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Antisocial behaviour by social media users has escalated, which in turn has created various socio-psychological implications for users and society at large. However, there is a paucity of empirical research on the concept of cyber aggression inclination (CAI) and its personal and situational antecedents in the context of social media. This study explores and measures the CAI of general social media users and examines the personal and situational factors affecting CAI. Data was collected using an online survey resulting in a sample of respondents who are active social media users. A total of 101 responses were received of which 71 were complete. Primary data was analysed using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to test eight hypotheses. Findings suggest perceived anonymity, impulsive use of social media and subjective norms are correlated with and CAI. We could not find any conclusive evidence to suggest a significant association exerted by prior aggression victimisation, social pressure, and perceived incident severity on CAI. This paper makes original contributions to the field of cyberpsychology where a more specific form of antisocial behaviour has been studied in social media settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ostracism is a risk factor for cyber aggression, but the potential mechanism of the relationship between ostracism and cyber aggression remains unclear. On the basis of the general aggression model, we proposed that ostracism may predict cyber aggression through both cognitive routes (e.g., hostile automatic thoughts) and emotional routes (e.g., personal relative deprivation). In order to explore the issue, 809 college students from three universities in China were surveyed three times. The relationship between the variables was tested by constructing full auto-regressive cross-lagged models, and the mediation effects were tested by multiple mediation models. Personal relative deprivation and hostile automatic thoughts can predict each other at three time points. Moreover, personal relative deprivation at time 2 and hostile automatic thoughts at time 2 mediated the longitudinal association between ostracism at time 1 and cyber aggression at time 3, respectively. Furthermore, we found ostracism (T1) predicted cyber aggression (T3) not only through the path from personal relative deprivation (T2) to hostile automatic thoughts (T2) but also through the path from hostile automatic thoughts (T2) to personal relative deprivation (T2). The findings supported the general aggression model and provided a valuable reference for targeted interventions to reduce cyber aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of studies have examined risk factors for cyber aggression, focusing on proximal factors such as intra-family factors and the individual's personal factors, without research to date tapping the role of a seemingly distal but influential factor, namely, parents' work-family conflict. This forms a prominent gap in current research on the risk for cyber aggression. Guided by the ecological perspective of parenting and child development, paternal/maternal work-family conflict would trigger harsh fathering/mothering and further put them at higher risk for cyber aggression. A sample of 883 adolescent students and their parents was recruited from two middle schools located in rural areas of Eastern China. At the three time points with half-year intervals, adolescents reported on harsh fathering, harsh mothering, and their own cyber aggression, and their parents reported on their own work-family conflict. We found that maternal work-family conflict positively predicted adolescent cyber aggression via the longitudinal mediating role of harsh fathering and harsh mothering, paternal work-family conflict predicted adolescent cyber aggression via the longitudinal mediating role of harsh mothering but not harsh fathering. These longitudinal findings could help clarify the complex relationships between paternal/maternal work-family conflict and harsh fathering/mothering and adolescent cyber aggression, providing guidance more effective for adolescent cyber aggression prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bystander Intervention Model (BIM) has been validated for face-to-face emergencies and dictates that observers’ decision to intervene hinges on five sequential steps, while barriers block progress between steps. The current study is the first, to our knowledge, to apply the BIM in its entirety to cyber aggression and explore the ways that individual factors such as experiences with depression, social anxiety, and cyber aggression either as the target or the aggressor influence bystanders. In our preregistered study, emerging adults (N = 1,093) viewed pilot-tested cyber aggressive content and reported how they would engage with each of the steps and barriers of the BIM, if they were observing this content as a bystander in real life. Regarding the actions they would take, most participants chose non-intervention (36.3%) or private direct intervention (39.4%). Path analysis suggested that overall, the BIM can explain bystanders’ responses to cyber aggression. Nonetheless, there were some discrepancies with prior work on face-to-face emergencies, specifically that cyber bystander intervention does not appear to be as linear. As well, in contrast to the faceto-face applications of the BIM that prescribes barriers to affect only a single specific step, here we found some barriers were negatively linked to multiple steps. These findings elucidate ways in which cyber aggression in the online context may be similar to, as well as different from, aggression that occurs face-to-face. Implications of these findings for interventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adolescence is a period marked by biological, psychological and behavioral changes, which evoke intense emotional responses in teenagers. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between internalizing syndromes and morbid curiosity, and cyber aggression among adolescents. Methods: The study population included all male and female middle and high school students in District 3 of Tehran during the academic year 2021-2022. A statistical sample of 375 individuals was randomly selected through cluster sampling. The research utilized the cyber aggression scale for adolescents by Alvarez-Garcia cyber aggression scale for adolescents, the Achenbach and Edelbrock internalizing syndromes scale and the scrivener morbid curiosity scale. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, version 26 and AMOS software, version 24. Results: The results showed a significant structural relationship between internalizing syndromes and cyber aggression, as well as between morbid curiosity and cyber aggression. However, internalizing syndromes and morbid curiosity accounted for only 4.8% of cyber aggression. Conclusion: These findings have implications for adolescent counseling, psychotherapy, education, training and correctional and rehabilitation centers.

Xiaofang Xu,1 Yang Li,2 Shuyuan Liu,2 Wenchao Wang2 1School of Education Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, People’s Republic of China; 2Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Wenchao Wang, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +8601058801184, Email psychao@bnu.edu.cnPurpose: Bullying victimization is a serious issue among college students, which might affect the development of their social behaviors. Based on the theory of stress and coping and emotion regulation theory, the present study examined the mediating role of self-compassion and trauma-related shame between bullying victimization and cyber aggression/prosocial behavior.Patients and Methods: We gathered self-reporting data on bullying victimization, self-compassion, trauma-related shame, cyber aggression, and prosocial behavior from 634 college students in China using a three-wave longitudinal design survey. Structural equation modeling was used to test temporal mediation.Results: The results showed that bullying victimization predicted cyber aggression and prosocial behavior via trauma-related shame and the chain effect of self-compassion and trauma-related shame. Moreover, self-compassion also mediated the relationship between bullying victimization and prosocial behavior.Conclusion: The study revealed the different emotional processes that underlie both bullying victimization and different social behaviors. It also contributes to more effective prevention and intervention measures for the social adaptation of bullied students.Keywords: bullying victimization, self-compassion, trauma-related shame, cyber aggression, prosocial behavior, emotional mechanisms

Shyness has been shown to be linked to aggression. However, whether this relationship occurs in cyberspace and the mechanisms that might affect it are largely unexplored. Based on the social fitness model, the current study examined the relationship between shyness and cyber aggression, as well as the mediating roles of passive use and relative deprivation. Moreover, according to the integration of the social information processing model and moral domain theory, moral sensitivity serves as a moderator in the direct and indirect links between shyness and cyber aggression. A total of 700 Chinese college students (M age = 18.68, 53.57% women) participated in the current study and completed multiple questionnaires, namely, the Shyness Scale, Cyber-Aggression Scale, Passive Use of Social Network Site Scale, Relative Deprivation Scale, and Ethical Sensitivity Scale. The results showed that shyness was positively associated with cyber aggression through the multiple mediating effects of passive use and relative deprivation. Additionally, moderated mediation analysis indicated that moral sensitivity moderated the direct and indirect relationship between shyness and cyber aggression. A high level of moral sensitivity weakened the association of shyness with cyber aggression and the association of relative deprivation with cyber aggression, supporting the moderated mediation model. This study implicates the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between shyness and cyber aggression and preventative interventions to reduce the risk of cyber aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antisocial behaviour by social media users has escalated, which in turn has created various socio-psychological implications for users and society at large. However, there is a paucity of empirical research on the concept of cyber aggression inclination (CAI) and its personal and situational antecedents in the context of social media. This study explores and measures the CAI of general social media users and examines the personal and situational factors affecting CAI. Data was collected using an online survey resulting in a sample of respondents who are active social media users. A total of 101 responses were received of which 71 were complete. Primary data was analysed using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to test eight hypotheses. Findings suggest perceived anonymity, impulsive use of social media and subjective norms are correlated with and CAI. We could not find any conclusive evidence to suggest a significant association exerted by prior aggression victimisation, social pressure, and perceived incident severity on CAI. This paper makes original contributions to the field of cyberpsychology where a more specific form of antisocial behaviour has been studied in social media settings.

The purpose of this research is to analyse the dimensions of impersonalization, verbal, sexual and visual aggression in the field of cyber aggression in young people (CAY). In addition to verbal, visual cyber victimization, online exclusion or impersonation in cyber victimization in young people (CVY). The aim of the study was to find out sociodemographic factors and habits involved in cyber aggression and cyber victimization in young people in school aged 14-17 years. The research method was a quasi-experimental descriptive, correlational and predictive study based on a quantitative method. Data were obtained in 2022 through two validated questionnaires, one to measure CAY and the other CVY. A total of 472 young people participated in the sample, of whom 199 were boys and 273 girls, all of them from the autonomous city of Ceuta (Spain) aged between 14 and 17. The most relevant results of the study showed low predictive levels in relation to CVY dimensions, in relation to immigration background, number of siblings and grade repetition, and in relation to CAY in terms of grade repetition. These results, together with the discussion of the study, can contribute data to the educational and psychological field to implement intervention and prevention plans in relation to inappropriate use of the Internet by young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bystander Intervention Model (BIM) has been validated for face-to-face emergencies and dictates that observers’ decision to intervene hinges on five sequential steps, while barriers block progress between steps. The current study is the first, to our knowledge, to apply the BIM in its entirety to cyber aggression and explore the ways that individual factors such as experiences with depression, social anxiety, and cyber aggression either as the target or the aggressor influence bystanders. In our pre-registered study, emerging adults (N = 1,093) viewed pilot-tested cyber aggressive content and reported how they would engage with each of the steps and barriers of the BIM, if they were observing this content as a bystander in real life. Regarding the actions they would take, most participants chose non-intervention (36.3%) or private direct intervention (39.4%). Path analysis suggested that overall, the BIM can explain bystanders’ responses to cyber aggression. Nonetheless, there were some discrepancies with prior work on face-to-face emergencies, specifically that cyber bystander intervention does not appear to be as linear. As well, in contrast to the face-to-face applications of the BIM that prescribes barriers to affect only a single specific step, here we found some barriers were negatively linked to multiple steps. These findings elucidate ways in which cyber aggression in the online context may be similar to, as well as different from, aggression that occurs face-to-face. Implications of these findings for interventions are discussed.

This study examines psychological and behavioral correlates of cyber and in-person intimate partner victimization (IP-IPV; psychological, physical, and sexual violence) including strain (i.e., depression and anger), substance use, and antisocial behavior among young adults. Because intimate partner cyber aggression victimization (C-IPV) has received less research attention than IP-IPV, it is important to learn whether such victimization experiences are similar to in-person victimization experiences in terms of their associations with maladaptive functioning or whether they comprise a unique form of IPV. The study also explores strain as a potential mediator of the link between IPV victimization and maladaptive behavior. A sample of undergraduate students aged 18-25 who were in intimate relationships during the past year participated in a voluntary and anonymous online survey (n = 540). Results signaled that C-IPV and IP-IPV shared similar correlates (e.g. depression, substance use, and antisocial behavior) and C-IPV was linked with more forms of maladaptive behavior than certain types of in-person IPV victimization (e.g., sexual and physical) experiences. Results indicated partial support for the predicted mediation. Males were also at higher risk for engaging in substance use and antisocial behavior across all models. The study suggests that harmful electronic exchanges may have adverse consequences for young adults. As such, services providers and educators addressing the issue of IPV should tailor prevention and intervention strategies in a way that is inclusive of cyber aggression and considers it a public health concern.

There is limited research on risk and protective factors for cyber intimate partner violence (IPV), such as normative beliefs supporting cyber IPV. The purpose of this study was to develop a measure of normative beliefs supporting cyber IPV and to evaluate its psychometric properties. The initial item pool was developed from information gathered from focus groups, a thematic analysis of existing measures, and an expert review. The item pool was then administered to a sample of 259 emerging adults (M age = 22 years; SD = 2.19, range = 18–25; 51% female) recruited via a Qualtrics panel. Based on an exploratory factor analysis, Horn's Parallel Analysis, and goodness-of-fit indices, a single-factor structure was identified. Items related to monitoring cyber activity following a partner's infidelity did not load well onto the model. A confirmatory factor analysis found strong support for a one-factor model. The Beliefs Supporting Cyber IPV scale was positively correlated with cyber IPV perpetration, in-person IPV perpetration, and beliefs supporting in-person IPV. Findings suggest that beliefs supporting cyber IPV is a distinct construct that can concurrently predict cyber IPV behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The existing studies indicate that mobile phone phobia and the morbid habits associated with it cause negative and unfavorable physical and psychological consequences for the individual. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the training of order-seeking strategies of the excitement process on cyber-aggression and mobile phone phobia of students. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research consisted of all undergraduate and higher students of Gorgan University in the academic year of 2001-2001. Among them, 30 people were selected as a sample of the study according to the available sampling method and according to the criteria for entering and leaving the study and randomly divided into two experimental groups (15 people) and the control group (15 people) were assigned in 10 90-minute sessions (2 sessions per week), the people of the experimental group received the educational program of emotion process regulation strategies as a group; The control group was placed on the waiting list for 2 months. In order to collect data, questionnaires of cyber aggression (Alvarez García et al., 2016) and nomophobia (Yıldırım & Correia, 2015) were used. To analyze the data, univariate and multivariate covariance tests were used. Results: The results of the research showed that there is a significant difference between the average post-test scores of the experimental and control groups in the variable of cyber aggression and its components (including impersonation, visual-sexual and verbal aggression) and the variable of Mobile phobia and its components (including loss of comfort and convenience, inability to communicate and loss of communication) were present (P

Abstract Self-compassion is negatively associated with aggressive behaviors. However, the association between self-compassion and cyber aggression toward stigmatized people (e.g., people infected with COVID-19) has not been investigated in the COVID-19 context and the mechanism underlying this association remains underexplored. On the basis of emotion regulation theory and attribution theory, this study examined the indirect effects of self-compassion on cyber aggression toward people infected with COVID-19 through attribution and public stigma of COVID-19. Data were collected from 1162 Chinese college students (415 male, mean age = 21.61 years). Participants completed an online questionnaire including measurement of the key variables and basic demographic information. Results indicated that self-compassion was negatively associated with cyber aggression through the lower attribution of COVID-19 and lower public stigma of COVID-19. A sequential pathway from the attribution of COVID-19 to public stigma of COVID-19 was identified in the relationship between self-compassion and cyber aggression. Our findings are consistent with emotion regulation theory and attribution theory, which posit that emotion regulation strategies are associated with interpersonal mistreatment through cognitive pathways. These findings suggest that emotional self-regulation strategies can be used to reduce cyber aggression toward stigmatized people by reducing attribution and public stigma in the COVID-19 context. Self-compassion improvement could be target for the interventions aiming at alleviating public stigma and interpersonal mistreatment toward stigmatized people.

Cyber intimate partner violence (C-IPV) is a technology-mediated form of violence. It has been examined only in the last 10 years as a form of violence that can cause psychological damage to its victims. How this phenomenon connects to and differs from face-to-face IPV (F2F-IPV) has been, as yet, little studied. Research has not made clear whether sex differences may impact its use, particularly in light of the fact that no physical coercion is used in C-IPV. Thus, the current research aimed to investigate through a meta-analysis: differences between the average levels of different types of C-IPV victimization and perpetration; the association between C-IPV and F2F-IPV victimization and perpetration; and whether the answers to these questions were dependent on sex. The current meta-analysis drew on 46 studies, within 44 papers, with a total sample of 27,491 participants. Findings from 22 of these studies showed no significant sex differences between the average levels of different types of C-IPV victimization and between different types of C-IPV perpetration. These 22 studies showed positive large effect sizes for the correlation between C-IPV and F2F-IPV perpetration and victimization. Moreover, in both perpetration and victimization, sex did not impact the level of association. The findings suggested that C-IPV and F2F-IPV are highly correlated, and though not the same, they may share similar characteristics. Additionally, the results suggested that sex differences do not impact non-physical aggression, such as C-IPV. The implications for preventive strategies include that IPV interventions should also focus on alleviating instances of C-IPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and more attention is being paid to the prevalence of technology in everyday life. The rise of digital means of communication naturally leads to increased cyber victimization, including various forms of online aggression and victimization. Limited knowledge exists regarding the potential vulnerability of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders to cyber activities. The objective of this research is to comprehensively review and synthesize existing literature on cybervictimization and cyberaggression, with a specific focus on individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly those with ADHD. We conducted a systematic review of studies investigating the relationship between neurodevelopmental disorders and cybervictimization/cyberaggression. An analysis of the reviewed studies suggests that factors such as impulsivity, heightened frustration, and poor social skills may elevate the risk of cybervictimization/cyberaggression among individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. Overall, we aim to emphasize the significance of future research in understanding the association between neurodevelopmental disorders and cybervictimization/cyberaggression, thereby enhancing our understanding of the risk factors and consequences associated with these detrimental phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of associations between positive or negative peer relationships and cyber aggression are inconclusive. Thus, this study performed two separate three-level meta-analytic models to synthesize existing researches with the goal of obtaining reliable estimates of effect sizes and conducting moderator analyses. The results revealed a significant negative association between positive dimension and cyber aggression, and a significant positive correlation between negative dimension and cyber aggression. Furthermore, publication prestige moderated the association between positive dimension and cyber aggression. The age, culture, measurements for cyber aggression and study design were found to be significant moderators of the association between negative dimension and cyber aggression. In summary, positive peer relationships may be protective factors for cyber aggression, while negative peer relationships might be risk factors for developing cyber aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abundant evidence has demonstrated a strong relationship between aggressive behaviour, one of the most common problems among students at every stage of education all over the world, and a trait for impulsiveness. Impulsiveness is also connected to diverse and enduring psychopathology. However, studies that tested burnout syndrome, impulsivity, and aggression are scarce. Accordingly, the current study examined the role of academic burnout and crosscultural differences (Japanese vs European culture) in the association between trait impulsivity and online and offline aggression among university students (N = 291; Mage = 22.66 years; SD = 4.35; 31% males). The participants filled in self-report measures of Academic Burnout (MBI-SS); Impulsivity (BIS-15); Offline Aggression (Buss-Perry AQ), and Cyber-Aggression Types (CATQ). The results revealed that academic burnout, impulsivity, and both aggression indicators are positively interrelated. Moreover, the interaction effect between academic burnout and culture (Japanese vs European) was significant for almost all aggression characteristics. The significance of the interaction between impulsivity, academic burnout, and culture altogether was confirmed for offline aggression and the rage/cyber aggression type. The main implications and suggestions for future research are related to the importance of academic burnout and culture as crucial factors related either to offline aggression or cyber aggression levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jing Zhang,1,2 Jialei Gu,2 Wenchao Wang2 1Research Centre of Applied Technology University, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, People’s Republic of China; 2Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Wenchao Wang, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 010 58801884, Email psychao@bnu.edu.cnIntroduction: Based on the general aggression model, the present study aims to examine the relationship between bullying victimization and cyber aggression as well as the mediating effects of perceived relative deprivation and depression on this relationship.Methods: The present study employed a 3-wave longitudinal method featuring 6-month intervals to investigate 795 Chinese college students (476 female; Mage = 19.67). Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the relationships among bullying victimization, perceived relative deprivation, depression and cyber aggression.Results: The results suggested that bullying victimization positively and significantly predicts cyber aggression in college students and that both perceived relative deprivation and depression play positive mediating roles in this relationship. Moreover, bullying victimization affects cyber aggression via the chain mediating roles of perceived relative deprivation and depression.Discussion: This study offers valuable insight into ways of considering perceived relative deprivation and depression in the context of prevention and intervention strategies to help attenuate cyber aggression among victims of bullying.Keywords: bullying victimization, perceived relative deprivation, depression, cyber aggression, college students

Background and Objectives: Increasingly, cyberbullying has become a common phenomenon eroding the social media environment. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the structural relationship pattern of cyber aggression based on self-control with the mediation of mobile phone addiction in adolescents. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, the statistical population included male students of the second-level secondary school of Ardabil city in the academic year of 2022. From this population, a sample of 190 people was selected by available sampling method and answered the questionnaires of self-control, cyber aggression, and mobile phone addiction. The obtained data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.Results: The results showed that self-control with a coefficient value of -0.15 has a significant direct effect on cyber aggression, and self-control with a coefficient value of -0.25 has a significant indirect effect on cyber aggression with the mediation of mobile phone addiction.Conclusion: In general, according to the results of the current research, it is recommended to hold educational workshops to teach cyber ethics awareness, along with self-control training and managing the correct use of mobile phones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-compassion is negatively associated with aggressive behaviors. However, the association between self-compassion and cyber aggression toward stigmatized people (e.g., people infected with COVID-19) has not been investigated in the COVID-19 context and the mechanism underlying this association remains underexplored. On the basis of emotion regulation theory and attribution theory, this study examined the indirect effects of self-compassion on cyber aggression toward people infected with COVID-19 through attribution and public stigma of COVID-19. Data were collected from 1162 Chinese college students (415 male, mean age = 21.61 years). Participants completed an online questionnaire including measurement of the key variables and basic demographic information. Results indicated that self-compassion was negatively associated with cyber aggression through the lower attribution of COVID-19 and lower public stigma of COVID-19. A sequential pathway from the attribution of COVID-19 to public stigma of COVID-19 was identified in the relationship between self-compassion and cyber aggression. Our findings are consistent with emotion regulation theory and attribution theory, which posit that emotion regulation strategies are associated with interpersonal mistreatment through cognitive pathways. These findings suggest that emotional self-regulation strategies can be used to reduce cyber aggression toward stigmatized people by reducing attribution and public stigma in the COVID-19 context. Self-compassion improvement could be target for the interventions aiming at alleviating public stigma and interpersonal mistreatment toward stigmatized people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problems of (cyber)coexistence are increasingly present in the lives of our children and adolescents, so that using this technology ethically, consciously and positively has become a demand of education. Many schools face situations related to the improper and disrespectful use of cell phones and social networks, mainly involving students, but also educators and family members. Faced with this challenge, we propose the educational program "A Convivência Ética On-line", to be developed with students, which can inspire and guide educational and preventive actions by schools wishing to work with this issue. In this article we present the problems of coexistence that affect our students, such as cyberbullying, cyberaggression, virtual risks; and the main characteristics of the program for educators seeking to study and develop actions in search of ethical (cyber)coexistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to test students' cyber aggression models based on previous studies, especially those related to high school students' Cyber Aggression behavior. Following the stages of adolescent development, this research uses the socio-ecological theoretical perspective of the cyber context. This study determines several predictive variables as risk factors and protective factors that have the most potential to influence student cyber aggression, such as perceived threats, school climate, and prejudice. The model tested in this study is the role of the perceived threat and school climate on students' Cyber Aggression behavior mediated by prejudice. This study uses a quantitative approach with structural equation modeling analysis, namely the structural equation model (SEM). The sampling technique used in this study is purposive sampling. The subjects of this study are high school students who actively use social media every day, with 1118 students as respondents from several cities in Indonesia. The result shows that the theoretical model of students' Cyber Aggression behavior as per the empirical conditions in the field has met the goodness of fit model standard, meaning that the perception of threats and the school climate-mediated by prejudice were simultaneously proven to play a role as predictors of student Cyber Aggression [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with body shaming, which is a form of bullying behavior. This is a modern phenomenon in the 21st century, in which the communicator makes disrespectful comments about the physical appearance of the person in question or uses various forms of (cyber)bullying. Body shaming accompanied by cyber aggression is becoming more and more a part of online communication and is as dangerous and distressing for the victim as cyberbullying. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on its elimination. The aim of the present paper is to define the basic principles of body shaming, reactions to it and risks as well as to point out its negative impact and the importance of prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wenchao Wang, Yue Yuan, Xiaomeng Zhang, Chao Song Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Chao Song, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18810161767, Email songchao0010@163.comPurpose: Although the risk effect of perceived discrimination on left-behind youth’s mental health (mainly emotional problems) has been demonstrated in prior studies, there is a lack of longitudinal studies examining the effect of perceived discrimination on behavioral problems, particularly in emerging adults with early left-behind experience. In addition, little is known about individual differences in terms of this association. In the present study, we draw on the social information processing model of aggression to examine the effect of perceived discrimination and mindfulness on cyber aggression.Methods: We used two-wave longitudinal panel data involving 535 emerging adults with early left-behind experience in rural China (M age = 19.89 years; SD = 1.20; 57.2% female). To test the moderating role of mindfulness, hierarchical multiple regression and simple slope test analyses were performed.Results: The results of linear regression analysis demonstrated that higher levels of perceived discrimination at T1 were significantly associated with higher cyber aggression at T2; the strength of this association was buffered by mindfulness over time.Conclusion: These findings suggest that the facilitation of mindfulness training may be an effective strategy for reducing the risk of perceived discrimination leading to cyber aggression in emerging adults with early left-behind experience.Keywords: perceived discrimination, cyber aggression, mindfulness, emerging adults with early left-behind experience

Fueled by the growing presence of information and communication technologies, digital hate (DH) perpetration poses significant threats. Although a substantial body of research addresses DH perpetration, existing literature lacks conceptual clarity as numerous, somewhat vaguely distinguishable phenomena are being investigated in parallel. This scoping review organizes extant findings concerning personal, social, and environmental factors related to these various phenomena by grouping them into six categories based on two key factors: DH type (holistic or specific) and DH target (generic, romantic/sexual, or miscellaneous groups). Our analyses of N = 512 primary studies reveal an overrepresentation of holistic DH directed at generic targets. Personal factors are frequently examined, while social and especially environmental factors are typically only secondary outcomes. The literature lacks in-depth explorations of links to offline hate, perpetrators' motivational backgrounds, and the role of prior victimization, especially concerning specific DH. We recommend future research to address these crucial research gaps more thoroughly and emphasize the need for a conceptual disentanglement of the field. • There is an urgent need for consistent definitions of digital hate concepts. • Personal factors are frequently examined in research on digital hate perpetrators. • Social and environmental factors are typically only secondary outcomes. • The role of prior victimization and motivational backgrounds need to be explored. • Research on digital hate perpetration lacks methodological variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyber aggression can be defined as a form of aggression where the perpetrator uses digital media to harm a person or group of people. The literature has linked aggression to personality and genetics. This study aimed to show the relationship between cyber aggression and personality and polymorphisms associated with aggression-related serotonergic and dopaminergic processes. The sample consisted of 93 individuals, 81 women (87.1%) and 12 males (12.9%) with a mean age of 20.95 (SD = 2.98), and it was collected as part of the research project “Aggressiveness and Genetics in a University Context”. The most important results indicate that cyber aggression and aggression are related to personality traits, especially agreeableness. An influence of genetic variables was not found.

The results of monitoring activities to prevent aggressive behavior of students in state schools of various regions of the Russian Federation are presented. The purpose of the monitoring was to gather information on topical issues related to aggressive behavior and the system of preventive measures. The study was attended by heads of 81 schools from 40 Russian regions. The research tool was a questionnaire developed by the authors, consisting of 137 questions. The survey was conducted in 2021. The results of the study showed that the problem of aggression among students, manifested in various forms – verbal, physical, social, cyber aggression, including conflicts and bullying, as well as autoaggressive behavior, is of high relevance. In addition, the data show that there is a lack of systematics in the preventive activities implemented in schools, both in the field of the forms of work used, and in the choice of the target audience, the number of specialists involved. Based on the results, a research and application approach is proposed to support and develop systemic prevention work in schools.

Among the most acute socio-pedagogical problems facing the modern Russian school is the increasing number of aggressive manifestations in the educational environment. This situation actualizes the schools need for the prevention and correction of aggressive behavior. The article presents the results of a socio-pedagogical research, the purpose of which was to identify the types and forms of aggressive behavior in the educational environment and to explore the current state of preventive work. The study was conducted by the Institute for the Study of Childhood, Family and Upbringing in July 2021 in the form of a questionnaire survey of directors of educational organizations. The methodology of the research included a socio-pedagogical analysis of situations of aggressive manifestations among students, teachers and parents; study of social, environmental, family and personal factors of aggressive behavior; and identification of mechanisms for preventing aggressive behavior in the educational environment. The results are presented in the format of socio-psychological portraits of three schools located in the countryside, which are prominent representatives of Russian rural society. The study made it possible to draw the following main conclusions: (1) preventive work becomes an independent type of pedagogical work; (2) cyber-aggression, which was actively manifested during the period of distance learning and now requires comprehensive preventive work with students, teachers, and parents, is an over-pressing problem for educational organizations; (3) todays school is faced with the urgent task of developing and implementing programs for the prevention and correction of aggressive behavior. The ideas presented in the article can be used in the practice of educational organizations of different types.

Peer aggression, when escalated and regular, has negative consequences for proper psychosocial development. The main aim of this study was to identify classes among middle school students according to similarity in terms of experiencing particular forms and manifestations of peer aggression. Data were collected using a proprietary questionnaire, from which 10 questions forming indicators of experienced aggression (five forms, two manifestations each) were used for analysis. A total of 1.050 middle school students (525 boys and girls each) aged 13 and 14 participated in the study. The students most often experienced verbal and relational aggression, and least often sexual aggression. Boys were more likely to report experiencing physical and verbal aggression (being insulted), while girls reported being the target of gossip and cyber aggression (offensive comments). Using Latent Class Analysis, we analyzed a model with six classes as follows: Low all, High verbal and relational, High physical and verbal, High all without sexual, High all and High sexual, cyber and relational. The results show that the phenomenon of peer aggression is not homogeneous and that the design of preventive measures should take into account the specificity of the experiences of its victims.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of online learning has become a necessary choice for students, and would increase the probability of cyber aggression (CA). Despite the relationship between Dark Triad and CA previous was explored in previous research, the underlying psychological mechanism of CA in adolescents is still unclear. The current study aimed to examine the mediating role of moral disengagement (MD) and the moderating of gender in the relationship between Dark Triad and CA. A sample consists of 501 Chinese adolescents (246 females; 255 males) between the ages of 11 ~ 20. Participants completed the Dirty Dozen Scale, Moral Disengagement Scale, and Cyber Aggressive Behavior Scale. Results show that higher levels of dark personality were associated with higher levels of MD and CA. Moral disengagement partially mediated this positive effects of dark personality on CA. Moreover, gender moderated the mediation model. Specially, the positive relationship between dark triad personality and CA was stronger among females adolescents. These findings advance the understanding of how dark triad personality induces Chinese adolescents’ cyber aggressive behavior.

Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, the statistical population included all male students in the third grade of the first secondary school in Ahvaz in the academic year 2021-2022. Out of which, 180 were selected by random cluster sampling and individually answered cyber aggression, emotion regulation, self-control, and Beck Depression questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression statistical tests. Results: The results showed that cyber aggression has a negative relationship with emotion regulation (r=-0.402 and p<0.01) and self-control (r=-0.434 and p<0.01), and a positive relationship with depression (r=0.343 and p<0.05). According to the results of multiple linear regression analysis, emotion regulation (β=-0.321, B=-0.333 and p<0.001) and self-control (β=-0.142, B=-0.471 and p=0.044) negatively predict aggression, but depression (β=0.090, B=0.103 and p=0.173) does not predict cyber aggression. Conclusion: The results of this study can help therapists and psychologists in the field of health from a theoretical aspect (enrichment of theoretical concepts in the adolescent field) and an operational aspect (holding educational workshops for adolescents in the field of emotion regulation training, self-control, and depression prevention). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the development of cyber aggression during adolescence, it is important to consider the temporal variability of its potential predictors. This study uses a four-wave survey to investigate how changes in peer norms, parental norms, and parental communication are associated with two-year trajectories of online peer aggression. The sample includes 1521 Swiss middle school students (Mage T1 = 11.54, SD = 0.40; 48% female). The results showed that over time a better parental communication quality and anti-aggression norms predicted lower rates and slower development of cyber aggression. Moreover, parental variables emerged as a quite stable deterrent of aggressive conduct. Although entrance into adolescence is characterized by the rise of peer influence, results from this study suggest that parents maintain an important protective role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents of Bangladesh today are facing significantly higher rates of stressors with differing severity and frequency of anxiety, depression, internalizing, and externalizing problems to mention a few (cited in Mullick et al., 2019). Many of them use cyberspace where their limited capacity for emotion regulation may put them at the risk of cyber aggression as well as cyber victimization. However, the true dynamics of the relationship between cyber aggression, cyber victimization, and emotion regulation are largely unknown. The present study is therefore undertaken to address the issue by testing the effect of two components of emotion regulation on the relationship between cyber victimization and cyber aggression. A questionnaire package including Bangla translated versions of Cyber-Victimization Questionnaire for Adolescents (CYVIC), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), Cyber-Aggression Questionnaire for Adolescents (CYBA), and Personal Information Form (PIF) was administered to a purposive-convenience sample of 250 high school students (48% boys and 52% girls). The students were between the ages of 11 through 17 years with a mean age of 14.77 years (SD = 1.41). Independent sample t-tests revealed significant gender differences in all major variables; hence subsequent analyses were conducted on subsamples of boys and girls. Pearson product-moment correlation showed a significant association between key variables where the association of expressive suppression with cyber victimization and cyber aggression was negative for girls and positive for boys. Hierarchical regression analyses manifested buffering effect of both cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression weakening the relationship between cyber victimization and cyber aggression for girls. A similar pattern was observed for boys where cognitive reappraisal only weakened the relationship between cyber victimization and cyber aggression but not for expressive suppression in boys. The findings have been interpreted in the light of past studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet has given rise to many new communication tools (e.g., social media, text messaging), which, while beneficial in many respects, have become a means for aggressing against others. As evidence of the adverse correlates of cyber aggression mounts, improved understanding of the mechanisms that facilitate electronic aggression is needed. Moral disengagement (i.e., cognitive processes through which individuals disengage from their moral values) has been shown to predict cyber aggression when assessed as a unitary construct. The present study investigated the eight moral disengagement mechanisms measured by the Moral Disengagement Measure (Detert et al., 2008) and their relationships to four types of cyber aggression perpetration assessed with the Cyberbullying Experiences Survey (i.e., malice, public humiliation, deception, and unwanted contact; Doane et al., 2013). Emerging adults (N = 404, 58.67% women) aged 18 to 29 (M = 25.16, SD = 2.76) recruited through Amazon.com’s MTurk website completed measures online, and data were analyzed via path analysis. Each type of cyber aggression perpetration was predicted by different moral disengagement mechanisms. Advantageous comparison and dehumanization were the strongest predictors, and dehumanization was the only mechanism to predict all forms of cyber aggression. These findings provide support for the role of these mechanisms in cyber aggression and suggest that examining moral disengagement mechanisms individually may help to improve our understanding of cyber aggression among emerging adults. Further clinical and research implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents of Bangladesh today are facing significantly higher rates of stressors with differing severity and frequency of anxiety, depression, internalizing, and externalizing problems to mention a few (cited in Mullick et al., 2019). Many of them use cyberspace where their limited capacity for emotion regulation may put them at the risk of cyber aggression as well as cyber victimization. However, the true dynamics of the relationship between cyber aggression, cyber victimization, and emotion regulation are largely unknown. The present study is therefore undertaken to address the issue by testing the effect of two components of emotion regulation on the relationship between cyber victimization and cyber aggression. A questionnaire package including Bangla translated versions of Cyber-Victimization Questionnaire for Adolescents (CYVIC), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), Cyber-Aggression Questionnaire for Adolescents (CYBA), and Personal Information Form (PIF) was administered to a purposive-convenience sample of 250 high school students (48% boys and 52% girls). The students were between the ages of 11 through 17 years with a mean age of 14.77 years (SD = 1.41). Independent sample t-tests revealed significant gender differences in all major variables; hence subsequent analyses were conducted on subsamples of boys and girls. Pearson product-moment correlation showed a significant association between key variables where the association of expressive suppression with cyber victimization and cyber aggression was negative for girls and positive for boys. Hierarchical regression analyses manifested buffering effect of both cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression weakening the relationship between cyber victimization and cyber aggression for girls. A similar pattern was observed for boys where cognitive reappraisal only weakened the relationship between cyber victimization and cyber aggression but not for expressive suppression in boys. The findings have been interpreted in the light of past studies.

The Internet has given rise to many new communication tools (e.g., social media, text messaging), which, while beneficial in many respects, have become a means for aggressing against others. As evidence of the adverse correlates of cyber aggression mounts, improved understanding of the mechanisms that facilitate electronic aggression is needed. Moral disengagement (i.e., cognitive processes through which individuals disengage from their moral values) has been shown to predict cyber aggression when assessed as a unitary construct. The present study investigated the eight moral disengagement mechanisms measured by the Moral Disengagement Measure (Detert et al., 2008) and their relationships to four types of cyber aggression perpetration assessed with the Cyberbullying Experiences Survey (i.e., malice, public humiliation, deception, and unwanted contact; Doane et al., 2013). Emerging adults (N = 404, 58.67% women) aged 18 to 29 (M = 25.16, SD = 2.76) recruited through Amazon.com’s MTurk website completed measures online, and data were analyzed via path analysis. Each type of cyber aggression perpetration was predicted by different moral disengagement mechanisms. Advantageous comparison and dehumanization were the strongest predictors, and dehumanization was the only mechanism to predict all forms of cyber aggression. These findings provide support for the role of these mechanisms in cyber aggression and suggest that examining moral disengagement mechanisms individually may help to improve our understanding of cyber aggression among emerging adults. Further clinical and research implications are discussed.

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Cyber aggressive behaviors such as nonconsensual image sharing, nasty comments, and social exclusion frequently take place on WhatsApp. These behaviors often involve group processes, where adolescents conform to peers' behaviors. WhatsApp is pre‐eminently suited for group‐communication among adolescents, and, thus, may facilitate conformity to such behaviors. However, research on conformity on WhatsApp is scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine if and how the social identity perspective on group behavior may explain cyber aggression on WhatsApp. Specifically, we examined how social identification relates to conformity to cyber aggression on WhatsApp. In a preregistered survey, 647 early adolescents answered questions about social identification with group members and conformity to behavior of a WhatsApp group. Hierarchical multiple regression and moderated mediation analyses point toward an indirect, positive relation between the centrality component of social identification and conformity to cyber aggression, mediated by perceived social pressure to conform. These findings contribute to the literature by extending the social identity perspective to conformity on WhatsApp. Further exploration of this research line within the field of cyber aggression is warranted, because this can help improve applied interventions to reduce conformity to cyber aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identified subgroups of adolescents with distinct patterns of involvement with overt and relational in-person and cyber aggression and victimization. We also assessed subgroup similarities and differences in exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), exposure to community violence, and trauma symptoms. Using latent class analysis, we identified three subgroups among 265 adolescents (Mage  = 14.3 years; 57% female; 96% African American) residing in three urban high-burden communities that included youth who reported: (a) combined (cyber and in-person) aggression and victimization (17%), (b) in-person aggression and victimization (51%), and (c) adolescents with limited involvement (32%). Youth in the combined aggressive-victims subgroup had the highest probability of endorsing exposure to community violence, trauma symptoms, and a higher number of ACEs overall as well as higher rates of both verbal and physical abuse compared to the other subgroups. Our results indicated that the adolescents who reported the highest frequencies of aggressive behavior were also the most victimized and traumatized. These findings provide context to aggressive behavior among adolescents living in high-burden, urban communities and underscore the need for trauma-informed prevention interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Gender, offline violence, depression, and inconsistent parenting, among various individual and context factors, were significant predictors of early adolescents' cyber aggression. • Offline violence was the strongest predictor of early adolescents' cyber aggression. • It is necessary to develop all-encompassing strategies for preventing cyber aggression which take into account both individual factors and contextual aspects. Since 2018, juvenile cyberbullying has outpaced physical violence in terms of prevalence, making it a critical social concern. This study examined factors influencing early adolescents' cyber aggression, which include demographic characteristics (child-related and parent-related variables), psycho-emotional state, problematic smartphone use, offline violence, and parent-related factors (parenting styles and time spent on parent–child communication). The data were extracted from the 2018 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS). Participants comprised 2,590 South Korean middle school students aged 13 years old. The data was analyzed with SPSS 22.0. Descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, and Cronbach's alpha, Pearson's correlation analysis, and binomial logistic regression were computed. As a consequence, males have a greater likelihood of cyber aggression than females. Additionally, offline violence was discovered to be the strongest determinant of cyber aggression. Early adolescents' depression and inconsistent parenting styles were found to be connected with a higher risk of cyber aggression. These results highlight the importance of a comprehensive strategy for understanding and addressing cyber aggression, which takes into account both individual factors as well as contextual aspects. This study not only validated prior research findings, but also illuminated the subtle complexity underlying the incidence of cyber violence during this formative time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]