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Fille de l’anthropologue et criminologue Cesare Lombroso, Gina Lombroso obtient son diplôme en médecine en 1891 avec une thèse sur Les avantages de la dégénérescence. Elle participe au débat culturel et scientifique autour des concepts de « dégénérescence », « atavisme », « délinquance », « stigmates psychologiques », etc. ; et contribue au débat sur l’émancipation de la femme. Elle théorise “l’altérocentrisme”, c’est-à-dire l’altruisme comme caractère féminin inné et s’oppose au concept d’assujettissement congénital et irrévocable de la femme, définissant la condition féminine comme tragique. Cette contribution se concentre sur l’analyse de certains de ses écrits qui montrent l’attention qu’elle portait aux transformations de son époque. On prendra aussi en compte les critiques qui lui sont adressées et les mérites qui lui sont reconnus. On mettra en évidence l’utilisation d’un certain type d’iconographie avec laquelle Gina Lombroso et d’autres intellectuelles du tournant du XXe siècle sont présentées.

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Dégénérés ! de Michel Provins est une œuvre particulière dans le répertoire du théâtre français de contestation sociale. Inspiré par les traités médicaux sur les cas de « dégénérescence », le dramaturge décide d’y brosser les portraits de bourgeois égoïstes et pervers qui, au lieu de remplir leurs obligations envers la société, s’enlisent dans une vie de débauche. L’écrivain exprime un mépris sincère à l’égard des élites moralement abaissées qui contribuent à la dégradation de toute la nation. Tout d’abord, il fustige les travers des politiciens qui font carrière aux dépens des plus démunis, puis, il dénigre les hommes d’affaires et banquiers qui s’enrichissent outrageusement par la spéculation, et enfin, il s’en prend aux artistes et littérateurs qui propagent des vices dévastateurs pour la santé publique. En dépit de son langage virulent, Provins ne pense pas à se rallier aux anarchistes, il veut bouleverser les consciences afin de régénérer l’humanité.

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Le terme de « bovarysme » est tiré du roman de Gustave Flaubert (1857) Madame Bovary. Après avoir fait scandale sur le plan littéraire (et avoir été condamnée par les tribunaux), le type de personnalité incarné par Emma Bovary a été adopté par les psychiatres, après qu'un philosophe, un peu oublié aujourd'hui, Jules de Gaultier, eut proposé, en 1882, d'en faire un concept applicable à la maladie mentale. Le bovarysme se définit comme une insatisfaction permanente de la vie réelle et le besoin d'aspirer à « autre chose », la plupart du temps inatteignable et irréalisable. Don Quichotte est une excellente figure littéraire du bovarysme. Sur le plan psychiatrique, le bovarysme a été rapproché de l'hystérie (à la fin du XIXe siècle), de la dégénérescence et de la paranoïa (au début du XXe). Dans sa thèse de 1923, Jacques Lacan fait du bovarysme une composante permanente du psychisme normal, pouvant évoluer soit vers le meilleur (ne pas se contenter d'une vie médiocre en aspirant à une amélioration raisonnable), soit vers le pire (en méprisant la vie réelle pour lui substituer des rêves inatteignables, irréalistes et parfois dangereux). Emma Bovary a clos ses rêves inaccessibles en se suicidant à l'arsenic. Madame Bovary is a novel written by Gustave Flaubert in 1857. After being criticized (and condemned) for "its erotism", the novel has been widely appreciated and became à kind of best seller. Emma Bovary, the main character of the story, is an ill-married woman, whose husband is an MD in a small market town in Normandy, not far from the city of Rouen. In this small provincial town, Emma is getting bored day after day and dreams of a better life. She tries to get it through an adulterine relationship with two lovers, Rodolphe, a country gentleman and Leon, a village managing clerk. Both affairs turned out to be painful failures. In 1882, a philosopher, Jules de Gaultier, propounded to take the personality of Emma Bovary as a psychological pattern for persons who are everlastingly unsatisfied and dream their life instead of living it. Bovarism has been lately adopted by numerous psychiatrists (especially in the beginning of the XXth century) and closely related to several various mental troubles as hysteria, paranoia, even degeneration. Jacques Lacan, the well-known French psychoanalyst, keeps the Bovarism is in fact an integral part of every average personality. For the best: trying to overcome the difficulties of a boring life to get an access at something better; for the worst: despising the reality to escape into an unrealizable dreaming world (Don Quichotte syndrom). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le syndrome du testicule féminisant est une maladie génétique très rare, de transmission récessive liée au chromosome X, appelé actuellement syndrome d´insensibilité aux androgènes (SIA). Les sujets atteints sont des femmes apparemment normales, mais porteuses d´un caryotype mâle 46 XY avec des testicules ectopiques. A travers un cas d´un SIA révélé par une tumeur germinale (TG) sur testicule ectopique chez une patiente âgée de 29 ans, nous allons illustrer les particularités cliniques, anatomopathologiques et thérapeutiques de cette pathologie. Le risque de dégénérescence, lié à la position ectopique des testicules, augmente avec l´âge. Les cancers les plus fréquents sont les tumeurs germinales et les tumeurs à cellules de Sertoli. Une gonadectomie bilatérale prophylactique est donc recommandée après la puberté.

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Résumé Objectifs Contribuer à situer le « point de vue évolutionniste » en psychopathologie et en psychiatrie, l'histoire de l'influence de la théorie l'évolution de Charles Darwin (1809–1882) dans ces domaines étant trouble et source de malentendus. Méthode Nous proposons un essai historique sur les rapports entre Charles Darwin, son oeuvre et la psychiatrie et la psychopathologie, en nous inspirant sur le plan méthodologique des règles historiographiques de vérification et de contextualisation préconisées par Henri Ellenberger et du « cubisme historique » de Sonu Shamdasani. Résultats Darwin fut lui-même très inspiré par les écrits des psychiatres britanniques de son temps et en contact direct avec certains d'entre eux, comme James Crichton-Browne (1840–1938), avec qui il entretint une correspondance soutenue et cruciale pour son travail sur l'expression des émotions. Cependant, du milieu du XIXe siècle au début de la première guerre mondiale, la psychiatrie européenne fut surtout influencée par la théorie de la dégénérescence, puis dans une moindre mesure par l'évolutionnisme anthropologique d'Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) et le mouvement eugéniste. On trouvera ensuite chez certains des fondateurs de la psychopathologie moderne la marque d'une pensée évolutionniste, à commencer par Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) qui, en compagnie de Sándor Ferenczi (1873–1933), appliqua aux troubles mentaux des hypothèses empreintes, surtout du lamarckisme psychologique d'August Pauly (1850–1914) et du récapitulationnisme d'Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Plus récemment, John Bowlby (1907–1990) fut le précurseur, à travers la théorie de l'attachement, d'une psychopathologie néodarwinienne. Discussion Malgré les apparences, la théorie de la dégénescence, le spencérisme et l'eugénisme comportèrent des divergences notables avec la pensée de Darwin, en particulier l'absence de prise en compte du mécanisme de la sélection naturelle dans toute sa complexité. Plus sophistiqué, l'évolutionnisme de Freud et Ferenczi reposait sur des principes biologiques bientôt battus en brèche par les découvertes scientifiques de l'entre-deux-guerres. Les continuateurs de Bowlby enfin, dont la tendancieuse sociobiologie, perdirent de vue la question de l'évolution biologique pré-humaine. Conclusion Finalement, la voie reste ouverte de nos jours pour une approche raisonnablement darwinienne des émotions de l'Homme et de leurs vicissitudes. Abstract Objectives To help position the "evolutionist point of view" in psychopathology and psychiatry, given that the history of the influence of Charles Darwin's (1809–1882) theory of evolution in these areas remains unclear and a source of misunderstandings. Methods We propose a historical essay on the relationships between Charles Darwin, his work, and psychiatry and psychopathology. The methodology implemented draws on the historiographic rules of verification and contextualization advocated by Henri Ellenberger, and on Sonu Shamdasani's "historical cubism". Results Charles Darwin himself drew much inspiration from the writings of British psychiatrists of his time, and was directly in contact with some of them, such as James Crichton-Browne (1840–1938), with whom he decisively collaborated for his work on the expression of emotions. However, from the middle of nineteenth century to the beginning of First World War, European psychiatry was mainly influenced by the theory of degeneration, and later – to a lesser extent – by the anthropological evolutionism of Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) and the eugenic movement. Some of the founders of modern psychopathology were later influenced by an evolutionary approach, in particular Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) who, together with Sándor Ferenczi (1873–1933), applied to mental disorders hypotheses that were influenced mainly by the psychological Lamarckism of August Pauly (1850–1914) and the recapitulationism of Ernst Heckel (1834–1919). More recently, John Bowlby (1907–1990), through his theory of attachment, became a precursor of neodarwinian psychopathology. Discussion Despite appearances, the degeneracy theory, Spencerism, and eugenics all differed markedly from Darwin's thinking, particularly with respect to the complex mechanisms of natural selection. Although more sophisticated, the evolutionary approach according to Freud and Ferenczi was based on biological principles that were challenged by scientific discoveries in the interwar period. Bowlby's continuators, and in particular the somewhat tendentious sociobiology, lost sight of the issue of pre-human biological evolution. Conclusion Finally, the path remains open today for a rational Darwinian approach to human emotions and their vicissitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Mélanges francophones is the property of Galati University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tocqueville Review -- La Revue Tocqueville is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the middle of the 20th century, The expression neurodegenerative disease has expanded. If the composed term is itself relatively recent, the word degeneration has a long and a dark history and may suggest negative connotations. The successive uses of this word from its Latin origin show that besides a quasi-botanical neutral definition, it could also imply a kind of moral degradation. Such a negative meaning was reactivated in the various theories of degeneration which were flourishing during the 19th century, particularly in medical lexicology, which denotes a dramatic change in the middle of the century. Confronted to this evolution and confusion, the French doctor, lexicographer and philologist Emile Littré tried to dissociate the notion of degeneration in the botanical and histological meaning, and the new notion of 'dégénérescence'developed in anthropology and psychiatry. His attempt, although unsuccessful, may attract our attention on the negative connotations which may continue until today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the middle of the 20th century, the expression neurodegenerative disease has expanded. If the composed term is itself relatively recent, the word degeneration has a long and a dark history and may suggest negati ve connotations. The successive uses of this word from its Latin origin show that besides a quasi-botanical neutral definition, it could also imply a kind of moral degradation. Such a negative meaning was reactivated in the various theories of degeneration which were flourishing during the 19th century, particularly in medical lexicology, which denotes a dramatic change in the middle of the century. Confronted to this evolution and confusion, the French doctor, lexicographer and philologist Emile Littré tried to dissociate the notion of degeneration in the botanical and histological meaning, and the new notion of 'dégénérescence'developed in anthropology and psychiatry. His attempt, although unsuccessful, may attract our attention on the negative connotations which may continue until today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectif La maladie de Huntington est une maladie neurodégénérative génétique, à transmission autosomique dominante. Les symptômes spécifiques de l’atteinte sont : des mouvements choréiques, une atteinte axiale, des troubles psychiatriques et la présence d’un déficit cognitif. Malgré l’absence de traitement curatif, des soins spécifiques prennent en charge les symptômes déficitaires de la pathologie, améliorant ainsi la qualité de vie des patients. Dans l’optique d’une thérapeutique globale et optimale, les professionnels de santé proposent des recommandations de bonnes pratiques, à l’instar du centre national de référence de la maladie de Huntington en août 2015. Nous énoncerons les éléments diagnostiques et cliniques généraux de la maladie de Huntington, puis nous centrerons notre analyse sur l’aspect psychiatrique. Matériel et méthode Pour ce faire, nous illustrerons, dans un premier temps, la prise en charge effectuée par nos équipes sur deux patientes atteintes de cette pathologie. Puis, nous effectuerons une revue de la littérature relative à la prise en charge psychiatrique de la pathologie. Résultats Les symptômes psychiatriques les plus retrouvés dans cette pathologie sont l’anxiété, la dépression, l’irritabilité, l’agressivité ainsi que les états psychotiques. L’utilisation des inhibiteurs sélectifs de la recapture de la sérotonine et des inhibiteurs sélectifs de la sérotonine et de la noradrénaline pour les troubles thymiques en est la référence. L’électroconvulsivothérapie et les thymorégulateurs présentent des résultats similaires à ceux obtenus dans les troubles thymiques sans pathologie neurodégénérative associée. Concernant les neuroleptiques, la préférence ira aux antipsychotiques de seconde génération par la moindre présence des effets secondaires. Conclusion La mise en place des thérapeutiques spécifiques courantes en psychiatrie permet une amélioration de ces symptômes ainsi que le retour à une qualité de vie optimale pour nos patientes. Une prise en charge globale et pluridisciplinaire associant médicaux et paramédicaux pour la rééducation est une nécessité à prendre en compte. Objective Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative genetic, autosomal dominant disease. George Huntington describes this trouble in 1872. In 1993, scientist founded mutation on IT15 gene on 4th chromosome. Prevalence in France is 1/10 000 without sex predominance or race. The main symptoms are: choreic movements, axial impairment, psychiatric disorders and the presence of cognitive impairment. The diagnostic is clinic, genetic and radiologic. Despite the absence of curative treatment, symptomatic care supports deficit symptoms of the pathology, thus improves the quality of life of patients. In the context of a comprehensive and optimal therapy, health professionals provide recommendations for guidelines like Huntington's disease national reference center in August 2015. We will define diagnostic and clinical aspects of Huntington's disease, and then we will focus our analysis on the psychiatric aspect. Material and method First, we will illustrate management provided by our teams. Patient A had positive diagnostic of Huntington's disease and personal psychiatric antecedent of depression. She was hospitalized in neurological unit for a panic attack in August 2015. They give tetrabenazine and to prevent depressive effect we prescribed antidepressant first (serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor), then antipsychotic (risperidone, then haloperidol) and benzodiazepine. Patient B had Huntington's disease in family and personal diagnostic of Huntington's disease and personal psychiatric antecedent of depression. She was admitted in psychiatric unit for psychotic symptom. She received antipsychotic (risperidone) and antidepressant (venlafaxine) with benzodiazepine. Both of them had clinical improvement. Patient A, went to reeducation care, patient B went home with nurse. When we analyzed literature on the psychiatric therapeutic in Huntington's disease with review, we found that apathy is the most psychiatric symptom in Huntington's disease (50–80% Inserm). Benzodiazepine had good result for anxiety. We must search and treat psychiatric disorder like depression and mood disorder. Irritability and anxiety are symptoms of mood disorder and can be treated with antidepressive and mood stabilizer. Suicide is an emergency because of the mortality rate. The guideline is the same of suicide in psychiatric emergency. Antipsychotics are not avoided and used for choreic and psychotic symptoms (delirium, hallucination…) but second generation antipsychotics are generally preferable because of the lesser presence of adverse event. Results The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) for moods sign are the most frequently used therapy reference. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and mood stabilizer have similar results to those obtained in mood disorders without neurodegenerative pathology. Antipsychotic like risperidone or olanzapine are good requirements. Guidelines of Huntington's disease national reference center and literature give these therapeutic choices. With our two patients, we can see clinical improvement and the main objective was return home. Literature explain important role of psychotherapy, social, diet and hygiene habits. We must have global care like other psychiatric patient and more because of neurological reach. Conclusion The implementation of classical specific therapeutic in psychiatry improves these symptoms and optimizes the quality of life for our patients. A comprehensive and multidisciplinary support involving medical and paramedical rehabilitation is a necessity to take into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To measure magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters including relaxation times (T1 ρ, T2 ), magnetization transfer (MT) and diffusion parameters (mean diffusivity [MD], fractional anisotropy [FA]) of intervertebral discs in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis, and to investigate the sensitivity of these MR parameters to the severity of the spine deformities.Materials and Methods: Thirteen patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and three control volunteers with no history of spine disease underwent an MRI acquisition at 3T including the mapping of T1 ρ, T2 , MT, MD, and FA. The apical zone included all discs within the scoliotic curve while the control zone was composed of other discs. The severity was analyzed through low (<32°) versus high (>40°) Cobb angles. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) were performed.Results: Significant differences were found between the apical zone and the control zone for T2 (P = 0.047), and between low and high Cobb angles for T2 (P = 0.014) and MT (P = 0.002). AHC showed two distinct clusters, one with mainly low Cobb angles and one with mainly high Cobb angles, for the MRI parameters measured within the apical zone, with an accuracy of 0.9 and a Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.8. Within the control zone, the AHC showed no clear classification (accuracy of 0.6 and MCC of 0.2).Conclusion: We successfully performed an in vivo multiparametric MRI investigation of young patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The MRI parameters measured within the intervertebral discs were found to be sensitive to intervertebral disc degeneration occurring with scoliosis and to the severity of scoliosis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1123-1131. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Propos La transformation gélatineuse de la moelle osseuse (TGMO) est une complication hématologique rare, de physiopathologie encore mal connue, et aux étiologies multiples. Elle est décrite comme une hypoplasie médullaire focale associée à un dépôt extracellulaire d’une substance éosinophile d’acide hyaluronique. Nous rapportons ici une série rétrospective monocentrique suivie d’une revue de la littérature. Méthodes Nous avons répertorié 12 cas consécutifs de TGMO diagnostiqués sur myélogramme de 1999 à 2014. Les données clinico-biologiques ont été colligées. Résultats L’exploration médullaire était indiquée devant une pancytopénie modérée à sévère (50 %), moins fréquemment devant une cytopénie isolée. L’hémoglobine moyenne était de 10,4 g/dL, les plaquettes à 126,9 G/L et les leucocytes à 3,82 G/L. Tous les patients avaient un aspect de dégénérescence gélatineuse de la moelle. Trois patients présentaient une hémopathie, 3 un cancer, 3 des infections sévères, 2 une anorexie mentale et 1 une insuffisance rénale. La majorité des patients était dénutrie, 75 % d’entre eux sont décédés dans l’année suite à leur maladie causale. Conclusion Cette complication est mise en évidence majoritairement dans des situations de dénutrition sévère chronique, telles l’anorexie mentale, certains cancers ou infection sévères. L’acide hyaluronique semble être une conséquence de processus inflammatoires complexes au cours d’un catabolisme majeur altérant le microenvironnement et le stroma médullaire en inhibant les signalisations des cellules hématopoïétiques envers leur stroma. La dénutrition est en partie responsable, mais d’autres mécanismes comme une synthèse directe par des cellules tumorales ont été évoqués. Purpose Gelatinous bone marrow transformation is a rare complication of unknown pathogenesis related to several underlying diseases. It is described as a focal loss of hematopoietic cells and a deposition of eosinophilic gelatinous substance rich in hyaluronic acid. We report a retrospective monocentric study followed by a literature review. Methods We have identified 12 patients with gelatinous transformation from 1999 to 2014. Clinical, biological and cytological data were collected. Results A bone marrow aspirate was performed for mild to severe pancytopenia (50%), less frequently for monocytopenia. Mean haemoglobin was 10.4 g/dL, platelets 126.9 G/L and leucocytes 3.82 G/L. Gelatinous transformation was found in all patients. We have identified three hematologic malignancies, three cancers, three severe infections, two anorexia nervosa and one kidney injury. Ten patients had undernutrition, 9 out of the 12 patients died within a year due to advanced underlying disease and comorbidities. Conclusion Gelatinous bone marrow transformation is found in various situations of severe undernutrition including anorexia nervosa, advanced cancers or severe sepsis, especially in HIV infection. The deposition of hyaluronic acid probably reduces haematopoiesis. Due to a complex inflammatory process, it alters the hematopoietic microenvironment and the bone marrow stroma. Severe undernutrition and other mechanisms are reviewed in this study. Gelatinous degeneration is still a rare disorder, indicative of an advanced underlying disease; its recognition could help guide investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To understand the practices and the experimental formation of the psychopedagogy of abnormal childhood in Colombia, carried out in the San Jose Juvenile Correctional Facility and Work School, Colombia, between 1914 and 1947. Methods and materials: qualitative study, of a historical-hermeneutic approach, using documentary research, and file heuristics of document heritage and institutional historiography within the study period. Conclusions: The emergence of a new special education regime (medical and psychopedagogical) established an important change in the model of punishing reformatory to pedagogical intervention, influenced by crossing scientific doctrines of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, such as the rule of normal and pathological, the degeneration theory and eugenics, for perfecting a modern subject who can be useful to itself and to society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Les auteurs rapportent un cas de dilatation kystique du cholédoque intra- pancréatique découvert chez une femme de 46 ans et compliqué d'un carcinome tubulo-papillaire n'envahissant pas le pancréas. Le traitement a consisté en une duodénopancréatectomie céphalique avec un curage ganglionnaire et anastomose hépatico-jéjunale; la survie était de 30 mois; les auteurs abordent les aspects radiologiques, anatomopathologiques, thérapeutiques et pronostiques de ces cancers développé sur dilatation kystique de la voie biliaire et discutent la place d'une radiothérapie complémentaire de la chirurgie susceptible d'améliorer la survie.

Nous rapportons le cas d'un patient de 56 ans, sans antécédent pathologique, qui présente depuis, un cas d'une baisse de l'acuité visuelle progressive de l'oeil droit depuis un an associée à une photophobie. A l'examen, l'acuité visuelle au niveau de cet oeil est à 1/10. Le tonus est à 14 mmhg. L'examen du segment antérieur montre une cataracte nucléaire grade 1 et sous capsulaire postérieure. Au fond d'oeil, on est surpris par la découverte de particules blanchâtres et brillantes, de forme arrondie, de taille variable siégeant dans le vitré antérieur, mobiles aux mouvements du globe, typique d'une dégénérescence astéroïde du vitré. Le fond d'oeil est mal ou non visible. La baisse de l'acuité visuelle étant dûe principalement à la cataracte, le patient a bénéficié d'une chirurgie de la cataracte par technique de phacoémulsification. L'acuité visuelle du patient est remontée à 9/10 en post opératoire.

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Copyright of Canadian Bulletin of Medical History is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé: Les disques intervertébraux (DIV) lombaires sont fortement sujets à une dégénérescence tissulaire dès l’âge de la maturité squelettique. Cette dégénérescence serait à l’origine de 40 % des cas de lombalgie chez l’homme. Malgré des traitements aujourd’hui efficaces contre la douleur, la communauté scientifique cherche à développer de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques afin d’éviter le recours aux arthrodèses ou prothèses discales. Cependant, le développement de ces nouvelles approches nécessite l’approfondissement de nos connaissances fondamentales relatives à la physiopathologie discale. Récemment, des études ont démontré que les cellules du Nucleus pulposus (NP) présentaient un phénotype distinct de celui des chondrocytes articulaires. Parallèlement à ces travaux, des études sur l’origine embryonnaire des cellules du NP ainsi que sur la régulation de l’homéostasie du tissu discal ont permis d’élucider certains mécanismes physiopathologiques. Cette revue résume l’avancée des connaissances relatives à la physiologie du DIV ainsi que les mécanismes mis en place lors de la dégénérescence, permettant ainsi d’envisager de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Rare cases of demyelinating neuropathy have been described in association with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We report two patients with typical ALS whose initial electroneuromyographic (ENMG) presentation could suggest the existence of a process of motor nerve fiber demyelination. However, subsequent ENMG examinations and the fatal course of the disease in a few months rather supported severe ongoing axonal degeneration at the origin of motor nerve conduction abnormalities. Repeated examinations could be required to distinguish between ENMG features of concomitant demyelinating neuropathy and rapidly progressive motor neuron loss in ALS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The present article identifies and examines a characteristic theme of German expressionism, the decline of the world, as it is embodied in the poetry of Ion Caraion, an important post-war Romanian poet. The direct literary historical influences are surpassed by striking resemblances of Caraion's poetic sensibility with that of the major expressionist poets, nurtured firstly by the same anguished climate of the war and secondly by a tormented inner poetical structure. This identity in terms of individualities makes them co-exist as expressionists beyond expressionism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to think friendship in its relation to law and justice and provides some arguments for the importance of this concept in Derrida’s ethical, legal and political philosophy. It draws on early texts such as Of grammatology and reads them in conjunction with later texts such as The animal that therefore I am. The relation of friendship to law and justice is explored by means of Derrida’s notion of “degenerescence” understood as the necessity or law of indeterminateness that cuts across, both limiting and de-limiting, all laws, types and generic partitions, for instance, juridical (natural and positive right), humanistic (human and animal), anthropological (sexual difference), philosophical ( physis and nomos). Drawing on Derrida’s readings of “sexual difference” in Heidegger and the latter’s evocation of “the voice of the friend” in Being and time, the article addresses the theme of Geschlecht and articulates the exigency to think sexual difference beyond duality together with the exigency to rethink law and right otherwise than on the ground of nativity and “natural fact” and in terms of what Derrida calls “a friendship prior to friendships” at the origin of all law and socius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of disc degeneration (DD) on mobility under loads have been demonstrated, but they are not taken into account when providing experimental corridors for ranges of motion (ROM); this could explain that these corridors are usually very large. Other influencing factors such as lumbar level or geometry have seldom been studied, and never conjointly. The objectives of the study were to understand relationships between intervertebral discs (IVDs) mobility disparity and disc characteristics using medical imaging. For that purpose, an in vitro biomechanical and imaging protocol was conducted on human lumbar IVDs: 22 specimens (14 L1-L2 and eight L4-L5) were considered. Radiography, MRI, discography and macroscopic slices were obtained. Flexion/extension, lateral bending and torsion 10 Nm moments were applied on each specimen, with and without posterior elements. 3D motion of the upper vertebra was recorded. After testing, morphometric data was measured, DD was assessed and pathological singularities were identified. Mobility corridors for each spinal level in all loading modes were very large. For example, lateral bending ROMs within L1-L2 group ranged from 0.5° to 10.5°. Abnormal behaviours such as excessive ROMs or extension greater than flexion were listed. In most cases, imaging could identify the reasons of these erratic behaviours (scoliosis, calcification, retrolisthesis, etc.). After discarding six discs carrying major anomalies identified by imagery, mobility corridors were drastically reduced (min 3°, max 6.5° for the same L1-L2 lateral bending example). In specimens without abnormalities, relationship between geometry and ROMs could be revealed. As a conclusion, this study provided more relevant data for ROM of lumbar spine functional units. For the first time relationships could be considered between image attributes and mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores Arnold Davidson's contribution to history of sexuality by analyzing one of his works "The Emergence of Sexuality." Through his book, Davidson suggests a new reading of the history of sexuality and the conceptual contributions of Freudian psychoanalysis at the turn of the 19th century. He was also successful in developing a history of sexual norm formation, in the context of an epistemology of subjectivity, that centers on the history of sexual perversion.

The article explores the scientific conceptions and theories of male homosexuality in France, from the middle 19th century to the first World War. During this period, male homosexuality was seen as a social problem and was both defined in terms of sexual acts and personality. Scientists considered homosexuality as the malady of the soul while popular classes labeled it a vice.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to review the literature about the effect of antireflux surgery on the metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence in patients with Barrett''s oesophagus. Antireflux operations (by laparotomy or laparoscopy) can alter the natural history of Barrett''s oesophagus, allowing disease stabilization in a substantial proportion of patients without high grade dysplasia at time of surgery. It also may induce complete or partial regression of Barrett''s epithelium, especially for short segment of Barrett''s oesophagus, but in unpredictable manner. While regression of low-grade dysplasia is commonly observed, histologic progression is rarely observed after effective antireflux surgery. However, ineffective antireflux surgery expose to histologic progression to high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. These data support the need for a long-term clinical, endoscopic, and histologic follow-up program after antireflux surgery in patients with Barrett''s oesophagus. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The development of cancer in burn scars is rare, indeed, there is only 2% of burn scars that developing cancers. The histology of carcinoma is almost exclusively squamous cell carcinoma. We report a retrospective study of 68 cases of squamous cell carcinoma arising in burn scars diagnosed in the department of surgery at the Salah Azaïz Institute (Tunisia) over a period of 28 years going from 1975 to 2002. The mean age of patients is 54.4 years and the sex-ratio is 2.4. The interval from injury to diagnosis of malignancy is long with an average of 39 years. The disease was localized mainly in legs abnormal lymph node and distant metastasis were diagnosed in respectively 55 and 4 cases. Treatment is based on surgery, amputation was done in 21 cases, lymph node dissection was almost done; radiotherapy was realized in 72% of cases. Squamous cell carcinoma developing in burn scars are more aggressive then those developing in solar lesions. The five year survival of our patients is 49%. The improvement of prognosis depend not only on an earlier diagnosis and treatment, but also on a good management of burns when occurring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the time of unitary mental alienation, the history of obsessive disorder begins with Esquirol’s famous observation of Miss F., published in the chapter “Monomania” of his treatise (1838). It his for him an affective (reasoning or without delusion) monomania, with consciousness, in which emotional and behavioral symptoms (compulsions) prevail on intellectual disturbances. Between 1850 and 1861, several pupils of Esquirol at the Salpêtrière hospital in Paris publish clinical cases of obsessive disorders: pseudomonomania (Delasiauve), fixed ideas (Brierre de Boismont), lucid madness (Trélat), monomania with consciousness (Baillarger, who uses for the first time about it the word neurosis in 1861). But these descriptions are not yet autonomous in the psychiatric nosology. During the time of the mental illnesses, after 1865, clinical course and differential diagnosis allow the description of several entities, separated from hysteria and fixed ideas, by J. – P. Falret’s pupils: (1) the “emotive delusion” (Morel, 1866), neurosis including anxious, phobic and obsessive manifestations; (2) the “doubt madness” (J. Falret son, 1866), in which intellectual disturbances prevail, like later the first German descriptions (Krafft-Ebing, 1867; Griesinger, 1868); (3) the “doubt madness with touch delusion” (Legrand du Saulle, 1875), remarkable synthesis of all former works, which insists about ambulatory cases and previous personality disorders. During the decade 1880, the word obsession (already used occasionally by Esquirol) becomes usual, at first to designate some “episodic syndromes” of the mental degeneracy (Magnan, 1882), then to classify the “obsessions with consciousness” (J. Falret, 1889). The cases described at this time are generally observed in the hospital practice. The obsessions are therefore often correlative to a heavy mental pathology, in a “transnosographic” approach: degeneracy, delusions and hallucinations (Séglas, 1895), impulsions (Pitres and Régis, 1902), constitutional psychoses (Arnaud in G. Ballet''s treatise, 1903). At the beginning of the 20th century, French descriptions are fixed around two wide and competitive entities, including most neurotic disorders beside hysteria (like Morel and Legrand du Saulle), therefore, of more extensive clinical signification than Freud’s obsessional neurosis (1895): (1) The psychasthenia (P. Janet, 1903), of psychological genesis, involving obsessional ideas, forced agitations (compulsions, phobias, panic attacks) and stigmas (personality disorders), correlative to a reduction of psychological tension, an incompletion and a loss of reality function (theoretical notion which would influence Bleuler’s conception of autism in 1911). (2) The anxious (or emotive) constitution (E. Dupré, 1909), endogenous, hereditary, inspired by Kraepelin’s model, in which obsessions represent the transition between anxiety, cyclothymia and heavy mood disorders (melancholia). French alienists will prefer it to psychasthenia for a long time, whereas obsessive manifestations are described in the limits of chronic delusional disorders (Sérieux and Capgras, 1909; Clérambault, 1923; Ceillier, 1924). Between 1945 and 1980, Freud’s obsessional neurosis prevails in French textbooks and classifications, while psychasthenia is reduced to a simple personality disorder, beside “anal” character. Since 1980, in contrast, contemporary international classifications (DSM-III, DSM-IV, CIM-10) and comorbidity studies of obsessive disorders (with other anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, cyclothymia and obsessive–compulsive personality) seem to validate Janet’s clinical views, but without take again his theoretical approach. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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