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This research article examines the historical context and significance of the unique currency produced by the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir during the reign of Maharaja Ranbir Singh in 1877. At the time, the state displayed significant autonomy and separate governance by printing its own money in denominations ranging from ₹1 to ₹1,000. The currency release occurred during the month of Vaishakh on the Vikram Samvat 1934 calendar, highlighting the incorporation of regional traditional activities into administrative functions. These notes were primarily used for the payment of land revenue and other governmental dues, thus playing a crucial role in the state's financial management. Featuring signatures from several competent authorities, including prominent figures like Diwan Kirpa Ram, the notes bore significant symbolic and administrative value. Additionally, specific notes highlighted cultural elements, such as the name of Mahesh Chander Vishvas in Nagari script, reflecting the state's rich cultural identity and administrative sophistication. This initiative by the Princely State underlines its organised administrative structure and cultural integration within its financial practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functions of the dependence of inflation and the norm of cash quantity on the interest rate of the Central Bank and normalized real GDP are determined. Normalized real GDP is expressed by the ratio of real GDP to the inflation-free quantity of cash. It is shown that each technological mode has its own velocity of money circulation, interest rate, the norm of the quantity of cash, and inflation in a certain range of changes in normalized real GDP. The nomogram of the dependence of the cash quantity rate on the normalized real GDP at the available interest rate is constructed. The nomogram of the dependence of inflation on the interest rate at the available normalized real GDP of developing and underdeveloped economies and the nomogram of the dependence of inflation on the interest rate at the available normalized real GDP of industrialized and developed economies have been constructed. An economic and mathematical model of inflationary regulation of economic growth has been developed. The inflation regulation of the economic growth in Ukraine in 2025–2026, according to statistical data of 2022–2023, has been modeled. It is shown that inflationary regulation allows for an increase in real GDP growth in two years by 1.9 times compared to growth with inflation targeting the interest rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the history of the development of the legal status of virtual asset service providers (VASPs) in the European Union until the publication of the first draft of the EU Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR) by the European Commission in September 2020. It examines the early stage of virtual asset regulation in the EU based on the chosen periodization. Special attention is given to the initial research on issues related to virtual assets and European legislative initiatives. Particular focus is placed on the analysis of documents issued by the European Banking Authority, which addressed consumer warnings about the risks associated with virtual currencies, as well as the authority's efforts to mitigate systemic risks in the European financial system and the evaluation of those risks in connection with the development of the virtual currenc y market at that time. The article also examines documents from the European Central Bank concerning participants of the so-called "virtual currency schemes". These schemes include entities such as inventors, issuers, miners, processing service providers, users, wallet providers, exchange s, trading platforms, and other actors. The progression from fragmented research by individual European regulatory bodies to the first pan-European legislative initiative, which aimed to include specific service providers related to the circulation of virtual currencies, particularly custodial wallet providers and services for exchanging virtual currencies into fiat money and vice versa, among the obliged entities for the purposes of prevention of money laundering and terrorist financing. Within this context, the provisions of EU Directives 2015/849 (4AMLD) and 2018/843 (5AMLD) are analyzed, which represent a significant legislative step aimed at strengthening the EU's framework for combating money laundering and terrorist financi ng. The reports of the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) and the European Banking Authority, which preceded the publication of the first draft of the MiCA Regulation, are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorting banknotes automatically in payment facilities or freewill donation boxes involves many tasks such as recognizing banknote denomination, fitness classification, and counterfeit detection. Different studies have addressed these problems using foreign currencies. In other words, very few researches have been conducted on naira banknote denomination recognition. A few studies did not consider folded naira banknote denomination recognition. To overcome this, we propose a Machine Learning Based Folded Banknote Denomination Recognition System. The proposed system automatically extracts relevant features and characteristics of the naira currency denomination in different positions, orientations, and folds. This automatic representation of the naira currency denomination enables the proposed system to reduce over-reliance on suggested characteristics, improve performance accuracy, and generalize the proposed system to new problems. Moreover, the proposed system was modeled using object-oriented analysis and design methodology, and implemented in the Keras framework interfaced with Tensorflow. Then, the Softmax classi- fication algorithm was used to classify each Naira banknote denomination. The proposed machine learning-based folded banknote denomination recognition achieved an average accuracy of 95%, which shows the generalization ability of the proposed system to recognize folded banknote denominations in different orientations, positions, and folded forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The study examines the herd behaviour in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)-5 foreign exchange markets: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Design/methodology/approach – We use the daily data as a sample. Cross-sectional absolute deviation (CSAD) and quantile regression are employed to identify the herding behaviour in these markets. Findings – The findings report that all the foreign exchange markets in ASEAN-5 do not exhibit herding behaviour. Diversity of the fundamental economic, such as economic growth rate, rate of inflation and economy structure, produce monetary and exchange rate policies, is among the reasons for the absence of herd behaviour. Practical implications – Maintaining macroeconomic stability and promoting market resilience to outside shocks should remain a priority for policymakers. As for investors, diversification is still a vital risk-management strategy. Originality/value – This study provides a novel investigation into herd behaviour in ASEAN-5 foreign exchange market.

Features of the current stage of development of Russia increase the relevance of studying problems associated with the expansion of internal sources of financing economic growth, one of which may be citizens’ savings. To attract private capital more widely, the national financial system can and should provide a large range of tools for private investors that meet the needs of citizens in terms of profitability and safety of funds. The paper has considered the key tools of retail investment, which are currently widely used in domestic practice. Alternative ways of private investment have also been explored. They can be applied depending on the needs of specific actors, market participants, or citizens. The development of a line of instruments for the retail investment – deposits, long-term individual investment accounts, products of research and production associations, insurance products, etc., their availability is one of the conditions for the effective functioning of the domestic financial market and, as a consequence, the Russian economy as a whole. The analysis of the essence, trends, opportunities, and risks of the retail investment instruments will allow us to assess the effectiveness of the activities of financial regulators in this area and identify promising and appropriate areas for its improvement.

Abstract The use of wildlife imagery in society is highly varied and could contribute to reinforcing national identity. Standard depictions of wildlife include photographs, video, artwork and symbols or icons, including on currency. We investigated the representation of native fauna on 4541 banknotes from 207 countries between 1980 and 2017, to identify geographic hotspots and taxonomic patterns and determine whether threatened and endemic species were more readily represented. Native fauna was depicted on 15.2% of banknotes reviewed (352 unique species) with a strong bias towards terrestrial species (89%) and a dominance of bird and mammal species (83% combined). African banknotes had the highest mammal representation while birds were favoured in South America. Globally, threatened species were commonly depicted on banknotes with 30% of all imagery representing these species. The fauna species depicted on banknotes generally perpetuate existing perceptions about these species (i.e., charismatic species). We recommend several avenues for further investigation to explore relationships between perceived value and wildlife representation. These include longitudinal studies of how representation changes over time, the inclusion of flora and/or coin imagery, identifying species‐specific traits for selected wildlife and examining the decision‐making processes governing wildlife imagery on banknotes. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

This paper investigates whether the euro or renminbi could join or even replace the US dollar as a dominant global reserve currency. The US dollar has long been dominant in international trade and finance, due to the size and stability of the US economy and the liquidity of US financial markets. The euro of the European Union (EU) and the renminbi of China challenge the hegemony of the US dollar. The Eurozone's institutional framework provides political stability and strong monetary authority, which make the associated currency, the euro, attractive as a potential reserve currency. China’s rise as a global economic power promotes the use of its currency in international transactions, propelling global acceptance of the renminbi. China has explicitly challenged US dominance in many international arenas, including finance. In this paper, it is useful for an econophysics approach to measure the sign of the strength of coupling. This approach is adapted to define the divergence rate of the US dollar in relation to other currencies, specifically the euro and the renminbi, by quantifying how the dollar diverges over time based on currency indexes. It involves calculating forces that represent the divergence rates between the US dollar and these currencies, using a modified version of Coulomb's law. It also illuminates the dynamics of reserve currency competition, reaffirming the US dollar's central role in the global financial system from 2001 to 2022. Despite the emergence of potential challengers like the euro and renminbi, the dollar’s dominance is likely to continue. As China’s economy, international trade, and military power have expanded, the renminbi is increasingly seen as a potential reserve currency in the global financial system. However, China has shown a willingness to centralize political power, perhaps making other countries more likely to resist the renminbi becoming a reserve currency. The euro and renminbi do not present credible alternatives to the US dollar because (1) political fragmentation within the EU and differing fiscal policies among member states undermine the euro's reliability as a universal reserve asset, and (2) China enacts significant capital controls, lacks financial market transparency, and maintains a tight grip on economic policies. The US dollar's unparalleled liquidity, its deep financial markets, and America’s geopolitical influence ensure the dollar’s continued dominance as the world's primary reserve currency. The inherent structural and political challenges the euro and renminbi face make both unlikely to displace the dollar in the foreseeable future. Broader US hegemony, arising from it having the world's largest economy and strongest military, has supported the dollar’s dominant role as a reserve currency, a dominance expected to endure.

The group known as BRICS, comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, came into being when its members decided to join hands to challenge the economic and political power of the wealthier nations of North America and Western Europe and expanded as BRICS+ when Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates entered the alliance with the same goals. Among the main reasons that led to the formation of the bloc was to put an end to the global dominance of the United States dollar (USD). Today, the BRICS+ bloc is motivated more than ever to find a solution to the ever-growing sanctions imposed by the United States (U.S.) on its member states as well as to cope with the fluctuating market situations that are merely based on the USD. The effectiveness of the newly expanded bloc’s alliance is the need of the hour, and for this purpose, the current study conducted a SWOT analysis to evaluate the bloc’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The study took the facts and figures associated with the BRICS member states and their dealings with the U.S. and tried to analyze the effectiveness of this bloc should its members decide to conduct business with each other in a common currency. Furthermore, the study also evaluated the reasons behind the concept of de-dollarization and the benefits it offers the member states of the BRICS bloc. Additionally, the study proposes essential recommendations, such as the formulation of necessary measures to deal with potential disagreements that may arise regarding the choice of a common currency that should be used for trade among the member countries. Such an application of the study is an entirely novel application in the current area of research with the potential to open new horizons for future research considering the new targets of the BRICS+ group.

The present research paper is focused the widely debated topic related to de-dollarization. It examines the trend of de-dollarization to check if the statements that the dollar is losing its weight and is about to lose its leading position in international trade payments are substantiated. Firstly, the theoretical framework behind the dollarization is explored. Secondly, the factors believed to be the basis of the de-dollarization process have been identified and analyzed, which are related to: geopolitical processes, changes in international payments policy in some BRICS countries, changes in international trade, etc. A performed analysis of the currency turnover in international trade, based on data from official sources, was made through forecast regression, which predicts the development of the share of the dollar in international payments. A correlation matrix was also calculated, showing the correlation links between the dollar and the other leadng currencies. The hypothesis, which is confirmed by the practical research, is that the de-dollarization process is proceeding slowly and uncertainly, and will continue to develop at a low pace leading to insignificant changes in the structure of the currency composition of international payments in the short and medium term. Further research could further explore each of the factors that could lead to a real dedollarisation trend in international payments.

The use of wildlife imagery in society is highly varied and could contribute to reinforcing national identity. Standard depictions of wildlife include photographs, video, artwork and symbols or icons, including on currency.We investigated the representation of native fauna on 4541 banknotes from 207 countries between 1980 and 2017, to identify geographic hotspots and taxonomic patterns and determine whether threatened and endemic species were more readily represented.Native fauna was depicted on 15.2% of banknotes reviewed (352 unique species) with a strong bias towards terrestrial species (89%) and a dominance of bird and mammal species (83% combined). African banknotes had the highest mammal representation while birds were favoured in South America. Globally, threatened species were commonly depicted on banknotes with 30% of all imagery representing these species.The fauna species depicted on banknotes generally perpetuate existing perceptions about these species (i.e., charismatic species). We recommend several avenues for further investigation to explore relationships between perceived value and wildlife representation. These include longitudinal studies of how representation changes over time, the inclusion of flora and/or coin imagery, identifying species‐specific traits for selected wildlife and examining the decision‐making processes governing wildlife imagery on banknotes. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counterfeiting of currency notes remains a persistent global challenge with extensive economic consequences. This systematic review provides a comprehensive analysis of the detection techniques employed to combat counterfeit currency, involving various countries. The aim is to synthesize and evaluate the effectiveness of these methods, highlighting on the advancements made, and classifying areas of research with respect to its security features, conventional detection techniques, fuzzy logic and image processing techniques and other methods. One of the central themes emerging from this analysis is the importance of security features in currency design. Technological advancements have catalyzed the development of advanced detection tools and automated frameworks. Researchers have explored machine learning algorithms, image processing, and data-driven approaches to detect counterfeit notes efficiently. Additionally, this systematic review identifies the significance of cross-disciplinary collaboration. It emphasizes the need for cooperation between graphic designers, printers, papermakers, and central banks to create secure currency designs and implement effective detection mechanisms. Moreover, the geographical scope of this review extends to various countries where each region faces unique challenges and employs distinct methods to detect counterfeit notes, reflecting the global diversity in counterfeit threats. As the threat of counterfeit currency continues to evolve, this case by case analysis will serve as a valuable resource for banking and financial sectors, and researchers seeking to enhance counterfeit detection strategies and safeguard economies worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My aim in this paper is to show that Plato's Phaedo makes an important contribution to the development of ideas about the commensuration in value of heterogeneous items that is needed for practical reasoning and rational choice. Because the passage I focus on, the so-called 'right exchange' passage at 69a-c, has not usually been read this way, I motivate the reading by showing how it resolves some puzzles local to the Phaedo concerning the stark contrast Socrates develops between the virtues of philosophers and nonphilosophers, ordinary people who do not pursue wisdom single-mindedly, applying to the latter labels like 'strange', 'unreasonable', 'illusory' and 'slavish'. Socrates says that one should, and suggests that philosophers do, use wisdom as their currency whereas nonphilosophers use pleasure (and perhaps also pains, fears, etc., or bodily conditions in general) as their currency (or currencies). Although it has been generally understood that the basis for this contrast lies in how the two groups evaluate, the details have remained murky. I argue that it's due to the properties of pleasure (or bodily conditions in general) qua measure of value, in particular pleasure's context-dependence, that nonphilosophers' judgements about virtue, e.g. the courage and moderation of particular acts or people, are defective in the ways Socrates says they are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commissioned by Manchester International Festival, The Find (2023) was a participatory art project by conceptual artist Ryan Gander. It distributed non-monetary coin in public space to create what Gander termed “a currency of happenstance,” engaging chance procedures and choice. This essay discusses The Find’s participatory aesthetics and ethical claims, asking what its engagement with coin might elucidate regarding continuities and changes in cultural and economic life, and contemporary political struggles regarding money.

Marxist semiotics provides a comprehensive and critical framework for understanding and challenging the contemporary information society’s socioeconomic dynamics. By integrating Marxist theory and semiotics, this paper is to examine how commodities function as both material objects and carriers of meaning, and how digital advancements have intensified phenomena, such as alienated labor and symbolic consumption. Secondary data sources, including case studies and theoretical analyses, are utilized to explore real-world contexts that demonstrate the material and symbolic roles of digital commodities. Currency, as a meta-sign, interprets commodity signs and shapes societal values and relationships. The study addresses the information society, where the production, circulation, exchange and consumption of information form a cohesive trinity of media, intelligence and consumption. The fundamental arguments include the transformation of human survival in the digital age and the need for new academic interpretations, which contributes to both policy and theoretical discussions by bridging the gap between economic production and symbolic consumption. The study concludes with recommendations for further research on the socioeconomic implications of digital technologies.

Written in response to the Nordic Krone scheme described in Mandirola's (2025) fictional brochure, this essay continues the fiction, presenting a historical and archaeological look back on the Nordic Council 200 years after its formation. In confusing a measure of economic output (e.g. money) with the output itself, the Nordic Council has doomed its society to violence and collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the impact of macroeconomic variables on bitcoin prices in the United States. Bitcoin is one of the cryptocurrencies that has the highest price and the most users in the United States in recent years. This study uses monthly data on inflation, interest rates, USD/EUR rates, gold prices, and bitcoin prices. To achieve the objectives of this study, Dynamic Conditional Correlation (DCC) and Multivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (MGARCH) were used. The results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between the variables of inflation, interest rates, and USD/EUR rates affecting the price of Bitcoin in that period. Conversely, there is a positive and significant relationship between the price of gold and the price of Bitcoin in the United States during that period. An in-depth understanding of how macroeconomic factors such as inflation, interest rates and the USD/EUR rates affect Bitcoin price is key to making smart investment decisions in an increasingly complex crypto market. The findings of this analysis confirm that the significant relationship between macroeconomic variables and Bitcoin price provides deeper insights for investors to anticipate market movements and design adaptive investment strategies.

The article seeks to show that every means of payment admitted as money entails both the materialization of a commitment assumed by its issuer and potential benefits resulting from the provision of admissible transactional instruments. Consequently, the material and institutional changes experienced in the long term by the means of payment have implied modifications in the ways of formulating those commitments and in the way of negotiating the distribution of the reported benefits. The case of the Río de la Plata, an economy lacking in local metalliferous production, offers an observatory to understand how different governments materialized their commitments in means of payment and distributed the benefits resulting from their provision, demonstrating the changes experienced between the Hispanic and post-revolutionary periods to focus, then, on the change that opened the door to a period whose matrix has been sustained ever since: the irruption of the banking system and its payment instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Management international / International Management / Gestiòn Internacional is the property of Management International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Can technology protect investors from extreme losses? This paper investigates the short- and long-run hedging and safe haven properties of Bitcoin for the US dollar over the period 2010–2023, incorporating the COVID-19-related market turmoil. Our findings reveal that (i) Bitcoin acts as a strong hedge for all US dollar currency pairs examined, (ii) Bitcoin functions as a weak safe haven for the US dollar at short investment horizons, as indicated by a limited relationship during acute negative price movements, (iii) Bitcoin, instead of acting as a safe haven may, instead, increase aggregate risk at long horizons during periods of extreme losses. The analysis, performed using a series of horizon-dependent econometric tests, provides evidence of some US dollar risk-reduction benefits from Bitcoin but limited potential for enduring relief from long-run extreme negative US dollar rate movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay contrasts and explores the complementarity between "routinizing" modes of valuation (relating money tokens to monetary value) that predominate in the contemporary global north with "scrutinizing" modes found in the past and on the periphery of more familiar forms. The former treat the relationship between pecuniary media and money value as independent from the physical condition of specific money tokens which are held to be universally fungible. By contrast, the latter foreground the characteristics of notes and coins as singularized objects that exist within and are potentially reconfigured semiotically by the workings of time upon their physical surfaces. Scrutinizing modes may in turn be divided between systems that seek pristine money tokens that elide their own historicity and those that treat wear and tear as indexical of previous instances of successful valuation. Ultimately the essay identifies three provisional ideal typical modes for practices of money's valuation. Two of these, the systems of routinization in the contemporary global north and of circulation-focal scrutinization, might be taken to be antithetical. By contrast, the third, the hybrid routinizing-scrutinizing model(s) we encounter on the peripheries of the contemporary state-money system or anywhere confidence about money's value starts to break down highlights the potential coexistence and complementarity of different monies within a single disjunctive system. Such complementarity often takes the form of routinized low value and scrutinized high value currencies, yet local, historically sedimented practices are foremost in the formation of such hybrid forms. Examples are drawn from nineteenth century America and China and from contemporary Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the ora (with the symbol ɸ) as a trade instrument is inextricably linked to the history of Orania, a village on the southern bank of the Orange River in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The closest town to Orania is Hopetown (43 kilometres to the northwest). Or ania is about 160 kilometres south of Kimberley, the biggest city in the Northern Cape. Orania has a number of unique features. Firstly, all inhabitants are white and speak Afrikaans, with the implication that this is the language used for all activities (business, education, religion and social interaction). It is therefore viewed as a white Afrikaner cultural enclave. Secondly, the aim of Orania is self-determination as far as its future is concerned. In this context it has been described as a continuation of the Verwoerdian ideal of the 1960s. This aim is supported by “selfwerksaamheid” (loosely meaning “to work with our own for our own”), that is, a policy in terms of which preference is given to the employment of people from Orania. Thirdly, Orania has its own trade instrument, the ora, the symbol for which is ɸ. 2 The ora is described as a coupon used in settlement of cash transactions. Calling the ora currency would be a contravention of the South African Reserve Bank Act, 1989. The Orania Sakekamer [chamber of commerce] issues the ora. It is linked on a one-to-one basis to the South African rand, that is, at a rate of ɸ1,00 = R1,00. The inhabitants of Orania prefer to use ora when referring to amounts and this paper follows the same convention. Literature on Orania refers to the ora and its use in trade, but there is no research focusing on the development of the ora since it was first launched in 2004. This paper seeks to contribute to filling this gap in the existing literature. The ora serves the needs of the inhabitants of Orania. A population census undertaken in Orania in December 2021 and early in 2022 reported the town’s population as 2 377 people, of whom 1 635 were 20 years and older. The same census also showed that Orania comprised 649 households and 220 businesses. Based on the 2021/22 census, the total personal annual income of the residents of Orania in 2021 was estimated at ɸ295 672 222. Per capita personal annual income of the 2 377 inhabitants was therefore estimated at ɸ124 389. Based on the same census data, the annual household income in Orania was estimated at ɸ190 331 179. The difference in estimates cannot be explained in terms of the 2021/2022 census data and was previously highlighted as an area for further research. These estimates show some correlation with the survey data obtained from the 2021 business survey conducted in Orania. Business turnover in 2021 was estimated at Φ281 950 000. More research is necessary to ascertain whether the increase in the value of ora issued correlates at all with the growth rate of economic activity in Orania. If this correlation can be determined, ora in circulation will be a useful indicator of the growth of economic activities in Orania. The growth rate of ora coupons cannot be compared with growth in economic activity because the latter has not previously been calculated on a comparable basis. Recently research was published that will contribute to a basis for determining future economic growth. This research shows that the ora contributes to “community building” (a sense that the residents are building their own future) in Orania and limits cash risks in the town. However, the ora also has certain disadvantages for residents of Orania. Holders of ora coupons and dOra must exchange them for rand in Orania for cash transactions outside the town. Any discount that businesses grant on ora transactions reduces their turnover and gross profit. The fact that ora coupons are not machine-readable increases the administration costs of the coupons. The final conclusion is that the ora is inextricably linked to Orania. The town can exist without the ora, but the ora cannot exist without Orania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation can never be separated from one's daily life, such as going to school, office, market or other distant places. Transportation is divided into three namely, land, sea and air transportation. In Indonesia, land transportation is more widely used than air and sea transportation. Land transportation such as buses, private cars and trains. Bus is a means of land transportation that is ranked third most often used. This study aims to test product variations (co-creation) and service quality (service excellent) against the quality of experience (quality experience) with price (currency) as moderation. The number of respondents in this study was 108 respondents who had used Juragan 99 Trans Bus transportation services in the Bekasi Regency area. This population collection is non-probality sampling and the respondent retrieval technique is purposive sampling. This research was processed using regression techniques, where the processing used SmartPLS 3 software. This research proves 1) The variety of products (co-creation) offered by the Juragan 99 Trans Bus has an effect on the high quality of experience. 2) The quality of service (service excellent) offered by the Juragan 99 Trans Bus influences the high quality of experience (quality experience). 3) Product variations (co-creation) which are moderated by price (currency) influence the high quality of experience. 4) Quality of service (service excellent) which is moderated by price (currency) influences the high quality of experience (quality experience). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Iranian legal system, transactions involving foreign currencies have consistently been subject to governmental supervision and legislative scrutiny. This is due to the intrinsic relationship between foreign currencies and the value of the national currency, as well as their impact on matters of export and import. A further factor is the desire of the general public to invest in foreign currencies in Iran. This is motivated by a desire to maintain the value of their money, which is achieved by purchasing and holding foreign currencies, or by engaging in currency speculation and brokering. So many regulations have been passed regarding currency transactions including: circulars and monetary-banking regulations; Acts regarding the terms and conditions of foreign currency transaction; method of currency's price discovering; competent institutions; maximum volume of permitted exchangeable currencies, etc. The last legislative step regarding currency transactions in Iran, is the amendment Act of the "Combating Goods and Currency Smuggling Act" enacted on 1 January 2022. In these regulations, some requirements and formalities are prescribed for concluding and validating foreign currencies transactions. In the meantime, two legal descriptions of currency transactions are subject of this article: "Solemn", and "Real" description. So, we should examine that if these legal formalities make the currency transactions as a solemn contract? And moreover, is the "Delivery", a condition for validity of the currency transactions, and therefore it should be considered as a real contract? The method of this research is library and documentary, and the research approach is descriptive and analytical. Materials, includes Acts and regulations, as well as legal theories. The technical analysis will also refer to the legal principles and rules, including the general principles of contracts, as well as analogy and induction, and logical interpretation. The research plan will commence with an explanation of the concept of foreign currency and currency transactions. This will be followed by a separate analysis of each objective and formal statutory condition for concluding such a transaction, based on legal regulations and theories, as well as principles and rules. Thereafter, the legal description will be discussed, and finally, the research proposal will be presented. The research questions are: what formalities are prescribed in Iranian law, and especially in the latest legal amendments, for conducting currency transactions? Are the formalities as such a way that currency transactions become a solemn contract? Is the delivery a condition for the validity of such transactions and therefore currency transactions should be considered as a real contract? Assuming these two descriptions, what are the effects of them? And finally, whether these two works reasonable, acceptable and enforceable in Iran's current legal system or not? It seems that in the current Iran's legal system, and considering the set of foreign currency regulations and especially the recent amendments in the "Combating Goods and Currency Smuggling Act ", currency transactions should be considered as both solemn and real contract. As in the aforementioned Act, at the first, foreign currency transactions must be done with the intervention of imposed intermediary institutions; i.e. Banks and Exchanges and Financial & Credit Institutions (Paragraph (C) of the Supplementary Article 2 bis), that is considered a form of imposition on the contract parties, which is against the consensual principle. Also, it is necessary to register currency transactions in some governmental "Currency Registration Systems" (Paragraph (F) of Supplementary Article 2 bis), which is also an unusual formality for concluding a contract. Secondly, from the point of view of real contracts, not only currency transactions are a type of "Bay al-Sarf" (the classic contract for exchanging the gold and silver against each other, or exchanging the money for money) which is an obvious example of real contracts in Iran (Article 346 of the Civil Code); the Act of Combating Goods and Currency Smuggling, considers the delivery of currency, as an essential factor in all currency transactions (Paragraph (D) of the Supplementary Article 2 bis). Based on this definition, not only the statutory formalities in currency transactions are as legal condition for their concluding, and therefore in case of non-compliance with these formalities the transaction should be considered "Null"; the delivery is also a condition for validity of the contract. Moreover, the mechanism of currency's ownership proof has changed. So, despite the fact that currency is movable property, in many cases, possession does not prove the holder's ownership; Rather, proving the ownership will require the registration's receipt in the governmental currency systems (Paragraph (G) of the Supplementary Article 2 bis). Also, the ownership of currencies which have been obtained before or after the recent amendments Act, is subjected to two different types of proving mechanisms (Paragraph (H) of the Supplementary Article 2 bis): based on possession (old system), and based on governmental currency system's receipts (new system), which theoretically and practically, contains many difficulties. Finally, despite what said as a rule about the nullity of currency transactions without complying the statutory formalities, it seems that the "inopposabilité" (non-invocability, i.e. the contract is valid between its parties on one hand, and is invalid to the government and other third parties on the other hand), is fairer, more efficient, and more compatible with the practical position of foreign currencies in Iran, and therefore it is suggested to the legal doctrine, judicial precedent, and legislator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how the ongoing Ukraine-Russia war has affected the valuation of five European Union currencies: the Polish Zloty, Hungarian Forint, Czech Koruna, Swedish Krone, and Romanian Leu. Using high-frequency time series data and advanced statistical models, we analyze a 522-week period from 1 January 2013, to 24 February 2023, with 24 February 2022, as a key focal point. The Russia-Ukraine war had varying effects on the currencies of non-Eurozone countries. Poland, Hungary, and Sweden experienced significant impacts, while Czechia and Romania remained relatively stable. Our research also highlights the stability of the Euro as a reserve currency, which attracts investors during times of crisis and protects participating economies from currency fluctuations. Additionally, our analysis underscores the distinct impact of war on these currencies, influenced by their unique political, economic, and financial structures and strengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on India’s economy. The analysis focused on several economic metrics, including stock market prices, the rupee’s value in relation to the US dollar, economic activity, the unemployment rate, and the rate of inflation. Contrary to popular belief, the results demonstrate that during the first wave (25 March 2020 to 16 September 2020), the increasing number of cases had a beneficial influence on economic activity and a negative impact on the unemployment rate. The second wave, which lasted from 15 March 2021 to 17 July 2021, was considerably stronger and demonstrated how confirmed instances had a significant detrimental impact on inflation rates and stock values. Contrary to expectations, the third wave (December 28, 2021, to January 30, 2022) was found to be less intense. Overall, the report shows how the pandemic affected India’s economy during each of the three waves and notes that there have been encouraging signs of recovery during the return to normalcy phase. The government, scholars, policymakers, and economists will find this study useful in understanding how the COVID-19 Pandemic affected the Indian economy and in coming up with ideas for future risk mitigation measures. First published online 26 August 2024

In 2022, Edith Kekuhikuhipuʻuoneonāaliʻiōkohala Kenao Kanakaʻole (1913–1979) was selected to be featured on a U.S. quarter as part of the American Women Quarters program, a collaboration between the United States Mint, the Smithsonian’s American Women’s History Museum (AWHM), the National Women’s History Museum, and the Congressional Bipartisan Women’s Caucus that celebrates the accomplishments and contributions of American Women to a variety of fields. In 2023, the United States Mint and the AWHM partnered with Hawaiʻi Community College, the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo, and the Edith Kanakaʻole Foundation to organize a celebration of the quarter’s release. Collectively titled E Hō Mai Ka ʻIke: Celebrating the Launch of the Edith Kanakaʻole Quarter, the two-day event (May 5–6, 2023) showcased the vitality and innovative forms of contemporary Native Hawaiian visual and performing arts—a testament to Aunty Edith’s enduring legacy as it continues on through her descendants and students today.

Based on the analysis of the identified sources, the article examines the measures taken by the anti-Bolshevik authorities to regulate the circulation of foreign currency in the Russian Far East in 1919 in the context of historical events of the Civil War and intervention. The theoretical basis of the research is such methods of historical research as historical-genetic, historical-comparative methods, as well as the method of content analysis. Attempts to counter the currency dominance of the money market of the Russian Far East are described, the reasons for the failures of these measures of the white authorities are indicated.

The study aims to explore that as per United Nations Sustainable Development goals' (2015) targets, the entire world has to bring down its poverty levels from absolute poverty; i.e. people earning less than 2.15 dollars a day as prescribed in September 2022 by World Bank. This paper explores the economic impact of tourism industry in Pakistan to uplift economy to back step its poverty line, focusing the potential of tourism industry as a driver of economic growth and development. The study examines to check impact of certain variables such as travelers, international tourists and employment generation due to Tourist industry influencing its Economics growth, i.e. Gross Domestic Product, and proposes strategies to upgrade tourism industry to foster economic growth of the economy. To analyze data set Time series data is taken from the year 1995 to 2021 from world Development index and Ordinary least square method is applied using E-Views to check the results. Results depict that these variables have significant impact to upgrade economic growth of the country if we enhance tourism sector in Pakistan. The findings underscore the significance of strategic planning, investment, and E-marketing in harnessing the full potential of tourism in Pakistan. Pakistan have privilege to enjoy four seasons being hub of historical places and legacy of Mughal Empires from high peak mountains of Himalaya to the beauty of Kashmir, Desert of Thar to different valleys such as Hunza, Chitral, Rumbur and Leepa and plains, so visitors do have lots of attractions to come and visit Pakistan, now the need is to incorporate Pakistan's tourism industry with public private partnership to channelize its digital marketing and E bookings as well more financial support is required to maintain its traditional buildings and tourists places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research method used is quantitative method, where the object of this research is Scarlett Whitening users in the Bekasi Regency area. The sampling technique used is nonprobability sampling, specifically purposive sampling method. The sample size for this research is 114 people. This study examines correlation and regression using the SMARTPLS 4.0 program to test validity, reliability, goodness of fit model, and hypotheses. The conclusions drawn from this research are as follows: 1) Brand ambassadors employed by Scarlett Whitening have a positive impact on customer loyalty, although the effect is relatively weak. 2) Brand ambassadors moderated by currency have a positive impact on customer loyalty for Scarlett Whitening, although the effect is relatively weak. 3) Co-creation shows a strong positive influence on customer loyalty. 4) However, there is a component like co-creation moderated by currency that has a negative and insignificant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with developments in this modern era, women are required to be able to take care of themselves. Ms Glow is one of the lines under the auspices of PT. Cosmetika Cantik Indonesia was founded in 2013. Based on existing data, the Ms Glow facial care product is in third place but has won the Indonesian Best Brand Award (IBBA) in 2020 in the facial care category which is sold exclusively. This Ms Glow product has various kinds of skincare products with thousands of resellers in various cities in Indonesia. This research aims to test how much influence brand ambassadorship, co-creation has on customer loyalty which is moderated by currency in Ms Glow beauty products. This research was conducted within the boundaries of Bekasi Regency, the method used was a quantitative method with a sample size of 108 people, the technique used in sampling was nonprobability sampling with a purposive sampling method. This research tests correlation and regression with the help of the SMSRTPLS 3.0 program which is used to test validity and reliability, goodness of fit models and hypotheses. This research shows the results that: 1). brand ambassadors have an insignificant positive effect on customer loyalty, 2). co-creation has a significant positive effect on customer loyalty, 3). brand ambassador which is moderated by currency has a positive but not significant effect, 4). co-creation moderated by currency has no effect on customer loyalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author asserts that the credit multiplier of the country's banking system regulates the growth of the economy and characterizes the level of its development. It is proved that the limiter and the indicator of economic development is the share of value added by production in the aggregate product, which determines the existing technological mode. It is proved that the ratio of the nominal GDP to the monetary base of the Central Bank is identical to the product of the credit multiplier and the velocity of money circulation that is constant for each technological mode. Here, industrial economies, developed economies, and highly developed economies are considered. The marginal zero inflation multiplier is determined, at which the real GDP growth stops and a transition to a deflationary crisis occurs. It is established that the Central Bank's increase in the interest rate to reduce inflation leads to a sharp decrease in the multiplier and lending to production, while credit regulation allows us to reduce inflation by targeting without changing the interest rate and without reducing lending. A method for regulating the economy with a credit multiplier using an engineering calculator was developed. The economic recovery of Ukraine in 2024–2025 was simulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author asserts that the credit multiplier of the country's banking system regulates the growth of the economy and characterizes the level of its development and prove that the limiter and indicator of economic development is the share of value added by production in the aggregate product, which determines the existing technological mode. It is proved that the ratio of nominal GDP to the monetary base of the Central Bank is identical to the product of the credit multiplier and the speed of money circulation that is constant for each technological mode. We consider the industrialized economies, developed economies, and highly developed economies. The marginal zero inflation multiplier is determined, at which real GDP growth stops and a transition to a deflationary crisis occurs. It is established that the Central Bank's increase in the interest rate to reduce inflation leads to a sharp decrease in the multiplier and lending to production, while credit regulation allows us to reduce inflation by targeting, without changing the interest rate and without reducing lending. A model for regulating the economy with a credit multiplier has been developed using an engineering calculator and Ukraine's economic recovery in 2024-2025 has been simulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This work is aimed at assessing the impact of ATM and POS transactions on currency in circulation in Nigeria via the comparison of the Artificial Neural Network and Linear Regression models. The Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was used to assess the degree of relationship between currency in circulation and ATM transactions, currency in circulation and POS transactions, ATM transactions and POS transactions. In addition to this, a multiple linear regression model was also fitted on the data to in order to assess the impact of currency in circulation on ATM transactions and POS transactions. From the results obtained, it was observed that POS transactions have a significant impact on the amount of currency in circulation compared to ATM transactions because the value of POS transactions has a P-value of 1.5542E-13 which is significant at 0.05. This was further studied using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The Multilayer preceptor of ANN was adopted, with 70 percent of the data initially subjected to training and 30 percent for validity. Thereafter, the amount of training data was increased to 61.4% and testing data was increased to 38.6% and it was observed that there was corresponding increase in the R-square from 0.809 to 0.839. This shows that the R-square of the ANN can be improved by increasing the amount of training data and testing data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banks play an essential role in the economy, therefore, their performance must be maintained. Compared to other business sectors, the banking sector has continually achieved the greatest market shares over several periods. When a bank becomes more efficient, it can raise its income and market prices as well as investor confidence. This study examines various factors that influence operational efficiency and the implication for market prices. In 2016 – 2021 years, 28 banking companies were sampled from all banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Purposive sampling was used for data collection, and linear multiple regression was used for data processing by running tests such as descriptive statistics, determination, regression equations, hypotheses, and implications. The findings reveal a statistically significant relationship between a firm’s size, capital adequacy, loan-to-deposit ratio, net interest, and inflation with operational efficiency, while non-performing loans and exchange rates have no a substantial impact. Additionally, capital adequacy, loan-to-deposit ratio, inflation, and exchange rates had statistically significant effects on market prices, although operational efficiency, non-performing loans, and net interest did not. The mediating analysis reveals that there is no interaction between non-performing loans and net interest with market prices, but it is a mediator for other variables. The research is important for a variety of stakeholders, including managers, investors, and policymakers, who are interested in resolving banking business operations, increasing financial performance, and preserving market prices by establishing mitigation strategies related to specific-internal and external factors.

This article describes the creation of a Telegram bot that will help us quickly convert any currency into rubles. The main thing for the user will be the simplicity and speed of using this bot. And to a large extent it simplifies the work for many employees who often have to convert foreign currency into rubles. The goal is to create a convenient environment in which users can quickly and without much difficulty convert currencies into rubles. Method or methodology of work: the article considers a method in which any user, specifying the letter code of the currency, can find out the exchange rate for today in rubles. For realization the programming language Python and programming environment PyCharm are used. Result: a tool is developed by which the user can find out the ruble exchange rate in the selected currency. Scope of the results: the data will be used by bank employees or any other users who are interested in the ruble exchange rate.