29 results on '"criminal achievement"'
Search Results
2. Equal Pay for Equal Work? Considering the Gender Gap in Illegal Pay.
- Author
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Nguyen, Holly, Parker, Brandy R., and Simpson, Sally S.
- Subjects
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GENDER wage gap , *EQUAL pay for equal work , *CRIMINAL behavior - Abstract
Objectives: To provide quantitative attention to the correlates of the gender gap in illegal pay. Guided by the literatures on the gendered nature of offending, illegal earnings, and the gender gap in legal pay, we ask: what factors are associated with the gender gap in illegal pay? Methods: We use the Delaware Decision Making Study, a sample of incarcerated offenders, to unpack the gender gap in illegal pay with the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique. Results: The gender gap in illegal pay is partly accounted for by criminal analogs—criminal capital and psychosocial attributes—to correlates for the gender gap in legal pay and differences in reward structures. Race also emerges as an important factor. Conclusions: The disadvantage women face in the legal workforce extends to illegal markets, and our understanding about the gender gap in legal pay can be translated to criminal contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Inside the Criminology of Carlo Morselli.
- Author
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Bouchard, Martin and Ouellet, Frédéric
- Subjects
- *
CRIMINOLOGY , *SOCIAL networks , *RECIDIVISTS , *LANGUAGE policy , *SOCIAL network analysis - Abstract
Carlo Morselli's research inspired numerous scholars around the world to integrate criminal achievement indicators and social network data into their research programs. As a professor of criminology for over 20 years at the Université de Montréal, Morselli was part of a generation of scholars who acted as brokers between Canada's two official languages. This volume of the Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice brings together research inspired by his legacy. Morselli's interests were diverse; we selected manuscripts revolving around two major themes in his career: the development of criminal achievement as a conceptual and empirical framework, and the innovative use of social network data in new contexts of criminological interest, such as the role of social networks in individuals' relative optimism towards desistance, or in future victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Anomie Reconsidered: Exaggerated Aspirations, Risk-Taking and Criminal Achievement.
- Author
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Tremblay, Pierre, Morselli, Carlo, and Charest, Mathieu
- Subjects
- *
ANOMY , *RECIDIVISTS , *STUDENT aspirations , *CRIMINALS , *ACHIEVEMENT , *HOUSING market - Abstract
Assessing offenders' decision-making and stubborn persistence in crime has been an important challenge for criminologists. In this study, we focus on a key dimension of micro-anomie: exaggerated aspirations. An inmate survey in Quebec's penitentiaries provided key information on inmates' earnings during the three years prior to their current incarceration. Respondents' criminal aspirations were elicited by asking them the amount of legitimate earnings that would "persuade" them to abandon their involvement in market and property offences. The disjuncture between their criminal aspirations and their likely prospects in conformity is found to have had a direct and significant impact on their risk-taking during the window period, controlling for low self-control predispositions and other related factors. Self-reported stakes in crime and conformity were used to identify their actual risk preferences during the window period. Findings also suggest that avoidance strategies minimizing losses caused by missed criminal opportunities may provide key insights on criminal aspirations, risk preferences, and likely duration of viable criminal careers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Remembering Carlo Morselli.
- Author
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von Lampe, Klaus
- Subjects
- *
MEMORY - Abstract
This essay celebrates the contributions of Carlo Morselli to the study of organized crime. Drawing on a review of Morselli's published work, the main lines of his research are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Walking Into the Sunset: How Criminal Achivement Shapes the Desistance Process: Criminal Achievement and the Desistance Process.
- Author
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Vidal, Sabrina, Ouellet, Frédéric, and Dubois, Marie-Ève
- Subjects
ACHIEVEMENT ,CRIMINAL behavior ,CRIMINAL act ,RECIDIVISTS - Abstract
According to the criminal career paradigm, the link between past and future criminal activities is important and the desistance process may vary for individuals whose criminal trajectories were punctuated by failure compared with those who achieved a certain level of success. This study, based on the life narratives of 27 individuals who maintained a state of nonoffending for more than a year, examines how criminal achievement modulates the desistance process. The aim is to understand whether criminal achievement acts as a barrier or a facilitator in the desistance process. A short questionnaire based on the life-history calendar method was used to classify individuals according to the parameters of their criminal careers. Narrative life stories were then used to look at the obstacles and frustrations encountered during desistance. The results show the relation between criminal achievement and desistance is complex: success in criminal activities is not always hindering desistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. On the Conceptualization of Criminal Capital.
- Author
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Nguyen, Holly
- Subjects
- *
ITEM response theory , *CONFIRMATORY factor analysis , *HUMAN capital , *CRIMINAL behavior , *SOCIAL capital , *FACTOR structure - Abstract
Objectives: The first objective of this study is to provide a conceptualization of criminal capital. The second objective is to present an illustrative analysis of dimensionality and concurrent validity of criminal capital acquired in prison. Methods: One hundred eight inmates in three correctional reentry facilities in a mid-Atlantic state were interviewed at two times: in prison and nine months postrelease. Postrelease interviews included six items that tapped into criminal human capital and criminal social capital acquired in prison. Factor structure was examined with confirmatory factor analysis, and item response theory was used to examine each of the items. Regression models examined concurrent validity for the criminal capital construct on the willingness to offend, perceived rewards to crime, illegal earnings expectations, and making money from crime. Results: Criminal human capital and criminal social capital acquired in prison represent a single unidimensional latent construct. Regression models demonstrated concurrent validity for the criminal capital construct. Conclusions: Working toward a consistent conceptualization of criminal capital is important for a cohesive body of knowledge. Future work should investigate how dimensionality and validity differ across contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Réussir dans le crime et réussir à s'en sortir : l'influence de la carrière criminelle sur le processus de désistement.
- Author
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Ouellet, Frédéric, Chouinard, Stéphanie, and Dubois, Marie-Ève
- Subjects
- *
RECIDIVISTS , *ACHIEVEMENT - Abstract
Many roads lead to criminal desistance and the path taken depends on past experiences. Few studies have examined the link between criminal career and its aftermath, how the events that characterized the criminal lifestyle influence the decision to desist and to maintain this abstinence from crime. Based on the life narratives of individuals involved mainly in lucrative crimes (N = 15), this study aims to reconstruct their life trajectory to study the meaning and dynamics behind the process of stopping and maintaining abstinence from crime. The results identified two distinct paths. They also suggest that subjective experiences and past events affecting the criminal career provides access to a deeper understanding of desistance and challenges of reentry. Findings also highlight the relevance of criminal achievement in the study of the desistance process. It is hoped that the project will foster a better understanding of turning points in criminal careers and the processes that affect continuity and desistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Stop and Go: Explaining the Timing of Intermittency in Criminal Careers.
- Author
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Ouellet, Frédéric
- Subjects
- *
INTERMITTENCY (Nuclear physics) , *CRIMINAL careers , *DYNAMICS , *EXPERIMENTAL design , *LIFE history interviews - Abstract
Few offenders maintain a linear or constant path in their criminal activities; instead, zigzag paths characterize most criminal careers. The present study seeks to understand the dynamics of such intermittent cycles and examines the effect of direct experience with the justice system and offender success in criminal ventures on the likelihood that offenders will interrupt and then restart their illegal activities. Using the method of life history calendars, the study is based on detailed criminal career data from 172 offenders involved in lucrative forms of crime. Results show the relevance and complementarity of sanctions and dimensions of criminal achievement in understanding an offending path. The research design highlights the importance of considering the timing of circumstances in understanding zigzag paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. ON THE RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF SELF-REPORTED ILLEGAL EARNINGS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE STUDY OF CRIMINAL ACHIEVEMENT.
- Author
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NGUYEN, HOLLY and LOUGHRAN, THOMAS A.
- Subjects
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ILLEGALITY , *INCOME , *CRIMINALS , *CRIMINAL act , *CRIMINOLOGY - Abstract
The study of the monetary returns to criminal activity is a central component in many emerging areas of criminology, including rational choice and offender decision-making, desistance, and criminal achievement. Scholars have been increasingly captivated with specification of the earnings function and with examining how variations in illegal earnings predict important outcomes such as persistence in offending. The potential utility of findings in related empirical studies hinges on the quality of the key measure, self-reported illegal earnings. Yet to date scant attention has been paid by researchers to the measurement properties of this metric. We analyze self-reported illegal earnings generated from a variety of instrumental crimes by using data from the Pathways to Desistance Study (n = 585) and the National Supported Work Project (n = 1,509), which are two longitudinal data sets of active offenders separated by more than 30 years. Findings based on analyses both within and between data sets reveal support for the internal consistency reliability and criterion validity of self-reported illegal earnings. Moreover, the results reveal premiums in terms of higher earnings associated with different crime types, which are persistent both over time and across data sets. Implications and future directions for advancing the theoretical study of criminal achievement are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Inside the Criminology of Carlo Morselli
- Author
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Bouchard, M and Ouellet, F
- Subjects
Illicit networks ,Organized Crime ,Criminal achievement ,Social Network Analysis ,Carlo Morselli ,Law ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Abstract
Dr. Carlo Morselli’s research inspired numerous scholars around the world to integrate criminal achievement indicators and social network data into their research program. As a Professor of Criminology for over 20 years at Université de Montréal, Carlo’s contributions was part of a generation of scholars who act as brokers between Canada’s two official languages. This volume of the Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice brings together research inspired by his legacy. Carlo’s interests were diverse; we selected manuscripts revolving around two major themes in Carlo’s career: the development of criminal achievement as a conceptual and empirical framework, and the innovative use of social network data in new contexts of criminological interest, such as the role of social networks in individuals’ relative optimism towards desistance, or in future victimization.
- Published
- 2022
12. Épisodes d'inactivité et revenus criminels dans une trajectoire de délinquance1.
- Author
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Ouellet, Frédéric and Tremblay, Pierre
- Subjects
- *
CRIME statistics , *CRIMINALS , *HIERARCHICAL Bayes model , *LIFE history interviews - Abstract
The instability of criminal activity over time is already well documented. However, little is known of the circumstances that can explain these short-term variations. It is possible that short-term transitions and changes precede turning points in criminal careers. For example, conditions that account for the temporary interruption of criminal activity might help explain a more definitive desistance from crime. Therefore, it appears appropriate to improve our knowledge of these factors. The study is based on the trajectories of 172 offenders involved in lucrative forms of crime. It focuses on changes in criminal earnings and episodes of temporary desistance within a window period of 36 months. The life history calendars method, combined with hierarchical models, is used for the analysis of the role of static (individual characteristics) and dynamic (life circumstances) factors in order to understand variations in criminal activity on a monthly basis. Results highlight the importance of events that mark offenders' lifestyles and the parameters that characterize criminal involvement in predicting variations in observed trajectories. They also emphasize the importance of criminal achievement in explaining the decision of offenders to temporarily stop their illegal activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Réussir dans le crime et réussir à s’en sortir : l’influence de la carrière criminelle sur le processus de désistement
- Author
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Stéphanie Chouinard, Marie-Ève Dubois, Frédéric Ouellet, and Université de Montréal. Faculté des arts et des sciences. École de criminologie
- Subjects
Social reintegration ,Choix rationnel ,Life course ,Rational choice ,Réinsertion sociale ,Desistance ,Criminal achievement ,Désistement ,Réussite criminelle ,Carrière criminelle ,Parcours de vie ,Criminal career ,Law ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Abstract
Plusieurs routes mènent au désistement criminel et le parcours emprunté dépend des expériences passées. Peu de travaux se sont penchés sur le lien entre la carrière criminelle et la période qui lui succède, sur la manière dont les événements qui ont caractérisé le mode de vie criminel influencent la décision de se désister, mais surtout de maintenir l’abstinence criminelle. Sur la base de récits de vie narratifs de délinquants impliqués dans une criminalité lucrative (N = 15), cette étude vise à reconstruire avec chaque individu sa trajectoire de vie afin d’étudier le sens et la dynamique derrière le processus d’amorce et de maintien du désistement. Les résultats ont permis d’identifier deux parcours distincts. Ils suggèrent aussi que la considération des expériences subjectives et des événements passés affectant la carrière criminelle donne accès à une compréhension approfondie du désistement et des défis de la réinsertion sociale. Les analyses mettent en évidence l’intérêt de la notion de réussite criminelle dans l’étude du processus de désistement. L’étude favorise la compréhension des moments décisifs dans les carrières criminelles, et les processus qui expliquent la continuité et le désistement des activités criminelles., Many roads lead to criminal desistance and the path taken depends on past experiences. Few studies have examined the link between criminal career and its aftermath, how the events that characterized the criminal lifestyle influence the decision to desist and to maintain this abstinence from crime. Based on the life narratives of individuals involved mainly in lucrative crimes (N = 15), this study aims to reconstruct their life trajectory to study the meaning and dynamics behind the process of stopping and maintaining abstinence from crime. The results identified two distinct paths. They also suggest that subjective experiences and past events affecting the criminal career provides access to a deeper understanding of desistance and challenges of reentry. Findings also highlight the relevance of criminal achievement in the study of the desistance process. It is hoped that the project will foster a better understanding of turning points in criminal careers and the processes that affect continuity and desistance.
- Published
- 2020
14. Walking into the sunset : how criminal achievement shapes the desistance process
- Author
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Vidal, Sabrina, Ouellet, Frédéric, Dubois, Marie-Ève, and Université de Montréal. Faculté des arts et des sciences. École de criminologie
- Subjects
Desistance ,Criminal achievement ,Criminal career ,Narrative life stories ,Life-history calendar - Abstract
According to the criminal career paradigm, the link between past and future criminal activities is important and the desistance process may vary for individuals whose criminal trajectories were punctuated by failure compared to those who achieved a certain level of success. This study, based on the life narratives of 27 individuals who maintained a state of non-offending for more than a year, examines how criminal achievement modulates the desistance process. The aim is to understand whether criminal achievement acts as a barrier or a facilitator in the desistance process. A short questionnaire based on the life-history calendar method was used to classify individuals according to the parameters of their criminal careers. Narrative life stories were then used to look at the obstacles and frustrations encountered during desistance. The results show the relation between criminal achievement and desistance is complex: success in criminal activities is not always hindering desistance.
- Published
- 2020
15. La réussite criminelle des participants à la fraude financière en ligne
- Author
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Guillot, Mathieu and Décary-Hétu, David
- Subjects
sondage ,Criminal achievement ,Réussite criminelle ,cybercriminalité ,cybercrime ,survey ,darknet ,carding - Abstract
Le carding est un phénomène cybercriminel de par lequel des cyberdélinquants (appelés carders) vont compromettre et utiliser frauduleusement des données financières et bancaires. De nombreuses entités privées ou publiques ont mis en évidence l'importance des pertes monétaires occasionnées par ce nouveau type de criminalité. D'un point de vu criminologique, peu de recherches académiques se sont penchées sur l'ampleur de ce phénomène et plus particulièrement sur la réussite criminelle des carders. Pour combler ce manque de connaissances, ce projet de recherche a pour objectif de comprendre la réussite criminelle des carders en observant l'impact de leurs caractéristiques personnelles et sociales sur leurs revenus criminels. Les différentes variables mobilisées relatent entre autres les activités marchandes ou encore les caractéristiques sociodémographiques des carders interrogés. Pour ce faire, un sondage en ligné, hébergé sur Tor, a été mené. Au total, 49 sondages complets ont été collectés pour être analysés. En s'attelant à décrire les caractéristiques personnelles et sociales des carders, ce travail a été en mesure de mettre à jour les connaissances préalablement acquises sur les carders et de répondre à des manques de consensus sur certains pans des activités de ces cyberdélinquants. L'ensemble des résultats révèlent que peu de carders affichent une réussite criminelle élevée et qu'une minorité d'entre eux gagnent de forts revenus. La réussite crimnelle des carders s'explique par le fait de disposer de compétences spécialisées, de bénéficier d'une bonne expérience, d'utiliser des forums de discussion en ligne ou encore d'occuper des rôles centraux sur les lieux de convergence virtuels. Outre le fait d'apporter des réponses quant à ces prédicteurs sur la réussite criminelle des carders, ce projet de recherche permet de constater les apports et les faiblesses de l'utilisation d'un sondage pour collecter des données dans une écosystème cybercriminel., Carding is a criminal phenomenon which consists of compromising financial data in order to do fraudulent transactions. Several private and public parties highlighted the size of the loss caused by this new form of criminality. From the criminological angle, little research is available in the size and scope of the phenomenon, particularly on the criminal achievement of this kind of online offenders (called carders). To fill this gap, this research project is aimed at understand the criminal achievement of carders by observing the impact of their personal and social characteristics on their criminal income. Theses variables relate among others to their market activities or their sociodemographic. To do so, an online survey, hosted on Tor, was conducted. A total of 49 completed surveys were collected to do our analysis. By describing these personal and social characteristics, this work has been able to update our knowledge about carders and to address gaps about certain part of what we known about carding. Overall, the results shown that few carders can claim a good criminal achievement and that a minority of them can earn large amounts of money. Experience, speciliazed skills, the use of online forums or play the role of broker explained the criminal achievement among carders.Apart from the fact that our study brings some answers about those predictors, this project highlights the strengths and weaknesses of using an online survey to collect data from a criminal ecosystem.
- Published
- 2020
16. Evading Justice: Quantifying Criminal Success in Incarcerated Psychopathic Offenders.
- Author
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Aharoni, Eyal and Kiehl, Kent A.
- Subjects
CRIMINAL justice system ,PRISONERS ,PSYCHOPATHY ,CRIMINALS ,SOCIAL desirability ,RECIDIVISM ,HARE Psychopathy Checklist - Abstract
The “successful psychopath” is thought to evade scientific study because most forensic psychopathy research is limited to incarcerated—putatively unsuccessful—samples. By redefining criminal success as the proportion of past undetected crimes, the present study tested the hypothesis that psychopathic traits are associated with criminal success within an incarcerated sample (N = 307). Psychopathy was assessed using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised. Criminal history was assessed retrospectively for 24 violent and nonviolent crimes via self-report using a confidential semistructured interview. Controlling for social desirability score, greatest criminal success was associated with moderate to high psychopathy scores, particularly for violent crimes. At the trait level, antisocial lifestyle and behavioral psychopathic traits predicted increased criminal success, whereas affective psychopathic traits predicted decreased criminal success. These results suggest that criminal success can be meaningfully evaluated using an incarcerated sample and can inform models of psychopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Reputation in a dark network of online criminals.
- Author
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Décary-Hétu, David and Dupont, Benoit
- Subjects
- *
INTERNET fraud , *BUSINESSPEOPLE , *COMPUTER hacking , *DATA privacy , *COMPUTER hackers , *REPUTATION , *FINANCIAL databases - Abstract
This paper focuses on criminals who could easily be labelled as entrepreneurs and who deal in compromised computer systems. Known as botmasters, these individuals use their technical skills to take over and control personal, business and governmental computers. These networks of hijacked computers are known as botnets in the security industry. With this massive computing power, these criminals can send large amounts of spam, attack web servers or steal financial data – all for a fee. As entrepreneurs, the botmasters' main goal is to achieve the highest level of success possible. In their case, this achievement can be measured in the illegitimate revenues they earn from the leasing of their botnet. Based on the evidence gathered in literature on legitimate and illegitimate markets, this paper sets to understand how reputation could relate to criminal achievement as well as what factors impact a heightened level of reputation in a criminal market. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Need, Connections, or Competence? Criminal Achievement among Adolescent Offenders.
- Author
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Nguyen, Holly and Bouchard, Martin
- Subjects
- *
JUVENILE offenders , *CRIMINALS , *JUVENILE delinquency , *SOCIAL capital , *CRIMINAL careers , *DRUG abuse - Abstract
Variations in criminal performance have been much less explored than other parameters of criminal careers. We explore the factors associated with differential criminal achievement in a sample of 154 adolescent offenders involved in cannabis cultivation. Drawing from theories of earnings attainment, we examine the role of drug use, criminal social capital and criminal human capital in providing either (a) monetary, or (b) in kind (cannabis) rewards from crime. Results reveal that criminal social capital and criminal human capital are related to performance while drug use explains little of the variation. Their effects, however, differ between outcomes: young offenders who are mainly connected to adult growers tend to be paid in kind, whereas respondents connected to a majority of other young growers tend to receive money. Criminal human capital is crucial to earning money but insignificant to obtaining larger payments in cannabis. Implications for criminal career and desistance research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Correlates of distance to crime in Mexico City.
- Author
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Vilalta, CarlosJ.
- Subjects
- *
CRIME , *PRISONERS , *THEFT , *METROPOLITAN areas , *REGRESSION analysis - Abstract
This study examined the correlates of distance to crime in a sample of 412 prison inmates in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. The study focused on crimes of theft and included a spatial analysis of the crime scene and the place of residence of the prison inmates. The data show a high clustering of criminals in a few neighbourhoods surrounding the old downtown area. Also, 38.8% of the sampled criminals committed their crimes in the same neighbourhood where they lived. Regression analysis revealed two independent and positive correlations of distance to crime: the monetary gain of the crime and if the prison inmates' intimate partner was also in jail. These findings suggest that, aside from the monetary rationale in the distance to crime function, the neighbourhood and family contexts deserve further research for a better understanding of criminal behaviour in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Is It Who You Know, or How Many That Counts? Criminal Networks and Cost Avoidance in a Sample of Young Offenders.
- Author
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Bouchard, Martin and Nguyen, Holly
- Subjects
- *
CRIMINAL justice system , *JUVENILE offenders , *CANNABIS (Genus) , *HIGH school students , *PRISON system - Abstract
The aim of the current study is to assess whether criminal networks can help young offenders avoid contacts with the criminal justice system. We examine the association between criminal network and cost avoidance specifically for the crime of cannabis cultivation in a rural region in Quebec, Canada. A self-report delinquency survey, administered to the region's quasi-population of high-school students (N = 1,166), revealed that a total of 175 adolescents had participated in the cannabis cultivation industry (a 15% lifetime prevalence rate). Forty-seven respondents (27%), including 29 who were arrested, reported having participated in a cultivation site that was detected by the police. Results indicate that “who you know” matters in the cultivation industry, and is an important independent predictor of arrest: very few young growers who were embedded in adult networks were apprehended. Conversely, embeddedness in a youth network emerged as an independent risk factor, especially embeddedness in larger networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Criminal Mobility and Criminal Achievement.
- Author
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Morselli, Carlo and Royer, Marie-Noële
- Subjects
- *
SOCIAL networks , *OCCUPATIONAL achievement , *CRIMINOLOGY , *CRIMINAL behavior , *CRIMINALS , *CRIMINAL sociology - Abstract
This study examines the impact of criminal mobility on criminal earning patterns in a sample of incarcerated offenders who reported their criminal experiences over a three-year period. Criminal mobility is indicated by an individual's offending perimeter and not the traditional journey-to-crime measure. Findings reveal that the offending perimeter length is a factor of criminal achievement in that mobile offenders reported higher financial earnings from crime than immobile offenders. Greater distances traveled for crime were also generally associated with higher criminal earnings, but this was more salient for predatory offenders than market offenders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. MENTORS AND CRIMINAL ACHIEVEMENT.
- Author
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Morselli, Carlo, Tremblay, Pierre, and McCarthy, Bill
- Subjects
- *
MENTORING , *CRIMINALS , *OCCUPATIONS , *CRIMINOLOGY , *RECIDIVISTS , *CRIME , *SOCIAL capital , *SOCIAL problems , *PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Much of the research focusing on conventional occupations concludes that mentored individuals are more successful in their careers than those who are not mentored. Early research in criminology made a similar claim. Yet contemporary criminology has all but ignored mentors. We investigate this oversight, drawing on Sutherland's insights on tutelage and criminal maturation and incorporating ideas on human and social capital. We argue that mentors play a key role in their protégés' criminal achievements and examine this hypothesis with data from a recent survey of incarcerated adult male offenders in the Canadian province of Quebec. In this sample, a substantial proportion of respondents reported the presence of an influential individual in their lives who introduced them to a criminal milieu and whom they explicitly regarded as a mentor. After studying the attributes of offenders and their mentors, we develop a causal framework that positions criminal mentor presence within a pathway that leads to greater benefits and lower costs from crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. CRIMINAL ACHIEVEMENT, OFFENDER NETWORKS AND THE BENEFITS OF LOW SELF-CONTROL.
- Author
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Morselli, Carlo and Tremblay, Pierre
- Subjects
- *
CRIMINOLOGY , *INCOME , *CRIMINALS , *SELF-control , *CRIME , *CONTROL (Psychology) - Abstract
This study follows recent research on criminal earnings and examines the impact of underlying traits (low self-control) and personal organization features (nonredundant networking) on the criminal earnings of a sample of incarcerated offenders previously involved in market and predatory crimes. Controlling for various background factors (age, noncriminal income, lambda and costs of doing crime), both low self-control and nonredundant networking independently explain why some offenders are more successful than others in achieving higher monetary standards through crime. Although efficient, brokerage-like networking enhances market offenders' earnings, low self-control emerges as an asset for predatory offenders: the lower their self-control, the higher their criminal earnings. For market offenders, however, low self-control has no direct effect, but it does mitigate the impact of effective networking on criminal earnings. The results emerging from this study have implications for Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory of crime and the advent of a criminal network perspective. Extensions are also made toward the conventional/criminal embeddedness framework and deterrence research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Le capital conventionnel, le capital criminel et la performance criminelle chez les trafiquants de drogue
- Author
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Balasingam, Lashaan and Ouellet, Frédéric
- Subjects
Capital social ,Trafiquant de drogue ,Criminal success ,Capital humain ,Capital conventionnel ,Criminal capital ,Capital personnel ,Criminal achievement ,Drug trafficker ,Social capital ,Capital criminel ,Performance criminelle ,Réussite criminelle ,Carrière criminelle ,Human capital ,Personal capital ,Criminal career ,Conventional capital ,Criminal performance - Abstract
La performance criminelle peut prendre diverses formes, mais les revenus criminels semblent être la mesure la plus étudiée dans la littérature. Peu de chercheurs ont tenté de l’analyser sous différentes dimensions dans une même étude afin d’identifier les relations potentielles entre les différents prédicteurs. Rarissimes dans la littérature du paradigme de la carrière criminelle, des modèles de performance criminelle sont ainsi nécessaires. Les capitaux sont d’ailleurs des facteurs qui ont été parfois mis en relation avec la performance criminelle. Cependant, des lacunes dans la littérature persistent à ce sujet puisqu’un besoin de les étudier sous toutes leurs formes persiste et permettrait de mieux comprendre les modèles de performance criminelle. Enracinée dans la théorie du contrôle social informel et de l’association différentielle, cette étude propose d’identifier les prédicteurs de la performance criminelle évaluée selon les revenus criminels, l’impunité et la perception de performance criminelle. En mettant à profit les trajectoires criminelles de trafiquants de drogue (N = 86) grâce à un questionnaire complémenté par la méthode des calendriers d’histoire de vie, une stratégie d’analyse privilégiant des analyses de régression multiple linéaire et logistique est mise en avant. Les résultats des analyses mettent en évidence que certaines dimensions de la performance criminelle semblent plus ou moins associées, mais possèdent des prédicteurs distincts. De plus, contrairement à la théorie du contrôle social informel de Sampson et Laub, certaines formes de capital conventionnel relevant d’institutions sociales (éducation) peuvent représenter des atouts à la performance criminelle. Enfin, le capital criminel semble être le facteur le moins important dans la prédiction de modèles de performance criminelle, mais les résultats permettent de spéculer sur le rôle potentiel des compétences criminelles sur la performance criminelle. Cette étude contribue ainsi à la littérature sur la performance criminelle en soulignant l’importance d’étudier les différentes dimensions de la performance criminelle et des capitaux de façon simultanée afin d’identifier les ressources favorisant la criminalité et les pistes à explorer pour favoriser le désistement chez les trafiquants de drogue., Criminal performance can take many forms, but criminal revenues seem to be the measure that is the most studied in literature. Few researchers have attempted to analyze it in different dimensions in the same study in order to identify potential relations between different predictors. Rare in the paradigm of criminal career literature, patterns of criminal performance are hence necessary. Capitals are also factors that have sometimes been analyzed against criminal performance. However, gaps in the literature persist on that subject since a need to study them in all their forms persists and would offer better understanding of patterns of criminal performance. Rooted in the theory of informal social control and differential association, this memoir proposes to identify predictors of criminal performance based on criminal revenues, impunity and perception of criminal performance. By taking advantage of drug traffickers’ criminal trajectories (N = 86) thanks to a questionnaire complemented by the life history calendar method, an analysis strategy focusing on multiple linear and logistic regressions is put forward. The results of the analyses highlight that certain dimensions of criminal performance seem to be more or less associated between each other but possess their own distinct predictors. Furthermore, contrary to Sampson and Laub’s theory of informal social control, some forms of conventional capital coming from social institutions (education) could be assets to criminal performance. Finally, criminal capital seems to be the less important factor in predicting patterns of criminal performance, but results give way to speculation on the potential role of criminal competences on criminal performance. This study hence contributes to the literature on criminal performance by emphasizing the importance of studying the different dimensions of criminal performance and capital in a simultaneous famous in order to identify the resources that promote criminality and the avenues to explore to promote desistance among drug traffickers.
- Published
- 2019
25. Comment les expériences passées conditionnent la fin des carrières criminelles : réussite criminelle et processus de désistement
- Author
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Vidal, Sabrina, Ouellet, Frédéric, and Université de Montréal. Faculté des arts et des sciences. École de criminologie
- Subjects
Life history calendars ,Desistance ,Criminal achievement ,Désistement ,Réussite criminelle ,Carrière criminelle ,Calendrier d’histoire de vie ,Criminal career - Abstract
Dans les travaux sur les carrières criminelles le lien entre les activités criminelles passées et futures est assez soutenu. Il est alors possible de présumer de ce constat que le désistement ne s’actualiserait pas de la même façon pour les individus ayant eu des trajectoires parsemées de succès versus ceux ayant vécu de multiples échecs. Or, peu de travaux se sont penchés sur le lien entre la carrière criminelle et la période qui lui succède, comment les événements et circonstances qui ont caractérisé le mode de vie criminelle influencent la décision de se désister, mais surtout le processus de maintien de l’abstinence criminelle. Cet article propose d’examiner l’association potentielle entre la réussite criminelle et le processus de désistement, ainsi que son maintien. L’examen de cette problématique sur la carrière criminelle de 27 délinquants s’étant désisté du crime. Deux stratégies sont utilisées dans ce projet. La première s’inspire de la méthode des calendriers de vie, elle vise à colliger les détails entourant la carrière criminelle. La deuxième se fonde sur des entretiens semi-dirigés et vise à recueillir, les récits de vie des participants. Ces récits servent à documenter le processus de désistement. Les résultats mettent en évidence l’intérêt de considérer les paramètres de la carrière criminelle dans la compréhension du processus désistement, que le niveau de réussite dans le crime a une incidence sur la forme du désistement. Cette étude favorise la compréhension des processus qui expliquent la continuité et le désistement, elle pourrait donc servir à orienter le développement de programme visant la réinsertion sociale., Future criminal activities are often dependent on past criminal activities, as shown by researches on criminal career. Following this train of thought, previous successes or failures might shape the desistance process. However, literature on the relation between parameters of the criminal career and the desistance process is at most sparse. Little is known about how specific events can modulate the decision to reduce or stop criminal activities and to maintain the desistance from crime. This work will focus on criminal success, desistance and the upkeep of desistance. The goal is to investigate criminal success such as criminal earning and impunity to investigate its impact of the desistance process. To be selected in the sample, the participants needed to have participated actively in lucrative crime for period of more than 2 years and have ended their criminal career for more than a year. 27 participants were selected. To collect the data, two strategies were used. A life history calendar methodology was used to map out the criminal and legitimate careers of all participants. Interviews were also done to let the participants ‘’tell their story’’ as that methodology enables the researcher to grasp the impact of the events on the participant’s life trajectory. The parameters of the criminal career might be of interest in the study of desistance, since the results show that the desistance process differs with the success level. This work helps in our understanding of the desistance process and the impact of success on the process. It could also be useful when it comes to the development of programs for social reintegration., Revue verte.
- Published
- 2019
26. Stop and go : explaining the timing of intermittency cycles in criminal trajectories
- Author
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Ouellet, Frédéric and Université de Montréal. Faculté des arts et des sciences. École de criminologie
- Subjects
Criminal justice interventions ,Criminal achievement ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDSOCIETY ,ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING ,Intermittency ,Life history calendar ,Rational choice - Abstract
Few offenders maintain a linear or constant path in their criminal activities; instead, zigzag paths characterize most criminal careers. The present study seeks to understand the dynamics of such intermittent cycles and examines the effect of direct experience with the justice system and offender success in criminal ventures on the likelihood that offenders will interrupt and then restart their illegal activities. Using the method of life history calendars, the study is based on detailed criminal career data from 172 offenders involved in lucrative forms of crime. Results show the relevance and complementarity of sanctions and dimensions of criminal achievement in understanding an offending path. The research design highlights the importance of considering the timing of circumstances in understanding zigzag paths.
- Published
- 2018
27. Le capital virtuel : entre compétition, survie et réputation
- Author
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Décary-Hétu, David, Morselli, Carlo, and Leman-Langlois, Stéphane
- Subjects
Réputation ,Internet ,Criminal achievement ,Réussite criminelle ,Réseaux sociaux ,Marchés criminels ,Criminal markets ,Capital virtuel ,Social networks ,Reputation - Abstract
Les avancées technologiques liées à l’internet ont permis une démocratisation des outils de communication et une transformation des relations interpersonnelles. L’impact de ces changements s’est ressenti autant dans la sphère légitime que dans les marchés criminels. Ces derniers ont migré, au cours des dernières années, vers des plateformes en ligne qui leur permettent de mieux gérer les risques associés avec leurs activités illégales. Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’impact de l’internet sur la criminalité et sur l’adaptation des criminels à cet environnement virtuel. Ces derniers forment maintenant des communautés en ligne et gardent le contact entre eux à l’aide de salles de clavardage et de forums de discussions. Nous nous intéresserons dans cette thèse à trois formes particulières de crime soit la fraude de propriété intellectuelle (la scène des warez), le piratage d’ordinateurs (les botnets) ainsi que la fraude de données personnelles et financières (le carding). Chacune de ces formes de crime sera analysée à l’aide d’un article publié ou présentement en évaluation. L’article sur la scène des warez décrit l'organisation sociale ainsi que la distribution de la reconnaissance dans la communauté des pirates informatiques. Les systèmes de délinquance (Sutherland, 1947) et l’individualisme réseauté (Boase & Wellman, 2006) sont utilisés pour théoriser l'organisation sociale et la distribution de la reconnaissance dans la scène warez. L’article sur les botnets tente de comprendre la distribution de la réputation dans une communauté de criminels. En utilisant les données d’un forum de discussion où des botmasters louent et achètent des biens et services illégaux, cette recherche modélise les facteurs qui permettent d’augmenter le niveau de réputation de certains acteurs. Finalement l’article sur le carding mesure le lien entre la réputation telle que développée par Glückler & Armbrüster (2003) et la performance criminelle. Notre thèse démontre que l’internet a eu un effet transformateur sur la criminalité à six niveaux : 1) l’augmentation de la facilité à trouver des co-criminels; 2) l’augmentation de la compétition entre les criminels; 3) l’augmentation du nombre de victimes; 4) la diminution des risques d’arrestation; 5) l’augmentation du taux de réussite des criminels et; 6) les changements dans l’équilibre entre criminels, victimes et protecteurs. Elle nous permet également de démontrer l’importance de la réputation, le capital virtuel, dans les marchés criminels en ligne., Technological advances related to the Internet have led to a democratization of the tools of communication and transformation of interpersonal relationships. The impact of these changes is felt both in the legitimate sphere as well as in criminal markets. These markets have migrated in recent years to online platforms that allow them to better manage the risks associated with their illegal activities. This thesis focuses on the impact of the Internet on crime and criminal adaptation in this virtual environment. These individuals now form online communities and keep in touch with each other using chat rooms and forums. We focus in this thesis on three specific forms of crime: intellectual property fraud (the warez scene), the hacking of computers (botnets) and fraud of personal and financial data (carding). Each of these forms of crime will be analyzed in an article that has either been published or is currently under review. The article on the warez scene describes the social organization and the distribution of recognition in the hacker community. Crime behavior system (Sutherland, 1947) and networked individualism (Boase & Wellman, 2006) are used to theorize social organization and distribution of recognition in the warez scene. The article on botnets aims to understand the distribution of reputation in this community for offenders. Using data from a forum where botmasters rent and buy illegal goods and services, this research models the factors that increase the level of reputation of some actors. Finally the article on carding measures the link between reputation as developed by Glückler & Armbruster (2003) and criminal performance. Our thesis demonstrates that the Internet has had a transformative effect on crime at six levels: 1) increase of the ease of finding co-offenders; 2) increased competition between offenders; 3) increase in the number of victims; 4) decrease in the risk of arrest; 5) increasing the success rate of criminals and; 6) changes in the balance between offenders, victims and protecteurs. It also allows us to demonstrate the importance of reputation, the virtual capital, on online market criminals.
- Published
- 2013
28. La perception du prestige des occupations illicites par des délinquants : une perspective sur les capitaux criminels
- Author
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Charette, Yanick and Tremblay, Pierre
- Subjects
occupational prestige ,social capital ,prestige occupationnel ,criminologie ,performance criminelle ,théorie de l'espace social ,capital social ,qualification ,criminology ,compétence ,social space theory ,criminal achievement - Abstract
Le prestige occupationnel est une mesure utilisée en sociologie des professions pour déterminer le statut social d’un emploi sous la forme d’un continuum hiérarchisé. Cette mesure peut être définie selon : le revenu, l’autorité, l’autonomie et les compétences. En ce basant sur des entrevues auprès de délinquants incarcérés (n=138), cette étude évalue si la notion de prestige s’applique aux occupations illicites. Les résultats suggèrent que les domaines d’activité des occupations illicites ne présentent pas d’homogénéité en termes de prestige. Certaines caractéristiques définissant le prestige des occupations licites, comme le revenu et la compétence, contribuent à définir le prestige des occupations illicites, par contre, l’autonomie et l’autorité n’y contribuent pas. Le milieu criminel présente des caractéristiques particulières comme la difficulté d’atteindre une continuité dans son occupation. Cette continuité explique le prestige des occupations illicites, mais non celui des occupations licites. D’autres indicateurs, comme le réseau criminel et la présence d’un mentor, influençant pourtant les revenus, n’ont pas d’impact sur le prestige des occupations illicite. Des modèles d’équations structurelles ont été utilisés pour vérifier les relations indirectes et les conversions entre les types de capitaux selon la théorie de l’espace social de Pierre Bourdieu. Ces analyses suggèrent l’essentialité de la notion de compétence et de continuité. La discussion et la conclusion élabore sur les notions de continuité, d’accumulation et de conversion de capital., Occupational prestige is a measure used in the sociology of profession as a determinant of social status. It is conceptualized on continuum, and organized in a hierarchy defined by income, authority, autonomy and qualifications. Using interviews with incarcerated offenders (n=138), this study assesses if this concept of prestige can be used in the context of unlawful occupations. The results suggest that criminal occupation domains are not homogeneous with regards to prestige. Some indicators which contribute to the explanation of lawful occupations’ prestige, such as income and qualifications, contribute to unlawful occupational prestige as well, contrarily to autonomy and authority. The criminal world possesses some particular features such as the difficulty to attain continuity. This continuity explains unlawful occupational prestige, but not the lawful one. Other indicators, like the criminal network and the presence of a mentor influence criminal incomes, but have no direct impact on unlawful occupational prestige. Structural equation modeling was used to observe indirect relationships and conversion rates between the different forms of capitals according to the Pierre Bourdieu’s social space theory. These analyses suggest the essentiality of the qualification and the continuity. The discussion and conclusion develop on the concepts of continuity, capital accumulation and conversion.
- Published
- 2010
29. Youth criminal networks: resources in criminal achievement
- Author
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Martin Bouchard, Nguyen, Holly, Martin Bouchard, and Nguyen, Holly
- Abstract
A successful criminal career is largely determined by the ability to earn money from crime and the ability to avoid arrest. The extant literature on criminal achievement suggests that offenders with extensive criminal networks earn more money from crime. However, the impact of offenders' networks on arrest avoidance is not as clear, especially for young offenders. Using guidance from social capital theory, this study examines the impact of criminal networks on both criminal earnings and odds of arrest in a sample of youth involved in cannabis cultivation. Controlling for various background and cultivation related factors, multivariate results indicate that different network characteristics are beneficial to earnings compared to arrest avoidance. It was also found that gang members managed to achieve the greatest earnings while avoiding arrest. Results underline the importance of networks on criminal achievement in youth and implications are discussed in terms of criminal career and desistance research., File is printable.
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