257 results on '"cyclin C"'
Search Results
2. Discovery of CDK8/CycC Ligands with a New Virtual Screening Tool
- Author
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Chen, Wei, Ren, Xiaodong, and Chang, Chia‐en A
- Subjects
Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry ,Chemical Sciences ,Prevention ,5.1 Pharmaceuticals ,Development of treatments and therapeutic interventions ,Cancer ,Affordable and Clean Energy ,Cyclin C ,Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 ,Dose-Response Relationship ,Drug ,Drug Discovery ,Drug Evaluation ,Preclinical ,Humans ,Ligands ,Molecular Structure ,Protein Kinase Inhibitors ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,Thermodynamics ,binding affinity ,compound fragments ,computer simulations ,in silico screening ,kinetics ,structure-based drug design ,Organic Chemistry ,Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences ,Medicinal & Biomolecular Chemistry ,Medicinal and biomolecular chemistry ,Organic chemistry - Abstract
Selective inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 8 and cyclin C (CDK8/CycC) has been suggested as a promising strategy for decreasing mitogenic signals in cancer cells with reduced toxicity toward normal cells. We developed a novel virtual screening protocol for drug development and applied it to the discovery of new CDK8/CycC type II ligands, which is likely to achieve long residence time and specificity. We first analyzed the binding thermodynamics of 11 published pyrazolourea ligands using molecular dynamics simulations and a free-energy calculation method, VM2, and extracted the key binding information to assist virtual screening. The urea moiety was found to be the critical structural contributor of the reference ligands. Starting with the urea moiety, we conducted substructure-based searches with our newly developed superposition and single-point energy evaluation method, followed by free-energy calculations, and singled out three purchasable compounds for bioassay testing. The ranking from the experimental results is completely consistent with the predicted rankings. A potent drug-like compound was found to have a Kd value of 42.5 nm, which is similar to those of the most potent reference ligands; this provided a good starting point for further improvement. This study shows that our novel virtual screening protocol is an accurate and efficient tool for drug development.
- Published
- 2019
3. A molecular dynamics investigation of CDK8/CycC and ligand binding: conformational flexibility and implication in drug discovery
- Author
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Cholko, Timothy, Chen, Wei, Tang, Zhiye, and Chang, Chia-en A
- Subjects
Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry ,Chemical Sciences ,Digestive Diseases ,1.1 Normal biological development and functioning ,Underpinning research ,Cancer ,Allosteric Site ,Cyclin C ,Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 ,Drug Discovery ,Ligands ,Molecular Dynamics Simulation ,Protein Binding ,Protein Conformation ,Protein Kinase Inhibitors ,Static Electricity ,Thermodynamics ,Kinases ,Drug design ,Computer-aided drug discovery ,Free energy calculation ,DFG motif ,Theoretical and Computational Chemistry ,Medicinal & Biomolecular Chemistry ,Medicinal and biomolecular chemistry ,Theoretical and computational chemistry - Abstract
Abnormal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) along with its partner protein cyclin C (CycC) is a common feature of many diseases including colorectal cancer. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, this study determined the dynamics of the CDK8-CycC system and we obtained detailed breakdowns of binding energy contributions for four type-I and five type-II CDK8 inhibitors. We revealed system motions and conformational changes that will affect ligand binding, confirmed the essentialness of CycC for inclusion in future computational studies, and provide guidance in development of CDK8 binders. We employed unbiased all-atom MD simulations for 500 ns on twelve CDK8-CycC systems, including apoproteins and protein-ligand complexes, then performed principal component analysis (PCA) and measured the RMSF of key regions to identify protein dynamics. Binding pocket volume analysis identified conformational changes that accompany ligand binding. Next, H-bond analysis, residue-wise interaction calculations, and MM/PBSA were performed to characterize protein-ligand interactions and find the binding energy. We discovered that CycC is vital for maintaining a proper conformation of CDK8 to facilitate ligand binding and that the system exhibits motion that should be carefully considered in future computational work. Surprisingly, we found that motion of the activation loop did not affect ligand binding. Type-I and type-II ligand binding is driven by van der Waals interactions, but electrostatic energy and entropic penalties affect type-II binding as well. Binding of both ligand types affects protein flexibility. Based on this we provide suggestions for development of tighter-binding CDK8 inhibitors and offer insight that can aid future computational studies.
- Published
- 2018
4. Cyclin C Promotes Pancreatic Development and Suppresses Cancer Initiation Through Maintenance of the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway.
- Abstract
A recent study published in Cancer Weekly explores the role of cyclin C (Ccnc) in pancreatic development and cancer initiation. The study found that Ccnc is necessary for autophagic gene transcription in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In vivo experiments showed that pancreatic ablation of Ccnc resulted in phenotypes similar to autophagy deficient models, but with more severe outcomes. The study suggests that inhibiting cyclin C-Cdk8/Cdk19 proteasome activity could be a potential target for treating pancreatic neoplasms. However, it is important to note that this research has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
5. Cyclin C: A new responser for chemosensitivity in cancer
- Author
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Shuai Fang, Xiaofeng Jin, Chengwei Zhou, and Zhaohui Gong
- Subjects
cyclin C ,chemotherapy ,gastric cancer ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Abstract The resistance to cisplatin‐based chemotherapy is a common cause of poor prognosis in cancer patients. Cisplatin stimulation causes cyclin C translocating to mitochondria, and in turn induces mitochondrial fission. However, little is known about the role of cyclin C in mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells challenged with cisplatin. In the present commentary, we bring to the attention of readers the recent report by Jiang et al which revealed the importance of ubiquitylation and translocation of cyclin C in gastric cancer cells in response to cisplatin stimulation for mitochondrial stability. This finding provides new insights into exploring the novel mechanisms of chemoresistance and developing the new chemotherapy synergistic agents in the era of precision oncology.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Ubiquitylation of cyclin C by HACE1 regulates cisplatin‐associated sensitivity in gastric cancer.
- Author
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Jiang, Hong‐yue, Chen, Ying‐ling, Xu, Xing‐xing, Li, Chuan‐yin, Chen, Yun, Li, Dong‐ping, Zeng, Xiao‐qing, and Gao, Hong
- Subjects
- *
UBIQUITINATION , *STOMACH cancer , *UBIQUITIN ligases , *CYCLINS , *MITOCHONDRIAL membranes , *MEMBRANE potential , *CISPLATIN - Abstract
Background: Cyclin C (CCNC) was reported to take part in regulating mitochondria‐derived oxidative stress under cisplatin stimulation. However, its effect in gastric cancer is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of cyclin C and its ubiquitylation in regulating cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer. Methods: The interaction between HECT domain and ankyrin repeat‐containing E3 ubiquitin‐protein ligase 1 (HACE1) and cyclin C was investigated by GST pull‐down assay, co‐immunoprecipitation and ubiquitylation assay. Mitochondria‐derived oxidative stress was studied by MitoSOX Red assay, seahorse assay and mitochondrial membrane potential measurement. Cyclin C‐associated cisplatin resistance was studied in vivo via xenograft. Results: HACE1 catalysed the ubiquitylation of cyclin C by adding Lys11‐linked ubiquitin chains when cyclin C translocates to cytoplasm induced by cisplatin treatment. The ubiquitin‐modified cyclin C then anchor at mitochondira, which induced mitochondrial fission and ROS synthesis. Depleting CCNC or mutation on the ubiquitylation sites decreased mitochondrial ROS production and reduced cell apoptosis under cisplatin treatment. Xenograft study showed that disrupting cyclin C ubiquitylation by HACE1 conferred impairing cell apoptosis response upon cisplatin administration. Conclusions: Cyclin C is a newly identified substrate of HACE1 E3 ligase. HACE1‐mediated ubiquitylation of cyclin C sheds light on a better understanding of cisplatin‐associated resistance in gastric cancer patients. Ubiquitylation of cyclin C by HACE1 regulates cisplatin‐associated sensitivity in gastric cancer. With cisplatin‐induced nuclear–mitochondrial translocation of cyclin C, its ubiquitylation by HACE1 increased mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial‐derived oxidative stress, leading to cell apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Cyclin C-Cdk8 Kinase Phosphorylation of Rim15 Prevents the Aberrant Activation of Stress Response Genes
- Author
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Stephen D. Willis, Sara E. Hanley, Steven J. Doyle, Katherine Beluch, Randy Strich, and Katrina F. Cooper
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Quiescence ,Rim15 ,cyclin C ,Cdk8 ,TORC1 ,transcriptional regulators ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Cells facing adverse environmental cues respond by inducing signal transduction pathways resulting in transcriptional reprograming. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nutrient deprivation stimulates stress response gene (SRG) transcription critical for entry into either quiescence or gametogenesis depending on the cell type. The induction of a subset of SRGs require nuclear translocation of the conserved serine-threonine kinase Rim15. However, Rim15 is also present in unstressed nuclei suggesting that additional activities are required to constrain its activity in the absence of stress. Here we show that Rim15 is directly phosphorylated by cyclin C-Cdk8, the conserved kinase module of the Mediator complex. Several results indicate that Cdk8-dependent phosphorylation prevents Rim15 activation in unstressed cells. First, Cdk8 does not control Rim15 subcellular localization and rim15∆ is epistatic to cdk8∆ with respect to SRG transcription and the execution of starvation programs required for viability. Next, Cdk8 phosphorylates a residue in the conserved PAS domain in vitro. This modification appears important as introducing a phosphomimetic at Cdk8 target residues reduces Rim15 activity. Moreover, the Rim15 phosphomimetic only compromises cell viability in stresses that induce cyclin C destruction as well as entrance into meiosis. Taken together, these findings suggest a model in which Cdk8 phosphorylation contributes to Rim15 repression whilst it cycles through the nucleus. Cyclin C destruction in response to stress inactivates Cdk8 which in turn stimulates Rim15 to maximize SRG transcription and cell survival.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Ubiquitylation of cyclin C by HACE1 regulates cisplatin‐associated sensitivity in gastric cancer
- Author
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Hong‐yue Jiang, Ying‐ling Chen, Xing‐xing Xu, Chuan‐yin Li, Yun Chen, Dong‐ping Li, Xiao‐qing Zeng, and Hong Gao
- Subjects
cisplatin ,cyclin C ,HACE1 ,mitochondrial stability ,ubiquitylation ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Abstract Background Cyclin C (CCNC) was reported to take part in regulating mitochondria‐derived oxidative stress under cisplatin stimulation. However, its effect in gastric cancer is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of cyclin C and its ubiquitylation in regulating cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer. Methods The interaction between HECT domain and ankyrin repeat‐containing E3 ubiquitin‐protein ligase 1 (HACE1) and cyclin C was investigated by GST pull‐down assay, co‐immunoprecipitation and ubiquitylation assay. Mitochondria‐derived oxidative stress was studied by MitoSOX Red assay, seahorse assay and mitochondrial membrane potential measurement. Cyclin C‐associated cisplatin resistance was studied in vivo via xenograft. Results HACE1 catalysed the ubiquitylation of cyclin C by adding Lys11‐linked ubiquitin chains when cyclin C translocates to cytoplasm induced by cisplatin treatment. The ubiquitin‐modified cyclin C then anchor at mitochondira, which induced mitochondrial fission and ROS synthesis. Depleting CCNC or mutation on the ubiquitylation sites decreased mitochondrial ROS production and reduced cell apoptosis under cisplatin treatment. Xenograft study showed that disrupting cyclin C ubiquitylation by HACE1 conferred impairing cell apoptosis response upon cisplatin administration. Conclusions Cyclin C is a newly identified substrate of HACE1 E3 ligase. HACE1‐mediated ubiquitylation of cyclin C sheds light on a better understanding of cisplatin‐associated resistance in gastric cancer patients. Ubiquitylation of cyclin C by HACE1 regulates cisplatin‐associated sensitivity in gastric cancer. With cisplatin‐induced nuclear–mitochondrial translocation of cyclin C, its ubiquitylation by HACE1 increased mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial‐derived oxidative stress, leading to cell apoptosis.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. THE ROLE OF THE CDK8 KINASE MODULE IN MAINTAINING PROTEOSTASIS
- Author
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Willis, Stephen
- Subjects
- Cancer, CKM, cyclin C, Proteasome, Proteostasis, Transcription, Carcinogenesis, Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology, Life Sciences, Molecular Biology
- Abstract
The underlying etiology of numerous disease states results from perturbations in the maintenance of cellular proteostasis. Carcinogenesis relies on these perturbations to foster uncontrolled cell growth and eventual metastases, while neurodegenerative diseases are a consequence of such perturbations. Control of these processes occurs at numerous molecular levels, commonly starting with transcription. A key transcriptional complex that is involved is the CDK8 Kinase Module (CKM). The CKM is conserved from yeast to man, forming a tetrameric complex consisting of MED12, MED13, CDK8, and CCNC. The CKM has not only been implicated in a variety of cancers but also in a spectrum of developmental disorders. Using RNA sequencing on murine and human cell lines, I showed that the CKM regulates the transcription of genes mediating conserved proteostasis pathways including translation, protein degradation, and differentiation. In addition, I showed that these processes are druggable targets, as chemotherapeutics aimed at translation and protein degradation, sensitized CCNC-/- cells to cell death. The use of CKM inhibitors phenocopied this sensitivity when cyclin C was present. As customized drug treatments become a reality, these data represent an approach that may be used to target cancers. These data further present a model of how mutations in the CKM can contribute to a diverse spectrum of disease states.
- Published
- 2024
10. Cyclin C: A new responser for chemosensitivity in cancer.
- Author
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Fang, Shuai, Jin, Xiaofeng, Zhou, Chengwei, and Gong, Zhaohui
- Subjects
- *
CYCLINS , *CANCER prognosis , *STOMACH cancer - Abstract
The resistance to cisplatin‐based chemotherapy is a common cause of poor prognosis in cancer patients. Cisplatin stimulation causes cyclin C translocating to mitochondria, and in turn induces mitochondrial fission. However, little is known about the role of cyclin C in mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells challenged with cisplatin. In the present commentary, we bring to the attention of readers the recent report by Jiang et al which revealed the importance of ubiquitylation and translocation of cyclin C in gastric cancer cells in response to cisplatin stimulation for mitochondrial stability. This finding provides new insights into exploring the novel mechanisms of chemoresistance and developing the new chemotherapy synergistic agents in the era of precision oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Cyclin C Regulated Oxidative Stress Responsive Transcriptome in Mus musculus Embryonic Fibroblasts
- Author
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David C. Stieg, Kai-Ti Chang, Katrina F. Cooper, and Randy Strich
- Subjects
Cyclin C ,Oxidative Stress ,RNA-seq ,Cdk8 ,Mediator ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
The transcriptional changes that occur in response to oxidative stress help direct the decision to maintain cell viability or enter a cell death pathway. Cyclin C-Cdk8 is a conserved kinase that associates with the RNA polymerase II Mediator complex that stimulates or represses transcription depending on the locus. In response to oxidative stress, cyclin C, but not Cdk8, displays partial translocation into the cytoplasm. These findings open the possibility that cyclin C relocalization is a regulatory mechanism governing oxidative stress-induced transcriptional changes. In the present study, the cyclin C-dependent transcriptome was determined and compared to transcriptional changes occurring in oxidatively stressed Mus musculus embryonic fibroblasts. We observed a similar number (∼2000) of genes up or downregulated in oxidatively stressed cells. Induced genes include cellular repair/survival factors while repressed loci were generally involved in proliferation or differentiation. Depleting cyclin C in unstressed cells produced an approximately equal number of genes (∼2400) that were repressed by, or whose transcription required, cyclin C. Consistent with the possibility that cyclin C nuclear release contributes to transcriptional remodeling in response to oxidative stress, we found that 37% cyclin C-dependent genes were downregulated following stress. Moreover, 20% of cyclin C- repressed genes were induced in response to stress. These findings are consistent with a model that cyclin C relocalization to the cytoplasm, and corresponding inactivation of Cdk8, represents a regulatory mechanism to repress and stimulate transcription of stress-responsive genes.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Identification of a Growth-Associated Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in Cyclin C of the Giant Tiger Shrimp Penaeus monodon.
- Author
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Janpoom, Sirithorn, Prasertlux, Sirikan, Rongmung, Puttawan, Menasveta, Piamsak, Lamkom, Thanathip, Sae-Lim, Panya, Khamnamtong, Bavornlak, and Klinbunga, Sirawut
- Subjects
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PENAEUS monodon , *SINGLE nucleotide polymorphisms , *GONADS , *SHRIMPS , *CYCLINS , *TIGERS , *GENES - Abstract
The full-length cDNA of cyclin C of the giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (PmCyC) was isolated by RACE-PCR. It was 1443 bp in length containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 804 bp and 267 deduced amino acids. Tissue distribution analysis indicated that PmCyC was more abundantly expressed in ovaries and testes than other tissues of female and male juveniles (P < 0.05). A pair of primers was designed, and an amplification product of 403 bp containing an intron of 123 bp was obtained. Polymorphism of amplified PmCyC gene segments of the 5th (3-month-old G5, N = 30) and 7th (5-month-old G7, N = 18) generations of domesticated juveniles was analyzed. Four conserved SNPs (T>C134, T>C188, G>A379, and T>C382) were found within the examined sequences. A TaqMan genotyping assay was developed for detection of a T>C134 SNP. Association analysis indicated that this SNP displayed significant association with body weight (P < 4.2e−10) and total length (P < 2e−09) of the examined G7 P. monodon (N = 419) with an allele substitution effect of 5.02 ± 0.78 g and 1.41 ± 0.19 cm, respectively. Juveniles with C/C134 (22.80 ± 2.51 g and 12.97 ± 0.53 cm, N = 19) and T/C134 (20.41 ± 0.93 g and 12.77 ± 0.21 cm, N = 129) genotypes exhibited a significantly greater average body weight and total length than those with a T/T134 genotype (14.72 ± 0.53 g and 11.37 ± 0.13 cm, N = 271) (P < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Snf1 cooperates with the CWI MAPK pathway to mediate the degradation of Med13 following oxidative stress
- Author
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Stephen D. Willis, David C. Stieg, Kai Li Ong, Ravina Shah, Alexandra K. Strich, Julianne H. Grose, and Katrina F. Cooper
- Subjects
cyclin C ,Cdk8 ,Med13 ,SCFGrr1 ,AMPK ,Snf1 ,ubiquitin mediated destruction ,signal transduction ,H2O2 stress ,MAPK ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Eukaryotic cells, when faced with unfavorable environmental conditions, mount either pro-survival or pro-death programs. The conserved cyclin C-Cdk8 kinase plays a key role in this decision. Both are members of the Cdk8 kinase module that, along with Med12 and Med13, associate with the core Mediator complex of RNA polymerase II. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, oxidative stress triggers Med13 destruction, which releases cyclin C into the cytoplasm to promote mitochondrial fission and programmed cell death. The SCFGrr1 ubiquitin ligase mediates Med13 degradation dependent on the cell wall integrity pathway, MAPK Slt2. Here we show that the AMP kinase Snf1 activates a second SCFGrr1 responsive degron in Med13. Deletion of Snf1 resulted in nuclear retention of cyclin C and failure to induce mitochondrial fragmentation. This degron was able to confer oxidative-stress-induced destruction when fused to a heterologous protein in a Snf1 dependent manner. Although snf1∆ mutants failed to destroy Med13, deleting the degron did not prevent destruction. These results indicate that the control of Med13 degradation following H2O2 stress is complex, being controlled simultaneously by CWI and MAPK pathways.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Cdk8 Kinase Module: A Mediator of Life and Death Decisions in Times of Stress
- Author
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Brittany Friedson and Katrina F. Cooper
- Subjects
cyclin C ,Med13 ,cellular stress ,regulated cell death ,hyper-fission ,autophagy ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
The Cdk8 kinase module (CKM) of the multi-subunit mediator complex plays an essential role in cell fate decisions in response to different environmental cues. In the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, the CKM consists of four conserved subunits (cyclin C and its cognate cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk8, Med13, and Med12) and predominantly negatively regulates a subset of stress responsive genes (SRG’s). Derepression of these SRG’s is accomplished by disassociating the CKM from the mediator, thus allowing RNA polymerase II-directed transcription. In response to cell death stimuli, cyclin C translocates to the mitochondria where it induces mitochondrial hyper-fission and promotes regulated cell death (RCD). The nuclear release of cyclin C requires Med13 destruction by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). In contrast, to protect the cell from RCD following SRG induction induced by nutrient deprivation, cyclin C is rapidly destroyed by the UPS before it reaches the cytoplasm. This enables a survival response by two mechanisms: increased ATP production by retaining reticular mitochondrial morphology and relieving CKM-mediated repression on autophagy genes. Intriguingly, nitrogen starvation also stimulates Med13 destruction but through a different mechanism. Rather than destruction via the UPS, Med13 proteolysis occurs in the vacuole (yeast lysosome) via a newly identified Snx4-assisted autophagy pathway. Taken together, these findings reveal that the CKM regulates cell fate decisions by both transcriptional and non-transcriptional mechanisms, placing it at a convergence point between cell death and cell survival pathways.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Knockout of cyclin dependent kinases 8 and 19 leads to depletion of cyclin C and suppresses spermatogenesis and male fertility in mice (Updated January 23, 2024).
- Abstract
A recent preprint abstract discusses the knockout of cyclin dependent kinases 8 and 19 (CDK8 and CDK19) in mice and its effects on spermatogenesis and male fertility. The study found that double knockout mice lacking both CDK8 and CDK19 had an atrophic reproductive system and were infertile. These mice lacked postmeiotic spermatids and spermatocytes, and showed decreased testosterone levels. The study suggests that the observed phenotype may be mediated through kinase-independent activities of CDK8/19, such as the stabilization of cyclin C. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
16. Knockout of cyclin dependent kinases 8 and 19 leads to depletion of cyclin C and suppresses spermatogenesis and male fertility in mice (Updated December 17, 2023).
- Abstract
According to a preprint abstract from biorxiv.org, researchers have generated mice with a knockout of the regulatory kinases CDK8 and CDK19. The double knockout mice were infertile and had an atrophic urogenital system, lacking postmeiotic spermatids and spermatocytes. The knockout led to a depletion of cyclin C, suggesting that the observed phenotype was likely mediated through kinase-independent activities of CDK8/19. This research has not yet been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
17. Cyclin C Regulated Oxidative Stress Responsive Transcriptome in Mus musculus Embryonic Fibroblasts.
- Author
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Stieg, David C., Kai-Ti Chang, Cooper, Katrina F., and Strich, Randy
- Subjects
- *
MICE , *CYCLINS , *OXIDATIVE stress , *RNA polymerase II , *FIBROBLASTS - Abstract
The transcriptional changes that occur in response to oxidative stress help direct the decision to maintain cell viability or enter a cell death pathway. Cyclin C-Cdk8 is a conserved kinase that associates with the RNA polymerase II Mediator complex that stimulates or represses transcription depending on the locus. In response to oxidative stress, cyclin C, but not Cdk8, displays partial translocation into the cytoplasm. These findings open the possibility that cyclin C relocalization is a regulatory mechanism governing oxidative stress-induced transcriptional changes. In the present study, the cyclin C-dependent transcriptome was determined and compared to transcriptional changes occurring in oxidatively stressed Mus musculus embryonic fibroblasts. We observed a similar number (~2000) of genes up or downregulated in oxidatively stressed cells. Induced genes include cellular repair/survival factors while repressed loci were generally involved in proliferation or differentiation. Depleting cyclin C in unstressed cells produced an approximately equal number of genes (~2400) that were repressed by, or whose transcription required, cyclin C. Consistent with the possibility that cyclin C nuclear release contributes to transcriptional remodeling in response to oxidative stress, we found that 37% cyclin C-dependent genes were downregulated following stress. Moreover, 20% of cyclin C- repressed genes were induced in response to stress. These findings are consistent with a model that cyclin C relocalization to the cytoplasm, and corresponding inactivation of Cdk8, represents a regulatory mechanism to repress and stimulate transcription of stress-responsive genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Knockout of cyclin dependent kinases 8 and 19 leads to depletion of cyclin C and suppresses spermatogenesis and male fertility in mice.
- Abstract
A recent preprint study published on biorxiv.org explores the effects of knocking out cyclin dependent kinases 8 and 19 (CDK8/19) on spermatogenesis and male fertility in mice. The study found that the double knockout of CDK8/19 led to the depletion of cyclin C (CcnC), a binding partner of CDK8/19, resulting in male infertility. The knockout mice lacked postmeiotic spermatids and spermatocytes, and exhibited decreased testosterone levels. The study also observed alterations in Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and spermatocytes, which may be associated with impaired synthesis of steroids. The researchers suggest that the observed phenotype is likely mediated through kinase-independent activities of CDK8/19, such as CcnC stabilization. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
19. Enhanced T cell effector activity by targeting the Mediator kinase module
- Author
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Katherine A. Freitas, Julia A. Belk, Elena Sotillo, Patrick J. Quinn, Maria C. Ramello, Meena Malipatlolla, Bence Daniel, Katalin Sandor, Dorota Klysz, Jeremy Bjelajac, Peng Xu, Kylie A. Burdsall, Victor Tieu, Vandon T. Duong, Micah G. Donovan, Evan W. Weber, Howard Y. Chang, Robbie G. Majzner, Joaquin M. Espinosa, Ansuman T. Satpathy, and Crystal L. Mackall
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,Mediator Complex ,Receptors, Chimeric Antigen ,Cyclin C ,T-Lymphocytes ,Neoplasms ,Humans ,Genetic Testing ,Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 ,Immunotherapy, Adoptive ,Cyclin-Dependent Kinases ,Transcription Factors ,Genome-Wide Association Study - Abstract
T cells are the major arm of the immune system responsible for controlling and regressing cancers. To identify genes limiting T cell function, we conducted genome-wide CRISPR knockout screens in human chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Top hits were MED12 and CCNC , components of the Mediator kinase module. Targeted MED12 deletion enhanced antitumor activity and sustained the effector phenotype in CAR- and T cell receptor–engineered T cells, and inhibition of CDK8/19 kinase activity increased expansion of nonengineered T cells. MED12 -deficient T cells manifested increased core Meditator chromatin occupancy at transcriptionally active enhancers—most notably for STAT and AP-1 transcription factors—and increased IL2RA expression and interleukin-2 sensitivity. These results implicate Mediator in T cell effector programming and identify the kinase module as a target for enhancing potency of antitumor T cell responses.
- Published
- 2022
20. Genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal cyclin C as synthetic survival target of BRCA2
- Author
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Zhongming Zhao, Junjie Chen, Chao Wang, Zhen Chen, Mengfan Tang, Xu Feng, Dan Su, Guangsheng Pei, and Mrinal Srivastava
- Subjects
DNA Replication ,0301 basic medicine ,Cell Survival ,AcademicSubjects/SCI00010 ,RNA polymerase II ,Genome Integrity, Repair and Replication ,Gene Knockout Techniques ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Mediator ,Cyclin C ,Stress, Physiological ,Transcription (biology) ,Genetics ,Humans ,CRISPR ,Gene ,BRCA2 Protein ,Mediator Complex ,biology ,Recombinational DNA Repair ,Cell biology ,HEK293 Cells ,030104 developmental biology ,MRNA Sequencing ,Gene Expression Regulation ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,biology.protein ,CCNC ,CRISPR-Cas Systems ,Homologous recombination ,DNA Damage - Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi)-based therapies initially reduce tumor burden but eventually lead to acquired resistance in cancer patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. To understand the potential PARPi resistance mechanisms, we performed whole-genome CRISPR screens to discover genetic alterations that change the gene essentiality in cells with inducible depletion of BRCA2. We identified that several RNA Polymerase II transcription Mediator complex components, especially Cyclin C (CCNC) as synthetic survival targets upon BRCA2 loss. Total mRNA sequencing demonstrated that loss of CCNC could activate the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signaling pathway and extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction pathway, however the inhibition of these pathways could not reverse cell survival in BRCA2 depleted CCNC-knockout cells, indicating that the activation of these pathways is not required for the resistance. Moreover, we showed that the improved survival is not due to restoration of homologous recombination repair although decreased DNA damage signaling was observed. Interestingly, loss of CCNC could restore replication fork stability in BRCA2 deficient cells, which may contribute to PARPi resistance. Taken together, our data reveal CCNC as a critical genetic determinant upon BRCA2 loss of function, which may help the development of novel therapeutic strategies that overcome PARPi resistance.
- Published
- 2021
21. The MAPKKKs Ste11 and Bck1 jointly transduce the high oxidative stress signal through the cell wall integrity MAP kinase pathway
- Author
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Chunyan Jin, Stephen K. Kim, Stephen D. Willis, and Katrina F. Cooper
- Subjects
cyclin C ,oxidative stress ,protein degradation ,programmed cell death ,MAPK signal transduction pathways ,mitochondrial morphology ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Oxidative stress stimulates the Rho1 GTPase, which in turn induces the cell wall integrity (CWI) MAP kinase cascade. CWI activation promotes stress-responsive gene expression through activation of transcription factors (Rlm1, SBF) and nuclear release and subsequent destruction of the repressor cyclin C. This study reports that, in response to high hydrogen peroxide exposure, or in the presence of constitutively active Rho1, cyclin C still translocates to the cytoplasm and is degraded in cells lacking Bck1, the MAPKKK of the CWI pathway. However, in mutants defective for both Bck1 and Ste11, the MAPKKK from the high osmolarity, pseudohyphal and mating MAPK pathways, cyclin C nuclear to cytoplasmic relocalization and destruction is prevented. Further analysis revealed that cyclin C goes from a diffuse nuclear signal to a terminal nucleolar localization in this double mutant. Live cell imaging confirmed that cyclin C transiently passes through the nucleolus prior to cytoplasmic entry in wild-type cells. Taken together with previous studies, these results indicate that under low levels of oxidative stress, Bck1 activation is sufficient to induce cyclin C translocation and degradation. However, higher stress conditions also stimulate Ste11, which reinforces the stress signal to cyclin C and other transcription factors. This model would provide a mechanism by which different stress levels can be sensed and interpreted by the cell.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Modeling the Tripartite Role of Cyclin C in Cellular Stress Response Coordination
- Author
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Doyle, Steven J.
- Subjects
- Cyclin C, Cell Stress; Apoptosis; Mitochondrial Fission; Transcription; Humans; Yeast, Cell Biology, Fungi, Laboratory and Basic Science Research, Medicine and Health Sciences, Molecular Biology, Molecular Genetics
- Abstract
For normal cellular function, exogenous signals must be interpreted and careful coordination must take place to ensure desired fates are achieved. Mitochondria are key regulatory nodes of cellular fate, undergoing fission/fusion cycles depending on the needs of the cell, and help mediate cell death fates. The CKM or Cdk8 kinase module, is composed of cyclin C (CC), Cdk8, Med12/12L, and Med13/13L. The CKM controls RNA polymerase II, acting as a regulator of stress-response and growth-control genes. Following stress, CC translocates to the mitochondria and interacts with both fission and iRCD apoptotic mediators. We hypothesize that CC represents a key mediator, linking transcription to mitochondrial fission and RCD. A more in-depth analysis of the roles of CC and the protein interactions that mediate them encompasses the focus of this dissertation. To mediate individual functions, CC uses distinct binding partners. We revealed the presence two separable/discrete cyclin box domains. To determine the residues mediating these functions, rigid body protein-protein docking simulations were performed using human cyclin C, Drp1, and Bax. These analyses revealed specific residues which support distinct functions of the CB1 and CB2 domains. Results indicate that modeled Bax-interacting residues are concentrated to the first half of the CB2 domain, while Drp1-interacting residues span the entirety of the CB2 domain. Interestingly, we determined that CC contains a unique BH2-like domain, normally only found in Bcl-2 protein family members, which appears to mediate interactions with Bax. Results from human protein modeling simulations were then applied to yeast homologous proteins. As presented here, yeast studies have confirmed residues that mediate interaction between CC and fission machinery. The results support the model that CB1 and CB2 are distinct, mediating independent functionalities. We suggest a model that CC possesses three distinct interaction domains and acts to bridge fission and apoptotic machinery, either in a mutually exclusive or trimeric manner. In conclusion, CC is shown to mediate each of its unique functions through distinct interacting residues and interfaces. With CC implicated in many human disorders, this will serve as a tool to study disease pathogeneses and treatments, taking into account unique interfaces governing the tripartite functions.
- Published
- 2023
23. Med13 Degradation Defines a New Receptor-Mediated Autophagy Pathway Activated by Nutrient Deprivation
- Author
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Hanley, Sara E.
- Subjects
- Autophagy, Cyclin C, Cdk8, Mediator Complex, Med13, Cell Stress, Biological Phenomena, Cell Phenomena, and Immunity, Cell Biology, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Genetic Structures, Laboratory and Basic Science Research, Life Sciences, Medicine and Health Sciences, Molecular Biology, Molecular Genetics
- Abstract
Cells are exposed to an enormous amount of diverse extracellular cues but have a limited arsenal of weapons for protecting and maintaining homeostasis. To overcome these restrictions, nature has engineered proteins that have multiple functions. The pleiotropy of using one protein to carry out a variety of functions allows cells to rapidly execute tailored responses to a diverse set of signals. The Cdk8 kinase module (CKM) is a conserved detachable unit of the Mediator complex predominantly known for its role in transcriptional regulation. The CKM is composed of four proteins, the scaffolding proteins Med13 and Med12, as well as the non-canonical cyclin, cyclin C, and its cognate kinase, Cdk8. Previously it has been shown that cyclin C is a multifunctional protein that performs transcriptional and stress-induced roles at the mitochondria. The localization, post-translational modifications, and different functional domains of cyclin C regulate these separate functions. Here we show that Med13 also has dual roles in regulating stress response following nutrient depletion. In physiological conditions, Med13 works within the CKM to negatively regulate the expression of autophagy genes (ATG). Following starvation, this repression is relieved by Snx4-assisted autophagy of Med13. Moreover, we identified Ksp1 to be the autophagic receptor protein for this novel autophagy pathway. Structural analysis by others showed that Med13 has an RNA binding region. Consistent with this, we showed that once in the cytosol, Med13 localizes to ribonucleoprotein granules known as processing bodies (P-bodies) which function in mRNA silencing, decay, and storage. In addition, we show that Med13, together with Ksp1 and Snx4, are required for the autophagic degradation of conserved P-body proteins following stress. These results illustrate the day and night jobs of Med13 in response to starvation stress. Lastly, we illustrate that the regulation of autophagy by the CKM is evolutionarily conserved. Here we show that cyclin C promotes autophagy and proteasome activity in the murine pancreatic cancer model. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the multifunctionality and conservation of the CKM in stress response.
- Published
- 2023
24. The dual role of cyclin C connects stress regulated gene expression to mitochondrial dynamics
- Author
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Randy Strich and Katrina F. Cooper
- Subjects
cyclin C ,transcription ,mediator ,MAPK signal transduction pathway ,mitochondria ,programmed cell death ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Following exposure to cytotoxic agents, cellular damage is first recognized by a variety of sensor mechanisms. Thenceforth, the damage signal is transduced to the nucleus to install the correct gene expression program including the induction of genes whose products either detoxify destructive compounds or repair the damage they cause. Next, the stress signal is disseminated throughout the cell to effect the appropriate changes at organelles including the mitochondria. The mitochondria represent an important signaling platform for the stress response. An initial stress response of the mitochondria is extensive fragmentation. If the damage is prodigious, the mitochondria fragment (fission) and lose their outer membrane integrity leading to the release of pro-apoptotic factors necessary for programmed cell death (PCD) execution. As this complex biological process contains many moving parts, it must be exquisitely coordinated as the ultimate decision is life or death. The conserved C-type cyclin plays an important role in executing this molecular Rubicon by coupling changes in gene expression to mitochondrial fission and PCD. Cyclin C, along with its cyclin dependent kinase partner Cdk8, associates with the RNA polymerase holoenzyme to regulate transcription. In particular, cyclin C-Cdk8 repress many stress responsive genes. To relieve this repression, cyclin C is destroyed in cells exposed to pro-oxidants and other stressors. However, prior to its destruction, cyclin C, but not Cdk8, is released from its nuclear anchor (Med13), translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it interacts with the fission machinery and is both necessary and sufficient to induce extensive mitochondria fragmentation. Furthermore, cytoplasmic cyclin C promotes PCD indicating that it mediates both mitochondrial fission and cell death pathways. This review will summarize the role cyclin C plays in regulating stress-responsive transcription. In addition, we will detail this new function mediating mitochondrial fission and PCD. Although both these roles of cyclin C are conserved, this review will concentrate on cyclin C's dual role in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- Published
- 2014
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25. 4T1 cell membrane fragment reunited PAMAM polymer units disguised as tumor cell clusters for tumor homotypic targeting and anti-metastasis treatment
- Author
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Xiaochen Pei, Xiaoyi Xu, Xiuhua Pan, Xiaole Qi, Haiqin Huang, Zhenghong Wu, and Xiang Xu
- Subjects
Polymers ,Biomedical Engineering ,Nanoparticle ,Nanoclusters ,Metastasis ,Cell membrane ,Mice ,Drug Delivery Systems ,Immune system ,Cyclin C ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Neoplasms ,medicine ,Animals ,General Materials Science ,Doxorubicin ,Chemistry ,Cell Membrane ,medicine.disease ,Cell biology ,Membrane ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cancer cell ,Nanoparticles ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Cell membrane-based nanoparticles have garnered increasing attention owing to their inherent biomimetic properties, such as homotypic targeting, prolong circulation, and immune escaping mechanisms. However, most of these biomimetic nanoparticles appear as an orientated core-shell unit because of the lack of the full utilization and direction control of membranes. Different from those single-unit delivery systems, we reported a multiple-unit nanocluster by randomly reuniting multiple PAMAM polymeric core units into a single nanocluster via simple electrostatic interactions between 4T1 cell membrane fragments and PAMAM. Similar to tumor cell clusters, the doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded nanoclusters (CCNCs) could actively metastasis towards cancer cells after getting access to the systemic circulation due to their specific homotypic targeting ability. In this study, CCNCs showed significantly higher tumor inhibition efficacy in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice compared with that of free DOX and PAMAM@DOX-treated groups. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis showed that the number of pulmonary metastatic nodules remarkably reduced, indicating the potential anti-metastasis effect of CCNCs. Overall, these tumor cell membrane fragment reunited PAMAM polymer units could disguise as tumor cell clusters for encouraging tumor homotypic targeting and anti-metastasis treatment.
- Published
- 2021
26. Identifying Cancers Impacted by CDK8/19
- Author
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Igor B. Roninson, Balázs Győrffy, Zachary T. Mack, Alexander A. Shtil, Michael S. Shtutman, Mengqian Chen, and Eugenia V. Broude
- Subjects
CDK8 ,CDK19 ,Cyclin C ,cancer genomics ,survival correlations ,Cytology ,QH573-671 - Abstract
CDK8 and CDK19 Mediator kinases are transcriptional co-regulators implicated in several types of cancer. Small-molecule CDK8/19 inhibitors have recently entered or are entering clinical trials, starting with breast cancer and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To identify other cancers where these novel drugs may provide benefit, we queried genomic and transcriptomic databases for potential impact of CDK8, CDK19, or their binding partner CCNC. sgRNA analysis of a panel of tumor cell lines showed that most tumor types represented in the panel, except for some central nervous system tumors, were not dependent on these genes. In contrast, analysis of clinical samples for alterations in these genes revealed a high frequency of gene amplification in two highly aggressive subtypes of prostate cancer and in some cancers of the GI tract, breast, bladder, and sarcomas. Analysis of survival correlations identified a group of cancers where CDK8 expression correlated with shorter survival (notably breast, prostate, cervical cancers, and esophageal adenocarcinoma). In some cancers (AML, melanoma, ovarian, and others), such correlations were limited to samples with a below-median tumor mutation burden. These results suggest that Mediator kinases are especially important in cancers that are driven primarily by transcriptional rather than mutational changes and warrant an investigation of their role in additional cancer types.
- Published
- 2019
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27. Discovery of novel CDK8 inhibitors using multiple crystal structures in docking-based virtual screening.
- Author
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Wang, Taijin, Yang, Zhuang, Zhang, Yongguang, Yan, Wei, Wang, Fang, He, Linhong, Zhou, Yuanyuan, and Chen, Lijuan
- Subjects
- *
CRYSTAL structure , *CYCLIN-dependent kinases , *CELL cycle proteins , *STOMACH cancer treatment , *MOLECULAR docking - Abstract
The cyclin dependent kinase CDK8, along with Med12 and Med13, form the kinase module of the Mediator complex. CDK8 expression associates with the activation of β-catenin in colon and gastric cancers. Herein, we applied docking-based virtual screening (VS) using the multiple crystal structures to identify several potent CDK8 inhibitors. The appropriate use of multiple crystal structures obtained a better enrichment of CDK8 conformations to cope with the protein flexibility. Later on, the 2D similarity search was used to find the derivatives of the high inhibitory CDK8 inhibitors we discovered by VS. Finally, we measured the dose response behaviors, the IC50 values of compound W-34, W-37, W-8, WS-2 are 6.5 nM, 36 nM, 93 nM, 9 nM, respectively. These novel leads provided good starting points to design and synthesis a series of highly selective and potent CDK8 inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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28. Ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated cyclin C degradation promotes cell survival following nitrogen starvation
- Author
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Prasanna D. Tati, Stephen D. Willis, Thomas Beishke, Katrina F. Cooper, and Sara E. Hanley
- Subjects
Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex ,Programmed cell death ,Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ,Cell Survival ,Nitrogen ,Cellular homeostasis ,Saccharomyces cerevisiae ,Mitochondrion ,Biology ,Mitochondrial Dynamics ,Models, Biological ,Cyclin C ,Stress, Physiological ,Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ,Autophagy ,RNA, Messenger ,Cell Interactions ,Molecular Biology ,Cyclin ,Sirolimus ,Ubiquitin ,Cell growth ,Kinase ,Autophagy-Related Protein 8 Family ,Hydrogen Peroxide ,Articles ,Cell Biology ,Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 ,Mitochondria ,Cell biology ,Oxidative Stress ,Histone deacetylase complex - Abstract
Environmental stress elicits well-orchestrated programs that either restore cellular homeostasis or induce cell death depending on the insult. Nutrient starvation triggers the autophagic pathway that requires the induction of several Autophagy (ATG) genes. Cyclin C–cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk8) is a component of the RNA polymerase II Mediator complex that predominantly represses the transcription of stress-responsive genes in yeast. To relieve this repression following oxidative stress, cyclin C translocates to the mitochondria where it induces organelle fragmentation and promotes cell death prior to its destruction by the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS). Here we report that cyclin C-Cdk8, together with the Ume6-Rpd3 histone deacetylase complex, represses the essential autophagy gene ATG8. Similar to oxidative stress, cyclin C is destroyed by the UPS following nitrogen starvation. Removing this repression is important as deleting CNC1 allows enhanced cell growth under mild starvation. However, unlike oxidative stress, cyclin C is destroyed prior to its cytoplasmic translocation. This is important as targeting cyclin C to the mitochondria induces both mitochondrial fragmentation and cell death following nitrogen starvation. These results indicate that cyclin C destruction pathways are fine tuned depending on the stress and that its terminal subcellular address influences the decision between initiating cell death or cell survival pathways.
- Published
- 2020
29. The CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE Module of the Mediator Complex Promotes Flowering and Reproductive Development in Pea
- Author
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James L. Weller, A.S.M. Mainul Hasan, Valérie Hecht, and Jacqueline K. Vander Schoor
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Physiology ,Repressor ,Flowers ,Plant Science ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cyclin C ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Cyclin-dependent kinase ,Genetics ,Transcriptional regulation ,Gene ,Research Articles ,Cyclin ,2. Zero hunger ,Regulation of gene expression ,Mediator Complex ,biology ,Peas ,food and beverages ,Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 ,Florigen ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Control of flowering time has been a major focus of comparative genetic analyses in plant development. This study reports on a forward genetic approach to define previously uncharacterized components of flowering control pathways in the long-day legume, pea (Pisum sativum). We isolated two complementation groups of late-flowering mutants in pea that define two uncharacterized loci, LATE BLOOMER3 (LATE3) and LATE4, and describe their diverse effects on vegetative and reproductive development. A map-based comparative approach was employed to identify the underlying genes for both loci, revealing that that LATE3 and LATE4 are orthologs of CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE8 (CDK8) and CYCLIN C1 (CYCC1), components of the CDK8 kinase module of the Mediator complex, which is a deeply conserved regulator of transcription in eukaryotes. We confirm the genetic and physical interaction of LATE3 and LATE4 and show that they contribute to the transcriptional regulation of key flowering genes, including the induction of the florigen gene FTa1 and repression of the floral repressor LF. Our results establish the conserved importance of the CDK8 module in plants and provide evidence for the function of CYCLIN C1 orthologs in the promotion of flowering and the maintenance of normal reproductive development.
- Published
- 2020
30. Loss of Cyclin C or CDK8 provides ATR inhibitor resistance by suppressing transcription-associated replication stress
- Author
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Mark J. O'Connor, Yaron Galanty, Josep V. Forment, Rebecca L. Lloyd, Stephen P. Jackson, Christelle de Renty, Iñigo Ayestaran, John Christopher Thomas, Vaclav Urban, Francisco Muñoz-Martínez, Ayestaran, Iñigo [0000-0003-0335-195X], Jackson, Stephen P [0000-0001-9317-7937], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,DNA Replication ,Cell cycle checkpoint ,DNA Repair ,Transcription, Genetic ,AcademicSubjects/SCI00010 ,DNA repair ,RNA polymerase II ,Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ,Genome Integrity, Repair and Replication ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mice ,0302 clinical medicine ,Transcription (biology) ,Cyclin C ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Genetics ,Animals ,Humans ,Protein Kinase Inhibitors ,Cyclin ,biology ,Kinase ,DNA replication ,Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells ,Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 ,Cell biology ,030104 developmental biology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,biology.protein ,Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 ,DNA Damage ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
The protein kinase ATR plays pivotal roles in DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoint engagement and DNA replication. Consequently, ATR inhibitors (ATRi) are in clinical development for the treatment of cancers, including tumours harbouring mutations in the related kinase ATM. However, it still remains unclear which functions and pathways dominate long-term ATRi efficacy, and how these vary between clinically relevant genetic backgrounds. Elucidating common and genetic-background specific mechanisms of ATRi efficacy could therefore assist in patient stratification and pre-empting drug resistance. Here, we use CRISPR–Cas9 genome-wide screening in ATM-deficient and proficient mouse embryonic stem cells to interrogate cell fitness following treatment with the ATRi, ceralasertib. We identify factors that enhance or suppress ATRi efficacy, with a subset of these requiring intact ATM signalling. Strikingly, two of the strongest resistance-gene hits in both ATM-proficient and ATM-deficient cells encode Cyclin C and CDK8: members of the CDK8 kinase module for the RNA polymerase II mediator complex. We show that Cyclin C/CDK8 loss reduces S-phase DNA:RNA hybrid formation, transcription-replication stress, and ultimately micronuclei formation induced by ATRi. Overall, our work identifies novel biomarkers of ATRi efficacy in ATM-proficient and ATM-deficient cells, and highlights transcription-associated replication stress as a predominant driver of ATRi-induced cell death.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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31. The conserved Mediator subunit cyclin C (CCNC) is required for brown adipocyte development and lipid accumulation
- Author
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Ziyi Song, Alus M. Xiaoli, Youlei Li, Gerile Siqin, Tian Wu, Randy Strich, Jeffrey E. Pessin, and Fajun Yang
- Subjects
Mice, Knockout ,Mice ,Adipocytes, Brown ,Adipose Tissue, Brown ,Cyclin C ,Adipose Tissue, White ,Animals ,Mice, Transgenic ,Cell Biology ,Lipids ,Molecular Biology - Abstract
Cyclin C (CCNC) is the most conserved subunit of the Mediator complex, which is an important transcription cofactor. Recently, we have found that CCNC facilitates brown adipogenesis in vitro by activating C/EBPα-dependent transcription. However, the role of CCNC in brown adipose tissue (BAT) in vivo remains unclear.We generated conditional knock-out mice by crossing CcncHere, we show that deletion of CCNC in Myf5Together, these data indicate an important role of CCNC-Mediator in the regulation of BAT development and lipid accumulation in brown adipocytes.
- Published
- 2022
32. DNA Damage, n-3 Long-Chain PUFA Levels and Proteomic Profile in Brazilian Children and Adolescents
- Author
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Tamiris Trevisan de Barros, Jacqueline Pontes Monteiro, Maria Olímpia Ribeiro do Vale Almada, Ornella Cominetti, Lusania Maria Greggi Antunes, Lívia Cristina Hernandes, Carolina de Almeida Coelho-Landell, Mariana Giaretta Mathias, Vinicius Paula Venancio, Roseli Borges Donegá Toffano, Fábio da Veiga Ued, José Simon Camelo-Junior, Elaine Hillesheim, Jim Kaput, Sofia Moco, Roberta Garcia Salomão, Molecular and Computational Toxicology, and AIMMS
- Subjects
Male ,Proteomics ,0301 basic medicine ,DNA protection ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Docosahexaenoic Acids ,Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ,Hydrolases ,DNA damage ,fatty acids ,Article ,ADOLESCENTES ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cyclin C ,Internal medicine ,Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ,Protein Kinase C beta ,medicine ,Humans ,TX341-641 ,adolescents ,proteomic ,Inflammation ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,child ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Proteomic Profile ,Chemistry ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 ,Eicosapentaenoic acid ,Class Ia Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase ,Comet assay ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,Eicosapentaenoic Acid ,Docosahexaenoic acid ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Female ,Long chain ,Brazil ,Food Science ,Polyunsaturated fatty acid - Abstract
Fatty acids play a significant role in maintaining cellular and DNA protection and we previously found an inverse relationship between blood levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and DNA damage. The aim of this study was to explore differences in proteomic profiles, for 117 pro-inflammatory proteins, in two previously defined groups of individuals with different DNA damage and EPA and DHA levels. Healthy children and adolescents (n = 140) aged 9 to 13 years old in an urban area of Brazil were divided by k-means cluster test into two clusters of DNA damage (tail intensity) using the comet assay (cluster 1 = 5.9% ± 1.2 and cluster 2 = 13.8% ± 3.1) in our previous study. The cluster with higher DNA damage and lower levels of DHA (6.2 ± 1.6 mg/dL, 5.4 ± 1.3 mg/dL, p = 0.003) and EPA (0.6 ± 0.2 mg/dL, 0.5 ± 0.1 mg/dL, p <, 0.001) presented increased expression of the proteins CDK8–CCNC, PIK3CA–PIK3R1, KYNU, and PRKCB, which are involved in pro-inflammatory pathways. Our findings support the hypothesis that low levels of n-3 long-chain PUFA may have a less protective role against DNA damage through expression of pro-inflammatory proteins, such as CDK8–CCNC, PIK3CA–PIK3R1, KYNU, and PRKCB.
- Published
- 2021
33. Targeting cell cycle regulators in hematologic malignancies
- Author
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Eiman eAleem and Robert eArceci
- Subjects
Cyclin C ,Leukemia ,mouse models ,Cdk1 ,Cdk8 ,CDK inhibitors ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Hematologic malignancies represent the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer in economically developed countries. In hematologic malignancies normal hematopoiesis is interrupted by uncontrolled growth of a genetically altered stem or progenitor cell (HSPC) that maintains its ability of self-renewal. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) not only regulate the mammalian cell cycle, but also influence other vital cellular processes, such as stem cell renewal, differentiation, transcription, epigenetic regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Chromosomal translocations, amplification, overexpression and altered CDK activities have been described in different types of human cancer, which have made them attractive targets for pharmacological inhibition. Mouse models deficient for one or more CDKs have significantly contributed to our current understanding of the physiological functions of CDKs, as well as their roles in human cancer. The present review focuses on selected cell cycle kinases with recent emerging key functions in hematopoiesis and in hematopoietic malignancies, such as CDK6 and its role in MLL-rearranged leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia, CDK1 and its regulator WEE-1 in acute myeloid leukemia, and cyclin C/CDK8/CDK19 complexes in T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. The knowledge gained from gene knockout experiments in mice of these kinases is also summarized. An overview of compounds targeting these kinases, which are currently in clinical development in various solid tumors and hematopoietic malignances, is presented. These include the CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors (palbociclib, LEE011, LY2835219), pan-CDK inhibitors that target CDK1 (dinaciclib, flavopiridol, AT7519, TG02, P276-00, terampeprocol and RGB 286638) as well as the WEE-1 kinase inhibitor, MK-1775. The advantage of combination therapy of cell cycle inhibitors with conventional chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of AML, such as cytarabine, is discussed.
- Published
- 2015
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34. Cdk8 deletion in the ApcMin murine tumour model represses EZH2 activity and accelerates tumourigenesis.
- Author
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McCleland, Mark L, Soukup, Tim M, Liu, Scot D, Esensten, Jonathan H, de Sousa e Melo, Felipe, Yaylaoglu, Murat, Warming, Soren, Roose‐Girma, Merone, and Firestein, Ron
- Abstract
CDK8 is a dissociable kinase module of the Mediator complex and has been shown to play an important role in transcriptional regulation in organisms as diverse as yeast and humans. Recent studies suggest that CDK8 functions as an oncoprotein in melanoma and colon cancer. Importantly, these studies were conducted using in vitro cell line models and the role of CDK8 in tumourigenesis in vivo has not been explored. We have generated a mouse with a Cdk8 conditional knockout allele and examined the consequences of Cdk8 loss on normal tissue homeostasis and tumour development in vivo. Cdk8 deletion in the young adult mouse did not induce any gross or histopathological abnormalities, implying that Cdk8 is largely dispensable for somatic cellular homeostasis. In contrast, Cdk8 deletion in the Apc
Min intestinal tumour model shortened the animals' survival and increased tumour burden. Although Cdk8 deletion did not affect tumour initiation, intestinal tumour size and growth rate were significantly increased in Cdk8-null animals. Transcriptome analysis performed on Cdk8-null intestinal cells revealed up-regulation of genes that are governed by the Polycomb group ( PcG) complex. In support of these findings, Cdk8-null intestinal cells and tumours displayed a reduction in histone H3K27 trimethylation, both globally and at the promoters of a number of PcG-regulated genes involved in oncogenic signalling. Together, our findings uncover a tumour suppressor function for CDK8 in vivo and suggest that the role of CDK8 activity in driving oncogenesis is context-specific. Sequencing data were deposited at GEO (Accession No. GSE71385). Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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35. Cyclin C directly stimulates Drp1 GTP affinity to mediate stress-induced mitochondrial hyperfission
- Author
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Kai-Ti Chang, Randy Strich, Stephen D. Willis, Samuel Beluch, Katrina F. Cooper, and Vidyaramanan Ganesan
- Subjects
endocrine system ,GTP' ,Chromosomal translocation ,GTPase ,Mitochondrion ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,Protein Domains ,Cyclin C ,Stress, Physiological ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Molecular Biology ,030304 developmental biology ,Cyclin ,0303 health sciences ,030302 biochemistry & molecular biology ,Cell Biology ,Fibroblasts ,Mitochondria ,Cell biology ,Actin Cytoskeleton ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Brief Reports ,Mitochondrial fission ,Guanosine Triphosphate ,Protein Multimerization ,Microtubule-Associated Proteins ,Nucleus ,Oxidative stress ,Protein Binding - Abstract
Mitochondria exist in an equilibrium between fragmented and fused states that shifts heavily toward fission in response to cellular damage. Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic cyclin C relocalization is essential for dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)–dependent mitochondrial fission in response to oxidative stress. This study finds that cyclin C directly interacts with the Drp1 GTPase domain, increases its affinity to GTP, and stimulates GTPase activity in vitro. In addition, the cyclin C domain that binds Drp1 is contained within the non–Cdk binding second cyclin box domain common to all cyclin family members. This interaction is important, as this domain is sufficient to induce mitochondrial fission when expressed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts in the absence of additional stress signals. Using gel filtration chromatography and negative stain electron microscopy, we found that cyclin C interaction changes the geometry of Drp1 oligomers in vitro. High–molecular weight low–GTPase activity oligomers in the form of short filaments and rings were diminished, while dimers and elongated filaments were observed. Our results support a model in which cyclin C binding stimulates the reduction of low–GTPase activity Drp1 oligomers into dimers capable of producing high–GTPase activity filaments.
- Published
- 2019
36. CDK8 mediates the dietary effects on developmental transition in Drosophila
- Author
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Fu-Ning Hsu, Xiao-Jun Xie, Xiao Li, Mengmeng Liu, Rajitha-Udakara-Sampath Hemba-Waduge, Jun-Yuan Ji, Xinsheng Gao, and Wu Xu
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Mutant ,Gene Expression ,Biology ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cyclin C ,Valine ,Gene expression ,Animals ,Drosophila Proteins ,Molecular Biology ,Methionine ,Nutritional Requirements ,Reproducibility of Results ,Lipid metabolism ,Cell Biology ,Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 ,Diet ,Cell biology ,Glutamine ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Larva ,Lipogenesis ,Drosophila ,Dietary Proteins ,Ecdysone receptor ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
The complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors, such as diet and lifestyle, defines the initiation and progression of multifactorial diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and neurological disorders. Given that most of the studies have been performed in controlled experimental settings to ensure the consistency and reproducibility, the impacts of environmental factors, such as dietary perturbation, on the development of animals with different genotypes and the pathogenesis of these diseases remain poorly understood. By analyzing the cdk8 and cyclin C (cycC) mutant larvae in Drosophila, we have previously reported that the CDK8-CycC complex coordinately regulates lipogenesis by repressing dSREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein)-activated transcription and developmental timing by activating EcR (ecdysone receptor)-dependent gene expression. Here we report that dietary nutrients, particularly proteins and carbohydrates, modulate the developmental timing through the CDK8/CycC/EcR pathway. We observed that cdk8 and cycC mutants are sensitive to the levels of dietary proteins and seven amino acids (arginine, glutamine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, threonine, and valine). Those mutants are also sensitive to dietary carbohydrates, and they are more sensitive to monosaccharides than disaccharides. These results suggest that CDK8-CycC mediates the dietary effects on lipid metabolism and developmental timing in Drosophila larvae.
- Published
- 2018
37. The Impact of Mitochondrial Fission-Stimulated ROS Production on Pro-Apoptotic Chemotherapy
- Author
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Katrina F. Cooper, Randy Strich, Jan Ježek, Ježek, Jan [0000-0003-0295-066X], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
- Subjects
Mitochondrial ROS ,Review ,Mitochondrion ,Biology ,chemotherapy ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Mitophagy ,medicine ,cancer ,oxidative stress ,cyclin C ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,reactive oxygen species ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Intrinsic apoptosis ,apoptosis ,Cancer ,medicine.disease ,mitochondrial dynamics ,mitochondria ,mitophagy ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,Apoptosis ,Cancer cell ,Cancer research ,stress signaling ,Mitochondrial fission ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences - Abstract
Simple Summary Mitochondria are the core energy-generating units found within a cell. In addition, mitochondria harbor molecular factors that are essential, upon their release from these organelles, for triggering cell suicide program or apoptosis. Recent research has pointed to the critical role that the mitochondrial shape, which is dynamically flexible rather than rigid, plays in regulating both, bioenergetics metabolism and programmed cell death. Given that activating apoptosis specifically in tumor cells can be an advantage for eradicating cancer by chemotherapy, we address the simple idea of whether pharmacological stimulation of mitochondrial dynamics can benefit cancer patients with solid tumors. We propose a model, in which mitochondrial fragmented phenotype and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are interconnected within a self-propagating cycle that relies for its function on nuclear stress signaling pathways. We conclude that manipulation of mitochondrial dynamics may be at the heart of chemotherapeutic approaches targeting cancers with elevated oxidative stress. Abstract Cancer is one of the world’s deadliest afflictions. Despite recent advances in diagnostic and surgical technologies, as well as improved treatments of some individual tumor types, there is currently no universal cure to prevent or impede the uncontrolled proliferation of malignant cells. Targeting tumors by inducing apoptosis is one of the pillars of cancer treatment. Changes in mitochondrial morphology precede intrinsic apoptosis, but mitochondrial dynamics has only recently been recognized as a viable pharmacological target. In many cancers, oncogenic transformation is accompanied by accumulation of elevated cellular levels of ROS leading to redox imbalance. Hence, a common chemotherapeutic strategy against such tumor types involves deploying pro-oxidant agents to increase ROS levels above an apoptotic death-inducing threshold. The aim of this chapter is to investigate the benefit of stimulating mitochondrial fission-dependent production of ROS for enhanced killing of solid tumors. The main question to be addressed is whether a sudden and abrupt change in mitochondrial shape toward the fragmented phenotype can be pharmacologically harnessed to trigger a burst of mitochondrial ROS sufficient to initiate apoptosis specifically in cancer cells but not in non-transformed healthy tissues.
- Published
- 2021
38. Programmed Cell Death Initiation and Execution in Budding Yeast.
- Author
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Strich, Randy
- Subjects
- *
APOPTOSIS , *YEAST , *CELL membranes , *CYCLINS , *ENDOPLASMIC reticulum , *CYTOCHROME oxidase - Abstract
Apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD) was initially described in metazoans as a genetically controlled process leading to intracellular breakdown and engulfment by a neighboring cell . This process was distinguished from other forms of cell death like necrosis by maintenance of plasma membrane integrity prior to engulfment and the well-defined genetic system controlling this process. Apoptosis was originally described as a mechanism to reshape tissues during development. Given this context, the assumption was made that this process would not be found in simpler eukaryotes such as budding yeast. Although basic components of the apoptotic pathway were identified in yeast, initial observations suggested that it was devoid of prosurvival and prodeath regulatory proteins identified in mammalian cells. However, as apoptosis became extensively linked to the elimination of damaged cells, key PCD regulatory proteins were identified in yeast that play similar roles in mammals. This review highlights recent discoveries that have permitted information regarding PCD regulation in yeast to now inform experiments in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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39. Cyclin C stimulates β-cell proliferation in rat and human pancreatic β-cells.
- Author
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Jiménez-Palomares, Margarita, Francisco López-Acosta, José, Villa-Pérez, Pablo, Luis Moreno-Amador, José, Muñoz-Barrera, Jennifer, Fernández-Luis, Sara, Heras-Pozas, Blanca, Perdomo, Germán, Bernal-Mizrachi, Ernesto, and Cózar-Castellano, Irene
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ANIMAL models of diabetes , *GENETIC overexpression , *CELL proliferation , *CYCLINS , *PANCREATIC beta cells , *GENE expression in mammals , *CELL death , *MAMMALS - Abstract
Activation of pancreatic β-cell proliferation has been proposed as an approach to replace reduced functional β-cell mass in diabetes. Quiescent fibroblasts exit from G0 (quiescence) to G1 through pRb phosphorylation mediated by cyclin C/cdk3 complexes. Overexpression of cyclin D1, D2, D3, or cyclin E induces pancreatic β-cell proliferation. We hypothesized that cyclin C overexpression would induce β-cell proliferation through G0 exit, thus being a potential therapeutic target to recover functional β-cell mass. We used isolated rat and human islets transduced with adenovirus expressing cyclin C. We measured multiple markers of proliferation: [³H]thymidine incorporation, BrdU incorporation and staining, and Ki67 staining. Furthermore, we detected β-cell death by TUNEL, β-cell differentiation by RT-PCR, and β-cell function by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Interestingly, we have found that cyclin C increases rat and human β-cell proliferation. This augmented proliferation did not induce β-cell death, dedifferentiation, or dysfunction in rat or human islets. Our results indicate that cyclin C is a potential target for inducing β-cell regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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40. The extent of cyclin C promoter occupancy directs changes in stress-dependent transcription
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Randy Strich, Katrina F. Cooper, and David C. Stieg
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Transcription, Genetic ,Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ,Apoptosis ,Biochemistry ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mice ,Transcription (biology) ,Cyclin C ,Transcriptional regulation ,Animals ,Gene Regulation ,Kinase activity ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Molecular Biology ,PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway ,Cyclin ,Cell Line, Transformed ,Regulation of gene expression ,Cell Nucleus ,Mice, Knockout ,030102 biochemistry & molecular biology ,Chemistry ,TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases ,Promoter ,Cell Biology ,Hydrogen Peroxide ,Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 ,Cell biology ,Mitochondria ,Oxidative Stress ,030104 developmental biology ,Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 - Abstract
The Cdk8 kinase module (CKM) is a detachable Mediator subunit composed of cyclin C and one each of paralogs Cdk8/Cdk19, Med12/Med12L, and Med13/Med13L. Our previous RNA-Seq studies demonstrated that cyclin C represses a subset of hydrogen peroxide–induced genes under normal conditions but is involved in activating other loci following stress. Here, we show that cyclin C directs this transcriptional reprograming through changes in its promoter occupancy. Following peroxide stress, cyclin C promoter occupancy increased for genes it activates while decreasing at loci it represses under normal conditions. Promoter occupancy of other CKM components generally mirrored cyclin C, indicating that the CKM moves as a single unit. It has previously been shown that some cyclin C leaves the nucleus following cytotoxic stress to induce mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis. We observed that CKM integrity appeared compromised at a subset of repressed promoters, suggesting a source of cyclin C that is targeted for nuclear release. Interestingly, mTOR inhibition induced a new pattern of cyclin C promoter occupancy indicating that this control is fine-tuned to the individual stress. Using inhibitors, we found that Cdk8 kinase activity is not required for CKM movement or repression but was necessary for full gene activation. In conclusion, this study revealed that different stress stimuli elicit specific changes in CKM promoter occupancy correlating to altered transcriptional outputs. Finally, although CKM components were recruited or expelled from promoters as a unit, heterogeneity was observed at individual promoters, suggesting a mechanism to generate gene- and stress-specific responses.
- Published
- 2020
41. The Mediator CDK8-Cyclin C complex modulates Dpp signaling in Drosophila by stimulating Mad-dependent transcription
- Author
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Xiao Li, Jun-Yuan Ji, Nicolas Loncle, Henri-Marc Bourbon, Stephen H. Yu, Qun Wang, Mengmeng Liu, Muriel Boube, Xingjie Ren, Rajitha-Udakara-Sampath Hemba-Waduge, Jian-Quan Ni, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de biologie du développement (CBD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Cell signaling ,Cancer Research ,MED31 ,Transcription, Genetic ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Gene Expression ,Haploinsufficiency ,QH426-470 ,Signal transduction ,Biochemistry ,Suppressor Genes ,Transactivation ,0302 clinical medicine ,Transcription (biology) ,Transcriptional regulation ,Drosophila Proteins ,Post-Translational Modification ,Phosphorylation ,Genetics (clinical) ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,0303 health sciences ,Drosophila Melanogaster ,Transcriptional Control ,Eukaryota ,Signaling cascades ,Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ,Animal Models ,Cell biology ,Insects ,DNA-Binding Proteins ,Phenotypes ,Experimental Organism Systems ,Imaginal Discs ,DPP signaling cascade ,Drosophila ,Research Article ,animal structures ,Arthropoda ,Biology ,Research and Analysis Methods ,03 medical and health sciences ,Model Organisms ,Mediator ,Gene Types ,Cyclin C ,Genetics ,Animals ,Gene Regulation ,Molecular Biology ,Transcription factor ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,030304 developmental biology ,Decapentaplegic ,Organisms ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Proteins ,Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 ,Invertebrates ,Animal Studies ,Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
Dysregulation of CDK8 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8) and its regulatory partner CycC (Cyclin C), two subunits of the conserved Mediator (MED) complex, have been linked to diverse human diseases such as cancer. Thus, it is essential to understand the regulatory network modulating the CDK8-CycC complex in both normal development and tumorigenesis. To identify upstream regulators or downstream effectors of CDK8, we performed a dominant modifier genetic screen in Drosophila based on the defects in vein patterning caused by specific depletion or overexpression of CDK8 or CycC in developing wing imaginal discs. We identified 26 genomic loci whose haploinsufficiency can modify these CDK8- or CycC-specific phenotypes. Further analysis of two overlapping deficiency lines and mutant alleles led us to identify genetic interactions between the CDK8-CycC pair and the components of the Decapentaplegic (Dpp, the Drosophila homolog of TGFβ, or Transforming Growth Factor-β) signaling pathway. We observed that CDK8-CycC positively regulates transcription activated by Mad (Mothers against dpp), the primary transcription factor downstream of the Dpp/TGFβ signaling pathway. CDK8 can directly interact with Mad in vitro through the linker region between the DNA-binding MH1 (Mad homology 1) domain and the carboxy terminal MH2 (Mad homology 2) transactivation domain. Besides CDK8 and CycC, further analyses of other subunits of the MED complex have revealed six additional subunits that are required for Mad-dependent transcription in the wing discs: Med12, Med13, Med15, Med23, Med24, and Med31. Furthermore, our analyses confirmed the positive roles of CDK9 and Yorkie in regulating Mad-dependent gene expression in vivo. These results suggest that CDK8 and CycC, together with a few other subunits of the MED complex, may coordinate with other transcription cofactors in regulating Mad-dependent transcription during wing development in Drosophila., Author summary CDK8 and its dedicated partner CycC are conserved subunits of the Mediator complex that bridges transcription factors with RNA Polymerase II in eukaryotes. Here we explore the function and regulation of the CDK8-CycC pair in Drosophila by performing a dominant modifier genetic screen based on wing vein patterning defects caused by specific alteration of CDK8-CycC activities. We have observed that multiple components of the Dpp/TGFβ signaling pathway genetically interact with CDK8-CycC. CDK8 and CycC positively regulate gene expression activated by Mad, the key transcription factor downstream of Dpp/TGFβ signaling, and CDK8 can directly interact with the linker region of the Mad protein. We also identify additional, but not all, subunits of the Mediator complex that play positive roles in regulating Mad-dependent gene expression. Given the fundamental role of Dpp/TGFβ signaling in regulating development and its misregulation in a variety of diseases, understanding how Mad/Smad interacts with the Mediator complex may have broad implications in understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases.
- Published
- 2020
42. Stress-Induced Cyclin C Translocation Regulates Cardiac Mitochondrial Dynamics
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Kathryn M. Spitler, Na Li, Stefan Strack, Margaret Mungai, Ines Martins, Chad E. Grueter, E. Dale Abel, Grace Coen, Nikola Dragisic, Jessica M. Ponce, Antentor Othrell Hinton, Long-Sheng Song, Peter Sicinski, Duane D. Hall, Gavin Y. Oudit, Satya Murthy Tadinada, Colleen C. Mitchell, and Hao Zhang
- Subjects
Transgene ,Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ,ischemia ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Mitochondrion ,transgenic mice ,Mitochondrial Dynamics ,Mitochondria, Heart ,Molecular Cardiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cyclin C ,CDC2 Protein Kinase ,Genetically Altered and Transgenic Models ,Medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Myocytes, Cardiac ,Rats, Wistar ,Protein Kinase Inhibitors ,Cells, Cultured ,030304 developmental biology ,Cyclin ,Original Research ,Mice, Knockout ,0303 health sciences ,Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 ,Gene Expression & Regulation ,business.industry ,Kinase ,medicine.disease ,Cell biology ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,mitochondria ,transcriptional coactivator ,Disease Models, Animal ,Protein Transport ,Metabolism ,Knockout mouse ,Mitochondrial fission ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Energy Metabolism ,Reperfusion injury ,signal transduction ,Basic Science Research - Abstract
Background Nuclear‐to‐mitochondrial communication regulating gene expression and mitochondrial function is a critical process following cardiac ischemic injury. In this study, we determined that cyclin C, a component of the Mediator complex, regulates cardiac and mitochondrial function in part by modifying mitochondrial fission. We tested the hypothesis that cyclin C functions as a transcriptional cofactor in the nucleus and a signaling molecule stimulating mitochondrial fission in response to stimuli such as cardiac ischemia. Methods and Results We utilized gain‐ and loss‐of‐function mouse models in which the CCNC (cyclin C) gene was constitutively expressed (transgenic, CycC cTg) or deleted (knockout, CycC cKO) in cardiomyocytes. The knockout and transgenic mice exhibited decreased cardiac function and altered mitochondria morphology. The hearts of knockout mice had enlarged mitochondria with increased length and area, whereas mitochondria from the hearts of transgenic mice were significantly smaller, demonstrating a role for cyclin C in regulating mitochondrial dynamics in vivo. Hearts from knockout mice displayed altered gene transcription and metabolic function, suggesting that cyclin C is essential for maintaining normal cardiac function. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that cyclin C translocates to the cytoplasm, enhancing mitochondria fission following stress. We demonstrated that cyclin C interacts with Cdk1 (cyclin‐dependent kinase 1) in vivo following ischemia/reperfusion injury and that, consequently, pretreatment with a Cdk1 inhibitor results in reduced mitochondrial fission. This finding suggests a potential therapeutic target to regulate mitochondrial dynamics in response to stress. Conclusions Our study revealed that cyclin C acts as a nuclear‐to‐mitochondrial signaling factor that regulates both cardiac hypertrophic gene expression and mitochondrial fission. This finding provides new insights into the regulation of cardiac energy metabolism following acute ischemic injury.
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- 2020
43. A precisely positioned MED12 activation helix stimulates CDK8 kinase activity
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Claus-D. Kuhn, Robin Weinmann, Hung Ho-Xuan, Gunter Meister, Melanie Müller, Iana V. Kim, E.V. Schneider, Alexander Leitner, Franziska Langhammer, Robert Huber, and Felix Klatt
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Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical ,Multidisciplinary ,Mediator Complex ,biology ,Kinase ,Chemistry ,Eukaryotic transcription ,Medizin ,RNA polymerase II ,Biological Sciences ,Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 ,Cell biology ,Enzyme Activation ,Mediator ,Protein Domains ,Transcription (biology) ,Cyclin C ,Catalytic Domain ,biology.protein ,Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 ,Humans ,Kinase activity ,Cyclin ,Protein Binding - Abstract
The Mediator kinase module regulates eukaryotic transcription by phosphorylating transcription-related targets and by modulating the association of Mediator and RNA polymerase II. The activity of its catalytic core, cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8), is controlled by Cyclin C and regulatory subunit MED12, with its deregulation contributing to numerous malignancies. Here, we combine in vitro biochemistry, cross-linking coupled to mass spectrometry, and in vivo studies to describe the binding location of the N-terminal segment of MED12 on the CDK8/Cyclin C complex and to gain mechanistic insights into the activation of CDK8 by MED12. Our data demonstrate that the N-terminal portion of MED12 wraps around CDK8, whereby it positions an “activation helix” close to the T-loop of CDK8 for its activation. Intriguingly, mutations in the activation helix that are frequently found in cancers do not diminish the affinity of MED12 for CDK8, yet likely alter the exact positioning of the activation helix. Furthermore, we find the transcriptome-wide gene-expression changes in human cells that result from a mutation in the MED12 activation helix to correlate with deregulated genes in breast and colon cancer. Finally, functional assays in the presence of kinase inhibitors reveal that binding of MED12 remodels the active site of CDK8 and thereby precludes the inhibition of ternary CDK8 complexes by type II kinase inhibitors. Taken together, our results not only allow us to propose a revised model of how CDK8 activity is regulated by MED12, but also offer a path forward in developing small molecules that target CDK8 in its MED12-bound form.
- Published
- 2020
44. Die Rolle von Cyclin C in BCR-ABL+ Leukämie
- Author
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Testori, Patricia
- Subjects
BCR-ABL+ ,Cyclin C ,CDK8 ,leukemia ,B-ALL ,Leukämie - Abstract
Akute lymphatische oder lymphoblastische Leukämie (ALL) ist eine heterogene Erkrankung und tritt auf, wenn sich unreife lymphoide Zellen vermehren und Knochenmark, Blut sowie andere Organe infiltrieren. In dieser Arbeit befassen wir uns ausschließlich mit BCR-ABL+ B-ALL, einem Subtyp von ALL der unter anderem auch durch die für das Philadelphia Chromosom typische chromosomale Translokation t(9;22)(q34;q11) induziert wird. B-ALL kann in 25% der adulten ALL Fälle und in 3% der pädiatrischen ALL Fälle nachgewiesen werden. Die Prognose für B-ALL fällt verglichen mit der anderer Subtypen von ALL am schlechtesten aus. Da CDK8 als wichtiger begünstigender Faktor der BCR-ABL+ B-ALL identifiziert wurde und mit Cyclin C einen Cyclin-CDK Komplex bildet, waren wir interessiert an der Rolle von Cyclin C in der BCR-ABL+ Leukämie. Cyclin C spielt bei der Transkription eine wichtige Rolle, da es ein Teil des Mediatorkomplexes ist, welcher eine Brücke zwischen den transkriptionellen Regulatoren und der RNA Polymerase II bildet. Es spielt auch beim Wiedereintritt in den Zellzyklus aus dem G0 Arrest eine pRB abhängige Rolle in embryonalen Fibroblasten. Wir haben in diesem Projekt BCR-ABL+ Zelllinien gezogen, in welchen Cyclin C fehlt und diese mit parallel etablierten Kontrolllinien verglichen, welche normale Cyclin C Expressionslevels haben. Wir konnten feststellen, dass der Verlust von Cyclin C zu verringertem CDK8-Gehalt und erhöhter Apoptose führt. Durch unsere Studie konnten wir somit zeigen, dass Cyclin C ein wichtiger Regulator in BCR-ABL+ B-ALL ist. Wir prognostizieren, dass die Ablation des Cyclin C ein potentieller neuer therapeutischer Angriffspunkt ist, um Apoptose in B-ALL leukämischen Zellen zu induzieren. Acute lymphocytic or lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a heterogeneous disease and occurs when immature lymphoid cells proliferate and infiltrate the bone marrow, blood, and other organs. In this thesis, we focused on BCR-ABL+ B-ALL, a subtype of ALL affecting the B-cell lineage, initialized by the chromosomal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11) leading to the Philadelphia chromosome and chimeric fusion protein. It accounts for 25% of ALL cases and 3% of ALL pediatric cases, with an overall worse prognosis than other ALL subtypes. It was previously shown that CDK8 is a driver of BCR-ABL+ B-ALL and as CDK8 pairs with Cyclin C, we desired to examine the role of Cyclin C in BCR-ABL+ leukemia. Cyclin C is a transcriptional Cyclin which is part of the mediator complex regulating basal transcription and also was shown to play a pRB dependent role in cell cycle re-entry after quiescence in embryonal fibroblasts. We generated Cyclin C deficient cell lines, analyzed them for surface marker expression and verified the development of pro-B cells. We thoroughly characterized the cell lines in comparison to generated control lines harboring normal Cyclin C levels. We found Cyclin C deficient cells to express decreased levels of CDK8 and observed an increased apoptosis upon serum starvation. We conclude that Cyclin C is another important key regulator in BCR-ABL+ B-ALL and suggest ablation of Cyclin C to be a potential new therapeutic target to induce cell death of B-ALL leukemic cells.
- Published
- 2020
45. MED12 somatic mutations encompassing exon 2 associated with benign breast fibroadenomas and not breast carcinoma in Indian women
- Author
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Erukambattu Jeyashanker, Mina Darooei, Fazal Khan, Qurratulain Hasan, Srirambhatla Annapurna, Srinivas Maddali, Ashwin Shah, Mohd Rehan, and Syeda Zubeda
- Subjects
Adult ,0301 basic medicine ,Adolescent ,Mutation, Missense ,India ,Breast Neoplasms ,Biology ,Biochemistry ,Protein Structure, Secondary ,MED12 ,Machine Learning ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Exon ,0302 clinical medicine ,Germline mutation ,Breast cancer ,Cyclin C ,Breast Fibroadenoma ,medicine ,Humans ,Missense mutation ,Computer Simulation ,Child ,Codon ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,Molecular Biology ,Aged ,Mediator Complex ,Polymorphism, Genetic ,Base Sequence ,Exons ,Cell Biology ,Middle Aged ,Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 ,medicine.disease ,Fibroadenoma ,Cyclin-Dependent Kinases ,Introns ,Phenotype ,030104 developmental biology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cancer research ,Female ,Breast carcinoma - Abstract
Fibroadenoma is the most common type of benign breast tumor, accounting for 90% of benign lesions in India. Somatic mutations in the mediator complex subunit 12 (MED12) gene play a critical role in fibroepithelial tumorigenesis. The current study evaluated the hotspot region encompassing exon 2 of the MED12 gene, in benign and malignant breast tumor tissue from women who presented for breast lump evaluation. A total of 100 (80 fibroadenoma and 20 breast cancer) samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-Sanger sequencing. Sequence variant analysis showed that 68.75% of nucleotide changes were found in exon 2 and the remaining in the adjacent intron 1. Codon 44 was implicated as a hotspot mutation in benign tumors, and 86.36% of the identified mutations involved this codon. An in silico functional analysis of missense mutations using consensus scoring sorting intolerant from tolerant (SIFT), SIFT seq, Polyphen2, Mutation Assessor, SIFT transFIC, Polyphen2 transFIC, Mutation Assesor transFIC, I-Mutant, DUET, PON-PS, SNAP2, and protein variation effect analyzer] revealed that apart from variants involving codon 44 (G44S; G44H), others like V41A and E55D were also predicted to be deleterious. Most of the missense mutations appeared in the loop region of the MED12 protein, which is expected to affect its functional interaction with cyclin C-CDK8/CDK19, causing loss of mediator-associated cyclin depended kinase (CDK) activity. These results suggest a key role of MED12 somatic variations in the pathogenesis of fibroadenoma. For the first time, it was demonstrated that MED12 sequence variations are present in benign breast tumors in the south Indian population.
- Published
- 2018
46. Snf1 cooperates with the CWI MAPK pathway to mediate the degradation of Med13 following oxidative stress
- Author
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Julianne H. Grose, Ravina Shah, Kai Li Ong, David C. Stieg, Katrina F. Cooper, Alexandra K. Strich, and Stephen D. Willis
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,MAPK/ERK pathway ,AMPK ,Applied Microbiology ,Cdk8 ,H2O2 stress ,Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous) ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Microbiology ,ubiquitin mediated destruction ,03 medical and health sciences ,Core mediator complex ,Virology ,Genetics ,cyclin C ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Molecular Biology ,SCFGrr1 ,biology ,Chemistry ,Kinase ,Cell Biology ,MAPK ,Ubiquitin ligase ,Cell biology ,030104 developmental biology ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,Snf1 ,biology.protein ,Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 ,Parasitology ,Mitochondrial fission ,Signal transduction ,Degron ,signal transduction ,Med13 - Abstract
Eukaryotic cells, when faced with unfavorable environmental conditions, mount either pro-survival or pro-death programs. The conserved cyclin C-Cdk8 kinase plays a key role in this decision. Both are members of the Cdk8 kinase module that, along with Med12 and Med13, associate with the core Mediator complex of RNA polymerase II. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, oxidative stress triggers Med13 destruction, which releases cyclin C into the cytoplasm to promote mitochondrial fission and programmed cell death. The SCFGrr1 ubiquitin ligase mediates Med13 degradation dependent on the cell wall integrity pathway, MAPK Slt2. Here we show that the AMP kinase Snf1 activates a second SCFGrr1 responsive degron in Med13. Deletion of Snf1 resulted in nuclear retention of cyclin C and failure to induce mitochondrial fragmentation. This degron was able to confer oxidative-stress-induced destruction when fused to a heterologous protein in a Snf1 dependent manner. Although snf1∆ mutants failed to destroy Med13, deleting the degron did not prevent destruction. These results indicate that the control of Med13 degradation following H2O2 stress is complex, being controlled simultaneously by CWI and MAPK pathways.
- Published
- 2018
47. 3.6-KB MOUSE CYCLIN C PROMOTER FRAGMENT IS PREDOMINANTLY ACTIVE IN THE TESTIS.
- Author
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Blazsó, P., Sinkó, Ildikó, Praznovszky, Tünde, Hadlaczky, G., and Katona, R. L.
- Subjects
GENE expression ,PROTEINS ,CYCLINS ,LABORATORY mice ,CYCLIN-dependent kinases ,GENETIC transcription - Abstract
The article presents a study on the expression characteristics of the protein cyclin C and the regulatory components of its expression in the first 3.6 kilobase (kb) region of reporter transgenic lines of mouse. It is said that the protein has short half life and its concentration is dependent on the binding of a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) partner. In addition, the degree of conservation of the transcription factor binding profiles of human and mouse cyclin C promoters are the same.
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- 2012
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48. The Structure of CDK8/CycC Implicates Specificity in the CDK/Cyclin Family and Reveals Interaction with a Deep Pocket Binder
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Schneider, E.V., Böttcher, J., Blaesse, M., Neumann, L., Huber, R., and Maskos, K.
- Subjects
- *
CYCLIN-dependent kinases , *GENETIC transcription , *MESSENGER RNA , *PROTEIN structure , *CHROMATOGRAPHIC analysis , *RNA polymerases , *CYCLINS - Abstract
Abstract: Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 8 associates with cyclin C (CycC) and belongs to the CDK module of the Mediator of transcription, together with MED12 and MED13. CDK8 is involved in the regulation of mRNA transcription and was identified as a potent oncogene in colon cancerogenesis. We have solved the 2.2-Å crystal structure of CDK8/CycC in complex with sorafenib, an anti-cancer drug of clinical relevance. The CDK8 structure reveals a unique CycC recognition helix that explains the specificity of the CDK8/CycC pair and discrimination among the highly promiscuous binding in the CDK/cyclin family. In contrast to all CDKs, the CDK8 activation loop appears not to be phosphorylated. Based on the structure, we discuss an alternate mode of CDK8 activation to the general CDK activation by T-loop phosphorylation. Sorafenib binds to the catalytic cleft of CDK8. It displays a deep pocket binding mode and is the first small molecule to induce a DFG-out conformation in the CDK family, which is actually DMG-out in CDK8. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
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49. Identification of novel selective antagonists for cyclin C by homology modeling and virtual screening
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Rajender, P. Sarita, Vasavi, M., and Vuruputuri, Uma
- Subjects
- *
CYCLINS , *MULTIDRUG resistance , *DRUG design , *ANTINEOPLASTIC agents , *BIOSYNTHESIS , *LIGAND binding (Biochemistry) , *PROTEIN-protein interactions , *DRUG use testing - Abstract
Abstract: Cancer is a global multidrug resistant calamity, demanding an urgent need to design a novel/potent anti cancer agent. CDK8, 3/cyclin C biosynthetic pathway plays a specific role in G0/G1/S phases of cell cycle. Cyclin C is identified as a potential anti cancer target candidate. In order to understand the mechanism of ligand binding and interaction between ligand and cyclin C, a 3D homology model for cyclin C is generated. The cyclin C binding groove can be checked by small ligand molecules leading to inhibition. Virtual screening of molecules from an online data base of ChemBank library throws light to arrive at possible inhibitors for cyclin C inhibition. The molecules with better docking scores and acceptable ADME properties were prioritised to obtain potential lead molecules as cyclin C inhibitors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. The retroviral cyclin of walleye dermal sarcoma virus binds cyclin-dependent kinases 3 and 8
- Author
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Brewster, Connie D., Birkenheuer, Claire H., Vogt, Megan B., Quackenbush, Sandra L., and Rovnak, Joel
- Subjects
- *
RETROVIRUSES , *CYCLINS , *SARCOMA , *CELL cycle , *RETINOBLASTOMA , *GENETIC mutation , *CYCLIN-dependent kinases , *PROTEIN binding - Abstract
Abstract: Walleye dermal sarcoma virus encodes a retroviral cyclin (rv-cyclin) with a cyclin box fold and transcription activation domain (AD). Co-immune precipitation (co-IP) identified an association of rv-cyclin with cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (cdk8). Cdk8 is dependent upon cyclin C and regulates transcription with the Mediator complex, a co-activator of transcription. Mutation of cyclin residues, required for cdk binding, disrupts rv-cyclin–cdk8 co-IP. Mutation or removal of the AD has no effect on cdk8 interaction. Direct rv-cyclin–cdk8 binding is demonstrated by pulldown of active cdk8 and by GST-rv-cyclin binding to recombinant cdk8. Cdk3 is also activated by cyclin C and phosphorylates retinoblastoma protein to initiate entry into the cell division cycle. Co-IP and pulldowns demonstrate direct rv-cyclin binding to cdk3 as well. The rv-cyclin functions as a structural ortholog of cyclin C in spite of its limited amino acid sequence identity with C cyclins or with any known cyclins. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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