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Felix K. Maier, Palastrevolution. Der Weg zum hauptstädtischen Kaisertum im Römischen Reich des vierten Jahrhunderts (Antike Imperien 1). Paderborn: Schöningh 2019. VIII, 538 S. – ISBN 978-3-506-79241-9, The Byzantine Review, Bd. 5 (2023)

By admitting pages into his household, King of Holland Louis Bonaparte (1806-1810) allowed upper class adolescents to be groomed for military careers in a prestigious environment. These traditional junior court positions, few in number and eagerly coveted, constituted one of the King’s instruments to bolster the legitimacy of his newly-created throne. This article examines royal patronage through the appointments of pages, considering Louis Bonaparte’s policies as well as the response of the country’s leading families. A prosopographical analysis of the total of twenty-five pages reveals how he sought to integrate as many sections of the kingdom’s broadened and fragmented elite as possible. Although the King’s efforts were eventually thwarted by the brevity of his reign, the allegiance of both the pages and their families proved, in many cases, to have been easily transferred to the succeeding imperial regime

En junio de 1662 varios criados de Cornelius Lerche, embajador de Dinamarca en Madrid, fueron expulsados del balcón que estaban adecentando para que su señor pudiera ver las fiestas de toros en honor a San Juan que iban a celebrarse en la Plaza Mayor. Este incidente, en apariencia irrisorio, derivó rápidamente en un problema diplomático-cortesano que ocupó tiempo de trabajo de Felipe IV y sus consejeros, con el duque de duque de Sanlúcar la Mayor y Medina de las Torres a la cabeza, desde finales de junio hasta mediados de agosto de aquel año. El presente artículo toma el análisis de este incidente como medio para ofrecer algunas respuestas a la pregunta ¿qué cuenta este caso sobre las lógicas y prácticas de funcionamiento e interacción diplomático – cortesanas a mediados del s. XVII? In the last days of June 1662 several servants of Cornelius Lerche, Danish ambassador in Madrid, were expelled by force from the balcony they were preparing for their master at the Plaza Mayor in order to witness a bullfight in honour of St. John. This apparently irrelevant quarrel rapidly derived into a courtly – diplomatic problem, taking time from king Philip IV and his counsellors from June to mid-August 1662. This article analyses the incident as a way to provide some insights into the logic and interaction practices of mid-seventeenth century courtly diplomacy.

International audience; The social configuration of Philip II's last illness (summer 1598) and the space provided by the multiplicity of accounts describing it constitute a privileged observatory for reflecting, in a historical and situated perspective, on the suffering caused by the pain of others in the 16th century. Based on the analysis of these different sources, the article first examines the place that pain occupies in the accounts of the king's last months. Secondly, it aims to deconstruct the edifying representations that present a stoic and pious king accepting as a good martyr the punishments sent to him from heaven and to show how a space for negotiation between Philip II and his physicians and surgeons is defined around pain. Particular attention is paid to the way in which these actors, directly involved in the management of a delicate situation, perceive and seek to deal with the king's pain, while being subjected to the pressures imposed on them by the care of this illustrious patient.; La configuration sociale de la dernière maladie de Philippe II (été 1598à et l’espace que la multiplicité des récits qui la décrivent constitue un observatoire privilégié pour réfléchir, dans une perspective historique et située, à la douleur suscitée par la peine d’autrui au XVIe siècle. À partir de l’analyse de ces différentes sources, l'article s'interroge dans un premier temps sur la place que la douleur occupe dans les récits des derniers mois du roi. Dans un deuxième temps, il vise à déconstruire les représentations édifiantes qui présentent un roi stoïque et pieux acceptant en bon martyr des peines qui lui seraient envoyées du ciel et à montrer comment se définit autour de la douleur un espace de négociations entre Philippe II et ses médecins et chirurgiens. Une attention particulière est accordée à la façon dont ces acteurs, directement impliqués dans la gestion d’une situation délicate, perçoivent et cherchent à faire face à la douleur du roi, tout en étant soumis aux pressions que leur impose la prise en charge de cet illustre patient.

By admitting pages into his household, King of Holland Louis Bonaparte (1806-1810) allowed upper class adolescents to be groomed for military careers in a prestigious environment. These traditional junior court positions, few in number and eagerly coveted, constituted one of the King’s instruments to bolster the legitimacy of his newly-created throne. This article examines royal patronage through the appointments of pages, considering Louis Bonaparte’s policies as well as the response of the country’s leading families. A prosopographical analysis of the total of twenty-five pages reveals how he sought to integrate as many sections of the kingdom’s broadened and fragmented elite as possible. Although the King’s efforts were eventually thwarted by the brevity of his reign, the allegiance of both the pages and their families proved, in many cases, to have been easily transferred to the succeeding imperial regime

Entre 1536 et 1563, Ippolito II d’Este passe quinze ans dans le royaume de France. Il joue un rôle d’intermédiaire entre l’Italie et la France, tant sur le plan politique que sur le plan culturel. Le cardinal de Ferrare, et certains Italiens de sa suite, entendent jouer sur le décalage culturel et artistique qu’ils pensent remarquer entre la cour de France et les cours italiennes. L’usage politique du mécénat artistique révèle la perception d’Ippolito II d’Este des Français, mais aussi sa conception du rôle d’un prélat issu d’une prestigieuse dynastie italienne. Or, avec les guerres de Religion, la magnificence du cardinal est tournée en dérision. Le mécénat artistique du prélat s’expose à un retournement politique dégradant son image. La vie d’Ippolito II d’Este offre ainsi la possibilité de connaître les discours d’Italiens sur les Français, et les discours que ces derniers sont en train d’élaborer sur le cardinal, au gré de leurs échanges. Tra il 1536 e il 1563, Ippolito II d’Este trascorre quindici anni nel regno di Francia svolgendovi un ruolo politico e culturale di mediatore tra Italia e Francia. Il cardinale di Ferrara, e alcuni italiani della sua corte, intendono giocare sul divario culturale e artistico che pensano di notare tra la corte di Francia e le corti italiane. L’uso politico del patrocinio artistico rivela la percezione di Ippolito II d’Este dei Francesi, ma anche la sua concezione del ruolo di un prelato di una prestigiosa dinastia italiana. Ora, con le guerre di religione francesi, la magnificenza del cardinale viene derisa. Il patrocinio artistico del prelato è esposto a un’inversione politica che degrada la sua immagine. La vita di Ippolito II d’Este offre quindi la possibilità di conoscere i discorsi degli Italiani sui Francesi, e quelli che questi ultimi stanno elaborando sul cardinale man mano che procedono i loro scambi. Between 1536 and 1563, Ippolito II d’Este spent fifteen years in the kingdom of France. He played the role of an intermediary between Italy and France on the political as well as the cultural level. The cardinal of Ferrara and some Italians in his retinue, intended to play on the cultural and artistic gap they thought they noticed between the French and Italian courts. The political use of artistic patronage reveals Ippolito II d’Este’s perception of French people, but also his conception of the role of a prelate from a prestigious Italian dynasty. Yet, with the French Wars of Religion, the magnificence of the cardinal was mocked. The prelate’s artistic patronage was exposed to a political reversal which degraded his image. Thus, Ippolito II d’Este’s life provides an opportunity to know the Italian discourses on French people, and the discourses that the latter are elaborating on the Cardinal, as their exchanges unfold.

In the last days of June 1662 several servants of Cornelius Lerche, Danish ambassador in Madrid, were expelled by force from the balcony they were preparing for their master at the Plaza Mayor in order to witness a bullfight in honour of St. John. This apparently irrelevant quarrel rapidly derived into a courtly – diplomatic problem, taking time from king Philip IV and his counsellors from June to mid-August 1662. This article analyses the incident as a way to provide some insights into the logic and interaction practices of mid-seventeenth century courtly diplomacy. En junio de 1662 varios criados de Cornelius Lerche, embajador de Dinamarca en Madrid, fueron expulsados del balcón que estaban adecentando para que su señor pudiera ver las fiestas de toros en honor a San Juan que iban a celebrarse en la Plaza Mayor. Este incidente, en apariencia irrisorio, derivó rápidamente en un problema diplomático-cortesano que ocupó tiempo de trabajo de Felipe IV y sus consejeros, con el duque de duque de Sanlúcar la Mayor y Medina de las Torres a la cabeza, desde finales de junio hasta mediados de agosto de aquel año. El presente artículo toma el análisis de este incidente como medio para ofrecer algunas respuestas a la pregunta ¿qué cuenta este caso sobre las lógicas y prácticas de funcionamiento e interacción diplomático – cortesanas a mediados del s. XVII?

In 1804 werd Napoleon keizer. Zijn nieuwe vorstelijke allure leek heel vanzelfsprekend. Alsof Frankrijk niet zonder zo’n grandioze leider kon. Toch was de gewelddadige revolutie nog maar kort geleden, was pas in 1792 de monarchie afgeschaft en een jaar later zelfs koning Lodewijk XVI onthoofd. Hoe kon het dat de Fransen al zo snel weer een vorst boven zich duldden? Hoe bereidde Napoleon hen daarop voor? Jos Gabriëls zocht het uit.

Time-honoured friends. French influence on the formation of the princely court of Louis Bonaparte, king of Holland In 1806, at Napoleon’s behest, Louis Bonaparte suddenly became the foreign king of a former republic. Confronted with the problem of finding competent and trustworthy senior court dignitaries in this alien environment, he initially resorted to appointing French friends and confidants. Louis’ choice was far from unique: his crowned relatives elsewhere, by necessity, opted for the same solution. This article reconstructs the early household composed by Louis and compares it to the households in the other satellite states. The juxtaposition not only highlights Napoleon’s constant interference in nominations, but also reveals some inconsistencies in the Emperor’s attitude. In addition, it emphasizes the marked impact of local conditions. Contrary to the situation in the other Napoleonic kingdoms, no Frenchmen entered the government posts in Holland, yet they dominated in senior court office. The comparison also helps to explain the remarkably rapid disappearance of French court dignitaries from Holland, prompting the ‘Dutchification’ of the king’s entourage familiar from earlier historiography.

International audience

Статья посвящена первым тридцати годам жизни Алексея Семеновича Шеина (1652-1700), которого принято считать первым русским генералиссимусом. С привлечением новых архивных данных автор уточняет обстоятельства начала придворной службы и жизни А. С. Шеина. Служба в царской комнате сформировала из будущего генералиссимуса ловкого придворного, которому удалось удержаться в царском окружении при смене противоборствующих придворных группировок Милославских и Нарышкиных. По мнению автора, биография А. С. Шеина соединяет собой допетровскую Россию с эпохой Петра и тем самым служит аргументом в пользу неразрывной связи петровского поворота с предшествовавшим развитием страны., The article deals with the first thirty years of biography of Aleksei Semenovich Shein (1652-1700), who is considered to be the first Russian generalissimo. The new pieces of evidence allowed the author to clarify the circumstances of the beginning of Shein’s career and life at the court. The service in the tsar room formed from the future Generalissimo adroit courtier, who managed to stay in royal surroundings when warring factions of the court Miloslavskys and Naryshkins changed one another. According to the author, Shein’s biography joins a pre-Petrine Russia with the era of Peter and, thus, is an argument in favor of the inseparable connection of Peter’s turn with preceding development of the country.

Report of the conference and launch of the website ‘Epistolary Power: the Correspondence of the Dutch and Frisian Stadtholders' Wives, 1605-1725’ held on 2 September 2016 at the Royal Palace Amsterdam.

International audience

Report of the conference and launch of the website ‘Epistolary Power: the Correspondence of the Dutch and Frisian Stadtholders' Wives, 1605-1725’ held on 2 September 2016 at the Royal Palace Amsterdam.

The article describes the problematic spots of the court system ordained by the temporary law during the inter-war period in Lithuania and the prolonged attempts of the authority to transform it into the permanent one. It demonstrates that there has been a constant involvement in this situation among the authority representatives and the institutions until the issue of the Judiciary Act in 1933. The new legislation has been prepared, even though not all of it has been implemented. The first legislation on judiciary of an independent Lithuania was enacted in 1918 as the Temporary Act on Lithuanian Courts and their Operation. It acknowledged the weak spots such as the procedure for assigning peace judges, no provision for cassation, elimination of jury as well as no limitations of guarantees during assignment and dismissal of judges, etc. Current imperfections resulted from lack of knowledge and no possibility to have an election as well as the limited financial potential of the state. It has been intended to solve these problems in the near future. The legal regulation of the fundamental points on court organization and operation, that lacked in the Temporary Judiciary Act, has been supported by the provisions incorporated into the Constitution of Lithuania of 1922. The distinct laws have let the colegially operating courts to temporary incorporate the advocate under oath as a member of the judicial board. Also, considerably transcendent salaries of the court official workers as compared to other civil servants has been established. The bill ascertaining the court system and their operation has finally been drawn and hereafter for several years it has been refined by various legal institutions and experts. This situation ended with enactment of the new Judiciary Act in 1933. Although it retained the assignment of judges and finally eliminated the institution of the jury, it solved the majority of questions related to [...] https://www3.mruni.eu/ojs/jurisprudence/article/view/961/917 Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos tarpukario Lietuvos valstybės gyvavimo pradžioje laikinu įstatymu nustatytos teismų santvarkos probleminiais laikyti dalykai ir užsitęsę valdžios mėginimai ją pakeisti nuolatine. Parodoma, jog šis darbas iki pat Teismų santvarkos įstatymo 1933 m. išleidimo nuolat buvo valdžios ir jos tam įgaliotų žmonių bei institucijų akiratyje, rengti atitinkami naujų, nors ne visuomet įgyvendintų, įstatymų projektai.

At the turn of the 15th century, Paris, capital of the French Realm, became the centre of a major power stuggle. As the minority and then madness of King Charles VI weakened the monarchy, the Royal Princes began to play a dominant role in governing the country. They therefore stayed in Paris, as by controlling the capital they would also control the country. This work sets out to study the relations which developed between Paris and the court of the Dukes of Burgundy, Philip the Bold, John the Fearless and Philip the Good, during threir stays in the capital, until 1422. The presence of the court in the city was first and foremost visible through the ducal hotels, but also through the movements of court members and the urban spread of signs associated with the dukes. Economic ties were also developed : by buying goods from local merchants, the court influenced the urban market. At the same time, it also had to adapt its logistical organisation to the urban environment. On a personal level, courtiers and city-dwellers had numerous occasions to interact. The duke often intervened to prevent any tension between his people and the townsfolk, whilst building up his Parisian networks through generous gifts. Finally, the court was itself on display on feast days and other special occasions, which were also used as a means of communicating with the townspeople. This emphasises the role played by the court in the exercise of power; Paris, capitale du royaume de France, devient, au tournant du XVe s. Un enjeu du pouvoir. A la faveur de l'affaiblissement de la monarchie provoqué par la minorité puis par la folie de Charles VI, les princes de sang acquièrent une place primordiale dans le gouvernement et résident souvent à Paris, dont le contrôle conditionne celui du royaume. Ce travail étudie les relations qui, à la faveur de ces séjours, s'établissent entre la ville de Paris et la cour des ducs de Bourgogne Philippe le Hardi, Jean sans Peur et Philippe le Bon, jusqu'en 1422. La présence de la cour en ville se marque tout d'abord à travers les hôtels ducaux, mais également via les déplacements des membres de la cour et la diffusion dans l'espace urbain de signes y renvoyant. Des relations économiques s'établissent : la cour, en s'approvisionnant en ville, influe sur le marché urbain, tandis qu'en retour elle met en place une logistique adaptée. Les interactions au niveau des individus sont nombreuses : la cour intègre des Parisiens en même temps qu'elle facilite l'implantation de non-Parisiens en ville, le duc s'efforçant de limiter les confrontations tout en pratiquant une politique du don qui renforce ses réseaux au sein de la société urbaine. Enfin, la cour se donne à voir dans toute sa spécificité au cœur de la ville à travers des fêtes et manifestations qui sont autant d'occasions d'établir une forme de communication avec les Parisiens, mettant ainsi en lumière son rôle primordial dans l'exercice du pouvoir

At the turn of the 15th century, Paris, capital of the French Realm, became the centre of a major power stuggle. As the minority and then madness of King Charles VI weakened the monarchy, the Royal Princes began to play a dominant role in governing the country. They therefore stayed in Paris, as by controlling the capital they would also control the country. This work sets out to study the relations which developed between Paris and the court of the Dukes of Burgundy, Philip the Bold, John the Fearless and Philip the Good, during threir stays in the capital, until 1422. The presence of the court in the city was first and foremost visible through the ducal hotels, but also through the movements of court members and the urban spread of signs associated with the dukes. Economic ties were also developed : by buying goods from local merchants, the court influenced the urban market. At the same time, it also had to adapt its logistical organisation to the urban environment. On a personal level, courtiers and city-dwellers had numerous occasions to interact. The duke often intervened to prevent any tension between his people and the townsfolk, whilst building up his Parisian networks through generous gifts. Finally, the court was itself on display on feast days and other special occasions, which were also used as a means of communicating with the townspeople. This emphasises the role played by the court in the exercise of power, Paris, capitale du royaume de France, devient, au tournant du XVe s. Un enjeu du pouvoir. A la faveur de l'affaiblissement de la monarchie provoqué par la minorité puis par la folie de Charles VI, les princes de sang acquièrent une place primordiale dans le gouvernement et résident souvent à Paris, dont le contrôle conditionne celui du royaume. Ce travail étudie les relations qui, à la faveur de ces séjours, s'établissent entre la ville de Paris et la cour des ducs de Bourgogne Philippe le Hardi, Jean sans Peur et Philippe le Bon, jusqu'en 1422. La présence de la cour en ville se marque tout d'abord à travers les hôtels ducaux, mais également via les déplacements des membres de la cour et la diffusion dans l'espace urbain de signes y renvoyant. Des relations économiques s'établissent : la cour, en s'approvisionnant en ville, influe sur le marché urbain, tandis qu'en retour elle met en place une logistique adaptée. Les interactions au niveau des individus sont nombreuses : la cour intègre des Parisiens en même temps qu'elle facilite l'implantation de non-Parisiens en ville, le duc s'efforçant de limiter les confrontations tout en pratiquant une politique du don qui renforce ses réseaux au sein de la société urbaine. Enfin, la cour se donne à voir dans toute sa spécificité au cœur de la ville à travers des fêtes et manifestations qui sont autant d'occasions d'établir une forme de communication avec les Parisiens, mettant ainsi en lumière son rôle primordial dans l'exercice du pouvoir

Marie-Fortunée d’Este (1731-1803), the daughter of Francis III Duke of Modena, comes to France in 1759 after her marriage to Louis-François-Joseph of Bourbon-Conti, Count of La Marche who inserts her in this younger branch of the Bourbon family. In 1776, this princess of blood separates from her husband and then leads an independent life sharing her existence between her Parisian hotel in Saint-Dominique street and her castle of Triel close to Paris. At the beginning of the French Revolution, she leaves France for Chambéry then Fribourg, Landshut, Presbourg and Venice where she dies on September 21st, 1803. Her existence is unequally documented. Only the period 1776-1789 is well indicated thanks to the conservation of her household accounts, the monthly statements of her expenses and invoices of her suppliers which bring considerable indications and exceptional details on the everyday life of a princess in the last quarter of the 18th century. Thus, the study of Marie-Fortunate d’Este’s life is based mainly on countable sources and correspondences without however excluding the recourse to otherdocuments, such as the notarial or private records. The ordinary or extraordinary princess’s consumption highlights the way of life of an aristocrat, a woman, a princess living separated from her husband and caring about maintaining her rank. If her material, social and cultural universe is inserted within normative frameworks, it also reveals the subjectivity of this woman, her personality and her choices. The subject analysis led from the consumption in various fields: the dwelling, the clothing, the occupations, the sociability, the readings makes it possible to present the many facets of her existence and to draw the portrait of a forgotten princess.; Marie-Fortunée d’Este (1731-1803) fille du duc François III de Modène, arrive en France en 1759 à la suite de son mariage avec Louis-François-Joseph de Bourbon-Conti, comte de la Marche qui la fait entrer dans cette branche cadette de la famille de Bourbon. En 1776, cette princesse du sang se sépare de son mari et mène alors une vie autonome partageant son existence entre son hôtel parisien rue Saint-Dominique et son château de Triel près de Paris. Au début de la Révolution, elle quitte la France pour Chambéry puis Fribourg, Landshut, Presbourg et Venise où elle meurt le 21 septembre 1803. Son existence est inégalement documentée. Seule, la période 1776-1789 est bien renseignée grâce à la conservation de comptes de sa maison, des mémoires mensuels de dépenses et des factures des différents fournisseurs qui apportent des indications considérables et des détails exceptionnels sur le quotidien d’une princesse dans le dernier quart du XVIIIe siècle. Dès lors, l’étude de la vie de Marie-Fortunée d’Este s’appuie principalement sur des sources comptables et des correspondances sans toutefois exclure le recours à d’autres documents, tels que les archives notariales ou privées. La consommation ordinaire ou extraordinaire de la princesse éclaire le mode de vie d’une aristocrate, d’une femme, d’une princesse vivant séparée de son époux et soucieuse de tenir son rang. Si son univers matériel, social et culturel est inséré dans des cadres normatifs, il révèle également la subjectivité de cette femme, sa personnalité et des choix en rupture. L’analyse thématique conduite à partir de la consommation dans des domaines divers : l’habitation, le vêtement, les occupations, lasociabilité, les lectures a offert la possibilité de présenter les diverses facettes de son existence et de dessiner le portrait d’une princesse oubliée.

Marie-Fortunée d’Este (1731-1803), the daughter of Francis III Duke of Modena, comes to France in 1759 after her marriage to Louis-François-Joseph of Bourbon-Conti, Count of La Marche who inserts her in this younger branch of the Bourbon family. In 1776, this princess of blood separates from her husband and then leads an independent life sharing her existence between her Parisian hotel in Saint-Dominique street and her castle of Triel close to Paris. At the beginning of the French Revolution, she leaves France for Chambéry then Fribourg, Landshut, Presbourg and Venice where she dies on September 21st, 1803. Her existence is unequally documented. Only the period 1776-1789 is well indicated thanks to the conservation of her household accounts, the monthly statements of her expenses and invoices of her suppliers which bring considerable indications and exceptional details on the everyday life of a princess in the last quarter of the 18th century. Thus, the study of Marie-Fortunate d’Este’s life is based mainly on countable sources and correspondences without however excluding the recourse to otherdocuments, such as the notarial or private records. The ordinary or extraordinary princess’s consumption highlights the way of life of an aristocrat, a woman, a princess living separated from her husband and caring about maintaining her rank. If her material, social and cultural universe is inserted within normative frameworks, it also reveals the subjectivity of this woman, her personality and her choices. The subject analysis led from the consumption in various fields: the dwelling, the clothing, the occupations, the sociability, the readings makes it possible to present the many facets of her existence and to draw the portrait of a forgotten princess.; Marie-Fortunée d’Este (1731-1803) fille du duc François III de Modène, arrive en France en 1759 à la suite de son mariage avec Louis-François-Joseph de Bourbon-Conti, comte de la Marche qui la fait entrer dans cette branche cadette de la famille de Bourbon. En 1776, cette princesse du sang se sépare de son mari et mène alors une vie autonome partageant son existence entre son hôtel parisien rue Saint-Dominique et son château de Triel près de Paris. Au début de la Révolution, elle quitte la France pour Chambéry puis Fribourg, Landshut, Presbourg et Venise où elle meurt le 21 septembre 1803. Son existence est inégalement documentée. Seule, la période 1776-1789 est bien renseignée grâce à la conservation de comptes de sa maison, des mémoires mensuels de dépenses et des factures des différents fournisseurs qui apportent des indications considérables et des détails exceptionnels sur le quotidien d’une princesse dans le dernier quart du XVIIIe siècle. Dès lors, l’étude de la vie de Marie-Fortunée d’Este s’appuie principalement sur des sources comptables et des correspondances sans toutefois exclure le recours à d’autres documents, tels que les archives notariales ou privées. La consommation ordinaire ou extraordinaire de la princesse éclaire le mode de vie d’une aristocrate, d’une femme, d’une princesse vivant séparée de son époux et soucieuse de tenir son rang. Si son univers matériel, social et culturel est inséré dans des cadres normatifs, il révèle également la subjectivité de cette femme, sa personnalité et des choix en rupture. L’analyse thématique conduite à partir de la consommation dans des domaines divers : l’habitation, le vêtement, les occupations, lasociabilité, les lectures a offert la possibilité de présenter les diverses facettes de son existence et de dessiner le portrait d’une princesse oubliée.