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The rapid development of information and communications technology (ICT) in recent years leads to the emergence of cyber space and results in the fragmentation of human activities to some extent. Nevertheless, few studies focused on the exploration of fragmentation, the new characteristic of human activities, partially due to the limited access to proper datasets. In this work, massive Call Detail Records (CDR) data and Uniform Resource Locator (URL) data from millions of mobile phone users are used to extract the activity fragmentation in both cyber and physical spaces. The relationships between activity fragmentation in the two spaces and built environment factors are further examined at different geographical scales. The results show that: 1) the spatial distributions of physical human activity fragmentation (PHAF) and cyber human activity fragmentation (CHAF) are inversely correlated; 2) compared with PHAF, CHAF are less associated with the built environment, probably because cyber activities are less restricted in time and space; 3) CHAF are more influenced by physical fragmentations and the relationships are stable across different cites, indicating that cyber space cannot be completely detached from physical space; and 4) the impact of built environment on CHAF and PHAF are different across different cities. The findings not only shed deeper light on activity fragmentation, but also enlighten the future exploration of its association with both cyber and physical spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, people often use social media, especially Instagram, to create an interesting impression for the audience. However, the content created often differs from reality. This research aims to find out how to use social media @kulinercirebon to manage impressions through Front Stage and Back Stage analysis on Instagram social media. This research uses qualitative methods with analysis that refers to Erving Goffman's Dramaturgical theory. The research results show that from the Front Stage side, the owner of the Instagram account @kulinercirebon tries to give an interesting impression of the culinary delights in Cirebon. The @kulinercirebon account displays various interesting and informative photos and videos, depicting typical Cirebon food in an appetizing way, while from the back stage, the owner of the @kulinercirebon account often responds to various questions that arise via direct messages on Instagram. Apart from that, the owner of the @kulinercirebon account also uses his social media account as a paid promotional medium for business people who want to promote the place they own. The conclusion of this research shows that the owner of the Instagram account @kulinercirebon manages his account according to his main goal, namely introducing culinary places in the Cirebon area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of information and communications technology (ICT) in recent years leads to the emergence of cyber space and results in the fragmentation of human activities to some extent. Nevertheless, few studies focused on the exploration of fragmentation, the new characteristic of human activities, partially due to the limited access to proper datasets. In this work, massive Call Detail Records (CDR) data and Uniform Resource Locator (URL) data from millions of mobile phone users are used to extract the activity fragmentation in both cyber and physical spaces. The relationships between activity fragmentation in the two spaces and built environment factors are further examined at different geographical scales. The results show that: 1) the spatial distributions of physical human activity fragmentation (PHAF) and cyber human activity fragmentation (CHAF) are inversely correlated; 2) compared with PHAF, CHAF are less associated with the built environment, probably because cyber activities are less restricted in time and space; 3) CHAF are more influenced by physical fragmentations and the relationships are stable across different cites, indicating that cyber space cannot be completely detached from physical space; and 4) the impact of built environment on CHAF and PHAF are different across different cities. The findings not only shed deeper light on activity fragmentation, but also enlighten the future exploration of its association with both cyber and physical spaces.

There are still alarming gaps among organisations and individuals regarding' cyber-attacks in cyber space and measures to create awareness about cyber insurance. In the realm of cyber space, cyber-attacks can occur, impacting both individuals and businesses. For individuals, this often involves crimes such as identity theft and personal data breaches. For businesses, cyber-attacks can include the theft of intellectual property and other sensitive information. The threat posed by cyber-attacks has grown considerably in recent years. Globally, the survey revealed diverse reasons for not obtaining cyber insurance. It was found that people lacked a clear understanding of cyber insurance products or perceived it as too expensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTIn recent decades, Digital transformation has significantly shifted human activities from physical space to cyber space. When users access the internet, uniform resource locator (URL) data are autogenerated. Using URLs, this study presents a novel framework for exploring cyber space structure from the perspectives of complex networks and activity fragmentation. Web domains within URL data are metaphorically regarded as ‘digital locations,’ and consecutive digital locations form ‘cyber trajectories.’ Human activities that occur at digital locations are semantically labeled and used to generate activity-based motifs. Motifs are defined as frequently occurring processes in cyber trajectories. Based on this, three network types are constructed: Global cyber human activity network, including all trajectories, and space-dependent and motif-dependent cyber human activity networks, focusing on specific regions and motifs. A case study conducted in Jilin, China, using approximately 4.3 gigabytes of URL data, revealed: 1) Cyber human activity patterns exhibit strong regularity and clustering of several types, with metropolitan regions favoring simpler patterns; 2) Cyber human activity networks demonstrate heavy-tailed and hierarchically polycentric structures; 3) The importance of websites in information dissemination increases super linearly along with their increased connectivity. This work deepens our understanding of cyber space functionality, offering insights into cyber information propagation.

Copyright of Revue Académique des Études Sociales et Humaines is the property of Hassif Benbouali University of Chlef and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On the basis of the analysis of the problem of ensuring information security in cyberspace, the sources of cyber threats have been determined, which can be international criminal groups of hackers, individual criminals trained in the field of information technologies, foreign state bodies, terrorists and extremist groups, transnational corporations and financial and industrial groups. It was concluded that ensuring cyber security requires a coordinated, comprehensive approach led by the state, but in close cooperation with the private sector and civil society, without which it is impossible to solve this issue. It has been established that the choice of methods for analyzing the state of ensuring information security depends on the specific level and scope of the organization of protection. Depending on the threats, the task of differentiating both different levels and types of threats and different levels and types of protection becomes possible. However, threat and danger are attribute components of the cyber security system, therefore, their existence and implementation, as well as negative consequences, are natural components of the information security system. It is threats and danger that make it possible to see the shortcomings in the cyber security management system, and at the same time serve as an impetus for improvement, that is, for development. Therefore, an important method of ensuring information security is the development method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the issue of information support (CIS) of Lviv Polytechnic National University is considered, an approach to the safe functioning of the center in cyberspace and the communication environment is developed on the basis of the creation of security systems of information and communication technologies according to the concept of "object - threat" - protection". A software implementation of information encryption based on the AES algorithm by means of Python was developed in order to ensure the safe functioning of databases in the cyberspace of the Central Intelligence Agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes how Islam responds to the post-truth that frequently appears in the digital sphere, especially when political momentum is involved. Post-truth connects with epistemology since, factually, it is intimately tied to the question of truth. This study provides a paradigm for dealing with post-truth by combining the taxonomy of fake news with the Islamic epistemology of Murtadha Mutahhari. Using the horizon of post-truth detection and the Islamic epistemological horizon, the method integrates Gadamer's horizons. According to the study's findings, post-truth stems from the issue of human cognitive bias, which occurs when people tend to accept what they want to think to be true. Meanwhile, misrepresentation, media bias, information laundering, statistical deceit, manipulation of election results, and similar practices are the main traits of falsehoods in the virtual world. In line with Murtadha Mutahhari's Islamic epistemology, the multiple frameworks of these lies must be challenged with efforts at verification, correspondence, and soul purity.

The basic premise, which led to the realization of this paper, was actually to make an in-depth analysis of the virtual space and its direct impact on increasing the economic power of companies in the modern globalization conditions of business communication. Revolutionary progress promotes connectivity on a planetary scale, which in turn creates prerequisites for using the benefits of technical-technological inventions and building a new economic infrastructure. The subject of this paper is the virtual space, its economic power and its correlation with the classical economic environment. Virtual space is being promoted day by day as virtual reality, and its expansion is increasing enormously, so the ability of companies to take advantage of this space becomes an intensifying challenge because integrating into it changes the picture of the new economy, that is, it is becoming an electronic economy. The analytical method is used throughout the research because the formulation of the conclusions derives from the analysis of the problem - the virtual space and its economic power.

The objective of this work is to apply cutting-edge digital techniques to address several identified essential problems, from which farmers, farming, and farms have suffered for centuries. It has been found that the participants in the metaverse-related agricultural applications have been designed to be users rather than residents. There is another critical setback for the metaverse to be a fusion cyber-physical space, in which the cyber space is subject to different values principles from the physical space. A trigram metaverse of Cyber-Farm is proposed to be constructed on a unified trigram space through the fusion of cyber, physical, and values spaces. As a parallel and superstructure to the cyber and physical spaces, the values space enables the cyber space and physical space to follow the same values principles through its autonomic, values-driven, and crowd-dispatching governance system. Unlike in the existing metaverse-related agricultural applications, the Cyber-Farm participants are the subjects/residents rather than the users of a Cyber-Farm. The agricultural elements are coming into being and evolving in the interlinked and fusion trigram space. The basic production means, production relations, and superstructure of the trigram metaverse have been discussed. Both the connotations and scopes of farm, farmer, and farming have been redefined in the trigram metaverse of Cyber-Farm. The intentions, scenarios, principles, and businesses of the Cyber-Farm have been restructured. Basically, the Cyber-Farm can address the identified essential problems with today’s agriculture, while a grand vision is to bring about farm-featured Utopias parallel to human communities.

Our intention in this study is to emphasise a few aspects relating to the need to support cyber education and to preventive goals, by informing people about the strategies in place at Union and/or national level, which reflect current realities, in relation to which each person, active entities and, last but not least, the authorities will have to act so as to identify early on any possible risks. We have also aimed to identify legislation that criminalises acts of cyber fraud, in which respect we have referred to certain articles in the criminal codes of several European countries. We consider that cyber education and legal education, regardless of the social level one belongs to, the social roles one takes on at a given time, and/or of age, are essential to setting the foundations for a cyber security culture.

Although "Information and Communications Technology" provides numerous and intact opportunities for development, it has some challenges and threats. The law seeks to support opportunities for prevention from and fighting with challenges and threats. Since realising the essence of any concept leads to analysing its legal effects, analysing cyberspace in light of conceptual framework first results in understanding this space and then understanding its legal effects. Considering vast and new loads of information and Communications Technology as the main question, finding the concept of cyberspace as an objective and untouchable space and its legal effects is the subject of this article. This study has been done in a descriptive-analytical way using library and internet sources. The findings of this research indicate that cyberspace law is both different and similar to physical world law. However, the principles and basis of legislation and the tools, conditions, and effects of conducting conduct in cyberspace differ from the physical world.

Objective: The current research is looking for a framework for cyber security governance architecture in defense organizations with a balanced managerial and technical view that considers cyber security not only a set of new techniques and tools from a technical and engineering point of view and does not deal with cyber security only from a managerial point of view.Methodology: The research method is a combination (qualitative and quantitative) whose qualitative phase is done by content analysis and its quantitative phase is based on the findings of the qualitative phase and with the questionnaire tool, and the findings are placed in a Zackman framework.Findings: In today's world and accordingly in organizations; Capitals, assets and resources of organizations are transforming and changing their nature towards cyber capitals, so governments and organizations are well aware of the increasing role and importance of these capitals and are making significant efforts in this regard. On the other hand, cyber threats are widespread, growing and real, and as examples were seen recently in our country, cyber disputes among countries and governments are expanding and are very decisive. This matter is much more important and serious in defense organizations.Originality: Finally, an architectural framework of cyber security governance in defense organizations is presented so that these organizations can achieve the security of the organization in the cyberspace with a comprehensive, structural and proactive view and beyond the managerial, technical and limited perspectives and the existing lack of convergence towards To promote integrity and orderliness.

Freud puts the verse of Virgil as an epigraph to his book on the interpretation of dreams. It is the exclamation of Juno who, after having tried in every way to defeat Aeneas, witnesses his landing on the coast of Lazio and the birth of Rome. She cannot give a reason for her defeat and then:she sought the earth: and summoned Allecto, the grief-bringer, from the house of the Fatal Furies, from the infernal shadows: in whose mind are sad wars, angers and deceits, and guilty crimes (VII, 323–325)(The Italian version of the Aeneid by Vittorio Sermonti, Rizzoli, 2007). In the transforming world of cyber space, we ask whether we can bring into interplay our conscious and unconscious parts to dream and interpret the world of digital sociality and of seemingly total knowledge. We further ask whether we can build upon our deeply rooted mechanisms of resistance and rebellion to cultivate the growth of social and individual awareness of the danger of social fragmentation arising from the utopian fantasies of individualism and mobility, and thus confront the dilemmas of surveillance capitalism and autocratic automaton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our intention in this study is to emphasise a few aspects relating to the need to support cyber education and to preventive goals, by informing people about the strategies in place at Union and/or national level, which reflect current realities, in relation to which each person, active entities and, last but not least, the authorities will have to act so as to identify early on any possible risks. We have also aimed to identify legislation that criminalises acts of cyber fraud, in which respect we have referred to certain articles in the criminal codes of several European countries. We consider that cyber education and legal education, regardless of the social level one belongs to, the social roles one takes on at a given time, and/or of age, are essential to setting the foundations for a cyber security culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security is the most important component in the political authority of governments and the cyber world violates it by acknowledging its valuable achievements. Therefore, developing an effective preventive criminal policy against cyber security violation is so important that neglecting it can cause the criminal system to face irreparable challenges. Despite the approval of the international document on cyber security, this paper, using the method of document analysis and a descriptive analytical method, seeks to read the strategies of Iran's cyber security order in the upstream laws and documents and examine the state of social preventive criminal policy in the laws of other countries. It seems that criminal policymaking in Iran can play a significant role, especially in the field of social preventive measures against cyber security violations. In this way, different countries have adopted several security approaches to prevent cyber security violations. Based on the findings of this research, although Iran has considered different strategies in strengthening the security foundations of cyber encounters, due to the lack of appropriate differential policy, it has not yet succeeded in adopting centralized social preventive mechanisms and efficiency in preventing cyber security violations has not been considered and the measures applied are often non-technical in nature, such as training and promotion of digital Knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to define the key trends in the development of criminology and criminal justice under significant broadening of digitalization and using modern technologies.Methods: the priority of analytical method combined with descriptive method provided an optimal set of tools for searching and revealing the main digital trends in the development of criminology and criminal justice in the 21st century.Results: the growing dependence was revealed between criminal-legal science and digital technologies, which leads to the change in essence and types of contemporary criminality, models of criminals’ behavior, methods and mechanism of crime control and prevention in the light of requirements of criminal policy and justice. The dual role of the global digitalization trend is highlighted, the achievements of which are used both by the agencies of criminal justice system (in particular, for crime control, management and prevention) and criminals when implementing their criminal intents. It was determined that the essential transformation of criminology and criminal justice is largely caused by a dramatic development of digitalization in the 21st century, as well as by the modern technologies created on its basis, which appear to be more effective than the standard methods of traditional criminology, including quantitative and qualitative estimations, observation, interviews, polls, etc.Scientific novelty: new spheres of criminal-legal knowledge are introduced, as well as the corresponding disciplines formed exclusively under the influence of digitalization, such as cyber criminology and cyber victimology; algorithmic (computational) criminology, based on actuarial justice and the theory of risks, is highlighted as the most recent trend in criminological science.Practical significance: the account of trends and positive experience gained in the sphere of digitalization determines the successful solution of the tasks associated with crime counteraction, transformation of approaches to the content, goals and methodology of applied criminology and criminal justice. The global megatrend of digitalization essentially changes the appearance of the criminal-legal science, sets the new theoretical and applied directions of its development. Timely upgrade and adaptation of knowledge, skills and capabilities in compliance with the achievements of digitalization will allow criminology and criminal justice to correspond to the tasks of the new millennium.

From a military point of view, cyber power is perhaps the most important emerging tool of the past few decades. Currently, most of the armed forces of the countries are preparing to secure their cyber and cyber borders against such a new development. New military manuals are compiled based on cyberspace. In all levels of conflict, from internal rebellions to conventional war, cyber power is an inevitable factor of military capabilities, this capability is formed on the basis of modern technologies. Cyber ​​centers are an important organization in the military structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army, and the results of its performance will play a vital role in the performance and efficiency of the army. Therefore, determining their performance based on new strategies is one of the important duties of the supreme commanders of the armed forces. This research was done with the aim of presenting the cyber power strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army. This research is based on an analytical-descriptive method and the use of available resources in the field of cyber power, as well as a comprehensive review using the SWOT analysis method to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, and further based on the opinion of experts and The interviewees determined the weight of each option and 15 strategies were determined as the most important cyber power strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army.

[Purpose] To analyze the criminological features of the sensitivity of security in the cyber space on the basis of theoretical and empirical bases. [Methodology] In order to evaluate the criminological aspects of the phenomenon under study, theoretical guidelines, special literature, opinions of national and foreign specialists, research papers and periodicals are analyzed. The following scientific research methods have been used in the development of the study: content analysis, analytical, inductive and deductive approaches, as well as systematic analysis of documents, generalization and forecasting. [Findings] The authors conclude that the cyber culture and behaviour of the society need to be improved. This would reduce the potential harm of an individual’s interests and would raise an individual’s understanding of cyber hygiene. An important direction of victimological prevention of cybercrime is a set of systematic and targeted measures to inform people on behaviour of a potential criminal, identifying him/her and personal protective measures and methods to avoid becoming a victim of cyber violations. [Practical Implications] The materials of the article are of practical value for teachers engaged in the development of lectures, seminars, assignments for independent work.

Aiming at the environment of diverse virus intrusion, an intelligent estimation method of cyberspace security situation is proposed. Based on the convolutional neural network and bidirectional long-short-term memory network, the spatial and temporal dimension features of cyberspace information are extracted, and the extracted features are input into the Softmax classifier to complete the identification of virus intrusion types; establish a cyberspace security situation based on support vector machines Intelligent estimation model, improved whale optimization algorithm training support vector machine, intelligent estimation of cyberspace information security situation value in the identified intrusion environment. The experimental results show that the proposed method has the ability to accurately identify cyberspace intrusion behaviors in a diverse virus intrusion environment, and can accurately estimate the cyberspace security situation under various intrusion behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article divulges a new form of public diplomacy with post-truth content overseen by host countries to influence the cognitive and affective condition of publics in target countries. The goals of the practice are multifaceted and the negative impact on international communication and open societies is detrimental. All relevant concepts intertwined with the practice of post-truth public diplomacy (PTPD) that range from public diplomacy 2.0, post-truth content, international information flow, cyberspace issues, to unveiled PTPD cases are discussed in detail. Moreover, a four-fold typology of PTPD flow across national borders is illustrated for a better, comprehensive understanding of the PTPD terrain. Solution to address the alarming trend is proposed, which consists of five routes: detection and deterrence of PTPD sources, proactive monitoring and managing the communication space, increasing saturation of truthful information and antidotes of PTPD, media and information literacy education for target peoples, and maintenance of free cross-border communication for publics. The implications and ramifications of PTPD practice are also deliberated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freedom of expression on social media is sometimes carried out unethically and often undermines religious symbols, resulting in friction and destructive actions. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the polarisation of religious conflict in cyberspace and the process of diffusion of religious conflict from the virtual world to the real world. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. This research was conducted in Central Java, namely, in the cities of Solo and Semarang. The results of the study show that the process of diffusion of religious conflict from the virtual world to the real world occurs through the stages of information sharing and conflict initiation, equalisation of perceptions, virtual community support, virtual action and real action. Therefore, to anticipate virtual conflicts, it is necessary to have filters from authorised authorities such as administrators, website managers or law enforcement officials. In addition, there needs to be regulatory support related to provocation in cyberspace, so as to minimise the emergence of conflicts in cyberspace. Contribution: This research contributes to anticipating virtual conflicts before they actually occur.

Copyright of Global Strategis is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurnal Hubungan Internasional is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Industry 4.0 is a new level of value chain organization and management, which is likely to change the way processes, supply chain, and business models operate, which is why many companies are evaluating the concepts and applications synthesized under the term Industry 4.0 to develop their own business strategies, which under this new industrial disruption, which is founded on some basic principles such as interoperability, virtualization, decentralization, real-time capabilities, service orientation, etc., and where there are, for example, smart factories capable of creating virtual copies of the physical world, monitoring physical processes, self-managing, optimizing, and making decisions autonomously in real time. The need to integrate processes within enterprise between ERP and shop-floor level and also across enterprise boundaries for optimal and collaborative environment, to highlight the importance of real time information access in order to make decision and to show the importance of predictive maintenance in a production environment prompted this research. Information obtained from industries were analyzed. The results however, showed that industry 4.0, if fully adopted would increase production of goods and services and also save time consumed during production stage.

Copyright of Journal of The Iraqi University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Purpose] To analyze the criminological features of the sensitivity of security in the cyber space on the basis of theoretical and empirical bases. [Methodology] In order to evaluate the criminological aspects of the phenomenon under study, theoretical guidelines, special literature, opinions of national and foreign specialists, research papers and periodicals are analyzed. The following scientific research methods have been used in the development of the study: content analysis, analytical, inductive and deductive approaches, as well as systematic analysis of documents, generalization and forecasting. [Findings] The authors conclude that the cyber culture and behaviour of the society need to be improved. This would reduce the potential harm of an individual's interests and would raise an individual's understanding of cyber hygiene. An important direction of victimological prevention of cybercrime is a set of systematic and targeted measures to inform people on behaviour of a potential criminal, identifying him/her and personal protective measures and methods to avoid becoming a victim of cyber violations. [Practical Implications] The materials of the article are of practical value for teachers engaged in the development of lectures, seminars, assignments for independent work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to focus on the rampant increase of cybercrime in the 21st century let it be in terms of hacking, defamation or anything related to banking forgery has become an important subject of discussion. There is yet a lacuna on the procedure were the crime can be controlled and main factor being once they come to the clutches how they need to be tried under which court is the question of the hour. This paper highlights on the jurisprudence of cyber law, classification of cybercrime with that of conventional crime and its jurisdictional issue relating to it. The paper justifies the topic by giving several judicial pronouncement and the steps adopted to solve the issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

simply approving an act in the Guardian Council can guarantee its legitimacy and correspondency with Canon Law. since the natural responsibility of this entity is to accord Islamic Parliment's enactments with Canon Law ( religious law), besides unless legislature's enactments obtain its correspondency with the Canon Law, it can not be described as an act. The Guardian Council has enacted the computer's crime law, so it has legitimacy and for the punitive justice agents this amount of legitimacy is enough. But from the jurisprudence point of view it should be detailed more and the arguments and proofs upon which the legitimacy of this act stands be clarified. The subject of this article is to examine the Canon Law's catechism of producing, distributing and diffusing malwares in the cyber space that is the subject of clause 25 in the computer crimes law enacted under the influence of Budapest convention. There is no instance of this crime in the religious tradition and verses as it is a new crime. Therefore to prove its legitimacy we should refer to intellect and general juridicial( فقهی) rules, such as no harm rule, Tasbib rule(causation rule), Taslit rule, Al ta'azir be yadelhakem rule etc... .It is concluded that the mentioned crime not only doesn't conflict with the religious cases but also we can obtain many reasons for its legitimacy

The “Internet of Things” is a technology that can widely transform the culture of society, so its being imported to the country and its further expansion in the near future because of bringing extraordinary economic benefits necessitates the identification of its cultural outcome and impacts. This research has benefited from interview to collect data and thematic analysis method .Through interviews with the experts, a "pattern of the positive (constructive) cultural impacts of the IoT" and a "pattern of the negative (destructive) cultural impacts of the IoT" have been obtained. According to these two patterns, the massive cultural impacts of the IoT are in these domains: “religious beliefs, values and rites”, “systems of cultural beliefs and values”, “systems of conduct and behavioral styles”, “oral expressions”, “behavioral expressions”, “human communication”, “family institution”, “cultural heritage and cultural diversity, art and media”, “social organizational forms and structures ”, “education system”, “decision-making structures”, “structure and forms of political organization and governance”, “resource utilization systems”, and “systems of knowledge, wisdom, native skills and capacities”. The IoT is changing these domain.

The subject. The article is devoted to the analysis of the freedom of speech and access to information in the context of the emerging system of international information security.The purpose of the article is to try to predict the positive and negative consequences of changing international relations in the digital age, to determine the role of freedom of speech and access to information in the context of confrontation between Russia and the United States.The research presented in this article was carried out by combining different disciplinary approaches, including comparative law, comparative politics and international relations, political theory and sociology. Moreover, study includes methods of dialectical logic, analysis and synthesis, as well as formal legal analysis of international legal acts of the UN.The main results and scope of their application. The rights of freedom of speech and access to information is undoubtedly one of the main in the global digital communication context.Degree of implementation of human and citizen rights to freedom of expression and access to information are indicators of political processes, the pace of building a civil society and legal state in current country. These rights are the foundation of modern democracy.The authors carry out a systematic analysis of the categories “freedom of speech” and “the right to access information”, identify the features of implementation of these rights in cyberspace, analyze international practice of legal regulation of these rights and assess the place and role of these rights in the emerging system of international information security. A legal analysis of international legal acts shows that the positions of the United States and the Russian Federation in the field of international information security are gradually converging, and the convergence is going in the direction of the Russian position Conclusions. The limits on the exercise of freedom of speech and access to information do not correspond to the level of development of public relations, because there are no effective legal tools to prevent defamation in the mass media, which in turn can lead to conflict between countries. It is concluded that there is a need for active international cooperation and consistent unification of the legislation of various countries, taking into account that freedom of speech and access to information in cyberspace should have the same level of protection as in the physical world.

The incursion of globalisation presents both opportunities and challenges for mission in Africa. This is especially visible among the younger generation whose cultural perspectives have been influenced by global digital cultures. Although the youth in Africa are very much aware of their indigenous identities, they also participate actively with their peers elsewhere around the globe. As a result of these global interactions, many of the pre-colonial theological metaphors which have been accepted as authentic grassroots African theologies seem to have become less meaningful to emerging generations. Analysing contemporary oral sources such as music, prayers, poetry and everyday conversation among young Africans, this paper argues that there is a seismic shift in theological metaphors that speak meaningfully to the contexts of emerging Africans. The paper argues that many young people in contemporary Ghana, for example, do not see mmoatia (dwarfs) and sasabonsam (forest monster) as symbols of threat: they have new threats. A theology that describes Jesus as a hunter could be so impotent in the face of contemporary realities of some young people in Ghana, as Western theologies made a corresponding adjustment in Majority World countries a few decades ago. The paper concludes that these changing metaphors have implications for local theologies in Africa and must be engaged by theologians, missionaries and all who are interested in African theologies for the purpose of meaningful contextualisation in contemporary African Christianity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]