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Maritime security threats in the East African coastal peripheries are greatly interwoven with local crimes, economies, and socio-political lifestyles. How crimes are viewed, defined, and categorised as legal and illegal by the locals elucidates how the crime-terrorism nexus is contextualised in specific localities along the coastal seafronts. Often, financial-motivated crimes have the potential to go hand in hand with ideologically driven terrorist activities, where both syndicates operate discreetly in these communities. Based on an ethnographic study in Kenya, this article interrogates the local meanings and understandings of criminal activities in peripheral societies to determine how local crimes intersect with terrorism-related activities. The crisscrossing modus operandi of criminal syndicates and terrorist networks provides each other with safe havens, secrecy in operations, and a vulnerable base of supporters in environments where state-citizen relationships are deteriorating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organized crime and related economic crime are the focus of interest for all modern, well-organized states. Theoreticians generally agree that organized crime has closely followed the development of modern states, while economic crime has evolved with the development of the economy and business, both at national and supranational levels, alongside the expansion of information and communication technologies. Despite being viewed as two distinct types of crime, economic and organized crime are highly interdependent and interconnected. While a small number of economic crime offenses lack the characteristics of organized crime, a significant number of criminal activities exhibit organized elements within the realm of the economy and economic activities. Thus, the relationship between these two types of crime is directly proportional, wherein the development of organized crime follows the development of economic crime, and vice versa. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the paper consists of three interconnected and interrelated parts. The first part elucidates the philosophy of organized crime. It highlights the problems of defining, the lack of a unique definition, and its multidisciplinary nature. Additionally, it presents the most significant characteristics and manifestations of organized crime in theory and practice. The second part deals with the issues of economic crime. Similarly to the first part, it discusses the process of determining and defining the concept of economic crime, presenting its basic characteristics and contemporary types. Finally, the third part of the paper examines the relationship between these two categories of crime.

The underground economy, which includes unlawful activities such as fraud, illegal labour, and crime, has received much attention because of its economic and social growth consequences. This article will analyze the underground economy's components, size, causes, and impacts. The study employs comprehensive econometrics, statistical research, quantitative approaches, and real-world data from numerous countries. This study offers insight into the scale of the underground economy and its impact on society by examining descriptive statistics and doing cross-sectional studies. The underground economy is a vast and complex system encompassing various activities, from tax evasion and benefit fraud to counterfeiting and financial scams. It is estimated that the underground economy accounts for up to 30% of global GDP and can significantly impact economic growth, tax revenue, and public safety. The subsequent chapter examines the components of the underground economy, including fraudulent activities, counterfeit goods, and financial scams. It also discusses the challenges of detecting and preventing underground economic activity and the potential consequences of the underground economy for society. The paper calls for a more comprehensive approach to combating the underground economy, including measures to strengthen law enforcement, improve financial regulations, and educate the public about the risks of underground economic activity. This study investigated the relationship between the size of the population and the size of the underground economy in OECD countries. A quantitative research approach was used, and data were collected from secondary sources. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and EXCEL. The results showed a positive, linear relationship between the population and the underground economy. A stratified sampling method to collect data from OECD countries was used, where the data sources included government reports, tax records, academic research, and international databases. The data was analyzed using a simple linear regression model. The study concluded that there is enough evidence at a 95% confidence interval to suggest that the size of a country's population is directly proportional to the size of its underground economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Business Consultant / Poslovni Konsultant is the property of FINconsult Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article investigates the effect of crime on firm entry rates in Italian provinces over the period 2007–2016. The extant literature focuses mainly on the relationship between crime and the sorting of new businesses. The present paper contributes to this stream of work by estimating the effect of crime on the overall propensity to engage in entrepreneurial activities across a national territory. We measure the extent to which property and violent crime affect firm entry rates using an instrumental variable approach in which the instrument for criminal activity is the effective abortion rate. Our findings suggest that crime has a negative, sizable impact on firm entry. The results are robust to alternative instrumental variables and firm entry indicators. This empirical exercise emphasizes the need to consider loss of new business activities as a downstream effect when computing the social costs of crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airports are critical infrastructures that require special protection. Public spaces are considered vulnerable areas and a possible target for general crime as well as terrorism. Because of the latest terrorist attacks which targeted vulnerable areas in airports, it is essential to test proactive methods capable of helping to detect potential threats. In this context, there are also other illicit activities closely related to civil air transport, which must also be addressed. First, we propose a theoretical framework to explain the presence and detection of anomalous behaviors. Therefore, in this research, we start by analyzing the behavior of airport users (N = 352) in terms of "patterns of movement," "patterns of communication," indicators activated by the autonomic nervous system, and object adaptors. The results show significant differences in both movement and communication patterns between those who commit illegal acts and those who do not. No significant differences were found related to indicators coming from the autonomous nervous system or the object adaptors. Six significant behaviors account for the 49% of the variance in those who commit illegal activities. Three significant behaviors account for the 19% of the variance in those who possess background records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a focus on the ways that Covid-19 has impacted everyday life in urban Latin America, this article examines the shifting activities of organized criminal groups in the context of a global pandemic. Using grounded ethnographic fieldwork drawn from Brazil, it asks whether a health crisis with direct life and death consequences has empowered illicit actors, and by so doing changed longstanding relationships between illicit actors and citizens on one hand, and/or illicit actors and local authorities on the other. Its larger aim is to understand whether and how the global pandemic has impacted governance by producing new scalar and sovereignty tensions between state and non-state actors at the scale of the city, and with what implications for the legitimacy of national authorities and democratic governance more generally.

Using a focus on the ways that Covid-19 has impacted everyday life in urban Latin America, this article examines the shifting activities of organized criminal groups in the context of a global pandemic. Using grounded ethnographic fieldwork drawn from Brazil, it asks whether a health crisis with direct life and death consequences has empowered illicit actors, and by so doing changed longstanding relationships between illicit actors and citizens on one hand, and/or illicit actors and local authorities on the other. Its larger aim is to understand whether and how the global pandemic has impacted governance by producing new scalar and sovereignty tensions between state and non-state actors at the scale of the city, and with what implications for the legitimacy of national authorities and democratic governance more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central banks and governments all over the world are increasingly exploring digital versions of fiat money, known as retail Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). Most initiatives rely on Distributed Ledger Technologies and are presented as alternatives to physical cash. Consequently, anonymity-related regulatory questions have naturally started to arise in terms of Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing compliance. Against this backdrop, this paper provides a techno-legal taxonomy of approaches to balance privacy and transparency in CBDCs without thwarting accountability, but it also underlines cross-sectoral impacts. The contribution heeds regulation-by-design as its core methodological foundation, with Privacy-Enhancing Technologies as the relevant use case. Thus, it highlights that not only technology aids legal purposes, but also that some regulatory requirements ought to be designed into technology for one to reach agreed-upon results and/or standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "white-collar" crime is synonymous with the full rage of frauds committed by business and government professionals. These crimes are characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust and are not dependent on the application or threat of physical force or violence. Within the "white-collar" crime included all forms of economic and financial crime, such as bribery, tax evasion, falsification of tax books, fake bankruptcies, etc, that is, a group of crimes that can be committed by privileged perpetrators by exploiting their own position, reputation, power, and influence. The motives behind the commission of "white-collar" crimes primarily are the wish for control in society, fear and anxiety of dwindling from the social status, lack of social consciousness and integrity, weak and ineffective internal controls of organizations and departments, greed and hunger of wealth, monetary and financial gains and ineffective and ineffectual corporate culture in economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the criminal activities which have been identified as hindering and crippling the tourism industry at uMhlathuze Local Municipality in the KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. The main aim of the study was to establish if any mechanisms are in place to curb crime and enhance the safety of tourists within the study area. A structured questionnaire survey and face-to-face interviews were used to collect data. The study used a convenience sampling method to select 124 participants, from different parts of the study area. The results indicate that even though there are some mechanisms in place criminal activities continue occurring in and around uMhlathuze Local Municipality. Some of these criminal activities are not reported to the local authorities and are not known by the community members and thus downplayed. This study recommends that organizations such as Tourism KwaZulu-Natal that are responsible for marketing and promoting tourism, together with uMhlathuze Local Municipality tourism support officers should bring some safety measures and crime tourism awareness by organizing workshops and seminars related to tourist’s safety and security at different towns and villages of the local municipality, targeting youths.

Victims or offenders? The principle of non-punishment and the critical protection of unaccompanied minors exploited in criminal activities in Italy. This paper deals with young people who committed an offence when they were minors, in the framework of child exploitation or as a result of it. The focus is on art. 18, para. 6, of the Italian Legislative Decree 286/1998, and the current obstacles to its implementation. The specific question addressed by this article is how and by whom trafficked minors, who are exploited in criminal activities, are identified and protected. To do so, the authors will build on the socio-anthropological literature on labelling processes. The empirical material draws from the qualitative research carried out in Italy within the framework of the INSigHT Action. The discussion can be contextualized within the broader topic of the non-punishment principle that has not been transposed into the Italian legislation yet, with the aim to contribute to the ongoing debate on non-punishment and on the protection of unaccompanied minors victims of trafficking more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the new evidence offered by Jorge Luis García, James J. Heckman and Anna L. Ziff's paper entitled "Early Childhood Education and Crime." The paper showcased the impact of crime reduction from high-quality intensive early childhood programs. Its distinct advantage from other similar research attempts is it's long-term follow-up. The data collected were evaluated by randomized controlled trials, and this present article is interested in reviewing the results using a descriptive qualitative method. It is found, proportionally, more women than men reduce their criminal activities after participating in this program. Gender influences the experiences, giving a difference because the home environment of disadvantaged families that are mainly benefited by this program is typically worse for girls. This program of educating children with the particular purpose of shaping their morality and understanding of good and bad gives a suitable scope for better improvement by the program. For both sexes, the effect of treatment is greater for disadvantaged children, as measured by the education given by their mothers.

The insecurity challenges in Nigeria such as ethno-religious conflict, communal clashes, Kidnapping, murder, cultism, militancy etc. have become daily occurrence and these have been compounded by the rising waves of terrorism since the return to democratic rule in 1999.The resultant effects of these, are loss of lives and properties of the citizens. The challenges of insecurity are traceable to lapse of intelligence gathering and its proper utilization. The paper adopts as its theoretical framework, the theory of structural functionalism to examine intelligence gathering and challenges of insecurity in Nigeria. The secondary data method is adopted by use of police records, internets newspapers and academic journal for data collection. The paper argues that there is positive relationship between the effective intelligence gathering and the state of security. The paper recommends among others, the training and retraining of personnel of intelligence community to be able to meet up with current trend and changes in contemporary Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Poder Aéreo is the property of Escuela de Postgrados de la Fuerza Aerea Colombiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urbanization has created numerous social problems, among which is crime that became a common phenomenon to all urban areas in both developed and developing nations. Recent unimaginable levels of the world urbanization coincides with rise in urban crimes in many parts of the world, as the rate of unemployment had been on the increase and coupled with increased poverty among the urban poor. Nature of crime is not uniform but varies from one geographical region to another. In some areas, property crime is more common while in others, crime on person (violent) is prevalent. Crime is not being plagued by a singular factor anywhere it occurred, there are variant factors that influence criminal activities. However, key factors that persuade criminal behaviours of potential offenders includes: unemployment, poverty, bad governance and weaknesses in law enforcement or crime-control agencies. These four key factors were discussed in this paper with hope of bringing out nature of urban crimes that bedevilled properties and people safety for taking management and prevention measures.

The mainly goal of money laundering is to carry out more and more illegal economic transactions or activities to produce individual or groups gains and then to legitimate them. Money laundering converts illicit source of money generated by criminal activities in order to hide the connection between money and their original illegal activities. This is one of money laundering side. The second side implies corruption. While money laundering is a passing channel for illicit funds due to its criminal origin source, such funds may derive from corruption offences. All corruption’s forms represent the most important illicit funds branches for money laundering process. Corrupt people methods used to exploit the national and international financial system reflect the relationship between those two criminal activities. Criminals achieve their personal interests by hiding their corruption proceeds and transfer these gains to official economies. Corruption spread in any society entails money laundering spread, and the converse, too. There is a quite “indecent” relationship between money laundering and corruption. This paper tries to identify the multiple connections between the two phenomenons showing the negative impacts these criminal behaviours are having on the national and international economy. We conclude by highlighting the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach in order to fight against money laundering and corruption by integrating these problem frameworks at national level. International community must focus their resources on money laundering and corruption risks areas and maximize their response impact.

The phenomenon of corruption characterizes mainly the societies in transition, which are more vulnerable and go through a state of disorganization, therefore not being representative for the Romanian society only. Corruption has a direct impact on the economic and social development and destroys the benefits of the free market economy. The rules of the market economy are distorted, and the companies "bid based on commission" in order to obtain a profitable economic contract. Corruption involves an illegal agreement, based on a criminal negotiation process, in order to fulfill certain interests of economic nature in the benefit of the involved parties, among which one is a public clerk. The criminal activity usually takes place under conditions of unlawfulness and confidentiality. The capacity of the state bodies which have attributions in preventing and fighting against this phenomenon is diminished, under the aspect of the possibility to acquire certain information with an operative value, by the hidden, insidious character of the criminal negotiation. In order to ensure an effective frame of operative monitoring of the areas and sectors with criminal potential from the corruption point of view, we must start from identifying the sources of information and checking attentively their truthfulness, in order to trigger the criminal investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technical advancements initiated a rapid increase in criminal activity over time. For the prevention of these criminal activities, preventive measures are needed. In order to monitor these illicit activities and enhance public safety, crime rate detection is essential. Social media can be used to identify crime rates in various parts of any nation, which can dramatically lower crime rates. Social media are a source of information as well as a tool for communication. Twitter, which has a user base of more than 300 million, makes a suitable choice for data analysis. The Spizella swarm based BiLSTM classifier is used for the detection of crime rate in this research. While performing social network analysis using the BiLSTM classifier for the determination of crime rate providing faster convergence is a crucial factor and this faster convergence is achieved by the proposed Spizella swarm optimization. BiLSTM classifier effectively identified the crime rate and the BiLSTM performance is boosted by the Spizella swarm optimization where the escaping characteristics of Spizella improve the convergence and help in attaining desired results Additional training is given by the BiLSTM classifier by traversing the outputs and this BiLSTM classifier are more efficient in the text classification. Measuring the metrics values for accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method and the proposed Spizella swarm optimization achieved an improvement of 0.5 %, 1.16 %, and 1.08 %, which is more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of the upsurge of corruption in Nigeria is troubling. The menace of corruption is not new since it is a global phenomenon. However, corruption is pandemic in Nigeria. It cuts across the different tiers and arms of government and the private sectors. It has been identified as a major challenge to national development. Hence, this paper examines corruption and sustainable development in Nigeria. The paper made use of secondary data collected from daily newspapers, internets, journal, Government publications, and library materials. It anchored on the Differential Association of Crime for its theoretical framework. The kernel of the paper rests on the fact that corrupt practices among the political leadership class have resulted in undermining the growth and stability of the nation's economy. It is also observed that corruption increases poverty level which also increases criminal activities in the country. The paper, therefore, recommends that corrupt leaders should be probed and ordered to refund the stolen money. Apart from the establishment of anti-corruption agencies, these agencies should no longer be under the control of the executive arm of government but under the control of judiciary particularly the Supreme Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores prevailing conditions of frustration amongst the youth of Pakistan due to poverty and unemployment. The data was analyzed using a qualitative approach. The objective of this study is to highlight the major challenges leading to unemployment and also to focus on how to eliminate frustration from the society as this frustration is further more leading to criminal activities. To eradicate frustration from society, one must need to figure out the drawbacks of inadequate job placements as well as how it leaves its impacts on society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author is pointing out the activities of the border police in the Republic of Macedonia, mostly to reveal the criminal activities at the Macedonian borders in the period of 2012. Namely, the author analyzes data related to the illegal crossing of the state border, illegal stay of foreign citizens in the Republic of Macedonia, reject entering of foreign citizens into the Republic of Macedonia, foreigners who request asylum in the Republic of Macedonia, number of persons that are using false documents, etc.

The children of today are future of tomorrow. In India children ageing 0-14 years comprise one third of the total population of country. Every child having conducive and enabling environment can blossom every sphere of life. The journey however involves components like child survival, child development, and child protection; but for sure need a safe and non-discriminatory environment. The study here aimed at understanding causes of juvenile delinquency and helps to find the measures required for the positive development of the child in conflict with law. The objective here is to provide a causal framework regarding various factors contributing towards juvenile delinquency like poverty, literacy, employability etc. The study attempts to find relationship among various factors with the help of correlation analysis. A linear regression model has been developed to found the impact of factors on juvenile delinquency. On SPSS, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique has been used to check various hypotheses regarding associability among all factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Use a longitudinal birth cohort to evaluate the association of traumatic brain injury at ages 0 to 5, 6 to 15, and 16 to 21 years with drug and alcohol abuse and engagement in criminal activities. Main Measures: Follow-up over 21 to 25 years using self-report of dmg and alcohol use, arrests, and violent and property offenses. Outcomes were assessed for 2 levels of severity (inpatient, hospitalized; outpatient, seen by general practitioner or at emergency department). Participants: Members of the Christchurch Health and Development Study, a longitudinal birth cohort. Setting: Christchurch, New Zealand. Results: Adjusted for child and family factors, compared with noninjured individuals, inpatients injured at 0 to 5 years or 16 to 21 years were more likely to have symptoms consistent with dmg dependence. All inpatient groups had increased risk of arrest, with the age groups of 0 to 5 and 6 to 15 years more likely to be involved in violent offenses and the age group of 0 to 5 years more likely to engage in property offenses. Outpatient group had an increased risk of violent offenses for first injury 0 to 5 years, arrests and property offenses for injury 6 to 15 years, and increased risk of arrests and violent offenses for injury 16 to 21 years of age. However, when alcohol dependence and dmg dependence were added as an additional covariate, traumatic brain injury was no longer associated with criminal behavior for the age group of 0 to 5 years. Conclusions: Traumatic brain injury is associated with increased criminal behavior and may represent a risk factor for offending. However, early substance use is a mediating factor for those injured early in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crime detection and their prediction is a fundamental process to reduce criminal activities before they actually happen. Moreover, the detection method is vital since can it potentially can save the victim's life, avoid all-time strain, and harm to the public/private property. In addition, it can be useful in predicting the possible terrorist activities. Crime detection using deep learning models is an attention-grabbing research area. Detecting and reducing the criminal activities is imperative to develop a peaceful society. Video surveillance automates the hazardous situations and enables a law enforcement system to take effective steps towards public safety. In this paper, an end-to-end deep learning model is proposed which is based on Bi-directional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU) and Convolutional neural network (CNN) to detect and prevent criminal activities. The CNN extracts the spatial features from video frames whereas temporal and local motion features are extracted by the BiGRU from multiple frames CNN extracted features. The focused bag is created to select those video frames which indicate certain actions. Moreover, ranked-based loss is used to effectively detect and classify the suspicious activities. For classification of activities, various machine learning classifiers are used. The proposed deep learning video surveillance technique is able to track human trails and detect criminal events. The CAVIAR dataset is used to examine the proposed technique for video surveillance-based crime detection with a performance accuracy of almost 98.86%. The alerts received from the proposed technique can also be examined, demonstrates that the practiced video surveillance cameras systems can effectively detect unusual and criminal activities. In addition, the proposed technique showed considerable performance accuracy and outscored the related state-of-the-art (SOTA)DL models including CNN-LSTM, CNN, HMM, and DBN and achieved 21.88% absolute improvement in crime detection accuracy. • End-to-end Video Surveillance model for Crime detection and Prevention is proposed. • GRUs and SRUs are incorporated with CNN Architectural Changes in End-to-End fashion. • Bagged and Random Video Frames are selected to reduce the Complexity and Processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Business Consultant / Poslovni Konsultant is the property of FINconsult Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite having kaleidoscopic culture, discrimination of womenfolk is quite common in Pakistan even today - seemingly fulfilling an undeclared agenda that women should be restricted from having liberty, education, economic exposure, and rights. But going behind the bars makes them even more vulnerable and adds to their exploitation because of the stigma they carry for whole of their lives. This descriptive research deals with the crucial issue of women prisoners in Pakistan; identify the factors that lead the involvement of women in criminal activities; and looks into the condition of women prisoners in jail through qualitative methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Festivals and ceremonies are part and parcel of African culture, usually in all its pump, merriment and pageantry. However, with the increasing wave of criminal activities in Nigeria especially in Edo state, festivals and ceremonies are being redefined and conceptualized in practice. Only recently a new festival ‘Festival of Curses’ was brought to the fore in combating crime in Edo state. The study therefore seeks to explain the festival as a traditional mechanism in crime control, the nature of the festival, the factors that led to its emergence in the 21st century, the level of acceptance and its impact in reducing criminal activities in the State. The study employed principally secondary literature and in-depth interviews among a cross section of the Bini. Major findings revealed that immediately after the festival of curses, a lot of criminals in the state besieged the Bini Monarch’s Palace to confess their atrocities; and pleaded for forgiveness. There was an overwhelming acceptance of the festival irrespective of the people’s religious affiliations to Christianity and Islam as a result of the potency and sudden drop in crime during the period. The study concludes that the festival should be taken as a mechanism of crime control and policing in Nigeria.

This is the second in a series of five articles focusing on how Bernard Madoff's confidence game (con game) worked. This paper examines the activities of a handful of employees who were engaged backstage, hidden from government regulators and most investors, to further Madoff's crime. Their work revolved around the pretense that securities were being bought and sold. All these fairly well-paid accomplices pled guilty to being involved in criminal activities, although only one acknowledged that he knew he was part of a Ponzi scheme. Regardless of how they describe or label their activities, Madoff's back office had evolved into an organized gang of criminals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author is pointing out the activities of the border police in the Republic of Macedonia, mostly to reveal the crime activities at the Macedonian borders in the period of 2012. Namely, the author analyzes data related to illegal crossing of the state border, illegal stay of foreign citizens in the Republic of Macedonia, reject entering of foreign citizens into the Republic of Macedonia, foreigners who request asylum in the Republic of Macedonia, number of persons that are using false documents etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to find out the possible justification to the question, why an honest and incorruptible police officer like Henry Scobie in the novel The Heart of the Matter indulges in a chain of criminal activities. Paradoxically, this is not the story of Henry Scobie's life, but the story of every common man, who one or the other day in his life, indulges in such type of activities which are tagged by society as 'anti-social acts' or 'criminal acts'. But the question remains the same, why? This question is the ultimate question for a perpetrator to answer. His mind dwells with the dilemma that whether I was chosen by fate or it was my own choice. Greene's protagonist, Henry Scobie is like every common man, whose life was entangled with unexpected complexities and miseries. Let's find out whether it was Scobie's fate or his choice. The prime objective of the present paper is to find the hidden answer to the question with regard to Greene's protagonist Henry Scobie's life. To attain the proposed objective the present study relies upon textual analysis and draws upon the relevant criminological theories like Agnew's General Strain Theory and Rational Choice Theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financing terrorism refers to a specific activity with many particular features. The financial resources it drowns are represented by both voluntary sympathizers' contributions and illegal revenues, generated by important criminal activities. Within the terrorist organization though, financial contributions of Diaspora and donations made by political and religious ideology sympathizers hold the most important role. Terrorists use similar techniques as money laundering to avoid the authorities' unwanted attention from and to protect the identities of those who lead the terrorist activities and also the people who benefit from the organization's funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Business Consultant / Poslovni Konsultant is the property of FINconsult Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology is the property of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)