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In Cultural Studies applied to literature, we identify the context of the time of the narrative discourse, the resignified mythology, as well as historical, social and cultural debates about the fictional process. In this literary way of thought, we elicit literature for discussion and understanding of the reality presented, in the sense of dialogue with critical, romantic and/or realistic debates. Therefore, we display, under the light of the importance of literature and the interpretative bias of the book O Uraguai: an epic poem that brings along the history of a war period, revealing to us ideological traits of the author who, despite being a Jesuit, highlights, in his work, the portuguese Marquês de Pombal, who takes part in the fight against indigenous people and Jesuits. The territorial dispute and the colonialism represented in the work are still present today, leading us to the conclusion that discussions on these subjects need to be expanded, so that we could reach the school environment, since the chronologies pointed out in the aforementioned poem are extremely current, even though the history of the indigenous people Caçambo and Lindoya, in opposition to the Jesuit Balda are adapted to the Brazilian reality of the 18th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]