maintenance and health efficacy research of daylily.

ABSTRACTHemerocallis citrina Baroni (daylily) is an important cash crop in many regions of China. Daylily rust caused by Puccinia hemerocallidis (Ph) is a major disease in H. citrina. Rust infection on the leaves of two resistant and susceptible varieties of H. citrina was examined. Transcriptome sequencing and defense enzyme activity were used to analyze the differential expression of related genes after 0, 72, 144, 192, and 288 h, to reveal the response mechanism of H. citrina to rust infection and screen-related resistance genes. The results suggested that 72 h after Ph infection was the key time point for determining differences between resistant and susceptible varieties. DEGs were significantly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant–pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction, and the MAPK signaling pathway. TFs WRKY33 and CYP98A are key genes closely related to the disease-resistance response of H. citrina. This study is the first large-scale transcriptomic analysis of H. citrina.

Chromosome doubling in ornamental plants, as shown by our study in daylilies (Hemerocallis spp.), has great potential to increase tolerance to abiotic stress. Drought is the most critical growth-limiting factor in a changing climate. Drought tolerance is one of the decisive factors for the survival, productivity, and appearance of perennial ornamental plants. Understanding and elucidating the molecular mechanisms that determine plant response to abiotic stress is essential. De novo transcriptome assembly of diploid and autotetraploid Hemerocallis spp. cv. Trahlyta was performed under artificially induced stress to elucidate the molecular mechanisms related to plant response to drought. In daylily mRNA, 237,886 transcripts were detected, and 42.4% of them were identified as annotated unigenes. In the experiment, diploid plants were more stressed, with 2871 upregulated or downregulated DEGs (differentially expressed genes) responding to drought, while tetraploid plants had 1599 DEGs. The proportion of upregulated DEGs differed by 1.3 times between diploid and autotetraploid genotypes, whereas the proportion of downregulated DEGs was 1.8 times greater in diploid plants. Signaling pathways related to the drought response were activated in daylilies, and key candidate genes were identified in both ploidy genotypes. In autotetraploid plants, more drought-related pathways were activated than in diploids—43 and 19, respectively. The most abundant DEGs in both cases were KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes), metabolic (ko01100), and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (ko01110) pathways. Summarizing the data, it was found that autotetraploid plants of the daylily have a wider potential for adaptation to drought stress. Therefore, they adapt faster and better to adverse drought conditions by activating alternative signaling pathways. The comparative transcriptome analysis of diploid and autotetraploid plants allows us to understand the molecular mechanisms of drought resistance and it is also essential for daylily breeding programs to develop drought-resistant genotypes in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daylilies (Hemerocallis spp.) are widely cultivated as perennial ornamentals worldwide with important edible, medicinal, and ornamental value. In this study, a total of 9139 SSR loci were detected in the daylily cultivar 'Autumn Red' through Single Molecular Real Time sequencing, of which 2604 unigenes contained two or more SSR loci. Tri-nucleotide repeats were predominated (5270, 57.66%) among the SSR loci, followed by di-nucleotide repeats (3253, 35.50%). Forty (44.44%) valid EST-SSR markers were identified from 90 synthesized EST-SSR markers by screening six accessions, including one daylily wild species, one daylily variant, two daylily cultivars and two night lily landraces cultivated in the National Hemerocallis Germplasm Resource Bank of China. Genetic diversity analysis of 104 Hemerocallis accessions was conducted using 30 polymorphic EST-SSR markers and a total of 98 alleles was identified with an average of 3.23, ranging from 2 to 8 alleles per loci. The polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.01 to 0.70, with an average of 0.25. Five markers (XC007, XC057, XC058, XC068 and XC072) showed high polymorphism (PIC > 0.5). Cluster analysis showed that daylilies and night lilies were clustered into two phylogenetic groups, which was confirmed by population structure analysis and PCoA analysis. Among them, Cluster I was classified into six subclusters (Group A–F) in the NJ dendrogram. Combined with the analysis of morphological characteristics of accessions, it was found that the genetic distance may be affected by the source of accessions, which needs further research. Finally, DNA fingerprints of 104 Hemerocallis accessions were constructed using seven efficient EST-SSR markers. The EST-SSRs developed in this study provided useful tools for the identification of daylily accessions and molecular marker assisted breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecologically fragile agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China is characterized by relatively poor arable land quality. Yunzhou District in Datong City, which is situated within this transitional zone, boasts over 600 years of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni cultivation. Exploring the effects of soil physicochemical properties on daylily yield and related agronomic traits is essential for enhancing the ecological and economic value of dominant crops in ecologically fragile areas. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the daylily, a characteristic cash crop that is grown in the agro-pastoral ecotone in Yunzhou District. Physicochemical property measurement and yield estimation were performed using soil samples collected from 37 sites, with Spearman’s correlation analysis, one-way analysis of variance with multiple comparisons, path analysis, and stepwise regression analysis used to analyze the generated data. The results showed the following: (1) The pathway analysis of daylily yield with each agronomic trait showed that the BN and PH directly affected the yield of daylily with direct pathway coefficients of 0.844 and 0.7, respectively, whereas the SN indirectly affected the yield of daylily through the BD and PH, with indirect pathway coefficients of 0.827 and 0.566, respectively. (2) A total of four principal components were extracted for the soil factors, of which SMC, ST and BD had large loadings on PC1; OM, TN and pH had large loadings on PC2; AK had large loadings on PC3; and AP had large loadings on PC4. (3) From the principal component regression and stepwise regression, it can be seen that SMC is the most critical factor affecting the yield of daylily, as well as the related agronomic traits, and the results also show that yield prediction was affected by OM, ST, and AK, while BN was influenced by OM and ST, and SN and PH were influenced by AP. Comparing the goodness of fit and significance of the two models, it can be concluded that the stepwise regression model is the optimal model for this study.

The farming–pastoral ecotone in northern China is an ecologically vulnerable area with low-quality arable land, and cash crops are an important economic source for local farmers. Although local governments have introduced supportive policies, there are still several factors that hinder the implementation of the policies: there is a lack of sufficient research on the distribution of specialty crops, and the driving factors for agricultural planting structure adjustment are not yet clear. In this study, the specialty cash crop of the daylily planting industry in Yunzhou District, in the Farming–Pastoral Ecotone in northern China, was selected as the research object. Field surveys were conducted to collect sample points and village-level survey data, which were further combined with Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data, and vegetation indices. Support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) classifiers were utilized to identify daylilies and compare the accuracy using different combinations of input data. Furthermore, the classification results were counted by village, and spatial autocorrelation was used to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of daylilies. Finally, in conjunction with the village-level survey data, Spearman correlation analysis, multiple regression trees (MRT), and random forests were employed to explore the driving factors of daylily cultivation. The results indicate that using an RF classification tree of 300 resulted in the optimal method, as it achieved the highest accuracy for crop classification. The overall accuracy and daylily classification accuracy were 94.6% and 94.75%, respectively. Daylily distributions were mainly concentrated near the Sanggan River, urban areas, and the tourism industry. The distribution area of daylilies in each village was concentrated in 13.4–38.8 hm2. Spatial clustering showed more aggregation of low–low and high–high types. Labor force and daylily yield were identified as the most significant influencing factors. Further analysis of the different regions revealed the importance of industry support policies and technical training. This study provides data to support the distribution of specialty crops in Yunzhou District and a technical basis for adjusting agricultural planting structures.

Daylily is one of the most favored crops with the great nutritional and economic value. Manual harvesting cannot fully meet the large-scale production at present, due to the inefficient and costly tasks. Mechanized picking can be expected for the large-scale development of daylily industry. However, it is still lacking on the suitable machinery and equipment for the large-scale automated harvesting, due to the complex environments, such as mutual shielding of daylily, interference of weeds, and changes in lighting. It is a high demand for the target identification of daylily under the complex environment for the intelligent harvesting in an automatic harvesting robot. In this study, an improved YOLOv7-MOCA model was established to identify the daylily under the complex environment. The image data of daylily samples were collected from the real harvesting scene in daylily farms. A daylily dataset was established with 12 000 sample images, including 2 000 raw sample image data of single-target, multi-target and occlusion type in sunny and cloudy weather, and 10 000 image data processed by mirroring, brightness transformation, Gaussian filtering, and Gaussian noise processing. Sample images was then enhanced for the better generalization ability of image training models. The daylily dataset in the experiment was divided into a training set, a test set and a validation set, with 7 200, 2 400, and 2 400 images, respectively. The training and identification experiments were then performed on the daylily dataset. The detection effectiveness was compared among the three classical object detection models YOLOv7(You Only Look Once), Faster R-CNN (Fast Region-based Convolutional Network), and SSD (Single Shot MultiBox Detector). The results show that the comprehensive performance of YOLOv7 was better than those of the other two models. As such, an object identification model (YOLOv7-MOCA) was proposed to recognize the daylily in complex environment using YOLOv7. Firstly, a lightweight network model was constructed using MobileOne network as the backbone feature extraction network. Deep convolution was used to replace the ordinary convolution in MobileOne for the less cost of network computing that caused by feature extraction and object detection. The feature extraction efficiency and model detection speed of the model backbone network were compared with the replacement of two mainstream lightweight neural networks. Secondly, the Coordinate Attention (CoordAtt) attention mechanism was integrated in the neck network, in order to improve the receptive field of the model before the convolution operation. The mechanism was enhanced the attention of the model in the characteristics of small target samples of daylily. The comprehensive performance of intelligent identification was achieved in the real-time detection effectiveness of daylily samples. Finally, a YOLOv7-MOCA lightweight daylily fast identification model was designed by ablation test. The MobileOne was used as the backbone network, whereas, a neck network was utilized the attention mechanism of CoordAtt. The experimental results showed that the model YOLOv7-MOCA detection accuracy reached 96.1% with the recall rate of 96.6% and F1 coefficient of 0.96. The model weight was 10MB, whereas, 58 frames per second was used to transmit. Compared with the YOLOv7, the detection accuracy of the improved model increased by 3.2 percentage points, the average detection speed increased by 26.1%, whereas the weight was reduced by 86.7%, indicating the small model weight and fast identification speed. The optimal parameters were obtained from the improved lightweight network model. The detection speed and model weight were significantly redesigned to effectively optimize the identification and detection of daylily in the complex environment of the network model, in terms of the mutual occlusion of target samples, weed interference, and light change. This improved model can be expected to intelligently identify some targets under complex environments for the automatic harvesting equipment of daylily. The finding can provide the technical support for the research of intelligent harvesting equipment of daylily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The photolysis of colchicine under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation was studied by ultraviolet (UV) scanning and HPLC-MS. The photoproduct was proposed and the cytotoxicity change before and after irradiation was investigated. Results showed that both ultraviolet and visible light irradiation could effectively degrade colchicine into deacetamido-lumicolchicine. The process conformed to first-order kinetics, in which a high degradation rate (K = 0.5862 h− 1) was observed when colchicine was dissolved in ethanol and irradiated by UV light. Cell viability and cell cycle studies proved that a photolysis treatment of colchicine could weaken the cytotoxicity effectively. Colchicine inhibited the division of BRL 3 A cells in G2/M phase with an IC50 value of 0.48 µg/mL, while the toxic effect could be reduced significantly with IC50 2.1 µg/mL when colchicine was exposed to UV irradiation. Results are beneficial to the toxicity elimination of colchicine in the processing of daylily flower in food industry, and can also provide photochemistry reference for colchicine-related studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The daylily (Hemerocallis citrina Baroni) is rich in not only nutrition ingredients but also functional components, and the edible part is the flower, not containing its pedicel. The primary challenge in developing a robotic daylily harvester is recognizing mature bud in the unstructured and uncertain environment. The objective of this study is to propose an accurate detection model. Hemerocallis citrina cv. ‘DatongHuanghua’ variety is used in this study. We initially adopt VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, ResNet101 and ResNet152 as the backbones of Faster R-CNN respectively to build different detection models. The experimental results show that VGG19 and ResNet50 are two best-performing models in the corresponding VGGNet and ResNet, and the Average Precision (AP) of VGG19 is 90.18%, while ResNet50 is 88.35%. Based on these, we further integrate Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) in Faster R-CNN with three different integration modes: plugging CBAM behind Conv5_x of VGG19 and ResNet50 respectively, as well as between every two “bottleneck” blocks of ResNet50. The comparison demonstrate plugging CBAM between every two blocks of ResNet50 is the best integration mode, and the corresponding detection model has a 2.22% highest increase in AP. Therefore, we empirically validate the performance of detection model for daylily mature bud based on Faster R-CNN integrated with CBAM.

As an excellent food raw material with abundant nutrients, daylily (Hemerocallis citrina Baroni) exhibits promising research and application potential. This article summarizes the major nutrients of daylily and finds that dry daylily is a healthy food with low fat, high protein and rich minerals. In addition, due to the bioactive components, daylily has a variety of biological activities beneficial to human health. On this basis, it also reviews the fresh-keeping storage and drying technologies of daylily, and it indicates that the quality of daylily could be improved via the pretreatment of fresh daylily and the drying and packaging of dry daylily. Finally, it introduces the applications and research direction of daylily in the food industry. This review will provide theoretical basis for the research of bioactive components in daylily, preservation and processing technologies, developments of related functional foods, and other industry applications.

To explore how to promote the centralized, contiguous, large-scale management of cultivated land, the cultivated land patches of the third land survey carried out by the Chinese government this decade, Google Earth high-resolution remote sensing images, and questionnaire data from field research were used to study Xiping Town, Beijiazao Town, Duzhuang Town and Dangliuzhuang Town in Yunzhou District, Datong City of China. The object-oriented segmentation method was used to segment the cultivated land patches and obtain cultivated land management patches. The landscape pattern software Fragstats 4.2, SPSS statistical software, and the geographical detector model were used to analyze the spatial distribution of centralized contiguous management of cultivated land in the four towns of Yunzhou District as well as its main influencing factors. The results show that the four towns of Yunzhou District were primarily located in the hinterland of Datong Basin with flat terrain, and the aggregation index was >80. The overall distribution of cultivated land patches was relatively concentrated, and the cultivated land with concentrated contiguous status of Ⅲ and Ⅳ was larger than those of status Ⅰ and Ⅱ, accounting for 58.63%. In addition, the explanatory power of influencing factors on the centralized contiguous management of cultivated land in descending order was：the transfer rate of cultivated land, the proportion of daylily area, per capita income, the proportion of people with higher education, the proportion of agricultural farmers, the number of cooperatives, and the source of income; the differentiation determination index (q) values of these factors were >0.1. Moreover, the interaction effect exhibited both nonlinear and mutual enhancement, in which the interaction of the planting area of daylily with number of cooperatives was prominent, highlighting the essential role of the planting area of daylily in the centralized contiguous management of cultivated land. The effective transfer of cultivated land, the cultivation of daylily, and the establishment of cooperatives have promoted the centralized contiguous management of cultivated land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent detection is vital for achieving the intelligent picking operation of daylily, but complex field environments pose challenges due to branch occlusion, overlapping plants, and uneven lighting. To address these challenges, this study selected an intelligent detection model based on YOLOv5s for daylily, the depth and width parameters of the YOLOv5s network were optimized, with Ghost, Transformer, and MobileNetv3 lightweight networks used to optimize the CSPDarknet backbone network of YOLOv5s, continuously improving the model's performance. The experimental results show that the original YOLOv5s model increased mean average precision (mAP) by 49%, 44%, and 24.9% compared to YOLOv4, SSD, and Faster R-CNN models, optimizing the depth and width parameters of the network increased the mAP of the original YOLOv5s model by 7.7%, and the YOLOv5s model with Transformer as the backbone network increased the mAP by 0.2% and the inference speed by 69% compared to the model after network parameter optimization. The optimized YOLOv5s model provided precision, recall rate, mAP, and inference speed of 81.4%, 74.4%, 78.1%, and 93 frames per second (FPS), which can achieve accurate and fast detection of daylily in complex field environments. The research results can provide data and experimental references for developing intelligent picking equipment for daylily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daylily (Hemerocallis citrina Baroni) is an edible plant widely distributed worldwide, especially in Asia. It has traditionally been considered a potential anti-constipation vegetable. This study aimed to investigate the anti-constipation effects of daylily from the perspective of gastro-intestinal transit, defecation parameters, short-chain organic acids, gut microbiome, transcriptomes and network pharmacology. The results show that dried daylily (DHC) intake accelerated the defecation frequency of mice, while it did not significantly alter the levels of short-chain organic acids in the cecum. The 16S rRNA sequencing showed that DHC elevated the abundance of Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium and Flavonifractor, while it reduced the level of pathogens (such as Helicobacter and Vibrio). Furthermore, a transcriptomics analysis revealed 736 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after DHC treatment, which are mainly enriched in the olfactory transduction pathway. The integration of transcriptomes and network pharmacology revealed seven overlapping targets (Alb, Drd2, Igf2, Pon1, Tshr, Mc2r and Nalcn). A qPCR analysis further showed that DHC reduced the expression of Alb, Pon1 and Cnr1 in the colon of constipated mice. Our findings provide a novel insight into the anti-constipation effects of DHC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The daylily (Hemerocallis citrina Baroni)/other crop intercropping system can be a specific and efficient cropping pattern in a horticultural field. Intercropping systems contribute to the optimization of land use, fostering sustainable and efficient agriculture. In the present study, high-throughput sequencing was employed to explore the diversity in the root-soil microbial community in the intercropping of four daylily intercropping systems [watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)/daylily (WD), cabbage (Brassica pekinensis)/daylily (CD), kale (Brassica oleracea)/daylily (KD), watermelon/cabbage/kale/daylily (MI)], and determine the physicochemical traits and enzymatic activities of the soil. The results revealed that the contents of available potassium (2.03%-35.71%), available phosphorus (3.85%-62.56%), available nitrogen (12.90%-39.52%), and organic matter (19.08%-34.53%), and the urease (9.89%-31.02%) and sucrase (23.63%-50.60%) activities, and daylily yield (7.43%-30.46%) in different intercropping soil systems were significantly higher compared to those in the daylily monocropping systems (CK). The bacterial Shannon index increased significantly in the CD and KD compared to the CK. In addition, the fungi Shannon index was also increased significantly in the MI, while the Shannon indices of the other intercropping modes were not significantly altered. Different intercropping systems also caused dramatic architectural and compositional alterations in the soil microbial community. A prominently higher relative richness of Bacteroidetes was noted in MI compared to that in CK, while Acidobacteria in WD and CD and Chloroflexi in WD were pronouncedly less abundant compared to those in CK. Furthermore, the association between soil bacteria taxa and soil characteristic parameters was stronger than that between fungi and soil. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the intercropping of daylily with other crops could significantly improve the nutrient levels of the soil and optimize the soil bacterial microflora composition and diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daylily (Hemerocallis) is a perennial with high ornamental value. It is difficult to obtain innovative daylily germplasm by conventional crossbreeding. To enrich the genetic variation of Hemerocallis, daylily was used as male parent to cross with lycoris (Lycoris). Artificial pollination and embryo rescue were performed to overcome reproductive isolation. Cross‐compatibility and pollen germination were analysed to investigate interfamily reproductive isolation. Leaf morphological analysis and inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) were performed to identify the hybrid at seedling stage. Results showed that most pollen grains failed to adhere to stigmas, and pollen tubes germinated in a disordered direction. Ten days after pollination, 77.19% of ovaries aborted. Ovaries were harvested only in 10 hybridization combinations, the fruit setting rates were 7.69%–42.86%, and the ovule numbers were 0–6.0 per ovary. One embryo developed into plantlets eventually, whose parental combination was L. aurea × H. 'My Complementary'. The hybrid was identified and exhibited both intermediate and novel characteristics of parents. This research is the first attempt to explore a protocol to obtain interfamily hybrid between daylily and lycoris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) are a newly discovered family of sugar transporters whose members exist in a variety of organisms and are highly conserved. SWEETs have been reported to be involved in the growth and development of many plants, but little is known about SWEETs in daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), an important perennial ornamental flower. Results In this study, 19 daylily SWEETs were identified and named based on their homologous genes in Arabidopsis and rice. Phylogenetic analysis classified these HfSWEETs into four clades (Clades I to IV). The conserved motifs and gene structures showed that the HfSWEETs were very conservative during evolution. Chromosomal localization and synteny analysis found that HfSWEETs were unevenly distributed on 11 chromosomes, and there were five pairs of segmentally duplicated events and one pair of tandem duplication events. The expression patterns of the 19 HfSWEETs showed that the expression patterns of most HfSWEETs in different tissues were related to corresponding clades, and most HfSWEETs were up-regulated under low temperatures. Furthermore, HfSWEET17 was overexpressed in tobacco, and the cold resistance of transgenic plants was much higher than that of wild-type tobacco. Conclusion This study identified the SWEET gene family in daylily at the genome-wide level. Most of the 19 HfSWEETs were expressed differently in different tissues and under low temperatures. Overexpression further suggests that HfSWEET17 participates in daylily low-temperature response. The results of this study provide a basis for further functional analysis of the SWEET family in daylily.

Chromosome doubling in ornamental plants, as shown by our study in daylilies (Hemerocallis spp.), has great potential to increase tolerance to abiotic stress. Drought is the most critical growth-limiting factor in a changing climate. Drought tolerance is one of the decisive factors for the survival, productivity, and appearance of perennial ornamental plants. Understanding and elucidating the molecular mechanisms that determine plant response to abiotic stress is essential. De novo transcriptome assembly of diploid and autotetraploid Hemerocallis spp. cv. Trahlyta was performed under artificially induced stress to elucidate the molecular mechanisms related to plant response to drought. In daylily mRNA, 237,886 transcripts were detected, and 42.4% of them were identified as annotated unigenes. In the experiment, diploid plants were more stressed, with 2871 upregulated or downregulated DEGs (differentially expressed genes) responding to drought, while tetraploid plants had 1599 DEGs. The proportion of upregulated DEGs differed by 1.3 times between diploid and autotetraploid genotypes, whereas the proportion of downregulated DEGs was 1.8 times greater in diploid plants. Signaling pathways related to the drought response were activated in daylilies, and key candidate genes were identified in both ploidy genotypes. In autotetraploid plants, more drought-related pathways were activated than in diploids—43 and 19, respectively. The most abundant DEGs in both cases were KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes), metabolic (ko01100), and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (ko01110) pathways. Summarizing the data, it was found that autotetraploid plants of the daylily have a wider potential for adaptation to drought stress. Therefore, they adapt faster and better to adverse drought conditions by activating alternative signaling pathways. The comparative transcriptome analysis of diploid and autotetraploid plants allows us to understand the molecular mechanisms of drought resistance and it is also essential for daylily breeding programs to develop drought-resistant genotypes in the future.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study evaluated the effects of 0.95% daylily powder (m/m, 0.95%-DL), 0.5% daylily extract (m/m, 0.5%-DLE), and 0.5% daylily extract microcapsules (m/m, 0.5%-DLEMC) on the storage stability, gel properties, and microstructure of steamed fish cake. The results showed that 0.5%-DLEMC exhibited superior performance in maintaining product quality, significantly enhancing gel strength and reducing cooking loss. Detailed analysis revealed that both 0.5%-DLE and 0.5%-DLEMC promoted protein unfolding, leading to a structural transition from random coil to β-sheet, and increased the formation of disulfide and non-disulfide covalent bonds. These molecular interactions contributed to the formation of a more uniform and dense gel network, improving the overall gel properties. The overall findings suggest that the use of 0.5% DLEMC manifests potential in improving the quality of surimi-based products and would provide guidance for the implementation of DLEMC as an innovative additive in the food industry., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing interests in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

This study was initiated to distinguish nocturnal (night) flowering Hemerocallis species from day flowering species based on the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of nuclear internal transcribed spacers 1, 2 in a ribosomal RNA gene (nrITS) and a chloroplast interspacer region (cpIS). Four nocturnal flowering species, H. citrina, H. thunbergii, H. minor, and H. lilioasphodelus, were collected including Korea, and compared with day flowering species that included H. vespertina and H. hongdoensis. Based on the haplotypes of nrITS and cpIS, nocturnal species cannot be distinguished from day flowering species. Discrepancies in flowering time and haplotypes among H. minor accessions suggest that more germplasm with diverse geographic origins should be evaluated and identification of other genes is required to effectively distinguish nocturnal species from day flowering species.

The basic nutrition components and physiological changes after harvest of daylily were described, and the development status of daylily industry and storage and preservation technology were summarized in this review. Finally, the processing technology of daylily was prospected.

• Hemerocallis are plants found all over the world. • Pollen viability allows success in breeding programs. • The suitable culture medium allows greater germination percentage of the pollen grain. • There is diversity in pollen germination among Hemerocallis genotypes. • The maximum percentage of pollen germination depends on the time after incubation. Hemerocallis is a floriferous species, which presents numerous genotypes that are constantly crossed, generating new cultivars. The germination and viability of pollen are influenced both by factors that are intrinsic and extrinsic to the pollen. In view of the above, the purpose of this study was to establish a growth medium for the germination of pollen grains. Cultivar Morgana was used in the experiments performed to establish the growth medium, in which four pH ranges were tested alongside four agar concentrations. For the next test, five sucrose concentrations were tested. Afterwards, four boric acid concentrations were added to the medium, finally followed by four calcium nitrate concentrations. After the definition of the growth medium, the incubation time for pollen grains germination of the species was evaluated. The results were then applied to four cultivars in order to verify the respective germination percentages. It was noted that the highest percentage of in vitro germination occurred with the concentrations of 4 g L−1 agar, 74.6 g L−1 sucrose, 800 mg L−1 boric acid and 590 mg L−1 calcium nitrate, with a pH of 5.74 and ideal incubation time of 3 h. Regina being to cultivar with the highest germination percentage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was initiated to distinguish nocturnal (night) flowering Hemerocallis species from day flowering species based on the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of nuclear internal transcribed spacers 1, 2 in a ribosomal RNA gene (nrITS) and a chloroplast interspacer region (cpIS). Four nocturnal flowering species, H. citrina, H. thunbergii, H. minor, and H. lilioasphodelus were collected including Korea, and compared with day flowering species that included H. vespertina and H. hongdoensis. Based on the haplotypes of nrITS and cpIS, nocturnal species cannot be distinguished from day flowering species. Discrepancies in flowering time and haplotypes among H. minor accessions suggest that more germplasm with diverse geographic origins should be evaluated and identification of other genes is required to effectively distinguish nocturnal species from day flowering species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Storage & Process is the property of Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fresh buds of daylily flowers (Hemerocallis citrina) have been consumed as a nutritious vegetable, but they are very perishable after harvest. In this study, the freezing point of daylily buds with different lengths was detected and compared. Then, the buds were stored at a controlled temperature higher than the freezing point but less than 0 °C. The controlled freezing storage (CFS) set at −0.95 ± 0.25 °C remarkably maintained the edible quality and extended postharvest life of daylily buds, compared to the storage at 1 ± 0.5 °C. CFS preserved vibrant color by hindering chlorophyll reduction and fostering carotenoid accumulation. CFS notably inhibited the decline in soluble protein and the accumulation of malondialdehyde content. Additionally, CFS maintained a robust level of radical scavenging ability and energy charge, and effectively delayed the reduction in unsaturation of fatty acids. Thus, CFS can effectively mitigate the senescence progression of daylily buds in practice. [Display omitted] • Controlled freezing storage (CFS) delays the yellowing of fresh daylily buds. • CFS delays chlorophyll reduction and fosters carotenoid accumulation. • CFS improves the antioxidant capacity and reduces the level of ROS accumulation. • CFS slows down the decline of energy status and alleviates lipid peroxidation. • CFS mitigates cell membrane damage and delays senescence progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daylily flower buds are a good source of nutrients and contain lots of bioactive compounds, but they are subject to deterioration after harvest, which limits the taste and consumer satisfaction. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) has been regarded as an important gaseous signaling molecule, which could prolong postharvest freshness of fruits and vegetables. The present study aims to investigate the effects of H 2 S on postharvest quality and metabolism changes of daylily flower buds during storage. The results showed that 3.2 mM NaHS (H 2 S donor) effectively inhibited weight loss, blooming and decay of daylily during storage. H 2 S application markedly reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde and H 2 O 2. H 2 S treatment also delayed the loss of total protein and antioxidant glutathione, and maintained the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase at higher level compared to control group. Widely targeted metabolomics identified various differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) during storage and with H 2 S treatment of daylily. These DAMs largely distributed in the classes of amino acids, organic acids, sugars and alcohols, terpenoids. A special focus was given to 303 common DAMs between the comparison of CK0 vs. CK6 and CK6 vs. T6, of which the DAMs were mainly enriched in the KEGG pathways of monobactam biosynthesis, pyrimidine metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, pentose and glucuronate interconversions. Four DAMs including Cytidine 5′-Monophosphate, Fumaric Acid, Hydroxypyruvic Acid, 2′-Deoxycytidine-5′-Monophosphoric Acid exhibited great downregulation during storage, and H 2 S treatment dramatically recovered their relative contents. This study indicated that H 2 S treatment offers the potential to preserve the quality of daylily flower buds and extend their postharvest life. • H 2 S served as an antioxidant signal molecule, which maintained the redox balance during daylily storage. • The widely targeted metabolomics was firstly used to analyze metabolites changes with H 2 S treatment in postharvest daylily. • The metabolomic profiling revealed extensive metabolic reprogramming during daylily storage. • The study offered values for complex interplay between metabolites and postharvest quality in daylily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daylily flower buds (DFB) are widely cultivated in China. The discernible disparities exist in the nutritional composition of daylilies across different primary production areas. However, limited studies about the chemical composition and biosynthetic mechanisms of the principal constituents of DFB. This study systematically investigated daylilies from seven distinct growing regions by integrated metabolomics and transcriptomic sequencing to elucidate the environmental impact on DFB quality and metabolite biosynthesis mechanisms. In DFB, flavonoids constituting the majority, followed by phenolic acids and lipids. The total flavonoid and polyphenol content exhibited the highest levels in northern China (Ningxia, Gansu), and the lowest levels in southern regions (Hunan, Fujian). Correspondingly, antioxidant enzyme activity and free radical scavenging capacity mirrored these regional disparities. Thus, northern-producing areas demonstrated a propitious environment for the accumulation of secondary metabolites, particularly flavonoids and phenolic acids. In contrast, southern production areas exhibited a less conducive environment for the accumulation of flavonoid glycosides in daylilies. Furthermore, distinctive variations in the key metabolites were observed in FJQZ, a region characterized by diverse flower colors. Key enzymes and transcription factors were identified and validated through RT-qPCR. These results contribute valuable insights into the daylily quality formation mechanisms, offering a foundation for high-quality breeding strategies. [Display omitted] • Flavonoids, phenolic acids, lipids, and amino acids were the mainly compounds in daylily. • The northern producing areas are more conducive to secondary metabolites accumulation in daylily. • The southern producing areas are not be conducive to flavonoid glycosides accumulation in daylily. • Flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and key regulated genes (CHS, ANS, FLS and F3H) were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent detection is vital for achieving the intelligent picking operation of daylily, but complex field environments pose challenges due to branch occlusion, overlapping plants, and uneven lighting. To address these challenges, this study selected an intelligent detection model based on YOLOv5s for daylily, the depth and width parameters of the YOLOv5s network were optimized, with Ghost, Transformer, and MobileNetv3 lightweight networks used to optimize the CSPDarknet backbone network of YOLOv5s, continuously improving the model’s performance. The experimental results show that the original YOLOv5s model increased mean average precision (mAP) by 49%, 44%, and 24.9% compared to YOLOv4, SSD, and Faster R-CNN models, optimizing the depth and width parameters of the network increased the mAP of the original YOLOv5s model by 7.7%, and the YOLOv5s model with Transformer as the backbone network increased the mAP by 0.2% and the inference speed by 69% compared to the model after network parameter optimization. The optimized YOLOv5s model provided precision, recall rate, mAP, and inference speed of 81.4%, 74.4%, 78.1%, and 93 frames per second (FPS), which can achieve accurate and fast detection of daylily in complex field environments. The research results can provide data and experimental references for developing intelligent picking equipment for daylily.

Daylily (Hemerocallis citrina Baroni) is an edible plant widely distributed worldwide, especially in Asia. It has traditionally been considered a potential anti-constipation vegetable. This study aimed to investigate the anti-constipation effects of daylily from the perspective of gastro-intestinal transit, defecation parameters, short-chain organic acids, gut microbiome, transcriptomes and network pharmacology. The results show that dried daylily (DHC) intake accelerated the defecation frequency of mice, while it did not significantly alter the levels of short-chain organic acids in the cecum. The 16S rRNA sequencing showed that DHC elevated the abundance of Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium and Flavonifractor, while it reduced the level of pathogens (such as Helicobacter and Vibrio). Furthermore, a transcriptomics analysis revealed 736 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after DHC treatment, which are mainly enriched in the olfactory transduction pathway. The integration of transcriptomes and network pharmacology revealed seven overlapping targets (Alb, Drd2, Igf2, Pon1, Tshr, Mc2r and Nalcn). A qPCR analysis further showed that DHC reduced the expression of Alb, Pon1 and Cnr1 in the colon of constipated mice. Our findings provide a novel insight into the anti-constipation effects of DHC.

Daylily is a valuable plant resource with various health benefits. Its main bioactive components are phenolic compounds. In this work, four extraction methods, ultrasonic-assisted water extraction (UW), ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction (UE), enzymatic-assisted water extraction (EW), and enzymatic-assisted ethanol extraction (EE), were applied to extract phenolic compounds from daylily. Among the four extracts, the UE extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content (130.05 mg/100 g DW) and the best antioxidant activity. For the UE extract, the DPPH value was 7.75 mg Trolox/g DW, the FRAP value was 14.54 mg Trolox/g DW, and the ABTS value was 15.37 mg Trolox/g DW. A total of 26 phenolic compounds were identified from the four extracts, and the UE extract exhibited a higher abundance range of phenolic compounds than the other three extracts. After multivariate statistical analysis, six differential compounds were selected and quantified, and the UE extract exhibited the highest contents of all six differential compounds. The results provided theoretical support for the extraction of phenolic compounds from daylily and the application of daylily as a functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Storage & Process is the property of Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) are a newly discovered family of sugar transporters whose members exist in a variety of organisms and are highly conserved. SWEETs have been reported to be involved in the growth and development of many plants, but little is known about SWEETs in daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), an important perennial ornamental flower. Results: In this study, 19 daylily SWEETs were identified and named based on their homologous genes in Arabidopsis and rice. Phylogenetic analysis classified these HfSWEETs into four clades (Clades I to IV). The conserved motifs and gene structures showed that the HfSWEETs were very conservative during evolution. Chromosomal localization and synteny analysis found that HfSWEETs were unevenly distributed on 11 chromosomes, and there were five pairs of segmentally duplicated events and one pair of tandem duplication events. The expression patterns of the 19 HfSWEETs showed that the expression patterns of most HfSWEETs in different tissues were related to corresponding clades, and most HfSWEETs were up-regulated under low temperatures. Furthermore, HfSWEET17 was overexpressed in tobacco, and the cold resistance of transgenic plants was much higher than that of wild-type tobacco. Conclusion: This study identified the SWEET gene family in daylily at the genome-wide level. Most of the 19 HfSWEETs were expressed differently in different tissues and under low temperatures. Overexpression further suggests that HfSWEET17 participates in daylily low-temperature response. The results of this study provide a basis for further functional analysis of the SWEET family in daylily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]