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A common indicator used to examine the frequency and distribution of antibiotic resistance against other enteric bacteria in humans and animals is the commensal enteric bacterium, Escherichia coli. The transmission of plasmids harboring ESBL enzymes, primarily generated by E. coli, is the cause of this resistance. The purpose of this study was to identify the CTX-M gene in ESBL-producing E. coli from broiler chicken cloacal swabs in traditional Surabaya markets. The samples used were 96 cloacal swabs from broiler chickens in the traditional markets of Dukuh Kupang, Keputran, Pacar Keling, and Pucang. The antibiotic disks used in this study belonged to five different antibiotic classes; they are aztreonam (monobactam), chloramphenicol (phenicol), kanamycin (aminoglycoside), ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), and tetracycline (tetracycline). Presumptive ESBL strains were then molecularly screened for the presence of CTX-M gene. Results revealed that out of the 96 chicken cloacal swab samples collected, 58 (60.42%) were positive for E. coli based on morphological culture, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. Additionally, 15 out of the 58 E. coli isolates recovered from broiler chicken cloacal swabs were multidrug-resistant (MDR) while 7 of E. coli isolates harbored CTX-M gene. Conclusively, this study has shown that broiler chickens sold in traditional Surabaya markets harbor MDR E. coli which possess CTX-M gene. Conditions in traditional markets with low levels of cleanliness and chickens placed close together can spread resistance genes with serious public health consequences. Therefore, it is imperative to observe good hygienic practices in Surabaya traditional markets in order to curtail the spread of MDR bacterial pathogens in the food chain.

A common indicator used to examine the frequency and distribution of antibiotic resistance against other enteric bacteria in humans and animals is the commensal enteric bacterium, Escherichia coli. The transmission of plasmids harboring ESBL enzymes, primarily generated by E. coli, is the cause of this resistance. The purpose of this study was to identify the CTX-M gene in ESBL-producing E. coli from broiler chicken cloacal swabs in traditional Surabaya markets. The samples used were 96 cloacal swabs from broiler chickens in the traditional markets of Dukuh Kupang, Keputran, Pacar Keling, and Pucang. The antibiotic disks used in this study belonged to five different antibiotic classes; they are aztreonam (monobactam), chloramphenicol (phenicol), kanamycin (aminoglycoside), ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), and tetracycline (tetracycline). Presumptive ESBL strains were then molecularly screened for the presence of CTX-M gene. Results revealed that out of the 96 chicken cloacal swab samples collected, 58 (60.42%) were positive for E. coli based on morphological culture, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. Additionally, 15 out of the 58 E. coli isolates recovered from broiler chicken cloacal swabs were multidrug-resistant (MDR) while 7 of E. coli isolates harbored CTX-M gene. Conclusively, this study has shown that broiler chickens sold in traditional Surabaya markets harbor MDR E. coli which possess CTX-M gene. Conditions in traditional markets with low levels of cleanliness and chickens placed close together can spread resistance genes with serious public health consequences. Therefore, it is imperative to observe good hygienic practices in Surabaya traditional markets in order to curtail the spread of MDR bacterial pathogens in the food chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli is one of the ESBL-producing bacteria responsible for the rise of antibiotic resistance. The most common type of ESBL-encoding gene is cefotaximase (CTX). The aim of study was to identify CTX-encoding gene among Escherichia coli on Layer Chicken in Blitar, Indonesia by using DNA-based techniques. To do this, a total of 130 swab cloacal samples were randomly collected from layer chicken in 4 districts of Blitar. Samples was initially cultured on MacConkey agar and Eosin Methyllen blue agar. Subsequently, the suspected isolates were identified in TSIA test and IMVIC biochemistry test. The method of Confirmation test ESBL-producing Escherichia coli was performed by Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST), and the final characterization of the isolates were conducted using VITEK® 2 Compact. Following that, the identified isolates were exposed to PCR amplification for the presence of CTX gene in ESBL-producing Escherichia coli, followed by the visualization of the amplicons in the electrophoresis. Overall, the results was showed that 80% of the ESBL-positive isolates contained CTX gene. In conclusion, this report the high frequency of CTX gene in ESBL producing Escherichia coli, and thereby posing a significant threat for the animal and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli is one of the causes of infection in humans and animals which can easily cause resistance to antibiotics, one of which is resistance caused by ESBL. This study used 160 broilers cloaca swabs from 6 subdistricts in Blitar District. Isolation of Escherichia coli using Mac Conkey Agar selective media, and identified by biochemical testing of IMVIC and TSIA. Escherichia coli resistance test uses 5 different types of antibiotics, including beta lactam (Ampicillin), aminoglycoside (Streptomycin) group, macrolide group (Erythromicin), tetracycline (Tetracycline) group, and sulfonamide group (Sulfamethoxazole-Trimetropin). ESBL-producing Escherichia coli bacteria were confirmed by the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) method. CTX gene characterization using the PCR method. The results showed that 45 isolates (97.8%) were Escherichia coli isolates producing ESBL CTX encoding gene found in broiler cloaca swabs in Blitar district. Positive results on the CTX gene showed electrophoretic results of the samples depicting the same fragment as positive control with a gene length of 550 bp. Escherichia coli which has MDR resistance properties in broiler chickens in Blitar District there were 137 isolates from a total of 160 Escherichia coli. The incidence rate of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in cloaca swabs in broiler chickens with the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) method in the results of this study showed 46 (28.75%) positive isolates of ESBL. These results indicate that the spread of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli is high, therefore it can cause spreading antimicrobial resistance to animal and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective of the study is to investigate the impact of cultivating temperature and medium on the terms of persistence, ctx gene retention, and enzymatic activity of V. cholerae O1 with various toxigenicity.Materials and methods. Utilized were the strains of V. cholerae El Tor: P-5879, P-19613, and also the strain P-19787.Results and conclusions. In the process of studying cholera vibrios El Tor with different genetic characteristics it was determined that the longest terms of persistence (19 days) on mineral substrates at 5 ºC were observed for toxigenic strains, while for non-toxigenic ones it made less than 17 days. At the same time cholera vibrios can persist continuously and even reproduce on mineral substrates under the conditions of subnormal lowered temperatures (not less than 10 °C). Toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae, irrespectively of cultivating medium and temperature, retained ctx gene in their genome and maintained enzymatic activity throughout the experiment. Such long-term persistence of cholera vibrios at low temperatures on mineral substrates may be regarded as possibility of preservation of V. cholerae toxigenic strains in case of import by the infected persons or vibrio-carriers.

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of Vibrio cholerae in environmental water samples by using a series of biochemical tests. A total of 223 V. cholerae -like bacteria were isolated from TCBS agar after spreading the alkaline peptone water enriched sewer ( n = 21) and water ( n = 16) samples. All oxidase positive isolates were subjected to confirmation for V. cholerae by seven other biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction. Only 74.2% isolates were found to be V. cholerae by PCR using primers against an outer membrane protein ( ompW ) gene, out of which only 2 isolates were positive for cholera toxin ( ctxAB ) gene. Among the various biochemical tests studied, arginine hydrolysis, arabinose fermentation and string test showed 92 – 100% sensitivity and 42 – 67% specificity. Eight isolates including the toxigenic ones, showed agglutination with V. cholerae O1 antiserum. The present study showed that no biochemical test is 100% specific for V. cholerae . However, a few tests, if performed in a sequence after growing the alkaline peptone water enriched samples onto TCBS media can be used for screening of V. cholerae from the environmental samples. This study also showed that most of the environmental isolates are non-O1/non-O139 and the chances of presence of toxigenic V. cholerae are very rare in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the DNA of bacteriophage φCTX, the attachment site ( attP), the cohesive end site ( cos), and the gene ( ctx) encoding the pore-forming cytotoxin, are clustered. Deletion variants and PCR-generated fragments of the DNA were cloned into the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli vector pHA10. Recombinant plasmids carrying the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, cat, were used for promoter studies. Two promoters responsible for ctx expression are located between attP and cos and between cos and ctx, the promoter upstream of cos being stronger than the one downstream. The promoters and the ribosomal binding site are recognized by both the P. aeruginosa and E. coli transcriptional systems. The results indicate that chromosomal integration of φCTX DNA, which requires cos site ligation, is necessary for high ctx expression in φCTX-infected P. aeruginosa strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]