27 results on '"covariance components"'
Search Results
2. Genetic parameters for test day milk yield of first lactation Holstein cows estimated by random regression using Legendre polynomials Parâmetros genéticos para a produção de leite do dia do controle da primeira lactação de vacas da raça Holandesa estimadas por regressão aleatória com polinômios de Legendre
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Claudio Napolis Costa, Claudio Manoel Rodrigues de Melo, Irineu Umberto Packer, Ary Ferreira de Freitas, Nilson Milagres Teixeira, and Jaime Araujo Cobuci
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avaliação genética ,bovinos de leite ,componentes de co-variância ,herdabilidade ,seleção ,covariance components ,dairy cattle ,genetic evaluation ,heritability ,selection ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
Data comprising 263,390 test-day (TD) records of 32,448 first parity cows calving in 467 herds between 1991 and 2001 from the Brazilian Holstein Association were used to estimate genetic and permanent environmental variance components in a random regression animal model using Legendre polynomials (LP) of order three to five by REML. Residual variance was assumed to be constant in all or in some classes of lactation periods for each LP. Estimates of genetic and permanent environmental variances did not show any trend due to the increase in the LP order. Residual variance decreased as the order of LP increased when it was assumed constant, and it was highest at the beginning of lactation and relatively constant in mid lactation when assumed to vary between classes. The range for the estimates of heritability (0.27 - 0.42) was similar for all models and was higher in mid lactation. There were only slight differences between the models in both genetic and permanent environmental correlations. Genetic correlations decreased for near unity between adjacent days to values as low as 0.24 between early and late lactation. A five parameter LP to model both genetic and permanent environmental effects and assuming a homogeneous residual variance would be a parsimonious option to fit TD yields of Holstein cows in Brazil.Um total de 263.390 registros de produção de leite do dia do controle (PC) de 32.448 primeiras lactações de vacas da raça Holandesa com partos entre 1991 e 2001, disponibilizados pela Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Bovinos da Raça Holandesa, foi usado para estimar componentes de variância para os efeitos genético e de ambiente permanente com modelos de regressão aleatória usando polinômios de Legendre (PL) de ordens 3 a 5 por REML. A variância residual foi assumida como constante em todo ou em algumas classes do período de lactação para cada PL. As estimativas dos efeitos genético e permanente de ambiente não apresentaram qualquer tendência atribuída ao aumento da ordem do PL. A variância residual diminuiu com o aumento da ordem do PL quando assumida como constante e foi maior no início da lactação e relativamente constante na fase intermediária quando assumida como heterogênea entre classes do período de lactação. As estimativas de herdabilidade variaram de 0,27 a 0,42 em todos os modelos e foram maiores na fase intermediária da lactação. As diferenças entre modelos para as correlações genéticas e de ambiente permanente foram pequenas. As correlações genéticas decresceram de valores próximos à unidade entre as produções de leite de controles próximos para 0,24 entre as produções de leite dos controles do início e do final da lactação. O polinômio de Legendre de cinco parâmetros para a modelagem dos efeitos genético e de ambiente permanente com homogeneidade de variância residual é uma opção parcimoniosa para o ajuste das PC de vacas da raça Holandesa no Brasil.
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- 2008
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3. Parâmetros genéticos de longevidade e produtividade de fêmeas da raça Nelore Genetic parameters of longevity and productivity of Nellore females
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Rodrigo Possa Bertazzo, Rilke Tadeu Fonseca de Freitas, Tarcísio de Moraes Gonçalves, Idalmo Garcia Pereira, Joanir Pereira Eler, José Bento Sterman Ferraz, Antonio Ilson Gomes de Oliveira, and Ivo Francisco de Andrade
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características produtivas ,características reprodutivas ,componentes de (co)variância ,covariance components ,productive traits ,reproductive traits ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
Informações de 56.413 nascimentos de fêmeas da raça Nelore, ocorridos entre 1950 e 2000, em diferentes regiões do País, sob diferentes condições de criação e de manejo, foram usadas para estudar os componentes de (co)variância e os parâmetros genéticos (herdabilidade e correlação genética) dos pesos das vacas ao desmame (P205), a um ano de idade (P365) e ao sobreano (P550), dos pesos do bezerro ao desmame (P205b), a um ano de idade (P365b) e ao sobreano (P550b), bem como da idade ao primeiro parto (IPPM), da vida produtiva (VPM) e da longevidade, todas em meses (LONGM), do intervalo de partos em dias (INTP), da eficiência reprodutiva (ER), dos índices de produção (IP), de produção metabólico (IPM), de produção somado (IPS) e de produção metabólico somado (IPMS). As estimativas dos componentes de (co)variância foram realizadas por máxima verossimilhança restrita assumindo modelo animal. Analisaram-se os efeitos genéticos diretos, maternos e de ambiente permanente, além de efeitos fixos de fazenda, regime alimentar, condição de criação, ano de nascimento, estação de nascimento e sexo do bezerro. As estimativas de herdabilidade apresentaram-se similares entre as diferentes análises, sendo mais altas (0,24 a 0,75) para P205, P365, P550, P205b, P365b, P550b, IP, IPM, IPPM, VPM e LONGM e mais baixas (0 a 0,10) para ER, INTP, IPS e IPMS. Algumas correlações entre efeito genético materno e as características de crescimento foram negativas. De modo geral, correlações negativas entre LONGM e características de crescimento evidenciam o antagonismo genético entre maturidade precoce e longevidade. Entre LONGM e características de reprodução (IPPM) ou produção (índices de produção), as estimativas foram positivas, evidenciando que a fêmea que permanece no rebanho por mais tempo é aquela que possui os melhores índices reprodutivos e produtivos.In order to estimate the (co)variance components, heritabilities and genetic correlations of longevity and herd life in females, informations of 56,413 births of females from a Nellore cattle herd, from 1950 to 2000, under different rearing and management conditions, were used. It was studied from calf: weaning weight (W205C), yearling weight (W365C), weight in 550 days (W550C), from cows: weaning weight (W205), yearling weight (W365) and weight in 550 days (W550), age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI), herd life (RL), longevity (LONG), reproductive efficiency (RE), index production (IP), index of metabolic production (IMP), sum of index production (SIP), sum of index metabolic production (SIMP). The analysis were performed using the MTDFREML software, estimating (co)variance components, assuming animal model. Direct genetic, maternal and permanent environmental effects were analyzed. Fixed effects of farm, feeding program, rearing condition, birth calf year, birth calf season and calf sex, were also analyzed. Heritability estimates showed similar results among the different analyses, higher (0.24 to 0.75) for W205, W365, W550, W205C, W365C, W550C, IP, IMP, AFC, RL, LONG and lower (0 to 0.10) for RE, CI, SIP and SIMP. Some correlations between maternal genetic effect and the growth traits were negative. In general, estimates of genetic and phenotypic correlations among LONG and growth traits were negative, suggesting genetic antagonism between LONG and early maturity, between the LONG and reproductive and productive traits were positive, suggesting the significant effect of reproductive and productive traits on LONG.
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- 2004
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4. Genome-wide association study for semen production traits in Holstein-Friesian bulls.
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Suchocki, T. and Szyda, J.
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GENOMICS , *SEMEN , *HOLSTEIN-Friesian cattle , *SINGLE nucleotide polymorphisms , *COVARIANCE matrices - Abstract
Identifying genomic regions, particularly individual genes associated with semen quality traits, may be very important for improving sire fertility via selective breeding. The aim of the study was to estimate (co)variance components and effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip (Illumina, San Diego, CA) on semen production traits and to find candidate genes for these traits. The analyzed data set originates from the Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle population and consists of 1,212 bulls kept at 4 artificial insemination stations. For each bull, 5 semen production traits were collected: sperm concentration, semen volume, number of spermatozoa, motility, and motility score. A multitrait mixed model was used to estimate genetic parameters. The parameters obtained were used to estimate SNP effects for each trait separately by the mixed model, which is used in the Polish direct genomic value project. Additionally, genes located in the vicinity of significant SNP were selected as candidate genes. For motility, 20 genome-wide significant SNP, located on 12 autosomes, were identified. For sperm concentration, we found 7 significant SNP: 3 on chromosome X, and 1 on chromosomes 1, 6, 23, and 24. For semen volume and motility score, 3 and 1 significant SNP were detected, respectively. All these SNP were located on chromosome X. For the number of spermatozoa, 12 significant SNP were observed. Six SNP were located on chromosome X, 3 on chromosome 8, and 1 on chromosomes 2, 7, and 16. This study clearly indicated a key role of the X chromosome in the determination of semen quality and emphasized that including such traits into genetic evaluation should be strongly considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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5. The Generalizability of the Effects of Retailer e-Service Quality Dimensions.
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Finn, Adam
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ELECTRONIC commerce ,QUALITY of service ,CUSTOMER satisfaction ,CUSTOMER services ,ANALYSIS of covariance ,SURVEYS - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2010
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6. Diffusion-based spatial priors for functional magnetic resonance images
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Harrison, L.M., Penny, W., Daunizeau, J., and Friston, K.J.
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MAGNETIC resonance , *SOLUTION (Chemistry) , *DIFFUSION , *SEPARATION (Technology) - Abstract
Abstract: We recently outlined a Bayesian scheme for analyzing fMRI data using diffusion-based spatial priors [Harrison, L.M., Penny, W., Ashburner, J., Trujillo-Barreto, N., Friston, K.J., 2007. Diffusion-based spatial priors for imaging. NeuroImage 38, 677–695]. The current paper continues this theme, applying it to a single-subject functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of the auditory system. We show that spatial priors on functional activations, based on diffusion, can be formulated in terms of the eigenmodes of a graph Laplacian. This allows one to discard eigenmodes with small eigenvalues, to provide a computationally efficient scheme. Furthermore, this formulation shows that diffusion-based priors are a generalization of conventional Laplacian priors [Penny, W.D., Trujillo-Barreto, N.J., Friston, K.J., 2005. Bayesian fMRI time series analysis with spatial priors. NeuroImage 24, 350–362]. Finally, we show how diffusion-based priors are a special case of Gaussian process models that can be inverted using classical covariance component estimation techniques like restricted maximum likelihood [Patterson, H.D., Thompson, R., 1974. Maximum likelihood estimation of components of variance. Paper presented at: 8th International Biometrics Conference (Constanta, Romania)]. The convention in SPM is to smooth data with a fixed isotropic Gaussian kernel before inverting a mass-univariate statistical model. This entails the strong assumption that data are generated smoothly throughout the brain. However, there is no way to determine if this assumption is supported by the data, because data are smoothed before statistical modeling. In contrast, if a spatial prior is used, smoothness is estimated given non-smoothed data. Explicit spatial priors enable formal model comparison of different prior assumptions, e.g., that data are generated from a stationary (i.e., fixed throughout the brain) or non-stationary spatial process. Indeed, for the auditory data we provide strong evidence for a non-stationary process, which concurs with a qualitative comparison of predicted activations at the boundary of functionally selective regions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2008
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7. Generalized maximum-likelihood estimation of variance–covariance components with non-informative prior.
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Grodecki, J.
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A new estimator of variance–covariance components is presented. The proposed estimator is derived by applying the principle of maximum-likelihood estimation to the posterior probability density function for the case when no prior information is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2001
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8. Additive genetic and environmental variance components for milk traits in goat with test day model
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Suzana BREŽNIK, Špela MALOVRH, Milena KOVAČ, Dušan BIRTIČ, and Drago KOMPAN
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goats ,test day records ,milk traits ,genetic parameters ,variance components ,covariance components ,Agriculture - Abstract
Genetic and environmental dispersion parameters for daily milk yield (DMY), fat (FC), protein (PC) and lactose contents (LC) were estimated on 1805 does of Alpine and Saanen breed. During the period 1991-1996, 24044 monthly test days were obtained from 57 herds in Slovenia. (Co)variance components for random effects and residual were estimated by REML using Powell’s algorithm. The models contained season (year-month interaction) and breed as fixed effects, litter size, day of lactation and parity as independent variables, and common flock, permanent environment and additive genetic effect (animal) as random effects. Heritability for DMY was 0.19 - 0.20, for FC was 0.16 - 0.18, for PC was 0.21 - 0.24, and for LC was 0.21 - 0.23. The greatest part of phenotypic variance of FC, PC and LC remained in residual. FC and PC had a negative genetic correlation with DMY (-0.32 and -0.41). Correlation between FC and PC was positive (+0.57), as between PC and LC (+0.27).
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- 2000
9. The Effect of Covariance Structure on Variance Estimation in Balanced Growth-Curve Models With Random Parameters.
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Lange, Nicholas and Laird, Nan M.
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ANALYSIS of covariance , *PARAMETER estimation , *RANDOM variables , *STATISTICAL sampling , *LEAST squares , *ESTIMATION theory , *REGRESSION analysis , *MATHEMATICAL variables - Abstract
Intuition suggests that altering the covariance structure of a parametric model for repeated-measures data alters the variances of the model's estimated mean parameters. The purpose of this article is to sharpen such intuition for a family of growth-curve models with differing numbers of random effects for the individual sampling units and with a fixed structure on the mean. For every member of this family, the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator of the fixed effects is identical to the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator. In addition, simple closed-form ML and restricted maximum likelihood estimators for the variance and covariance parameters exist for every member. As a consequence, closed-form expressions for the estimated variance-covariance matrix of the OLS estimator of the fixed effects also exist for the entire family. We derive explicit relationships between the variance and covariance parameter estimators from different members of the family and thereby extend some familiar results. For example, it is well known that for balanced and complete longitudinal designs the compound symmetry assumption for the covariance structure of the serial observations (i.e., assuming one random effect for each sampling unit) yields a more precise estimate of the slope of the population growth curve than of its intercept. It is also well known that for such designs the diagonal covariance structure assumption of OLS regression (i.e., no random effects for the units) yields a more precise estimate of the intercept than does the compound symmetry assumption, and a less precise estimate of the slope. We extend such relationships as these to growth-curve models whose covariance structures are of increasing linear... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 1989
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10. Estimation in Covariance Components Models.
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Dempster, A. P., Rubin, D. B., and Tsutakawa, R. K.
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ESTIMATION theory , *ANALYSIS of covariance , *MATHEMATICAL statistics , *BAYESIAN analysis , *LINEAR statistical models , *STATISTICS , *ANALYSIS of variance , *ALGORITHMS - Abstract
Estimation techniques for linear covariance components models are developed and illustrated with special emphasis on explaining computational processes. The estimation of fixed and random effects when the variances and covariances are known is presented in Bayesian terms. Point estimates of the unknown variances and covariances are computed using the EM algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation from incomplete data. The techniques are illustrated with data on law schools, field mice, and professional football teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 1981
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11. A note on the effect of observations with missing data on genetic correlation estimates.
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Weller, J. and Ron, M.
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Various studies have estimated covariance components as half the difference between the variance component of the sum of the variable values, for each observation, and the sum of the corresponding variable variance components. Although the variance components for the separate variables can be computed using all available data, the variance components of the sum can be computed only from those observations with records for both variables. Previous studies have suggested eliminating observations with missing data, because of possible selection bias. The effect of missing data on estimates of covariance components and genetic correlations was tested on sample beef cattle data and simulated data by randomly deleting differing proportions of records of one variable for each pair of variables analyzed. Estimates of genetic correlations computed with observations with missing data eliminated, were more accurate than estimates computed using all available data. Furthermore, when observations with missing data were included, estimates of genetic correlation far outside the parameter space were common. Therefore, this method should be used only if observations with missing data have been eliminated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 1987
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12. Asymptotic properties of the growth curve model with covariance components.
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Žežula, Ivan
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We consider a multivariate regression (growth curve) model of the form $$Y = XBZ + \varepsilon ,{\text{E}}_\varepsilon = 0,{\text{ var(vec }}\varepsilon {\text{) = }}W \otimes \sum $$ , where $$W = \sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^k {\theta _i V_i } $$ and $$\theta _i '{\text{s}}$$ are unknown scalar covariance components. In the case of replicated observations, we derive the explicit form of the locally best estimators of the covariance components under normality and asymptotic confidence ellipsoids for certain linear functions of the first order parameters { B
ij } estimating simultaneously the first and the second order parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 1997
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13. A Crossed Random Effects Model for Unbalanced Data With Applications in Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Research.
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Raudenbush, Stephen W.
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Hierarchical linear models have found widespread application when the data have a nested structure-for example, when students are nested within classrooms (a two-level nested structure) or students are nested within classrooms and classrooms are nested within schools (a three-level nested structure). Often, however, the data will have a more complex nested structure. In Example 1, students are nested within both neighborhoods and schools; however, a school can draw students from multiple neighborhoods, and a neighborhood can send students to multiple schools. In Example 2, children are nested within classrooms during the first year of the study; however, each child finds himself or herself with a new teacher and a new set of classmates during each subsequent year of the study. By combining Lindley and Smith's (1972) concepts of exchangeability between and within regressions, this article formulates a crossed random effects model that applies to such data, provides maximum likelihood estimates via the EM algorithm, and illustrates application to study (a) neighborhood and school effects on educational attainment in Scotland and (b) classroom effects on mathematics learning during the primary years in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
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- 1993
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14. Genetic Parameters of Common Wheat in Nepal
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Bal Krishna Joshi, Dhruba Bahadur Thapa, and Madan R Bhatta
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Randomized block design ,Triticum aestivum ,lcsh:S ,food and beverages ,Covariance ,Quantitative trait locus ,Heritability ,Biology ,Genetic correlation ,Covariance components ,Crop ,lcsh:Agriculture ,Agronomy ,Genetic gain ,genetic parameters ,Common wheat - Abstract
Knowledge on variation within traits and their genetics are prerequisites in crop improvement program. Thus, in present paper we aimed to estimate genetic and environmental indices of common wheat genotypes. For the purpose, eight quantitative traits were measured from 30 wheat genotypes, which were in randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Components of variance and covariance were estimated along with heritability, genetic gain, realized heritability, coheritability and correlated response. Differences between phenotypic and genotypic variances in heading days, maturity days and plant height were not large. Grain yield and plant height showed the highest phenotypic (18.189%) and genotypic (12.06%) coefficient of variances, respectively. Phenotypic covariance was higher than genotypic and environmental covariance in most of the traits. The highest heritability and realized heritability were of heading days followed by maturity days. Genetic gain for plant height was the highest. Co-heritability of 1000-grain weight with tillers number was the highest. The highest correlated response was expressed by grain yield with tillers number. This study indicates the possibility of improving wheat genotypes through selection utilizing existing variation in these traits.Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council Vol.1 2015 pp.9-13
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- 2015
15. Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Variance Components for Growth Traits of Nguni Cattle in Limpopo Province, South Africa
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Norris, D., Banga, C., Benyi, K., and Sithole, B.C.
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- 2004
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16. Estimation of genetic parameters in the analysis of square lattice experiment group Estimação de parâmetros genéticos na análise de grupo de experimentos em látice quadrado
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JOSÉ MARCELO SORIANO VIANA and ADAIR JOSÉ REGAZZI
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quantitative genetics ,joint analysis ,genética quantitativa ,square lattice ,parâmetros genéticos ,componentes da variância ,covariance components ,lcsh:S1-972 ,látice quadrado ,componentes da covariância ,análise conjunta ,genetic parameters ,variance components ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) - Abstract
Aiming to demonstrate how to obtain unbiased estimates of genetic parameters of base populations, unaffected by genotype x environment effects, this paper presents the variance and covariance components of the intra-block analysis of a group of square lattice experiments and the estimators of the components associated to treatment effect. Random model and mixed models with environment effect fixed and other effects random are considered. In the analysis with treatments not corrected for blocks/replications/environments, the estimators of the variance and covariance components due to treatment effect are different from those of the analysis considering the complete block model. Data from two experiments of a breeding program of Eucalyptus pyrocarpa were used for genetic analysis. The analysis of variance of height and diameter indicated absence of interaction between progeny and environment. Due to this result, the prediction of the direct and indirect genetic gains was based on the mean of the two environments. The high estimates of narrow sense heritabilities and additive genetic correlation indicate that selection of the superior families will be effective in changing the means of the base population for both traits.Neste trabalho, discute-se a estimação de parâmetros genéticos de populações-base, quando as famílias amostradas foram avaliadas em dois ou mais ambientes, no delineamento em látice quadrado. Na parte teórica, são apresentados os componentes de variância e covariância da análise intrablocos de grupo de experimentos em látice quadrado e os estimadores dos componentes associados a efeito de tratamento, considerando estimação pelo método dos quadrados mínimos ordinário. Os estimadores dos componentes da variância e covariância da análise com tratamentos não ajustados diferem dos da análise segundo modelo em blocos completos. Além de modelo aleatório, consideram-se também os mistos com efeito de ambiente fixo e demais efeitos aleatórios. Dados de dois experimentos de um programa de melhoramento de Eucalyptus pyrocarpa foram usados para análise genética. Como em relação às características altura e diâmetro não houve evidência de interação progênie x ambiente, a predição de ganhos diretos e indiretos foi feita com base na média dos dois ambientes. Os valores elevados da herdabilidade em sentido restrito e da correlação genética aditiva evidenciam que a seleção das famílias superiores será eficiente em alterar as médias da população-base, para as duas características.
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- 1999
17. Estimação de parâmetros genéticos na análise de látice quadrado
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Adair José Regazzi and José Marcelo Soriano Viana
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Physics ,quantitative genetics ,Genética quantitativa ,Materials Science (miscellaneous) ,Agriculture (General) ,Parâmetros genéticos ,square lattice ,lcsh:S1-972 ,covariance components ,S1-972 ,Componentes de covariância ,genetic parameters ,variance components ,Componentes da variância ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) ,Látice quadrado ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Humanities - Abstract
This paper shows how to obtain unbiased estimates of genetic parameters of base populations, e.g., genotypic variance among families, heritability on a family mean basis, genotypic correlation and direct and indirect expected genetic gains, when the sampled families were evaluated in square lattice experiment. The theoretical part presents the variance and covariance components of the intra-block analysis of square lattice and the estimators of the components associated to treatment effect, considering the ordinary least squares method. In the analysis with treatments not corrected for blocks/replications, the estimator of the component due to treatment effect is equal to that of the analysis considering the complete block model. Experimental data from a breeding program of Eucalyptus pyrocarpa were used for genetic analysis. The high estimates of narrow sense heritabilities and additive genetic correlation, related to height and diameter, indicate that selection of the superior families will be effective in changing the means of the base population. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um procedimento para a obtenção de estimativas não viesadas de parâmetros genéticos de populações-base, como variância genotípica entre famílias, herdabilidade em nível de média de família, correlação genotípica entre caracteres e ganhos genéticos esperados, diretos e indiretos, quando as progênies amostradas foram avaliadas no delineamento em látice quadrado. Na parte metodológica, são apresentados os componentes de variância e da covariância da análise intrablocos de látice quadrado e os estimadores dos componentes associados a efeito de tratamento, considerando estimação pelo método dos quadrados mínimos ordinário. Os estimadores dos componentes da variância e da covariância associados a efeito de tratamento da análise com tratamentos não ajustados são iguais aos da análise considerando modelo em blocos. Dados de um experimento de programa de melhoramento de Eucalyptus pyrocarpa foram usados para análise genética. Em vista dos elevados valores da herdabilidade em sentido restrito e da correlação genética aditiva, em relação a altura e diâmetro, a seleção das melhores famílias será eficiente em alterar as médias da população base.
- Published
- 1999
18. Estimation of genetic parameters in the square lattice analysis Estimação de parâmetros genéticos na análise de látice quadrado
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JOSÉ MARCELO SORIANO VIANA and ADAIR JOSÉ REGAZZI
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látice quadrado ,quantitative genetics ,genética quantitativa ,genetic parameters ,square lattice ,parâmetros genéticos ,variance components ,componentes de covariância ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) ,componentes da variância ,covariance components ,lcsh:S1-972 - Abstract
This paper shows how to obtain unbiased estimates of genetic parameters of base populations, e.g., genotypic variance among families, heritability on a family mean basis, genotypic correlation and direct and indirect expected genetic gains, when the sampled families were evaluated in square lattice experiment. The theoretical part presents the variance and covariance components of the intra-block analysis of square lattice and the estimators of the components associated to treatment effect, considering the ordinary least squares method. In the analysis with treatments not corrected for blocks/replications, the estimator of the component due to treatment effect is equal to that of the analysis considering the complete block model. Experimental data from a breeding program of Eucalyptus pyrocarpa were used for genetic analysis. The high estimates of narrow sense heritabilities and additive genetic correlation, related to height and diameter, indicate that selection of the superior families will be effective in changing the means of the base population.Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um procedimento para a obtenção de estimativas não viesadas de parâmetros genéticos de populações-base, como variância genotípica entre famílias, herdabilidade em nível de média de família, correlação genotípica entre caracteres e ganhos genéticos esperados, diretos e indiretos, quando as progênies amostradas foram avaliadas no delineamento em látice quadrado. Na parte metodológica, são apresentados os componentes de variância e da covariância da análise intrablocos de látice quadrado e os estimadores dos componentes associados a efeito de tratamento, considerando estimação pelo método dos quadrados mínimos ordinário. Os estimadores dos componentes da variância e da covariância associados a efeito de tratamento da análise com tratamentos não ajustados são iguais aos da análise considerando modelo em blocos. Dados de um experimento de programa de melhoramento de Eucalyptus pyrocarpa foram usados para análise genética. Em vista dos elevados valores da herdabilidade em sentido restrito e da correlação genética aditiva, em relação a altura e diâmetro, a seleção das melhores famílias será eficiente em alterar as médias da população base.
- Published
- 1999
19. Genetic parameters for test day milk yield of first lactation Holstein cows estimated by random regression using Legendre polynomials
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Costa, Claudio Napolis, Melo, Claudio Manoel Rodrigues de, Packer, Irineu Umberto, Freitas, Ary Ferreira de, Teixeira, Nilson Milagres, and Cobuci, Jaime Araujo
- Subjects
avaliação genética ,componentes de co-variância ,bovinos de leite ,herdabilidade ,seleção ,dairy cattle ,selection ,heritability ,covariance components ,genetic evaluation - Abstract
Data comprising 263,390 test-day (TD) records of 32,448 first parity cows calving in 467 herds between 1991 and 2001 from the Brazilian Holstein Association were used to estimate genetic and permanent environmental variance components in a random regression animal model using Legendre polynomials (LP) of order three to five by REML. Residual variance was assumed to be constant in all or in some classes of lactation periods for each LP. Estimates of genetic and permanent environmental variances did not show any trend due to the increase in the LP order. Residual variance decreased as the order of LP increased when it was assumed constant, and it was highest at the beginning of lactation and relatively constant in mid lactation when assumed to vary between classes. The range for the estimates of heritability (0.27 - 0.42) was similar for all models and was higher in mid lactation. There were only slight differences between the models in both genetic and permanent environmental correlations. Genetic correlations decreased for near unity between adjacent days to values as low as 0.24 between early and late lactation. A five parameter LP to model both genetic and permanent environmental effects and assuming a homogeneous residual variance would be a parsimonious option to fit TD yields of Holstein cows in Brazil. Um total de 263.390 registros de produção de leite do dia do controle (PC) de 32.448 primeiras lactações de vacas da raça Holandesa com partos entre 1991 e 2001, disponibilizados pela Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Bovinos da Raça Holandesa, foi usado para estimar componentes de variância para os efeitos genético e de ambiente permanente com modelos de regressão aleatória usando polinômios de Legendre (PL) de ordens 3 a 5 por REML. A variância residual foi assumida como constante em todo ou em algumas classes do período de lactação para cada PL. As estimativas dos efeitos genético e permanente de ambiente não apresentaram qualquer tendência atribuída ao aumento da ordem do PL. A variância residual diminuiu com o aumento da ordem do PL quando assumida como constante e foi maior no início da lactação e relativamente constante na fase intermediária quando assumida como heterogênea entre classes do período de lactação. As estimativas de herdabilidade variaram de 0,27 a 0,42 em todos os modelos e foram maiores na fase intermediária da lactação. As diferenças entre modelos para as correlações genéticas e de ambiente permanente foram pequenas. As correlações genéticas decresceram de valores próximos à unidade entre as produções de leite de controles próximos para 0,24 entre as produções de leite dos controles do início e do final da lactação. O polinômio de Legendre de cinco parâmetros para a modelagem dos efeitos genético e de ambiente permanente com homogeneidade de variância residual é uma opção parcimoniosa para o ajuste das PC de vacas da raça Holandesa no Brasil.
- Published
- 2008
20. Genetic parameters for test day milk yield of first lactation Holstein cows estimated by random regression using Legendre polynomials
- Author
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Claudio Napolis Costa, Ary Ferreira de Freitas, Nilson Milagres Teixeira, Irineu Umberto Packer, Cláudio Melo, and Jaime Araujo Cobuci
- Subjects
herdabilidade ,Restricted maximum likelihood ,seleção ,Ice calving ,selection ,heritability ,Residual ,covariance components ,genetic evaluation ,Lactation ,Statistics ,medicine ,Legendre polynomials ,Mathematics ,componentes de co-variância ,Gado leiteiro ,bovinos de leite ,dairy cattle ,Produção leiteira ,Heritability ,avaliação genética ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Herd ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Genética animal ,Parity (mathematics) - Abstract
Um total de 263.390 registros de produção de leite do dia do controle (PC) de 32.448 primeiras lactações de vacas da raça Holandesa com partos entre 1991 e 2001, disponibilizados pela Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Bovinos da Raça Holandesa, foi usado para estimar componentes de variância para os efeitos genético e de ambiente permanente com modelos de regressão aleatória usando polinômios de Legendre (PL) de ordens 3 a 5 por REML. A variância residual foi assumida como constante em todo ou em algumas classes do período de lactação para cada PL. As estimativas dos efeitos genético e permanente de ambiente não apresentaram qualquer tendência atribuída ao aumento da ordem do PL. A variância residual diminuiu com o aumento da ordem do PL quando assumida como constante e foi maior no início da lactação e relativamente constante na fase intermediária quando assumida como heterogênea entre classes do período de lactação. As estimativas de herdabilidade variaram de 0,27 a 0,42 em todos os modelos e foram maiores na fase intermediária da lactação. As diferenças entre modelos para as correlações genéticas e de ambiente permanente foram pequenas. As correlações genéticas decresceram de valores próximos à unidade entre as produções de leite de controles próximos para 0,24 entre as produções de leite dos controles do início e do final da lactação. O polinômio de Legendre de cinco parâmetros para a modelagem dos efeitos genético e de ambiente permanente com homogeneidade de variância residual é uma opção parcimoniosa para o ajuste das PC de vacas da raça Holandesa no Brasil. Data comprising 263,390 test-day (TD) records of 32,448 first parity cows calving in 467 herds between 1991 and 2001 from the Brazilian Holstein Association were used to estimate genetic and permanent environmental variance components in a random regression animal model using Legendre polynomials (LP) of order three to five by REML. Residual variance was assumed to be constant in all or in some classes of lactation periods for each LP. Estimates of genetic and permanent environmental variances did not show any trend due to the increase in the LP order. Residual variance decreased as the order of LP increased when it was assumed constant, and it was highest at the beginning of lactation and relatively constant in mid lactation when assumed to vary between classes. The range for the estimates of heritability (0.27 - 0.42) was similar for all models and was higher in mid lactation. There were only slight differences between the models in both genetic and permanent environmental correlations. Genetic correlations decreased for near unity between adjacent days to values as low as 0.24 between early and late lactation. A five parameter LP to model both genetic and permanent environmental effects and assuming a homogeneous residual variance would be a parsimonious option to fit TD yields of Holstein cows in Brazil.
- Published
- 2008
21. Diffusion-based spatial priors for functional magnetic resonance images
- Author
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Lee M. Harrison, Jean Daunizeau, Karl J. Friston, and William D. Penny
- Subjects
[non-]stationary spatial process ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Matrix-variate normal density ,Models, Neurological ,Spatial priors ,Bayesian inference ,01 natural sciences ,Covariance components ,Fisher-scoring ,010104 statistics & probability ,03 medical and health sciences ,symbols.namesake ,0302 clinical medicine ,Prior probability ,Expectation–maximization algorithm ,Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted ,Weighted graph Laplacian ,Gaussian function ,Technical Note ,Humans ,0101 mathematics ,Gaussian process ,Eigenmodes ,Mathematics ,Auditory Cortex ,Diffusion kernel ,business.industry ,Expectation maximization ,Pattern recognition ,Statistical model ,Bayes Theorem ,Single-subject fMRI ,Covariance ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Bayesian model comparison ,Neurology ,symbols ,Artificial intelligence ,Laplacian matrix ,business ,Algorithm ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Algorithms - Abstract
We recently outlined a Bayesian scheme for analyzing fMRI data using diffusion-based spatial priors [Harrison, L.M., Penny, W., Ashburner, J., Trujillo-Barreto, N., Friston, K.J., 2007. Diffusion-based spatial priors for imaging. NeuroImage 38, 677–695]. The current paper continues this theme, applying it to a single-subject functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of the auditory system. We show that spatial priors on functional activations, based on diffusion, can be formulated in terms of the eigenmodes of a graph Laplacian. This allows one to discard eigenmodes with small eigenvalues, to provide a computationally efficient scheme. Furthermore, this formulation shows that diffusion-based priors are a generalization of conventional Laplacian priors [Penny, W.D., Trujillo-Barreto, N.J., Friston, K.J., 2005. Bayesian fMRI time series analysis with spatial priors. NeuroImage 24, 350–362]. Finally, we show how diffusion-based priors are a special case of Gaussian process models that can be inverted using classical covariance component estimation techniques like restricted maximum likelihood [Patterson, H.D., Thompson, R., 1974. Maximum likelihood estimation of components of variance. Paper presented at: 8th International Biometrics Conference (Constanta, Romania)]. The convention in SPM is to smooth data with a fixed isotropic Gaussian kernel before inverting a mass-univariate statistical model. This entails the strong assumption that data are generated smoothly throughout the brain. However, there is no way to determine if this assumption is supported by the data, because data are smoothed before statistical modeling. In contrast, if a spatial prior is used, smoothness is estimated given non-smoothed data. Explicit spatial priors enable formal model comparison of different prior assumptions, e.g., that data are generated from a stationary (i.e., fixed throughout the brain) or non-stationary spatial process. Indeed, for the auditory data we provide strong evidence for a non-stationary process, which concurs with a qualitative comparison of predicted activations at the boundary of functionally selective regions.
- Published
- 2007
22. Parâmetros genéticos de longevidade e produtividade de fêmeas da raça Nelore
- Author
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Idalmo Garcia Pereira, Rilke Tadeu Fonseca de Freitas, Rodrigo Possa Bertazzo, Joanir Pereira Eler, José Bento Sterman Ferraz, Tarcisio de Moraes Gonçalves, Antonio Ilson Gomes de Oliveira, and Ivo Francisco de Andrade
- Subjects
Ecology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,componentes de (co)variância ,Longevity ,Ice calving ,Heritability ,Biology ,productive traits ,covariance components ,características produtivas ,características reprodutivas ,Animal model ,Animal science ,Calving interval ,Herd ,Variance components ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Weaning weight ,reproductive traits ,media_common - Abstract
Informações de 56.413 nascimentos de fêmeas da raça Nelore, ocorridos entre 1950 e 2000, em diferentes regiões do País, sob diferentes condições de criação e de manejo, foram usadas para estudar os componentes de (co)variância e os parâmetros genéticos (herdabilidade e correlação genética) dos pesos das vacas ao desmame (P205), a um ano de idade (P365) e ao sobreano (P550), dos pesos do bezerro ao desmame (P205b), a um ano de idade (P365b) e ao sobreano (P550b), bem como da idade ao primeiro parto (IPPM), da vida produtiva (VPM) e da longevidade, todas em meses (LONGM), do intervalo de partos em dias (INTP), da eficiência reprodutiva (ER), dos índices de produção (IP), de produção metabólico (IPM), de produção somado (IPS) e de produção metabólico somado (IPMS). As estimativas dos componentes de (co)variância foram realizadas por máxima verossimilhança restrita assumindo modelo animal. Analisaram-se os efeitos genéticos diretos, maternos e de ambiente permanente, além de efeitos fixos de fazenda, regime alimentar, condição de criação, ano de nascimento, estação de nascimento e sexo do bezerro. As estimativas de herdabilidade apresentaram-se similares entre as diferentes análises, sendo mais altas (0,24 a 0,75) para P205, P365, P550, P205b, P365b, P550b, IP, IPM, IPPM, VPM e LONGM e mais baixas (0 a 0,10) para ER, INTP, IPS e IPMS. Algumas correlações entre efeito genético materno e as características de crescimento foram negativas. De modo geral, correlações negativas entre LONGM e características de crescimento evidenciam o antagonismo genético entre maturidade precoce e longevidade. Entre LONGM e características de reprodução (IPPM) ou produção (índices de produção), as estimativas foram positivas, evidenciando que a fêmea que permanece no rebanho por mais tempo é aquela que possui os melhores índices reprodutivos e produtivos. In order to estimate the (co)variance components, heritabilities and genetic correlations of longevity and herd life in females, informations of 56,413 births of females from a Nellore cattle herd, from 1950 to 2000, under different rearing and management conditions, were used. It was studied from calf: weaning weight (W205C), yearling weight (W365C), weight in 550 days (W550C), from cows: weaning weight (W205), yearling weight (W365) and weight in 550 days (W550), age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI), herd life (RL), longevity (LONG), reproductive efficiency (RE), index production (IP), index of metabolic production (IMP), sum of index production (SIP), sum of index metabolic production (SIMP). The analysis were performed using the MTDFREML software, estimating (co)variance components, assuming animal model. Direct genetic, maternal and permanent environmental effects were analyzed. Fixed effects of farm, feeding program, rearing condition, birth calf year, birth calf season and calf sex, were also analyzed. Heritability estimates showed similar results among the different analyses, higher (0.24 to 0.75) for W205, W365, W550, W205C, W365C, W550C, IP, IMP, AFC, RL, LONG and lower (0 to 0.10) for RE, CI, SIP and SIMP. Some correlations between maternal genetic effect and the growth traits were negative. In general, estimates of genetic and phenotypic correlations among LONG and growth traits were negative, suggesting genetic antagonism between LONG and early maturity, between the LONG and reproductive and productive traits were positive, suggesting the significant effect of reproductive and productive traits on LONG.
- Published
- 2004
23. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia
- Author
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Bertazzo, Rodrigo Possa, Freitas, Rilke Tadeu Fonseca de, Gonçalves, Tarcísio de Moraes, Pereira, Idalmo Garcia, Eler, Joanir Pereira, Ferraz, José Bento Sterman, Oliveira, Antonio Ilson Gomes de, and Andrade, Ivo Francisco de
- Subjects
Reproductive traits ,Características produtivas ,Características reprodutivas ,Componentes de (co)variância ,Covariance components ,Productive traits - Abstract
P.1118-1127 Submitted by JURANDI DE SOUZA SILVA (jssufba@hotmail.com) on 2011-10-04T19:22:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 a03v33n5.pdf: 51207 bytes, checksum: 21bad7a7f0f2e475c5711b27b6faa48e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2011-10-04T19:22:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 a03v33n5.pdf: 51207 bytes, checksum: 21bad7a7f0f2e475c5711b27b6faa48e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 Informações de 56.413 nascimentos de fêmeas da raça Nelore, ocorridos entre 1950 e 2000, em diferentes regiões do País, sob diferentes condições de criação e de manejo, foram usadas para estudar os componentes de (co)variância e os parâmetros genéticos (herdabilidade e correlação genética) dos pesos das vacas ao desmame (P205), a um ano de idade (P365) e ao sobreano (P550), dos pesos do bezerro ao desmame (P205b), a um ano de idade (P365b) e ao sobreano (P550b), bem como da idade ao primeiro parto (IPPM), da vida produtiva (VPM) e da longevidade, todas em meses (LONGM), do intervalo de partos em dias (INTP), da eficiência reprodutiva (ER), dos índices de produção (IP), de produção metabólico (IPM), de produção somado (IPS) e de produção metabólico somado (IPMS). As estimativas dos componentes de (co)variância foram realizadas por máxima verossimilhança restrita assumindo modelo animal. Analisaram-se os efeitos genéticos diretos, maternos e de ambiente permanente, além de efeitos fixos de fazenda, regime alimentar, condição de criação, ano de nascimento, estação de nascimento e sexo do bezerro. As estimativas de herdabilidade apresentaram-se similares entre as diferentes análises, sendo mais altas (0,24 a 0,75) para P205, P365, P550, P205b, P365b, P550b, IP, IPM, IPPM, VPM e LONGM e mais baixas (0 a 0,10) para ER, INTP, IPS e IPMS. Algumas correlações entre efeito genético materno e as características de crescimento foram negativas. De modo geral, correlações negativas entre LONGM e características de crescimento evidenciam o antagonismo genético entre maturidade precoce e longevidade. Entre LONGM e características de reprodução (IPPM) ou produção (índices de produção), as estimativas foram positivas, evidenciando que a fêmea que permanece no rebanho por mais tempo é aquela que possui os melhores índices reprodutivos e produtivos. Viçosa
- Published
- 2004
24. Estimação de parâmetros genéticos na análise de grupo de experimentos em látice quadrado
- Author
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Adair José Regazzi and José Marcelo Soriano Viana
- Subjects
Mixed model ,Breeding program ,Quantitative genetics ,Variance components ,Genética quantitativa ,Materials Science (miscellaneous) ,Parâmetros genéticos ,Estimator ,Variance (accounting) ,Biology ,Covariance ,Genetic parameters ,Genetic correlation ,Covariance components ,Análise conjunta ,Statistics ,Componentes da covariância ,Analysis of variance ,Componentes da variância ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Látice quadrado ,Selection (genetic algorithm) ,Joint analysis ,Square lattice - Abstract
Aiming to demonstrate how to obtain unbiased estimates of genetic parameters of base populations, unaffected by genotype x environment effects, this paper presents the variance and covariance components of the intra-block analysis of a group of square lattice experiments and the estimators of the components associated to treatment effect. Random model and mixed models with environment effect fixed and other effects random are considered. In the analysis with treatments not corrected for blocks/replications/environments, the estimators of the variance and covariance components due to treatment effect are different from those of the analysis considering the complete block model. Data from two experiments of a breeding program of Eucalyptus pyrocarpa were used for genetic analysis. The analysis of variance of height and diameter indicated absence of interaction between progeny and environment. Due to this result, the prediction of the direct and indirect genetic gains was based on the mean of the two environments. The high estimates of narrow sense heritabilities and additive genetic correlation indicate that selection of the superior families will be effective in changing the means of the base population for both traits. Neste trabalho, discute-se a estimação de parâmetros genéticos de populações-base, quando as famílias amostradas foram avaliadas em dois ou mais ambientes, no delineamento em látice quadrado. Na parte teórica, são apresentados os componentes de variância e covariância da análise intrablocos de grupo de experimentos em látice quadrado e os estimadores dos componentes associados a efeito de tratamento, considerando estimação pelo método dos quadrados mínimos ordinário. Os estimadores dos componentes da variância e covariância da análise com tratamentos não ajustados diferem dos da análise segundo modelo em blocos completos. Além de modelo aleatório, consideram-se também os mistos com efeito de ambiente fixo e demais efeitos aleatórios. Dados de dois experimentos de um programa de melhoramento de Eucalyptus pyrocarpa foram usados para análise genética. Como em relação às características altura e diâmetro não houve evidência de interação progênie x ambiente, a predição de ganhos diretos e indiretos foi feita com base na média dos dois ambientes. Os valores elevados da herdabilidade em sentido restrito e da correlação genética aditiva evidenciam que a seleção das famílias superiores será eficiente em alterar as médias da população-base, para as duas características.
- Published
- 1999
25. Estimation of variance and covariance components—MINQUE theory
- Author
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C. Radhakrishna Rao
- Subjects
Statistics and Probability ,Numerical Analysis ,Trace (linear algebra) ,Covariance function ,Covariance matrix ,Linear model ,MINQUE ,MINQUE theory ,Covariance ,covariance components ,Estimation of covariance matrices ,Matrix (mathematics) ,Statistics ,variance components ,Applied mathematics ,Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty ,Estimation ,Mathematics - Abstract
The paper consists of two parts. The first part deals with solutions to some optimization problems. The general problem is one of minimssing Tr AVA′U , where V and U are positive definite matrices when the elements of the matrix are subject to linear restrictions of the type AX = O or X′AX = O and trace AV i = p i , i = 1,…, k , or U 1 ′ AU 1 + … + U k ′ AU k = M . These results are used in determining Minimum Norm Quadratic Unbiased Estimators (MINQUE) of variance and covariance components in linear models. The present paper is a generalization of an earlier attempt by the author to obtain estimators of heteroscedastic variances in a regression model. The method is quite general, applicable to all experimental situations, and the computations are simple.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. A Multivariate Correction for Attenuation
- Author
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Bock, R. Darrell and Petersen, Anne C.
- Published
- 1975
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. On Multivariate Mixed Model Analysis
- Author
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Amemiya, Yasuo
- Published
- 1994
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