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Foi estudada a cebolinha Todo Ano, cultivada em solo sem e com 10 t ha-1 de cama-de-frango semidecomposta aplicada em cobertura e com zero, uma e duas amontoas, com duas épocas de colheita. Os tratamentos foram arranjados como fatorial 2 x 3, no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. As plantas foram colhidas aos 64 dias após o plantio e aos 40 dias após o corte anterior (104 dias após o plantio). A maior (38,1 cm) e a menor (27,2 cm) altura das plantas foram obtidas no tratamento com e sem cama-de-frango em cobertura e uma amontoa, respectivamente. O maior diâmetro de coleto dos perfilhos foi de 5,92 mm aos 64 dias após o plantio, no tratamento com cama-defrango e sem amontoa e o menor foi de 4,56 mm aos 104 dias após o plantio, no tratamento sem cama-de-frango e com amontoa. A maior produção de massa fresca ocorreu na segunda colheita, em relação à primeira, independente dos fatores em estudo. A melhor renda total foi do tratamento com cama-de-frango e com duas amontoas (R$ 23.511,00), porque teria induzido lucro de R$ 2.611,00 em relação àquele com uma amontoa, que foi o pior dentro dos com cama-de-frango, e de R$ 13.619,00 em relação ao tratamento sem cama-de-frango e sem amontoas, que induziu o maior ganho nos sem cama-de-frango.‘Todo Ano’ bunching onion was studied and cultivated in soil without and with covering of semi-decomposed chicken manure in doses of 0 and 10 t ha-1 with 0, 1 and 2 hillings, with two harvest dates. The treatments were arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme, in an experimental randomized blocks design, with five replications. Plants were harvested 64 days after planting and 40 days after the last cut (104 days after planting). The tallest (38.1 cm) and the shortest(27.2 cm) plant heights were obtained using treatments with and without covering of chicken manure and one hilling, respectively. The widest diameter of the tiller neck was 5.92 mm at 64 days after planting in with chicken manure treatments and without hilling and the smallest was 4.56 mm at 104 days after planting, in without chicken manure treatment with one hilling. The greatest yield of fresh mass was on the second harvest, in relation to the first,regardless of the studied factors. The best total income was with chicken manure treatment and with two hillings (R$ 23,511.00) because it induced a gain of R$ 2,611.00 in relation to those with one hilling, which was the worst in with chicken manure treatments, and ofR$ 13,619.00 in relation to without chicken manure treatment and without hillings which induced the greatest gain in without chicken manure treatments.

'Todo Ano' bunching onion was studied and cultivated in soil without and with covering of semi-decomposed chicken manure in doses of 0 and 10 t ha-1 with 0, 1 and 2 hillings, with two harvest dates. The treatments were arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme, in an experimental randomized blocks design, with five replications. Plants were harvested 64 days after planting and 40 days after the last cut (104 days after planting). The tallest (38.1 cm) and the shortest (27.2 cm) plant heights were obtained using treatments with and without covering of chicken manure and one hilling, respectively. The widest diameter of the tiller neck was 5.92 mm at 64 days after planting in with chicken manure treatments and without hilling and the smallest was 4.56 mm at 104 days after planting, in without chicken manure treatment with one hilling. The greatest yield of fresh mass was on the second harvest, in relation to the first, regardless of the studied factors. The best total income was with chicken manure treatment and with two hillings (R$ 23,511.00) because it induced a gain of R$ 2,611.00 in relation to those with one hilling, which was the worst in with chicken manure treatments, and of R$ 13,619.00 in relation to without chicken manure treatment and without hillings which induced the greatest gain in without chicken manure treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grenz rays, or minimally penetrating X-rays, are known to be an effective treatment of certain recalcitrant immune-mediated skin diseases, but their use in modulating allograft rejection has not been tested. We examined the capacity of grenz ray treatment to minimize islet immunogenicity and extend allograft survival in a mouse model. In a preliminary experiment, 1 of 3 immunologically intact animals demonstrated long-term acceptance of their grenz ray treated islet allograft. Further experiments revealed that 28.6% (2 of 7) grenz ray treated islet allografts survived >60 d. A low dose of 20Gy, was important; a 4-fold increase in radiation resulted in rapid graft failure, and transplanting a higher islet mass did not alter this outcome. To determine whether increased islet allograft survival after grenz treatment would be masked by immunosuppression, we treated the recipients with CTLA-4 Ig, and found an additive effect, whereby 17.5% more animals accepted the graft long-term versus those with CTLA-4 Ig alone. Cell viability assays verified that islet integrity was maintained after treatment with 20Gy. As well, through splenocyte infiltration analysis, donor CD4+ T cell populations 24-hours after transplant were decreased by more than16-fold in recipients receiving irradiated islets compared with control. Donor CD8+ T cell populations, although less prevalent, decreased in all treatment groups compared with control. Our results suggest that brief treatment of isolated islets with low energy grenz rays before allotransplantation can significantly reduce passenger leukocytes and promote graft survival, possibly by inducing donor dendritic cells to differentiate toward a tolerogenic phenotype.