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Objective: Assessment of the longer‐term outcome of anorexia nervosa (AN) in female adolescent inpatients (N = 132). Method: A follow‐up (mean 8.2 years) after treatment was conducted. A subsample of 39 patients with at least 10 years of follow‐up (mean 14 years) was defined. Results: Over the 8‐year follow‐up period, the body mass index (BMI) increased from 14.33 (1.65) to 19.04 kg/m2 (2.97; t[112] = 17.33, p < 0.001, d = 1.63), and BMI percentiles increased from 0.50 (1.14) to 24.96 (26.81; t[112] = 9.83, p < 0.001, d = 0.92). Remission was found in 32.5% (8‐year total sample) and 48.6% (14‐year subsample). In the 8‐year total sample, 15.1% still had AN or had relapsed (8.1% in the 14‐year subsample). A cross‐over from AN to binge‐eating disorder was rare. The main cross‐over occurred from AN to an eating disorder not otherwise specified (37.5% and 27.0%, respectively). The standardized mortality ratio was 21.7. Discussion: In the long run, eating disorder diagnoses decreased significantly. Although a considerable proportion of patients recovered from their eating disorder, the number of recovered patients remained limited, with long‐term negative consequences in a large proportion of patients. Standardized mortality was excessive, calling for ever‐better therapies. Additional studies are needed to show if improved therapies lead to a better long‐term outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This retrospective study aims to investigate the evolution and clinical course of psychotic disorders from three large international cohorts of individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) (Tel Aviv, Philadelphia, and Geneva). Methods: We followed 118 individuals with 22q11.2DS from several years before the onset to several years after the onset of psychotic disorders. Data from structured baseline assessment of psychiatric disorders, symptoms of prodrome, indicators and types of psychotic disorders were collected. Additionally, cognitive evaluation was conducted using the age-appropriate Wechsler Intelligence Scale. Electronic medical records were reviewed for medication usage, occupational status, living situation, and psychiatric hospitalizations. Results: At baseline evaluation, the most common psychiatric disorders were anxiety disorder (80%) and attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder (50%). The age of onset of prodromal symptoms and conversion to psychotic disorders were 18.6 ± 6.8 and 20.3 ± 7.2, respectively. The most common prodromal symptoms were exacerbation of anxiety symptoms and social isolation. Of the psychotic disorders, schizophrenia was the most common, occurring in 49% of cases. History of at least one psychiatric hospitalization was present in 43% of participants, and the number of psychiatric hospitalizations was 2.1 ± 1.4. Compared to the normalized chart, IQ scores in our cohort were lower after vs. before conversion to psychosis. Following conversion there was a decrease in the use of stimulants and antidepressants and an increase in antipsychotics use, and most individuals with 22q11.2DS were unemployed and lived with their parents. Conclusions: Our results indicate that 22q11.2DS psychosis is like non-22q11.2DS in its course, symptoms, and cognitive and functional impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While mindfulness has demonstrated extensive benefits across diverse populations, research on its integration as a formal course and its effects on subjective well-being (SWB), particularly among Taiwanese university students, remains limited. This pilot study examined changes in SWB among 85 Taiwanese university students (61 males, 24 females) following an 8-week Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Life (MBCT-L) course. Participants included 38 lower-grade (pre-internship) and 47 senior (post-internship) students. SWB was measured using the 29-item Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ), rated on a 6-point Likert scale, and administered before and after the intervention. Results revealed a significant increase in students' overall SWB scores from 3.69 to 3.92 post-intervention. Although females initially exhibited higher baseline SWB compared to males, no significant sex differences were observed after the course. Score discrepancies between pre- and post-test stages varied across sex and internship status, indicating differential impacts of the MBCT-L course on distinct demographic groups. Additionally, this study validated the reliability of the short version of the OHQ (8 items) for use in similar research contexts. By conducting a formal MBCT-L course for Taiwanese university students, this study provides valuable empirical evidence, contributing to the cross-cultural understanding of mindfulness-based interventions and their effects on SWB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is lack of data on bipolar disorder (BD) type II from India. Aim: To compare the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with BD-I and BD-II using the data of the Bipolar Disorder Course and Outcome study from India (BiD-CoIN study). Methodology: Using the data of the BiD-CoIN study, patients with BD-I and BD-II were compared for demographic and clinical variables. Results: Out of the 773 patients, 59 (7.63%) participants had BD-II. Compared to BD-I, patients with BD-II had a higher income; were more often unemployed or housewives; had a higher mean number of episodes per year of illness, higher severity of depressive episodes, higher depressive affective morbidity, and a higher number of hypomanic episodes (in the lifetime, and number of episodes per year of illness); received lower doses of lithium and a lower number of medications; and had lower prevalence of alcohol dependence, higher prevalence of seasonality, a high proportion of them sought faith healing treatment, and a higher proportion of them have predominant depressive polarity. Conclusions: Patients with BD-I and BD-II differ from each other on certain demographic and clinical variables. The difference in the clinical variables suggests that the patients with BD-II may require different treatment approaches for management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School refusal (SR) is a form of school attendance problem (SAP) that requires specific mental health care. Despite improvements in the definition of SAPs, the course of SR is not well characterized. To explore three-year patterns of SR course in children, as reported by their parents, we deployed an anonymous web-based survey. We defined SR onset as the absence of ≥ 2 school weeks during one academic year, combined with emotional distress. We defined standard SR trajectories using sequence analysis of parents' recollection of three consecutive years of school attendance. We obtained 1970 responses, 1328 (67%) completed by a parent and meeting the definition of SR. Of these, 729 (55%) responses included three years of school attendance recollection. We identified five prototypical trajectories of SR: two profiles for children: beaded absences (n = 272), and rapid recovery (n = 132); and three for adolescents: prolonged recovery (n = 93), gradual decline (n = 89), and rapid decline (n = 143). We found five distinct trajectories of retrospective recall of SR course. Through pattern recognition, this typology could help with timely identification of SR and implementation of evidence-based interventions to optimize outcomes. Prospective replication of these findings and their field application is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Minimizing harm from antimicrobials requires use of the narrowest spectrum drug, at an effective dose for the minimum effective duration. Many prescribers are not currently following these guidelines. To address suboptimal antimicrobial use, the underlying reasons must be understood. Objectives: To identify factors influencing choices of antimicrobial drug, dose, and duration for companion animals. Subjects: Twenty‐two veterinarians treating companion animals in Australia. Diversity of participants was deliberately sought. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted online. Two case studies were discussed, and then a range of broader questions was posed. Transcripts were analyzed thematically, using an inductive approach. Results: Few participants chose guideline‐concordant management for the case studies. Prescribing choices were influenced by a complex array of factors associated with the clinical case, pet owner, drug, veterinarian, veterinary colleagues, and external factors. Key factors driving broad‐spectrum antimicrobial use included a sense of safety, habit, ease of administering the drug (especially in cats), pharmaceutical marketing, and the self‐perpetuating dispensary cycle. Many participants were concerned about antimicrobial resistance, but insufficiently informed about how to minimize this risk. Several participants believed that longer duration of treatment and ensuring patients finish a predetermined course would decrease the risk of antimicrobial resistance and improve clinical outcomes. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Veterinarians are engaged with the concept of antimicrobial stewardship, but face numerous practical barriers and require more information. In particular, improved education is needed on enhancing patient safety by minimizing both spectrum of activity and duration of treatment, and dispelling myths about "finishing the course." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the construction of the "Chemical Biology Experiment", a core course within the Chemistry "101 Program". Highlighting the interdisciplinary characteristics of chemical biology, the critical importance of laboratory courses in advancing interdisciplinary research, and the overarching goals of the Chemistry "101 Program", this paper systematically summarizes and introduces the course development philosophy, the textbook content, and the features of its compilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compare the course of generic and specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of individuals with stroke, and its physical, mental, and social domains, at three, six, and 12 months after hospital discharge, considering the levels of stroke severity. Methods: This is a longitudinal study, in stroke individuals, assessed during hospital admission by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and divided into mild (NIHSS ≤3) or moderate/severe (NIHSS ≥4) disease. At three, six, and 12 months after hospital discharge, the individuals were assessed for generic (Short Form Health Survey–36: total score and physical and mental domains) and specific (Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale: total score and social domain) HRQOL. A 2 × 2 repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc was applied. Results: 146, 122, and 103 individuals were assessed at three, six and 12 months, respectively HRQOL courses showed different behaviors according to stroke severity (3.37≤F ≤ 4.62; 0.010≤p ≤.036). Individuals with mild stroke showed significant changes in the physical domain, with a reduction between three and six months, and an increase between six and 12. Moderate/severe individuals showed a significant increase in all HRQOL variables between three and six months, and a maintenance of values for almost all variables, except for physical domain, which improved significantly between three and six months, and got significantly worse between six and 12. Conclusions: HRQOL during the first year after stroke showed distinct trajectories, being stroke severity an important factor in identifying stroke subjects at risk of HRQOL decline. Clinical Implications: These results demonstrate the importance of considering not only the phase of the stroke, the severity, and the general and specific HRQOL, but also the physical, social, and mainly the mental domain, which has long been neglected, when assessing this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is lack of data on bipolar disorder (BD) type II from India. Aim: To compare the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with BD-I and BD-II using the data of the Bipolar Disorder Course and Outcome study from India (BiD-CoIN study). Methodology: Using the data of the BiD-CoIN study, patients with BD-I and BD-II were compared for demographic and clinical variables. Results: Out of the 773 patients, 59 (7.63%) participants had BD-II. Compared to BD-I, patients with BD-II had a higher income; were more often unemployed or housewives; had a higher mean number of episodes per year of illness, higher severity of depressive episodes, higher depressive affective morbidity, and a higher number of hypomanic episodes (in the lifetime, and number of episodes per year of illness); received lower doses of lithium and a lower number of medications; and had lower prevalence of alcohol dependence, higher prevalence of seasonality, a high proportion of them sought faith healing treatment, and a higher proportion of them have predominant depressive polarity. Conclusions: Patients with BD-I and BD-II differ from each other on certain demographic and clinical variables. The difference in the clinical variables suggests that the patients with BD-II may require different treatment approaches for management.

Study Design.: Retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Objective.: To analyze temporal trends in improvement after minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS TLIF). Summary of Background Data.: Although several studies have shown that patients improve significantly after MIS TLIF, evidence regarding the temporal trends in improvement is still largely lacking. Methods.: Patients who underwent primary single-level MIS TLIF for degenerative conditions of the lumbar spine and had a minimum of 2-year follow-up were included. Outcome measures were: 1) patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) (Oswestry Disability Index, ODI; Visual Analog Scale, VAS back and leg; 12-Item Short Form Survey Physical Component Score, SF-12 PCS); 2) global rating change (GRC); 3) minimal clinically important difference (MCID); and 4) return to activities. Timepoints analyzed were preoperative, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. Trends across these timepoints were plotted on graphs. Results.: 236 patients were included. VAS back and VAS leg were found to have statistically significant improvement compared to the previous timepoint up to 3 months after surgery. ODI and SF-12 PCS were found to have statistically significant improvement compared to the previous timepoint up to 6 months after surgery. Beyond these timepoints, there was no significant improvement in PROMs. 80% of patients reported feeling better compared to preoperative by 3 months. >50% of patients achieved MCID in all PROMs by 3 months. Most patients returned to driving, returned to work, and discontinued narcotics at an average of 21, 20, and 10 days, respectively. Conclusions.: Patients are expected to improve up to 6 months after MIS TLIF. Back pain and leg pain improve up to 3 months and disability and physical function improve up to 6 months. Beyond these timepoints, the trends in improvement tend to reach a plateau. 80% of patients feel better compared to preoperative by 3 months after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Continue Education Research is the property of Harbin Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Patients with back pain (BP) and radiating leg pain have poorer clinical outcomes compared to patients with BP alone. We aimed to describe the 1‐year clinical course and to identify prognostic factors associated with non‐recovery in older BP patients with radiating leg pain. Design: Patients in the BACE cohort aged >55 years with a new episode of BP and radiating leg pain were included (n = 377). Data on clinical outcomes were collected until 1‐year follow‐up. Uni‐ and multivariable regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between potential prognostic factors and three non‐recovery outcomes at the 1‐year follow‐up. Results: More than half of the patients (65%) did not recover after 12 months. In multivariable analyses, poor self‐rated health (odds ratio [OR] 2.34, 95% CI: 1.20–4.56) and BP duration at baseline (OR 1.48, 1.12–1.96) were significantly associated with non‐recovery for BP as outcome; age (OR 1.04, 1.03–1.05), smoking (OR 1.14, 1.00–1.30), depressive symptomatology (OR 1.03, 1.02–1.04), kinesiophobia (OR 1.03, 1.02–1.04), poor self‐rated health (OR 2.09, 1.83–2.39), baseline disability (OR 1.16, 1.14–1.17), BP duration (OR 1.49, 1.41–1.57), leg pain (OR 1.52, 1.37–1.68), pain during rotation (OR 1.71, 1.53–1.90) and other musculoskeletal complaints (OR 1.34, 1.17–1.52) were associated with disability. No factors were associated with leg pain. Conclusions: Several prognostic factors were associated with non‐recovery in older patients with BP and radiating leg pain. Primary care clinicians should be aware of these factors in managing these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some aspects of gender differences in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) have been studied, especially in cross-sectional designs and with a short-term follow-up. However, only a few studies have considered the evolution during the follow-up of SSD patients according to their gender. In this study, we explore gender differences from the time of entry in an early intervention program for psychosis, up to three years follow-up. We conducted a prospective study including a cohort of 474 patients treated at the Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis (TIPP) program, 319 men and 155 women, having presented a first episode of psychosis (FEP). Data regarding premorbid and baseline sociodemographic, psychopathological and patient functioning, were collected. These data were reassessed longitudinally after 2, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months after entry in TIPP. Regarding premorbid and baseline characteristics, woman developed threshold symptoms of a FEP 1 year later than men on average. Women were more likely to be married, men were more likely to live in pension or care home facility or to be homeless. Women displayed a higher rate of history of suicide attempts and exposure to childhood trauma, while men were more likely to have a forensic history, a history of abuse of alcohol and cannabis as well as a dependency to cannabis at the time of entry in TIPP. Regarding evolution, men were more prone to violent acts and were less likely to decrease their usage of substances. The longitudinal analysis highlighted that men displayed greater negative symptoms over the entire treatment period, lower functioning after 6 months and on all assessment points after. Both genders displayed similar rate of improvement in these 3 dimensions over time. Our study confirms that there are some gender differences in the early phase of psychosis that may require differentiation of assessment and treatment to improve recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Új Pedagógiai Szemle is the property of University of Miskolc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Route Educational & Social Science Journal (Ress Journal) is the property of Ress Academy Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College is the property of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents a case study focused on the dynamics of engagement, learning trends, and the platform's influence on skill development within online courses provided to IT specialists. When given an anonymous survey, the participants expressed genuine interest in the online platform, recognizing its value and usefulness. The discrepancy between the expressed interest and the actual usage indicated a potential problem. The key conclusion drawn was that an expression of interest does not necessarily translate into task completion or learning. The absence of a verification policy, such as tests or recognition of learning efforts, contributed to this disparity. We also propose some solutions (support groups, paying for certification, annual review recognition) to improve people's engagement in learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Kirsehir Education Faculty is the property of Journal of Kirsehir Education Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Leisure/Loisir: Journal of the Canadian Association for Leisure Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Teacher Education Research is the property of Teacher Education Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Alcohol dependence is likely to influence treatment processes and outcomes in depressive patients. This co-occurrence of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and depressive disorder has been previously associated with greater severity and a worse prognosis for both entities. However, there is a dearth of Indian studies on this issue. Objective: To examine the course and outcome among alcohol-dependent/nondependent depressive patients. Materials and Methods: Semistructured pro forma for demographic details, International Classification of Diseases 10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research criteria for diagnosis, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) for severity of depression were administered to 124 persons at baseline, 6 weeks, and 3 months. Results: The differences between the groups’ HAM-D scores were found to be statistically significant at all time points (i.e., at baseline, 6 weeks, and 3 months) (P < 0.001), with overall worst scores among patients with bipolar depression with alcohol dependence (Group IA) (P < 0.05 at all follow-up points), indicative of slower remission of depression and poorer course in these patients. Among patients of unipolar depression, those with alcohol dependence scored worse on the HAM-D scale at 3 months of follow-up indicative of worse outcomes in the long term. Conclusions: Patients with mood disorder and AUD were found to have worse outcome on follow-up as compared to those without. Furthermore, bipolar patients with AUD were found to have the worse depression at the end of follow-up thus indicating a poorer outcome in the long term. However, future studies should incorporate study of associated factors and how it contributes to worse outcomes.

Introduction: Most studies on recovery of psychotic disorders focus on first-episode populations using premorbid and baseline data to predict recovery. However, many patients experience a long duration of illness and many factors are dynamic and change during life. Aims: To investigate factors strongest associated with clinical, societal and personal recovery, and recovery change scores in people with a long duration of illness using current data measured at the same assessment. Methods: Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analyses with cross-validation were used to identify the correlates of (changes in) clinical (N = 1054), societal (N = 1145) and personal recovery (N = 1187) in people with psychotic disorders. Subsequently, the identified associated factors were included in separate linear regression models, examining the associative strength of the identified variables and overall fit of the models. Results: Better clinical recovery was associated with better societal and personal recovery, experiencing fewer problems with daily functioning and social relations. Participants had a better societal recovery when they were employed, had fewer problems in daily life, less negative symptoms, had a life partner and better clinical recovery. Personal recovery was associated with greater satisfaction with life in general, no depressive mood and increased clinical recovery. Change scores were small with minimal fluctuation and no significant associations with change scores were detected. Conclusions: Recovery domains strongly influence each other in people with a long illness duration of psychosis and should therefore have an equally important focus during treatment.

BackgroundGiven the likelihood of progressive illness in bipolar disorder (BD), it is important to understand the benefits and risks of interventions administered early in illness course. We conducted a systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions in the early course of BD I or II.MethodsWe completed a systematic search on MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL and Google Scholar from 1/1/1979 till 14/9/2022. We included controlled trials examining intervention effects on symptomatic, course, functional and tolerability outcomes of patients in the 'early course' of BD I or II. We classified patients to be in early course if they (a) were seeking help for the first time for a manic episode, (b) had a lifetime history of up to 3 manic episodes, or (c) had up to 6 lifetime mood episodes. Evidence quality was assessed using the GRADE approach.ResultsFrom 4135 unique publications we included 25 reports representing 2212 participants in 16 randomized studies, and 17,714 participants from nine non-randomized studies. Available evidence suggested that in early illness course, lithium use was associated with lower recurrence risk compared with other mood stabilizers. Mood stabilizers were also associated with better global functioning, compared with the use of antipsychotics in the medium term. While summative findings regarding psychological therapies were limited by heterogeneity, family-focused and cognitive-behavioral interventions were associated with reduced recurrence risk or improved symptomatic outcomes. There was some evidence that the same pharmacological interventions were more efficacious in preventing recurrences when utilized in earlier rather than later illness course.Conclusions and recommendationsWhile there are promising initial findings, there is a need for more adequately powered trials to examine the efficacy and tolerability of interventions in youth and adults in early illness course. Specifically, there is a compelling need to compare the relative benefits of lithium with other pharmacological agents in preventing recurrences. In addition to symptomatic outcomes, there should be a greater focus on functional impact and tolerability. Effective pharmacological and psychological interventions should be offered to those in early course of BD, balancing potential risks using shared decision-making approaches.

This research aims to demonstrate the importance of the stories and poetic texts in the Arabic language curriculum named يتغل ةدلاخلا) My Immortal Language) in the intermediate school stage, as an effective means to facilitate students’ understanding and perception of meanings. The research shows the role of stories and poetic texts in achieving the desired educational goals, clarifying their diverse concepts for learners, and helping them to establish connections between the contents, ideas and similar situations in daily life. The research sheds light on different methods of using stories and poetic texts in realistic contexts that touch students' lives, helping them to enhance their ability to retain and share information with others. The research aims to monitor the content and ideas included in the stories and poetic texts used in the mentioned curriculum and to demonstrate their impact on connecting students with their cultural identity and providing them with valuable knowledge and life experiences. The research is expected to provide new insights that encourage researchers to explore the importance of stories and poetic texts in the educational process of other educational stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spinal accessory nerve, considered part of the eleventh cranial nerve, provides motor innervation to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius. A comprehensive literature review and two cadaveric dissections were undertaken. The spinal accessory nerve originates from the spinal accessory nucleus. Its rootlets unite and ascend between the denticulate ligament and dorsal spinal rootlets. Thereafter, it can anastomose with spinal roots, such as the McKenzie branch, and/or cranial roots. The spinal accessory nerve courses intracranially via foramen magnum and exits via jugular foramen, within which it usually lies anteriorly. Extracranially, it usually crosses anterior to the internal jugular vein and lies lateral to internal jugular vein deep to posterior belly of digastric. The spinal accessory nerve innervates sternocleidomastoid, receives numerous contributions in the posterior triangle and terminates within trapezius. Its posterior triangle course approximates a perpendicular bisection of the mastoid-mandibular angle line. The spinal accessory nerve contains sensory nociceptive fibres. Its cranial nerve classification is debated due to occasional non-fusion with the cranial root. Surgeons should familiarize themselves with the variable course of the spinal accessory nerve to minimize risk of injury. Patients with spinal accessory nerve injuries might require specialist pain management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: One of the most significant psychiatric problems in women is depression related to the perinatal period. Our study aims to determine the frequency and course of depressive symptomatology in the perinatal period with particular reference to objective rate and outcome of postpartum depression. Materials and Methods: One hundred and eighty-eight pregnant/postnatal women were included in a prospective, longitudinal, observational study during which the depressive symptomatology was estimated at the third trimester of pregnancy, and the first, sixth, and twelfth month‚ postpartum. All participants completed a semi-structured sociodemographic questionnaire constructed for research purposes, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and The Mood Disorder Questionnaire at each time point. Postpartum depression diagnosis was confirmed by a trained and certified psychiatrist with long-standing experience. For a better understanding of the trajectory of depressive symptomatology and genuine postpartum depression, we classified depression into those with new-onset and those left over from the previous observation period. Results: In general, 48.9% of participants in the study were depressed at some point during the investigation. A total of 10.6% of women were depressed in the third trimester. The highest percentage of new-onset depression (25%) was in the first month after giving birth and was maintained for up to six months, after which the appearance was sporadic. Most of the postpartum depression resolved in the period from the first month to the sixth month after childbirth (20.7%). The episodes mainly had characteristics of unipolar depression. Conclusions: Our results imply that a new onset of depression is most intensive during the first six months, and after that, it is sporadic. Further studies are needed to explore whether all depressive symptomatology in the postnatal period is the same, or perhaps postpartum depression, classified in this way, has specific characteristics, etiology, and consequently different treatment and preventive options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecology is a compulsory course for students of Bachelors' Degree in Biology Department. The course lecture includes theories and practices. During the delivery of theories, content conveyed to the students must be in accordance with the course characteristics. Based on interview results, students considered some of the contents to be difficult. The research aims to select topics in Ecology course as a basis for developing STEM (Science, Technique, Engineering, Mathematics)-based module. The expectation is that students could gain a better understanding after the implementation of the STEM-based module approach. The research is qualitative research with a survey method. The data collection were done using survey questionnaire on Google Form platform. The data analysis technique was carried out by elaborating the questionnaire survey results regarding content requirement of the Ecology course. The research finds that several contents delivered in the Ecology course are deemed as difficult. The contents include biogeochemical cycles as well as energy and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The course of childhood-onset attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) varies across individuals; some will experience persistent symptoms while others' symptoms fluctuate or remit. We describe the longitudinal course of ADHD symptoms and associated clinical characteristics in adolescents with childhood-onset ADHD. Participants (aged 6–12 at baseline) from the Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms (LAMS) study who met DSM criteria for ADHD prior to age 12 were evaluated annually with the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for eight years. At each timepoint, participants were categorized as meeting ADHD criteria, subthreshold criteria, or not having ADHD. Stability of course was defined by whether participants experienced consistent ADHD symptoms, fluctuating symptoms, or remission. The persistence of the symptoms was defined by symptom status at the final two follow-ups (stable ADHD, stable remission, stable partial remission, unstable). Of 685 baseline participants, 431 had childhood-onset ADHD and at least two follow-ups. Half had a consistent course of ADHD, nearly 40% had a remitting course, and the remaining participants had a fluctuating course. More than half of participants met criteria for ADHD at the end of their participation; about 30% demonstrated stable full remission, 15% had unstable symptoms, and one had stable partial remission. Participants with a persistent course and stable ADHD outcome reported the highest number of symptoms and were most impaired. This work builds on earlier studies that describe fluctuating symptoms in young people with childhood-onset ADHD. Results emphasize the importance of ongoing monitoring and detailed assessment of factors likely to influence course and outcome to help young people with childhood-onset ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this special issue, international researchers investigate how atypical anorexia nervosa (atypical AN) differs from anorexia nervosa (AN) and other eating disorders with respect to demographics, psychological and physiological morbidity, as well as treatment course and outcome. Manuscripts in this special issue report that atypical AN is associated with substantial medical and psychological morbidity, and the majority of studies find few differences between atypical AN and AN. While much remains to be learned about the long‐term course and treatment response of individuals with atypical AN to psychological and pharmacological interventions, the evidence supports conceptualization of atypical AN as part of a spectrum‐based restrictive eating disorder. These findings together with the potentially stigmatizing use of the term "atypical" suggest it may be time to revise the existing definition of atypical AN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We previously reported that participants with atypical anorexia nervosa (atypical AN) had higher historical and admission weights, greater eating disorder psychopathology, but similar rates of amenorrhea and weight suppression at baseline as compared to anorexia nervosa (AN); here, we compare 1‐year outcomes. Method: Weight, % median body mass index (%mBMI), Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐Q) scores, resumption of menses, and rehospitalizations were examined at 3, 6, and 12 months post‐discharge. Analyses (N = 111) compared changes in %mBMI, weight suppression, and EDE‐Q scores over time between atypical AN and AN. Results: Among the participants (48 atypical AN, 63 AN), both groups gained weight but those with atypical AN had lower gains than those with AN in %mBMI (p =.02) and greater weight suppression (p =.002) over time. EDE‐Q scores improved over time, independent of weight suppression, with no significant difference between atypical AN and AN. Groups did not differ by rates of resumption of menses (80% atypical AN, 76.9% AN) or rehospitalization (29.2% atypical AN, 37.9% AN). Greater weight suppression predicted longer time to restore menses and more days of rehospitalization. Discussion: Individuals with atypical AN regained a smaller proportion of body mass and were more weight suppressed over time. Change in eating disorder cognitions, resumption of menses, and rehospitalization rates at 1‐year follow‐up did not differ between groups. There was no significant difference in weight suppression between groups for those who were psychologically improved at 12 months. Findings highlight limitations in our understanding of weight recovery in atypical AN. New metrics for recovery are urgently needed. Public Significance: Little is known about outcome in atypical anorexia nervosa (atypical AN). We examined recovery metrics in young people with atypical AN and anorexia nervosa (AN) 1 year after medical hospitalization. Individuals with atypical AN showed slower weight gain and remained further from their pre‐illness weight. There were no differences in the rates of psychological recovery, resumption of menses, or rehospitalization. New metrics are needed to assess recovery in atypical AN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Alcohol dependence is likely to influence treatment processes and outcomes in depressive patients. This co-occurrence of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and depressive disorder has been previously associated with greater severity and a worse prognosis for both entities. However, there is a dearth of Indian studies on this issue. Objective: To examine the course and outcome among alcohol-dependent/nondependent depressive patients. Materials and Methods: Semistructured pro forma for demographic details, International Classification of Diseases 10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research criteria for diagnosis, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) for severity of depression were administered to 124 persons at baseline, 6 weeks, and 3 months. Results: The differences between the groups' HAM-D scores were found to be statistically significant at all time points (i.e., at baseline, 6 weeks, and 3 months) (P < 0.001), with overall worst scores among patients with bipolar depression with alcohol dependence (Group IA) (P < 0.05 at all follow-up points), indicative of slower remission of depression and poorer course in these patients. Among patients of unipolar depression, those with alcohol dependence scored worse on the HAM-D scale at 3 months of follow-up indicative of worse outcomes in the long term. Conclusions: Patients with mood disorder and AUD were found to have worse outcome on follow-up as compared to those without. Furthermore, bipolar patients with AUD were found to have the worse depression at the end of follow-up thus indicating a poorer outcome in the long term. However, future studies should incorporate study of associated factors and how it contributes to worse outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the pandemic, teachers adopted assisted learning methods with apps like Canva to produce eye-catching, poster-like practical work reports. The purpose of this study was to analyze the poster practicum report for an animal structure course. In analyzing this lab report, the important points in the assessment were identity, assessment of hand-drawn elements, discussion, abnormalities in related tissues, questions and answers, and supporting bibliography. This study contains the analysis of practicum reports by tabulating the data, grouping them according to the assessment criteria, and describing the data. In the first practicum class, the average value of the poster practicum report was 80.3. In the second practicum class, the average was 83.09, and in the last class, it was 75.13. Based on the average value of this poster practicum report, it can be concluded that the laboratory report for the connective tissue of the animal structure sub-chapter reaches good and very good criteria based on the listed criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) affected the global education system. Traditional faceto-face learning was disturbed while online learning was employed to continue education without interruption during the pandemic. Instructors and students faced unexpected challenges in preparation for their routines, and course preparation and delivery, class attendance, and knowledge receipt were influenced by their attitudes, experience, and adaptation to the new setting. The purpose of this study was to investigate how students embraced changes in course modification and instructor preparation from the pre- to post-COVID period; 212 undergraduates and 24 postgraduates enrolled in engineering courses were given a multiple-choice questionnaire including an open-ended feedback form. The questionnaire included instructor-wise and course-wise parameters measuring the instructor's interest/dedication, effectiveness, encouragement, assessment quality, and delivery of course material, and the overall organization, knowledge, and quality of the course. Despite limitations of the study, the students rated the instructor and course as having higher quality during the post-COVID period than before the pandemic, suggesting that the effective use of both face-to-face and online techniques created a better learning environment. The undergraduate students observed the continuous development of the instructor and course in the transition period; however, only online learning during the pandemic produced low satisfaction among the postgraduate students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principal aim of the present investigation is to delve into the perspectives of university students majoring in English as a Foreign Language (EFL), with a specific focus on the delivery of first year composition courses in a virtual instructional environment. This research assesses the effectiveness of online instruction in essay writing courses and delineates the obstacles encountered by students during the teaching and learning processes. To fulfill this objective, a total of 90 undergraduate students specializing in English Language and Literature within the academic program in Jordan actively participated in the study by completing an online survey. Data collection from these students was executed through a purposefully designed questionnaire comprising 20 items. The questionnaire leveraged a 5-point Likert scale, from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree." Additionally, in-depth interviews were conducted with a selected group of 20 students enrolled in an essay writing course. Established methodologies were employed to analyze the responses to the questionnaire items. The results highlighted the positive impact of the online first year composition course on students' academic achievements. The study also revealed specific impediments and constraints inherent in the virtual learning environment. The study concludes by offering a set of implications aimed at enhancing the efficiency of online course delivery, with a primary emphasis on augmenting the overall learning experience for students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tics peak in late childhood and decline during adolescence. Yet, for some with Tourettes disorder, tics persist into adulthood. We evaluated childhood predictors of adult tic severity and tic impairment, and change over time. Eighty adolescents/adults were evaluated 11 years following a randomized-controlled trial of behavior therapy. An independent evaluator rated tic severity and tic impairment at baseline, posttreatment, and long-term follow-up. At baseline, parents completed demographics/medical history, and youth tic, internalizing, and externalizing symptom ratings. Youth rated premonitory urge severity and family functioning. After controlling for prior tic treatment effects, female sex and higher tic severity predicted higher tic severity in adulthood; and female sex, no stimulant medication use, higher tic severity, and poorer family functioning predicted higher tic impairment. Higher tic severity and premonitory urge severity predicted smaller reductions in tic severity, whereas higher externalizing symptoms predicted greater reduction in tic severity. Female sex predicted smaller reduction in tic impairment, and externalizing symptoms predicted greater reduction in tic impairment. Female sex and childhood tic severity are important predictors of tic severity and tic impairment in adulthood. Family functioning, premonitory urge severity, and tic severity are important modifiable targets for early or targeted intervention to improve long-term outcomes.

Abstract Background Many people will experience a potentially traumatic event in their lifetime and a minority will go on to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A wealth of literature explores different trajectories of PTSD, focusing mostly on resilient, chronic, recovered and delayed-onset trajectories. Less is known about other potential trajectories such as recurring episodes of PTSD after initial recovery, and to date there has been no estimate of what percentage of those who initially recover from PTSD later go on to experience a recurrence. This systematic review aimed to synthesise existing literature to identify (i) how ‘recurrence’ of PTSD is defined in the literature; (ii) the prevalence of recurrent episodes of PTSD; and (iii) factors associated with recurrence. Methods A literature search of five electronic databases identified primary, quantitative studies relevant to the research aims. Reference lists of studies meeting pre-defined inclusion criteria were also hand-searched. Relevant data were extracted systematically from the included studies and results are reported narratively. Results Searches identified 5,398 studies, and 35 were deemed relevant to the aims of the review. Results showed there is little consensus in the terminology or definitions used to refer to recurrence of PTSD. Because recurrence was defined and measured in different ways across the literature, and prevalence rates were reported in numerous different ways, it was not possible to perform meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of recurrence. We also found no consistent evidence regarding predictors of PTSD recurrence. Conclusion A clear and consistent evidence-based definition of recurrence is urgently needed before the prevalence and predictors of recurrence can be truly understood.

Copyright of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College is the property of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While mindfulness has demonstrated extensive benefits across diverse populations, research on its integration as a formal course and its effects on subjective well-being (SWB), particularly among Taiwanese university students, remains limited. This pilot study examined changes in SWB among 85 Taiwanese university students (61 males, 24 females) following an 8-week Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Life (MBCT-L) course. Participants included 38 lower-grade (pre-internship) and 47 senior (post-internship) students. SWB was measured using the 29-item Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ), rated on a 6-point Likert scale, and administered before and after the intervention. Results revealed a significant increase in students’ overall SWB scores from 3.69 to 3.92 post-intervention. Although females initially exhibited higher baseline SWB compared to males, no significant sex differences were observed after the course. Score discrepancies between pre- and post-test stages varied across sex and internship status, indicating differential impacts of the MBCT-L course on distinct demographic groups. Additionally, this study validated the reliability of the short version of the OHQ (8 items) for use in similar research contexts. By conducting a formal MBCT-L course for Taiwanese university students, this study provides valuable empirical evidence, contributing to the cross-cultural understanding of mindfulness-based interventions and their effects on SWB.

The United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offer an opportunity to improve soil science education on sustainability because they provide specific context to educate faculty and students from various disciplines, including Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) about SDGs. Soil science is a STEM discipline with a wide range of applications in the SDGs. The objectives of this study were to use a matrix approach (framework for presenting options for discussion and implementation) to integrate SDGs into an existing introductory soil science course taught to undergraduate students from different STEM fields (environmental and natural resources; wildlife biology; and forestry). The course was enriched with a lecture on SDGs and students were asked to link soil properties and class activities to specific SDGs. A post-assessment survey revealed an increase in students' familiarity with SDGs, and their relevance to soil properties and course activities. Students acknowledged the importance of soils and individual actions for achieving the SDGs. There was an overall increase in student familiarity (+59.4%) with SDGs. Most students agreed (46.7%) and strongly agreed (23.3%) that the course activities were an effective way to learn about SDGs with examples from soil science. Identified learning gaps in subject matter found through the surveys on SDGs were clarified during later classroom discussions. The advantage of this teaching approach is that it seamlessly integrates SDGs with existing course materials while relying on students' critical thinking skills to effectively analyze soil science information and form a judgement on how it relates to SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences / İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)