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This study mirrors the symbolic actions of cultural characters in Davao folk narratives. It utilized descriptive-narrative and narrative-conversational methods to collect and analyze the folk narratives in the Davao region. The Cultural Symbolism theory of Clifford Geertz was used to reveal the interweaving culture of the indigenous people. Thus, the symbolic actions present in the texts are the following: pangayaw (tribal war), divine intervention, hunting, trading, belief in the existence of heaven, usage of magical instruments, cursing and casting enchantments, and patronizing a Datu. Hence, this study contributes to the preservation of culture which is slowly vanishing due to the effects of colonization, modernization, and globalization. Thus, further studies on myths, folktales, folk songs, folk speeches, and folk epics should be done to promote the cultural awareness among postmodern Filipinos.

Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. is an important pathogen of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) that causes blight of leaf, panicle and fruits. Ecophysiological determinants favouring growth and sporulation are keys to understand the pathogen behaviour. Therefore, studies were conducted to assess the effect of different medium, carbon source, pH, temperature, relative humidity and exposure to UV radiation on growth and sporulation of A. alternata under in vitro conditions. Results showed that the maximum mycelia growth rate was on Host Leaf Extract Dextrose Agar but sporulation was the maximum on Potato Dextrose Agar medium. The mycelia growth was more with dextrose as carbon source but the maximum dry weight was recorded in maltose amended medium. Optimum pH for mycelia growth was 6.0, and below or above this pH, mycelia growth was slow. It was evident that the maximum mycelia growth rate and germination of conidia were at 30 °C. The thermal death point of A. alternata was found to be 45 °C with 10 min. exposure. The maximum mean growth rate and germination percent was recorded at 100% relative humidity. The growth rate decreased with increasing exposure time to UV‑B rays up to 20 min, but at exposure time 25 and 30 min, colony changed to profuse mycelia growth with smaller sporulating zone in the centre compared to untreated dishes. The findings of the study will be helpful in understanding epidemiology and devising management strategies of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory studies were conducted on the effect of culture media on the growth and bio-mass production of A. jasmini causing leaf blight of jasmine. In the present study, potato dextrose agar medium significantly supported the maximum (72.10 mm) growth followed by host extract medium (68.59 mm), beetroot dextrose agar (65.51 mm) and peas dextrose agar (63.60mm). Among the isolates tested, I1 from B. mutlur had the highest mean mycelial growth of (75.94 mm) followed by I5 from Melakadu (74.45 mm) and I2 from Theethampalayam (72.01 mm). Among the liquid media tested, potato dextrose broth recorded the highest mean mycelial dry weight (619.31 mg/100 ml) followed by host extract broth (592.48 mg/100ml). and isolate I1 recorded the highest mean mycelial dry weight (665.47mg/100ml), where as the least mean mycelial dry weight (500.30 mg/100ml) was found in I6 in carrot dextrose broth. In general, all the seven isolates grow well on PDA and produced sporulation. Of these, isolate I1 recorded maximum mycelial growth (89.00 mm) and quick sporulation (9 days). The colony colour and shape of conidia in all the isolates were similar (Brown colour) and conidial colour varied from brown, golden brown and deep brown. The colony colour of all the isolates were similar (Brown) with slight variation in the margin either roundish or irregular with white margin. The number of cells in each conidia may varied from 2-9. Zonation is present in isolate-I1, where as absent in remaining isolates. Hence, each and every pathogen require various culture media for their growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

24 species of lignicolous macromycetes from 4 taxonomic families and 2 orders, Class Agaricomycetes, Phyllum Basidiomycota, have been analyzed. The cultural characters of these isolates had been observed, some of them being little studied till now. The dikaryotic mycelium from the trama of the sporoms was used for the isolation purpose. The fungal isolates were cultivated onto malt extract-agar media (malt extract 20g l-1) and incubated at 25 °C, in the dark, for 6 weeks. The cultures were observed directly and using a Nikon stereomicroscope in order to measure the growth rhythm and to observe the changes of the colonies: edge, surface, reverse, shape, colour, smell, presence or absence of the exudates. After 6 weeks from the inoculation, microscopic slides were made in order to investigate the types of hyphae, the colour and the structure of the mycelium and to note the presence of particular elements: cuticle, chlamydospors, arthrospores, conidia, and basidia. We noticed that the analyzed species present similar characters but also significant differences between them.

Leaf spot disease of Aloe vera caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler agg. had high variability among different isolates. This study was conducted on pathogenicity, cultural and physiological (temperature and pH) characters. The disease incidence was maximum in Kottampatti of Madurai District (64.92 per cent) of Tamil Nadu, India followed by Sindhalachery of Theni District (58.83 per cent). Carrot dextrose medium favoured the highest mycelial growth of the pathogen both in solid (8.48cm) and liquid (2.08g/100ml) state. The thermal death point and pH for the growth of A. alternata (Fr.) was 47oC and 5.5 pH respectively. The isolates of A. alternata differed in length, width and beak of conidia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

24 species of lignicolous macromycetes from 4 taxonomic families and 2 orders, Class Agaricomycetes, Phyllum Basidiomycota, have been analyzed. The cultural characters of these isolates had been observed, some of them being little studied till now. The dikaryotic mycelium from the trama of the sporoms was used for the isolation purpose. The fungal isolates were cultivated onto malt extract-agar media (malt extract 20g l-1) and incubated at 25 °C, in the dark, for 6 weeks. The cultures were observed directly and using a Nikon stereomicroscope in order to measure the growth rhythm and to observe the changes of the colonies: edge, surface, reverse, shape, colour, smell, presence or absence of the exudates. After 6 weeks from the inoculation, microscopic slides were made in order to investigate the types of hyphae, the colour and the structure of the mycelium and to note the presence of particular elements: cuticle, chlamydospors, arthrospores, conidia, and basidia. We noticed that the analyzed species present similar characters but also significant differences between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyporus phyllostachydis is described and illustrated as a new species. This species is characterized by its occurrence on bamboo roots, the small and centrally stipitate basidiocarps, the white pileus, usually becoming darker from the center at maturity, and the cylindrical stipe with a distinct crust. Morphological characters of the present species were compared with those of P. cryptopus and P. rhizophilus, other rhizophilic species of the genus. Polyporus cryptopus and P. rhizophilus are morphologically distinct by contextual texture, basidiospores, and hyphae, and possibly represent two distinct species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]