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ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence and sociodemographic associations of online dating in a demographically diverse U.S. national cohort of early adolescents.MethodsWe analyzed cross-sectional data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (Year 2, 2018-2020, ages 11-12; N = 10,157). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to estimate associations between sociodemographic factors (e.g., age, sex, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, household income, parental education) and early adolescent-reported online dating behaviors.ResultsOverall, 0.4% (n = 38) of participants reported ever using a dating app. Males (AOR 2.72, 95% CI 1.11-6.78) had higher odds of online dating compared to females, and sexual minority identification (e.g., lesbian, gay, or bisexual; AOR 12.97, 95% CI 4.32-38.96) was associated with greater odds of online dating compared to heterosexual identification.ConclusionGiven the occurrence of online dating among early adolescents despite age restrictions, interventions might address age misrepresentation. Adolescent sexual health education may consider incorporating anticipatory guidance on online dating, especially for males and sexual minorities. Future research could further investigate online dating patterns from early to late adolescence and associated health effects.

Dating silk mounting textiles is important for understanding their condition and susceptibility to degradation. Amino acid racemization is a technique currently used for this purpose. The research presented here aimed to clarify when this technique is reliable and when it is not. Silk fibers taken from a cocoon and from Japanese mounting textiles were studied using optical microscopy to document surface roughness. Chiral capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry for amino acid racemization dating (AAR), liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for dye analysis, and FTIR for analysis of sericin and other materials adhering to the silk were also used. A change from rough fiber surfaces (greater than a hundred years old) to smooth fiber surfaces (less than a hundred years) was found. This correlated with the time of the introduction of Western degumming methods in Japan. Synthetic dyes were not found on the earlier silk fibers with rough surfaces. AAR dating measurements on rough surfaced fibers with remaining sericin correlated better with the estimated age of the silk fabrics than fibers with smooth surfaces, suggesting the technique should only be used for silk fibers with rough surfaces. A screening method for fibers for AAR analysis was outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dating of landslide movements is a unique opportunity to learn about their past in the absence of archival data. Dendrogeomorphic methods, based on the study of tree rings, offer an exceptional combination of accuracy and temporal range of dating. However, most landslide studies to date have been based on the analysis of macroscopic growth disturbances in trees. In doing so, the use of anatomical growth responses may be more advantageous in some aspects. Thus, this study aims to introduce the spectrum of anatomical growth responses in trees induced by landslide movements for their dating, substantiating their advantages and limitations, and comparing them with each other. Samples from roots and trunks of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) growing on a landslide of known time of occurrence (May 2010) were used. Geophysical ERT measurements were performed to test the assumption of subsurface influence of landslide movements on tree growth. Based on the results focused on the intensity of changes in vessel lumen area (VLA) and percentage changes of VLA within the tree ring, anatomical changes identified in four different geomorphic situations on the landslide with expected different effects of landslide movements on tree growth were compared with each other. Responses in tree roots were generally significantly stronger compared to those in tree trunks. However, the short time series and difficult cross-dating of roots can be considered as a disadvantage. On the other hand, the identification of anatomical responses in trees with straight trunks (until now practically not used in landslide research) allows a significant expansion of the number of trees usable for landslide dating in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sharply polarized political climate may increase the importance single adults place on politics in partner selection. While the importance of politics in dating decisions is not surprising in light of homophily, less is known about how older adults consider political differences in partnering. We answer two questions about older daters and politics: (1) How do older adult daters consider potential partners' political views? and (2) How do perceptions of rising political polarization shape these preferences? We use interview data with 67 adults (aged 55–92) from the Romance and Dating in Later Life study, conducted in Phoenix, AZ, in 2022–2023. Findings show politics are highly salient in partner selection across gender, class, and ideology, suggesting older singles place substantial importance on political views when choosing partners. Many older singles prioritize shared beliefs, while others practice open‐mindedness. Extremist politics, particularly right‐leaning, are viewed as a significant barrier to dating. This study demonstrates how older daters consider political beliefs in dating decisions, particularly considering perceptions of rising polarization. This contributes to research highlighting the role of political ideology in shaping dating decisions by extending the research to include explicit study of mid‐ and late‐life adults, whose dating experiences differ from young adult singles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current body of literature is weighted to the female perspective in exploring the perception and experience of romantic relationships. The paucity of literature on the male perspective provides an opportunity to highlight the unique masculine view attached to relationships. The current scoping review is aimed at summarizing the available literature about the perception and experience of men in various romantic, heterosexual relationship contexts. The findings were drawn from 163 studies published in the last 10 years that were extracted from multiple databases, including SCOPUS, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Pubmed. The current masculine perceptions associated with romantic relationships were captured and grouped through four contexts: man as a relational being, man in a state of singleness, man as a partner, and man as a parent. Power and sex appear to be the key drivers of research about men across relationship contexts. This study contributes to the literature by identifying the current research gap and providing clearer directions in research about romantic relationships that take into account the perspectives of men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The relationship between romantic involvement, dating violence, other victimizations, and mental health among adolescents in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic is understudied. Methods: This study analyzed 2021 survey data collected from a representative sample of 9th–12th grade students (n = 10,792) from 24 high schools in a US Midwestern state. Most respondents identified as White, heterosexual, and US‐born, with more than three‐quarters aged 15–17 years. Guided by the poly‐victimization framework, this study explored: (a) How do youth victimizations and mental health concerns differ by their experience of dating and dating violence? (b) What are the associations between youth mental health concerns, victimizations, and dating? Results: Youths reported mental health concerns and victimizations at considerable rates during the COVID‐19 pandemic when in‐person interactions were limited. Those who experienced dating violence were at a higher risk of reporting other victimizations (i.e., unwanted sexual comments, unwanted sexual contact, sexual photos/videos, sex trading for compensation, discrimination, and bullying). The number of victimizations demonstrated a cumulative effect on teen mental health. Most individual victimizations showed significant net associations with mental health concerns, even when controlling for other differing victimizations. Conclusions: Dating violence plays a critical role in the interconnectedness of victimizations, and the number of victimizations has a cumulative effect on teen mental health. The high prevalence of youth victimizations during the time when in‐person interactions were limited suggests that victimizations may transfer from in‐person forms to virtual forms and occur offline. Implications for individual and community prevention and interventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of media illiteracy on adolescents' and youths' mental growth is underrated in most of the developing countries. Notwithstanding, media influences almost everything in today's life among adolescents and youths. Early sexual debut, time balance between academics and dating issues, and unrealistic expectations from partners continue to cause endless cries among dating adolescents and youths. This study explored the effect of media illiteracy among adolescents and youths on three behaviors; learning engagement in higher education, setting dating or couple goals, and sexual attitudes and behavior. From a total of 1037 (66.2% male and 33.8% female) valid questionnaire responses, the results indicated that adolescents and youths are major victims of media misinformation, obstructing them from accessing the factual truth about intimacy and sexuality. Media illiteracy negatively affects decisions about sexual intimacy and related behaviors. Adolescents' and youths' sexual permissiveness is prejudiced by lack of skills, knowledge, and understanding of how to decipher credible information from social media platforms. Conclusively, media literacy is essential to access and identify authentic information for different purposes, especially for decisions on sexuality and intimacy. Benefits are immense only if an accurate intellectual framework is cultivated to find, understand, evaluate and use information from various media platforms properly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The earliest Miocene (Aquitanian, 23–20 Ma) remains a critically under-sampled 'dark age' in cetacean evolution. This is especially true of baleen whales (mysticetes), Aquitanian specimens of which remain almost entirely unknown. Across the globe, the nature of the cetacean fossil record radically shifts at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary, with mysticetes and some archaic odontocete lineages suddenly disappearing despite the availability of cetacean-bearing rock units. New Zealand is the only place worldwide where this change is not readily apparent, with baleen whales apparently persisting into the earliest Miocene. Whether this is a genuine pattern has so far remained obscured by a lack of biostratigraphic resolution associated with the Oligo-Miocene boundary. Here, we report 23 new strontium (87Sr/86Sr) dates from Lentipecten shells associated with 16 mysticete and seven odontocete specimens, respectively. Of these, eight fall within the Early Miocene and seven – including five mysticetes – specifically within the Aquitanian. Our findings confirm the unique nature and global importance of the cetacean fossil record from New Zealand, and provide a foundation for investigations into the causes and effects of the Early Miocene cetacean 'dark age'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans have considerably influenced accumulation rates and sediment composition in lake deposits. Due to near‐continuous accumulation, lakes and reservoirs are an excellent archive of these anthropogenic influences. The Urft Reservoir in the Eifel Mountains, western Germany, provides a unique record of the human influence on the landscape for the past 115 years. In 2020 and 2021, 24 cores and 23 surface samples were obtained from the bottom of the, by that time drained, reservoir. Grain size, heavy metals, weathering signatures and microplastic were analysed. For the chronology, caesium‐137 and microplastic were used. Using the first occurrence of microplastic as well as different plastic types for dating was not successful. However, a distinct layer with a high number of microplastic particles could be traced back to a fire in 1991 and was used as an additional stratigraphic marker in the age‐depth model. A period of relatively high accumulation rates in the reservoir occurred in the mid‐1950s and was related to enhanced construction works in the local valleys. Analysis of heavy metal content in the reservoir sediments shows a strong connection to historical changes in ore industry in the valley of the Urft. Stricter environmental protection laws and the decline of the metal processing industry resulted in a reduced input of lead, copper and zinc in the reservoir until the mid‐1980s. Since then, heavy metal content has remained relatively constant. A major flooding event in July 2021 did not lead to the remobilisation of older contaminated deposits as indicated by low heavy metal content in flood deposits. Accordingly, also the microplastic content is not increasing following the extreme event. Due to the degree of weathering of the flood deposits, it is argued that mainly hillslope material was transported into the Urft and subsequently into the Urft Reservoir during this event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romantic compatibility is theorized to play a crucial role in the success and stability of romantic relationships, although evidence to date has been somewhat indirect. Previous experimental findings suggest that those lower, relative to higher, in self‐concept clarity find it more challenging to evaluate similarity (i.e., a contributor to compatibility) in prospective romantic partners. The current research extends these findings by directly examining self‐concept clarity and romantic partner (in)compatibility in real‐world experiences. Across two retrospective studies (N = 340), we found that those lower, relative to higher, in self‐concept clarity dated incompatible others more frequently, experienced greater difficulty judging compatibility, and were less decisive in their dating decisions. They also experienced greater dating‐related negative affect but did not report lower satisfaction in past dating. Exploratory mediation analyses further suggest that such individuals experienced greater dating‐related negative affect through dating incompatible others more often. Specifically, they were more likely to date incompatible others if they found it harder to judge compatibility and were less decisive in dating. These results suggest that individuals with a confused personal identity (i.e., low in self‐concept clarity) may find it more challenging to evaluate potential dating partners, leading them to rule out incompatible ones less often. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to discuss the dating recently proposed by Davoust (2024) for the astrolabe of the Preaching Friars in the Musée des Arts Précieux in Toulouse (France). The proposed dating (1550 +/- ?) is based on an assessment of precession. I show that a detailed study of the star positions on the rete, supplemented by various scientific and historical criteria, suggests that this dating is not acceptable; in fact, it remains uncertain, but we can assume that the instrument was made one or two centuries earlier [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to investigate the dynamics of gender roles by focusing on the standpoint of women users of the feminist dating app Bumble. This app has emerged in Indonesia as one of the most popular platforms to meet potential partners, and it has provided a unique setting to examine how traditional and evolving gender roles manifest in online dating. By first analyzing women users' behaviors, preferences, and interactions, this study sheds light on how gender roles and cultural norms influence the dating experience in the digital realm. Qualitative interviews were conducted with ten dating app users to gain deeper insights into their experiences, and the results were analyzed using the phenomenology method. This qualitative component explores the subjective perceptions, expectations, and challenges associated with gender roles in the dating app context. The study's findings illuminate the evolution of dating dynamics in Indonesia and reveal notable shifts in the dating landscape. Challenges such as "ghosting" and "relationshopping" emerge, which underscore the nuanced interplay of agency and hesitancy in the quest for meaningful connections. While Bumble empowers women users, it also highlights the delicate balance between newfound agency, societal expectations, and emotional vulnerabilities. These findings highlight the need for future research to consider diverse gender identities, sexual orientations, demographic ranges, and regional variations. Continual investigation is imperative to monitor the evolving nature of dating apps and their impact on societal norms amidst technological advancements and shifting social contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic Relationship is an event when you feel hurt, feel disadvantaged, feel uncomfortable, feel insecure, lack of affection, and the victim feels intimidated. The impact can flatten fear and traumu and make it difficult to interact socially. The method used in this study is qualitative with a phenomenological approach by explaining the phenomenon of experience that has been carried out by one of the individuals experienced with real events. The object was obtained by several subjects with data sources coming from interviews and data analysis was carried out by data reduction, presenting data and drawing conclusions. The results of this study are two forms of violence, namely verbal violence and physical violence. Most of the problems obtained are about the bad treatment of their partners. This causes the victim to feel inferior and triggers his mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greek literary papyri, which are unique witnesses of antique literature, do not usually bear a date. They are thus currently dated based on palaeographical methods, with broad approximations which often span more than a century. We created a dataset of 242 images of papyri written in "bookhand" scripts whose date can be securely assigned, and we used it to train algorithms for the task of dating, showing its challenging nature. To address data scarcity, we extended our dataset by segmenting each image into its respective text lines. By using the line-based version of our dataset, we trained a Convolutional Neural Network, equipped with a fragmentation-based augmentation strategy, and we achieved a mean absolute error of 54 years. The results improve further when the task is cast as a multi-class classification problem, predicting the century. Using our network, we computed precise date estimations for papyri whose date is disputed or vaguely defined, employing explainability to understand dating-driving features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strontium is a toxic chemical element widely distributed in groundwater. First of all, its appearance in water is associated with the dissolution of sulfate and carbonate rocks. The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of strontium concentration in ancient aluminosilicate deposits that were filled with sedimentogenic brines and seawater in different geological periods. Studies were conducted on 44 water samples, in which the chemical and isotopic composition was determined with the subsequent assessment of saturation indices in relation to the main rock-forming minerals and the residence time of groundwater in the aquifer. It was found that minimal strontium concentrations are characteristic of the least mineralized waters and arise mainly due to the dissolution of carbonates. After their saturation in relation to calcite, the process of carbonate dissolution was replaced by their precipitation and an increase in silicate dissolution with an increase in strontium concentration in more mineralized waters. The incongruent dissolution of aluminosilicates resulted in the appearance of new clay minerals in the aquifer, which together with iron hydroxides and newly formed calcium carbonates created opportunities for sorption and ion exchange processes. The contribution of seawater consisted of an increase in strontium concentrations by approximately 15–20%. The effect of the duration of the water–rock interaction on strontium concentrations in groundwater was expressed in the fact that over a thousand years they increased by 0.1 mg/L, which is 20–30 times less than in the waters of carbonate deposits located 100 km to the east. An assessment of the non-carcinogenic risk to human health of contact with the groundwater showed the safety of using the studied groundwater for drinking purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do participants navigate the sexual politics of multiracial dating and how does this relate to belonging? The results of this study illustrate that the 21 participants interviewed faced internal and external struggles and triumphs due to their mixed-race identity. For participants, trying to situate themselves into just one racial identity when they straddled both became a point of contention with romantic partners and themselves. Moreover, participants struggled with feeling like they were "enough" and if they belonged. Furthermore, mixed-race women and non-binary people were forced to navigate the racial expectations of others as well as the fetishization of their mixed-race identity. In turn, this impacted confidence levels, self-esteem, and sense of belonging and authenticity. The findings contribute to research on desirability and critical mixed-race studies by examining how mixed-race women and non-binary people perceive their own desirability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter advances understandings of emotion work by examining how "doing gender" and "doing health" are implicated in the pursuit of emotional tranquility. The study examines the role of hair loss in women's illness narratives of cancer using in-depth interviews with 16 white women in the US Northwest who vary in age, marital status, diagnoses, and treatments. The absence of women's hair presents an appearance of illness that prevents them from doing femininity, which calls into question their health status because of Western beauty standards. To overcome this barrier, the women use emotion work to manage the effects of their appearance through necessarily co-occurring bodily, cognitive, and expressive strategies (Hochschild, 1979). The required emotion work during women's hair loss makes explicit the symbolic linking of the healthy body with the feminine body through women's head hair. Pursuing treatment for cancer is often seen as a "fight" or a "battle" against the disease and the bodily assaults of such treatments, including unwanted visible bodily changes. A substantial body of empirical work has established the complex web of social psychological problems associated with breasts and breast cancer, but less attention has been given to the side effect of hair loss that is common across cancer types and treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dating er et sosialt fenomen som stadig fremmes gjennom ulike populærkulturelle og mediale plattformer. Et sentralt omdreiningspunkt i den offentlige debatten er at menneskers erfaring med å initiere og etablere et kjæresteforhold – spesielt ved hjelp av datingapplikasjoner – er svært utfordrende. I denne artikkelen, basert på et utvalg av episoder fra to norske podkaster, utforsker vi «ekspertsnakk» for å synliggjøre sosiale normer og idealer som dominerer og kompliserer samtidens datingpraksiser. Ved hjelp av analytiske prinsipper inspirert av institusjonell etnografi, konkretiserer vi flere spenningsforhold knyttet til ekspertenes fremstilling av dating som en risikosport. Vi har utviklet fire tematikker som på ulike måter viser hvordan rådende sosiale normer tilsynelatende kolliderer med menneskelige behov og genuine ønsker om kjærlighet: (1) Perfeksjonisme: overflatesurfing og kriterielister; (2) Attraksjonsfeller: illusjonsbobler og mismatch; (3) Usunn avvisning: spøkelser og reservebenk; (4) Valgets kval: abstinenser og utmattelsessyndrom. En rød tråd gjennom disse tematikkene er at dagens datingpraksis, slik den medieres av digitale datingapplikasjoner, skaper bestemte typer mennesker og interaksjoner som paradoksalt nok blir et hinder for å utvikle romantiske relasjoner.

The article analyzes the letters of St. Feofan 1881‒1883, addressed to N. I. Kugusheva and her daughters Alexandra and Anastasia, and undated letters adjacent to them. The research considers numerous examples of absolute and relative dating established as a result of cross-analysis of letters to different addressees. If more precise information is not available, we establish extreme chronological limits, no earlier and no later than the dating of the letter. The indications are historical events, circumstances of the biography of correspondents, mentions of famous persons as living or dead, and correlation with other letters. Events that are important for the family become milestones and do not allow dating letters earlier or later than the date they indicate, namely the death of daughter Maria, the wedding of daughter Alexandra, the appearance of a newborn granddaughter in the house, etc. These crucial landmarks, identified during the research, help form a reliable chronological outline in which, according to logic, undated letters are located.

This paper presents findings from a qualitative research project examining the dating narratives of single migrant men residing in Sweden and Italy. The study, analyzing 48 interviews with individuals from Syrian, Polish, Bangladeshi and Romanian backgrounds, along with ethnographic observations, employs a theoretical framework rooted in sexual capital theory and critical studies on men and masculinities. The analysis sheds light on the challenges faced by heterosexual single migrant men in their pursuit of intimate partners, attributing these difficulties to lower levels of social, economic and cultural capital, as well as the influence of their specific masculinities, which may be perceived as less attractive within the host societies. The paper argues that the migrant experience can be viewed as a distinctive sexual field wherein individuals encounter unique dynamics and obstacles in the realm of intimate relationships. The implications of these findings extend beyond the personal experiences of migrant men, offering insights into the broader socio-cultural landscape of host societies and the complex interplay between migration, masculinity and intimate relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid technological advancements have revolutionized the dating experiences of emerging adults. This study explored perceptions of information and communication technology within emerging adult romantic relationships and examined what young adults perceived to be the costs and benefits of using technology to communicate in dating relationships. Emerging adults (N = 118) from diverse backgrounds completed a semi‐structured interview and thematic analysis was conducted on the interview responses. Several themes were identified that highlighted the positive influence of technology on relationship communication (e.g., greater efficiency), relationship development, and relationship maintenance. Despite several benefits, broad negative impacts of technology were also identified, including less privacy in relationships, and oversharing of relationship information online. The findings provide context for how technology has influenced relationship dynamics among emerging adults and can be useful to inform modern theories of romantic relationship development and relationship interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction From the 19th century onwards dominating the historical approach in the western researches that western scholars use the hadiths as a source for reconstructing the history of early Islam. In the historical approach hadiths, whether genuine or fabricated, contain valuable information about the political, cultural and social conditions of the date and place of their origin. Orientalists developed and used different methods for the purpose of dating which have been modified over the time through critical examination. One of the traditions it’s dating can give us important information about the time and the place of its origin is the tradition of the prohibiting of participating in fight between two groups of Muslims. Considering the hard civil wars in early Islam, dating this hadiths is of great importance. Materials and Methods In this article using content analysis and different methods of dating traditions (first appearance in the sources, content analysis, Isnad analysis and Isnad-matn analysis), the historical and geographical origins and the gradual evolution of the tradition of the prohibiting of participating in fight between two groups of Muslims are specified. To do so, first, all various isnads and different texts of this tradition were collected from the traditional sources of the first three centuries of Islam, then using the content analysis method, the categories, subcategories and codes of different versions are determined and presented in a table. In the next step, using dating on the basis of the first appearance in the sources, the earliest source of this tradition is determined, and using the information of the content analysis table, the characteristics of this tradition in other sources are also mentioned in chronological order to determine the relation between the sources and to show how different version of this tradition appeared in the sources. Then, by drawing a diagram of the various isnads of this tradition, the common links and partial common links have been identified and dated based on the Isnad analysis method. In the last stage using the content analysis table and comparing it with Isnad analysis information, the original version of each common link and partial common link has been reconstructed and the person or persons responsible for the changes in different versions has/ have been determined. Then by analyzing and examining this information, the time and the place of this tradition and it’s forger or the speaker is identified Results and findings The dating of the tradition of the prohibiting of participating in fight between two groups of Muslims showed that this hadith has been transmitted with 38 texts and 62 Isnad in 14 Sunni sources, in the first three centuries, and its transmitters are three companions b ark b sā sh arī and nas bn ālik. These traditions are not found in the existing Shia sources from the first three centuries, but in some sources after the third century, they have been transmitted. The earliest Shia sources of this tradition is - āʾ which transmitted it through this chain of transmission: from bu al- auzā ʾ from usiyn ibn lwān from mr ibn hālid from iyd ibn lī from his forefathers (as). This Isnad is weak, and according to the Sunni transmitters of this tradition, it is most likely has been transferred from Sunni sources to Shia sources. The oldest Sunni source of this tradition is ā of a mar ibn Rāshid d. - D which has only one version from b akra. or the first time, three quarters of a century later, in Ibn Abi-Shaybah's nnaf d. D a version from b sā was quoted and almost years later in bn ājah s Sunan d. - D a version from nas bn ālik was quoted. ut b akra (d. 50-52 AD) is only common link of this tradition in the category of the ompanions. Therefore the oldest version of this tradition that is the vesion of b akra existed in asra in the first half of the first century. The first partial common link after him is assan al- asrī d. 110 AD). But in the traditions attributed to b sā sh arī assan is the common link. s a result the version attributed to b sā existed in asra at least before D. Since asan is the oldest partial common link of b akra s versions and the common link of b sā s versions he has played the main role in the transmission and dissemination of these traditions. nly one vrsion of nas bn ālik has been transmited therefore based on its earliest source bn ājah s Sunan, it can be said that this version disseminated at least in the last quarter of the third century. Conclusion Considering the contradiction between the tradition of the prohibiting of participation in fight between two groups of Muslims with the Quran 49: 9, which commands to help the oppressed and fight against the oppressor regarding the conflict between uslims and according to the prophecy of the Prophet pbuh that mmār āsir will be killed by the transgressor group »الببغیة الفئة», this tradition is fabricated. Most likely it was forged by b akra whose motive for this fabricating could be defending him against those who blamed him for withdrawing from the Battle of Jamal. The fake attribution of this hadith by a person or persons to him is unlikely, considering that he is not a prominent and famous person among Prophet’s companions. ased on the date of b akra’s death his tradition existed in Basra before 50 to 52 AD and the time of this forgery might be between 36 AD ( the date of the Battle of Jamal) and 52 AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The importance of re-reading Nahj al-Balāgha's view in the sermon 80, which is the final word in disapproval women in Shia traditions and has incepted one of the greatest challenges of anti-feminist approach of the traditions, requires scientific investigation and analysis of the origin of these words via novel methodology of hadith studies. Historiography seeks to find out whether such words were actually spoken by Imam Ali (as), or the background of it in the second and third centuries of Muslim society is the source of its attribution to Imam Ali (as), or might there be other hidden reasons that lie within the lower layers of this tradition? This paper seeks to determine the date of appearance of this tradition by analyzing the Isnad and the text of the 80th sermon of Nahj al-Balāgha and to analyze the sanity of the Muslims thoughts at the beginning of Islam and particularly that of Imam Ali (as) regarding females. Materials and Method The dating of traditions is one of the novel methods of hadith studies, based on which, in addition to determining the approximate time of the inception of the tradition, it might be possible to identify the course and the reasons for its appearance and the opinions of a period of the history of Muslims thoughts. In Iran since the last two decades, this method of hadith studies has been favored by Muslim researchers and gradually examined in various traditions. One of the examples in which this method has been widely used in identifying the date of the appearance of those traditions is the narrations of condemning women, many of which have been widely used in Iran's master's theses and doctoral theses. Applying various analysis methods and dating of the hadith, the publication of their texts has been determined beyond the first and second centuries. In this paper, which was conducted via analytical-descriptive method by applying library resources, the authors first focused on the text of the tradition of Nahj al-Balāgha, analyzed its terms and collected similar texts from all Shia and Sunni sources and evaluated the differences by comparing with each other. Then, the Isnads of the hadiths were visually drawn and the sanads of the hadiths were analyzed by determining the main and secondary common links. (Of course, in the writing of the article, first the analysis of the sanads and then the analysis of the text have been written so that the course of analysis would remain logical). In the third stage, the texts and Isnad of the traditions have been analyzed together, and by dating the origin of the tradition for the very first time, most of the traditions belonging to Sunni books have been dated and documented. Regarding the texts that did not include any sanad, merely the text has been relied on and its sources have been investigated. This procedure is more apparent in Shia books. In addition, in order to localize this method, in some parts, we have used the method of Muslim researchers in the analysis of sanad people by referring to the science of Rijal of hadith. Results and Findings According to the analysis of the text and Isnad and the sources of traditions on deficiency in female’s intellect, the following results were obtained: Two different traditionals from Shia and Sunni have been transmitted in the discussion of those suffering from deficiency of sanity, in both deficiency of intellect and religion in females exist. However, their issuance context is different. The reason behind the issuance of Sunni traditions lies within different terms such as Eid al-Fitr or Eid-al_Aḍḥā, etc., which have a Muḍṭarib text and have developed from the first half of the second century until the fifth century. Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal is the first source of transmission of this tradition, and before him, Malik did not mentioned it in Muwaṭa'. The common link of the tradition on deficiency in female’s sanity are Ibn al-Ḥād (AD: 139), Sufyān Thurī (AD: 161), 'Abdul 'Aziz Darāvardī (AD: 186) and Saīd Ibn Maryam (AD: 224), all of which belong to the first half of the second century till the first half of the third century. The second text of this tradition belongs to Shia, which has been issued in two ways: The first Shia text has been mentioned in a commentary attributed to Imam Hasan 'Askarī (as) from Ali (as) and is quoted by Imam Sadiq (as) in Usūl al-Kāfī and al-Faqīh Man La yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh. The interpretation attributed to Imam Hasan 'Askari (as), which was popular in the 3rd century, is not accepted by the Shia, and documents by al-Kulaynī in Usūl al-Kāfī and Isnad of Sadūq in Man La yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh are sufficient. Sheikh Sadūq's text seems to have been influenced by al-Kāfī and the commentary of Imam Hasan Askari (as). He has cut the text of the tradition from those books and put it under a single chapter in his book. The second Shia text is attributed to Imam Ali (as) and is firstly found in the al-Mustarshid of the Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Ţabarī Shiee, in the 4th century, then in the Khaṣāiṣ al-A'immah, later in Nahj al-Balāgha, and later on in the al-Rasā'il by Sayyid Murṭaḍa. Sayyid Ibn Ţāwūs has reported the text in Kashf al-Muhajah as in the book alMustarashid, but different interpretations of Nahj al-Balāgha have played a greater role in its expansion. Conclusion The traditional on deficiency of female’s sanity in Nahj al-Balāgha is one of the controversial issues in traditionals on females, which is worth reconsideration via the new methods of hadith studies. The following paper has been conducted via analyticdescriptive method according to determination of the date of the documents and their texts and distinction of the common alliance and design of the documents’ net. According to the findings of the paper, the traditional already existed widely in traditional references of the Sunni before its embedment in Nahj al-Balāgha. It appeared in Madinah since the first half of the second century by Yazid ibn Abdollah, one of the Sunni traditionals and it has been spread in Kufa, Baghdad and Egypt with slightly different wordings until the third century. The same context found its way to Shia traditional resources without Isnad with two different wordings. The first one reminds of the text by the Sunni and the second one, is the text in Nahj al-Balāgha, which was accompanied by the name of 'Ayisha. The text appeared Before Nahj alBalāgha in the third century in Almustarshid by Ţabari after battle of Nahravan in insertion form. It seems that the text of Nahj al-Balāgha is a dissection by Seyyed Raḍī from the text of Almustarshid, which is known as an independent sermon in disapproval of 'Ayisha after battle of Camel. Therefore, the traditio was never mentioned in the books written before the battle of Camel between the first and third centuries and thus it only recently appeared in Shia texts in the third century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the roles of online dating violence and emotional dependence within the context of interpersonal relationships. The primary objective of this research is to analyze the perpetration and victimization of online dating violence and emotional dependence among men and women. Utilizing a quantitative approach with a descriptive and explanatory focus, this research employed a non-experimental cross-sectional design. A sample comprising 3202 university students completed the Dating Online Abuse Scale (DOAS) and the Emotional Dependence Questionnaire (EDQ). Statistical analyses, including Student's t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and simple linear regressions, were conducted. Significant gender differences (p < 0.01) emerged concerning both victimization and perpetration of online dating violence. Furthermore, a noteworthy association (p < 0.01) was observed between online dating violence and emotional dependence, with the latter serving as a predictive factor for online dating violence across genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A romantic trajectory that has received little attention in the literature is "situationships," which is a colloquial term used in some Western cultures to describe a complex relationship situation. According to Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, experiences of companionate and/or consummate love are often preceded by romantic love. However, situationships may be experiences of romantic love, without increases in commitment. The goal of this study is to describe situationships using a mixed-methods, exploratory approach. The first phase of this study involved 28 participants in one-on-one, semi-structured Zoom interviews regarding their entire relationship history, and then identifying if any of these experiences were situationships. For the second phase, 261 participants completed an online survey regarding their three most recent relationship experiences. The goal of the first phase (qualitative analyses) was to define situationships and describe how these relationships were different from other relationships. The goal of the second phase (quantitative analyses) was to differentiate situationships from non-situationships using empirical data based on results from the first phase of the study. Using reflexive thematic analyses, situationships were defined as romantic relationships with no clarity or label, low levels of commitment, but similar romantic behaviors as established couples by means of affection and sexual behaviors and time spent together. Independent samples t-tests using Bonferroni corrections provided some support for the prescribed definition as there were significant differences regarding relationship quality and similarities regarding affectionate and sexual behaviors between situationships and non-situationships. These results reflect that people in a situationship are, for the most part, emotionally and sexually invested even if they are not in a fully committed relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Migazzi palace in Cogolo (Val di Pejo, Trentino, Italy), an important alpine noble residence of medieval origin, was analysed through dendrochronology. The floor and ceiling beams, cladding boards, door lintels, loose timber, and anything that could be dendrochronologically dated were examined. For each room, at least one sample containing the "waney edge" (the last ring before the bark) was found, allowing for precise dating of the different building phases. The results completely changed our knowledge of the palace's history. Initially thought to date back to the 15th century, the tower around which the successive structures were built was dated to the first half of the 14th century (1332). In the space between the floor and the ceiling below, materials used as filler were found, including wooden elements and parts of footwear. The sole of one shoe was dated to 1501, which frames the cultural context of Lombard influence in which the palace flourished. This work has accurately reconstructed the history of the building, demonstrating the potential offered by intensive and widespread dendrochronological sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dating relationships during adolescence is a complex interaction that involves multiple systems however, the systemic factors promoting the development of healthy dating relationships in adolescence are not well understood. The current study aims to address this gap by reviewing studies that assessed factors contributing to healthy adolescent dating relationship skills, competencies, and capacities. Through a social ecological perspective, healthy dating relationship factors were identified across five levels of adolescents' environments (e.g., individual, peer, family, school, and online) to inform intervention strategies for the promotion of healthy dating relationships. After an iterative screening process, 51 peer-reviewed empirical articles were identified across a search strategy from 2008 to 2018. Amongst the 51 articles, 76 key healthy dating relationship factors were identified across the five social ecological levels: individual (n = 34), family (n = 16), peer (n = 13), school (n = 9), and online (n = 4). While several healthy dating relationship factors identified in school-based relationship education interventions (school level) overlapped with individual and peer level factors (e.g., communication, listening), the review highlighted two social ecological levels of family and online that can further benefit the efficacy and comprehensiveness of school-based relationship education interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the issue of discrimination in dating based on physical appearance, known as aprioristic sexual lookism (ASL). It discusses the moral implications of ASL and whether individuals should reject potential partners solely based on their appearance. The article argues that while there are reasons to avoid ASL, it may not be feasible or respectful to date others out of duty. It emphasizes the importance of addressing dating discrimination through individual conduct and structural and cultural remedies. The text also discusses the social meanings and expectations associated with dating practices and the need for a more egalitarian approach. [Extracted from the article]

The integration of archaeological, historical and geoarchaeological records represents a significant contribution to research into the medieval landscape. This study focuses on the medieval field system in the deserted village of Debrné, located in northeastern Bohemia, Czechia. The village features a well‐preserved croft plužina field system, a typical historical landscape of central Europe. The main and most visible elements of the field system are the earthen field boundaries, which were the focus of the geoarchaeological investigations. Archaeological excavations in trench S1 revealed a collection of larger stones at a depth of 1 m, potentially serving a drainage function akin to the observed plužina. Additionally, a boulder paving, identified as a remnant of a path between fields, provided insights into the historical use of the area. In trench S2, positioned closer to the village's core, layers with increasing stone content were recorded at a depth of 130 cm. However, the drainage structure observed in trench S1 was not replicated. The dating of earthen field boundaries indicated the creation of the terrace in the second half of the 16th century in trench S1. In trench S2, radiocarbon dating at a depth of 70 to 80 cm ranged from 1025 to 1175 A.D., predating the first written source about Debrné. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating in trench S2 suggested exposure to sunlight during the third century A.D. Archaeobotanical analysis of charred macroremains from trench S1 revealed 236 plant macroremains belonging to approximately 20 taxa, showcasing wild‐growing, collected useful species such as raspberry, blackberry and elderberry. Trench S2 yielded 23 plant macroremains belonging to 11 taxa, with similar species as trench S1. Pedological and micromorphological examinations displayed distinct layering in both trenches, showing up to six layers. Micromorphological analysis unveiled vuggy microstructures, varying grain sizes and elemental patterns, shedding light on different periods of occupation. Multidisciplinary investigations of the buried soils forming the earthen field boundaries discovered that the original soil cover comprised automorphic lixisols and cambisols, which also form under present conditions. These results underscore the importance of integrating pedological, geoarchaeological, archaeobotanical and physical data to comprehend the intricate nature of anthropogenic landscape changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has demonstrated that interpersonal dynamics are fractal, and that conflict is a key control parameter that drives fractal complexity. The present study aimed to extend this line of research to examine the putative fractal structure of conflict dynamics over time, and the role that this self-organizing fractal structure may play in the resilience of romantic relationships. An experience sampling methodology was used to assess levels of conflict, satisfaction, and commitment in the dating relationships of undergraduate students, three times per day for 30 days. Hypothesis 1 was supported, with conflict ratings over time generally conforming to an inverse power-law distribution (IPL) distribution. Hypothesis 2 was supported as well, with better IPL fits measured as variance accounted for (R2), predicting higher levels of satisfaction and commitment over the 30 days. Hypothesis 3 showed mixed support, with moderate network linkages (i.e., soft assembly) between conflict and satisfaction and commitment predicting higher IPL fits (the linkage of satisfaction and commitment did not predict IPL fit as predicted). Hypothesis 4 predicted that IPL fit would interact with mean conflict, buffering the impacts of conflict on mean satisfaction and commitment across the 30 days. This hypothesis was not supported; however, several statistical factors may have obscured the buffering effects of higher IPL fit and so results may be inconclusive. These methodological factors, and others, are discussed along with the potential theoretical and practical implications of the current results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Research indicates that transgender/gender diverse (TGD) youth are more likely to engage in sexual behavior, have more sexual partners, and initiate sexual behavior earlier than their cisgender peers. However, no gender-inclusive self-report survey questionnaires (ie, those that do not assume the gender of sexual partners or body parts used for sex) exist to assess the sexual behavior of TGD youth. The current study illustrates a questionnaire with nuanced wording to more accurately portray the sexual behavior of TGD youth presenting for gender-affirming medical care compared with national adolescent norms. A retrospective chart review was conducted of 323 youth, ages 13-18, presenting to a pediatric gender clinic between 2015 and 2021. The youth self-reported their gender identity (ie, masculine, feminine, gender queer, questioning/unsure), sexual behaviors, and partners via a REDCAP survey. Rates of dating among TGD youth were significantly lower than national norms (33.7% vs 68.3%; χ2 = 172.644, P <.0001), as was sexual behavior (14.9% vs. 39.5% χ2 = 80.419, P <.0001). Rates of self-reported involuntary sexual activity among TGD youth did not differ significantly from national norms (7.1% vs. 6.9%, ns). The body parts used for sex, the number of sexual partners, and the gender identity of sexual partners are reported. The results suggest that rates of dating and sexual behavior among TGD youth are significantly lower than national norms, supporting a need for screening of sexual health among TGD youth utilizing gender-inclusive measures. A standardized gender-inclusive questionnaire of sexual behavior is needed to improve data accuracy and help develop inclusive programs to address the sexual health needs of TGD youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The biogeographic history of most fungi is still poorly known, as well as the patterns and processes responsible for their diversification. Recent studies uncovered that most fungi have originated and present higher diversification rates in the temperate zone. The distributional pattern known for fungi is also different from many plants, animals and microbes. Using the most comprehensive phylogeny of the saprotrophic genus Coprinopsis, we aim to infer the biogeographic history and test evolutionary hypotheses in the genus. Location: Worldwide. Taxon: Fungi, Basidiomycota, Psathyrellaceae, Coprinopsis. Methods: We used a four‐gene alignment with 100 species to estimate divergence times using two fossil calibrations within Agaricales. The chronograms were used to estimate diversification rates and geographic state‐dependent models were applied. We further reconstructed the ancestral range history of the genus. Results: Molecular dating estimated that the genus has diverged ca. 41 Ma (Eocene) and was originated in the Palaearctic region. Diversification rates showed a decreasing pattern towards the present across Coprinopsis, especially after the Miocene (ca. 14 Ma). The diversification models dependent on distribution showed cosmopolitan lineages with a higher net‐diversification rates. When we compared temperate and tropical regions, we found that temperate lineages have higher net‐diversification rates. The biogeographic history of Coprinopsis estimated different routes of dispersal. The most common dispersal route was from Palaearctic to the Nearctic (15 times), followed by Palaearctic to the Neotropics (14 times). Main Conclusions: The study is the first to estimate the diversification rates and the historical biogeography of the coprinoid genus Coprinopsis. The diversification dynamics estimates in Coprinopsis are in agreement with the 'generalized diversification rates model', where we found higher diversification rates in temperate regions compared with tropical regions. In general, the ancestral area and major dispersals routes recovered in the genus are similar to findings in other groups of fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PEERS® for Young Adults is an evidence-based program aimed at teaching social skills needed to establish and maintain close relationships, including friendship and romantic relationships. The study investigated the effects of the Polish adaptation of the curriculum on the social functioning of adults on the autism spectrum. Fifteen young adults (aged 18–32, M = 23.5) were randomly allocated to an immediate or delayed (control) treatment condition. By self and parent report, individuals who participated in the PEERS® program showed significant improvements in social skills, social cognition, and social knowledge, but limited gains in social engagement. The effects were maintained over six months after the treatment. The intervention was well-accepted and deemed feasible by young adults, their parents, and peers involved in the program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the dating of the Great Tomb Robber Papyri and their impact on the chronology of the late 20th Dynasty in ancient Egypt. The papyri contain information about the theft of tombs and temples that took place between the end of the reign of Ramses IX and the early years of Ramses XI. The investigation is based on the prosopography of the individuals involved in the thefts. The results show that the thefts coincided with the political events of the time. The implications of these findings for the history of this period are discussed. [Extracted from the article]

We examined the influence of romantic relationships on the formation and dissolution of adolescent friendships with a longitudinal network sample (N = 133) from age 14 to 15. Using a dynamic, network statistical model (i.e., STERGM), we found that engagement in a romantic relationship shaped friendship homophily over time, with daters becoming friends with other daters, and singles forming friendships with other singles. Partnered adolescents were not more likely than those who were unattached to dissolve their friendships; however, they were significantly less prone to form new friendships over time. Results broaden our understanding of the role of romantic relationships in youth friendships by showing that romantic involvement deters friendship initiation, but when friendships do form, they tend to be among those who are similarly dating. Our study highlights the significance of adopting a dynamic, social network perspective to examine both the formation and breakup of friendship transitions during this pivotal stage of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramic sherds from the archaeological site of Suta, Leyva Valley, Colombia, have been dated by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The Ti-H center, generated by radiation in quartz, was detected by EPR and used to determine the age of the ceramic sherds studied here. The annual dose rate (AD) received by the pottery was evaluated from the contributions of external and internal radiation sources. Two dates were obtained from the absolute chronological data of the samples taken from the excavated archaeological units: 665.3 ± 130 and 1048.8 ± 110 AD years. This indicates an extended settlement period of 380 years for the two excavated sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decades of research have confirmed and delimited the effects of interracial contact on racial attitudes. A shortcoming of this literature is its framing of interracial contact as a counterweight to homophily. Accordingly, researchers often measure interracial contact at the same-race/different-race boundary, such as in friendships and dating relationships. Rather than asking whether any interracial friendship leads to any interracial dating, I ask how much crossing a specific boundary actually leads to crossing other boundaries. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), I investigate the consequences of early interracial friendship for later interracial dating across six racial boundaries. The results show that interracial contact with a specific group increases the likelihood of interracial contact primarily with that same group and rarely with other groups. I conclude with implications for future research as well as social policy that relies on interracial contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates shifts in marriage desires during singlehood and the potential consequences associated with these shifts in Japan, a country epitomizing later and less marriage without substantial increases in nonmarital childbearing. BACKGROUND: Despite researchers long-standing interest in values potentially motivating demographic changes, few have systematically examined marriage desires among unmarried adults. Even fewer have considered how marriage desires may change during adulthood and how relevant such changes are to marriage and family behavior. METHOD: The analysis uses 11 waves of the Japan Life Course Panel Survey, which tracks singles marriage desires yearly. Fixed effects models are estimated to demonstrate factors associated with within-person changes and account for unobserved heterogeneity. RESULTS: Japanese singles marriage desires decline with age but are stronger when they perceive greater opportunities to form romantic relationships or marriage. Singles experiencing an increase in the desire to marry are more likely to take actions to seek partners and to enter a romantic relationship or marriage subsequently. The associations between marriage desires and the various behavioral changes strengthen with age and feasibility of marriage. Increases in marriage desires also correspond to increases in single mens parenthood desires and ideal numbers of children, and the link between marriage desires and fertility preferences is stronger as they age. CONCLUSION: Marriage desires are not always stable or equally relevant throughout singlehood. Our study suggests that age norms and partnering opportunities both contribute to the fluctuation of marriage desires and affect when such desires would have behavioral implications.

Abstract Objective To investigate the prevalence and sociodemographic associations of online dating in a demographically diverse U.S. national cohort of early adolescents. Methods We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (Year 2, 2018–2020, ages 11–12; N = 10,157). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to estimate associations between sociodemographic factors (e.g., age, sex, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, household income, parental education) and early adolescent-reported online dating behaviors. Results Overall, 0.4% (n = 38) of participants reported ever using a dating app. Males (AOR 2.72, 95% CI 1.11–6.78) had higher odds of online dating compared to females, and sexual minority identification (e.g., lesbian, gay, or bisexual; AOR 12.97, 95% CI 4.32–38.96) was associated with greater odds of online dating compared to heterosexual identification. Conclusion Given the occurrence of online dating among early adolescents despite age restrictions, interventions might address age misrepresentation. Adolescent sexual health education may consider incorporating anticipatory guidance on online dating, especially for males and sexual minorities. Future research could further investigate online dating patterns from early to late adolescence and associated health effects.

The article presents an analysis of archaeological materials from medieval settlements in the floodplain of the Lower Kama in the area of the Kuibyshev reservoir from the mouth of the river Aktai at the village Comintern and up to the urban locality of Alekseyevskoye (Tatarstan). The main attention was paid to the finds from the settlement «Peschany ostrov». It was studied almost entirely under the direction of K.A. Rudenko in 1992 – 1994. According to stratigraphy and artifacts from excavations, for example, fragments of cast-iron cauldrons, the settlement was dated to the early period of the Golden Horde – the end of the XIII – the first half of the XIV century. The author examined the ceramics of this settlement, revealing a number of patterns in the nature of the existence of tableware for various purposes. It was established that on the settlement «Peschanyi ostrov» at the beginning of the its functioning – at the end of the XIII century, clay pottery was used in the shape of small cauldrons or pots made without the use of a potter's wheel, that is by the hand-forming method. Crushed shells of river mollusks were added to the clay from which these vessels were made. This pottery is associated with the Rodanovo archaeological culture ceramics in the Perm Kama region. At the beginning of the XIV century, inhabitants of this settlement began to use dishes made on a potter's wheel. Most often these were large jugs, bowls, hums – large vessels for keeping grain or oil. All of them were brought from cities, most likely from Bolgar. At the same time, vessels in the form of pots or cauldrons with unusual handles were found on the settlement. Most often, such vessels were made with partial use of a potter's wheel. The clay used to make them contains a large amount of sand. Experts consider this ceramics to be made according to samples of vessels from the Perm Kama region and are included in the XVIII group of Bolgar ceramics of the Golden Horde period. These main groups of ceramics from the «Peschany ostrov» settlement can be considered characteristic of the settlements that appeared in the fl oodplain of the Lower Kama region at the beginning of the Golden Horde period. This does not contradict fi ndings from other settlements of that time in this region.

Criminological scholarship underscores that marriages or stable partnerships are key turning points toward desistance from crime. Yet, whether people are open to starting a relationship with someone with a criminal record remains underexplored. Researchers have recently explored the effect of criminal records on finding dating partners, but these studies do not account for varying offense severities that may influence consideration of romantic partners. Using a survey design, this study investigates the degree to which various offense conviction types, prior personal and vicarious legal system contact, and demographics influence consideration of dating relationships with someone criminally convicted. Results indicate that age, education, race, political stance, gender, sexuality, prior arrest or conviction, and knowing others who have been incarcerated affected consideration of dating relationships with someone with a conviction, although the association depends on the offense type. This study addresses the important gap of relationship interest, which is a necessary precursor to relationship formation that could enhance desistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The saturniid moth genus Automeris includes 145 described species. Their geographic distribution ranges from the eastern half of North America to as far south as Peru. Automeris moths are cryptically colored, with forewings that resemble dead leaves, and conspicuously colored, elaborate eyespots hidden on their hindwings. Despite their charismatic nature, the evolutionary history and relationships within Automeris and between closely related genera, remain poorly understood. In this study, we present the most comprehensive phylogeny of Automeris to date, including 80 of the 145 described species. We also incorporate two morphologically similar hemileucine genera, Pseudautomeris and Leucanella, as well as a morphologically distinct genus, Molippa. We obtained DNA data from both dry-pinned and ethanol-stored museum specimens and conducted Anchored Hybrid Enrichment (AHE) sequencing to assemble a high-quality dataset for phylogenetic analysis. The resulting phylogeny supports Automeris as a paraphyletic genus, with Leucanella and Pseudautomeris nested within, with the most recent common ancestor dating back to 21 mya. This study lays the foundation for future research on various aspects of Automeris biology, including geographical distribution patterns, potential drivers of speciation, and ecological adaptations such as antipredator defense mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Ming Dynasty, the Five-Dragon Palace functioned as a royal Taoist temple set atop one of China's holiest Taoist mountains, Wudang Mountain. Two tower polychrome sculptures with exquisite craftsmanship have remained over the centuries. In this study, the painting materials and the techniques used to construct these sculptures were analyzed through multiple characterization methods, including optical microscope (OM) observations, micro-Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM−EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (μ−FTIR), and pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py−GC/MS). The results revealed that the pigments used in these sculptures included red pigments, which were composed of mercury (II) sulfide (cinnabar or vermillion), minium (Pb3O4), and hematite (Fe2O3); green pigments, which included atacamite and botallackite (Cu2Cl(OH)3), and blue pigments, which comprised smalt (CoO·nSiO2) and azurite (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2). The white base layer was composed of quartz and mica minerals combined with gypsum or plant fiber, and the gold foil was adhered to the surface using heated tung oil. In addition, a special multi−layer technique was applied, with red under the golden gilding, white under the blue layer, and gray and black under the green layer. Drying oil was used as a binder for lead-containing pigments. This study offers substantial proof of reliable techniques to use in the continuing conservation of these sculptures, and it also serves as a foundation to determine if they can be dated to the late Ming or early Qing Dynasty (17th century). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]