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We evaluated the effects of cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate (CPH) on the intestinal microbiota of yellow-feather broilers. We randomly divided 240 chicks into four groups with six replicates: basal diet with 0% (CON), 1% (LCPH), 3% (MCPH), or 5% (HCPH) CPH. The test lasted 63 days and included days 1–21, 22–42, and 43–63 phases. The ACE, Chao1, and Shannon indices in the MCPH and HCPH groups of 42-day-old broilers were higher than those in the CON group (p

This study investigated the effects of cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate (CPH) on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, serum biochemical indices, intestinal morphology, and enzyme activities of yellow-feather broilers. We randomly divided 240 chicks into four groups, each with six replicates: a basal diet with 0% (CON), 1% (LCPH), 3% (MCPH), or 5% (HCPH) CPH. The trail spanned 63 days and included three phases: Days 1-21, 22-42, and 43-63. Increased average daily gain (ADG) and decreased ratio of feed to gain (F/G) with LCPH were observed in 21-day-old broilers (P < 0.05). MCPH led to higher ADG and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in 42-day-old broilers (P < 0.05). Additionally, CPH supplementation resulted in increased dressing percentage, percentage of half-eviscerated yield, percentage of eviscerated yield, breast muscle rate, and leg muscle rate were observed (P < 0.05) with diet. The serum levels of total protein (TP), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) were enhanced, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and triglyceride (TG) levels decreased with diet and CPH (P < 0.05). CPH increased the length of the jejunum and ileum and the weight of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in 21-day-old broilers (P < 0.05). Alterations in the duodenal villus structure in broilers occurred on Days 21 and 42, and the CPH groups performed better; however, a similar change occurred in the jejunum on Days 42 and 63 (P < 0.05). MCPH and HCPH enhanced trypsin activity in the duodenum of 21-day-old and 63-day-old broilers (p < 0.05). Chymotrypsin activity increased (P > 0.05) in the duodenum of 63-day-old broilers fed MCPH. Lipase activity increased (P < 0.05) in the jejuna of 21-day-old broilers treated with HCPH. CPH increased trypsin activity in the ilea of 21-day-old broilers (P < 0.05). These results showed that CPH influenced the growth performance, carcass characteristics, serum biochemical indices, and intestinal morphology of yellow-feather broilers, which are related to growth stage. The recommended CPH level in broilers is 1% before 21 days of age and 3% after 21 days of age., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This study aimed to assess the effects of replacing fish meal with cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate (CPH) on the growth, intestinal function, growth hormone/insulin‐like growth factor I (GH/IGF‐I) axis, and inflammation of blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. A total of 300 fish (38.66 ± 0.08 g) were allocated into five groups and fed either the basal diet (CPH 0) or the basal diet that replaced fish meal with 1% (CPH 1), 3% (CPH 3), 5% (CPH 5), and 7% CPH (CPH 7). Dietary CPH 3 increased the activities of protease, Na+/K+‐ATPase, amylase, creatine kinase, and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase; microvillus length in the anterior and mid intestines; and the mRNA levels of GH, growth hormone receptor (GHR), and IGF‐I without any negative effects on growth. Dietary CPH 7 increased the mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐6, IκB kinase alpha, and nuclear factor κB but decreased the transcript level of inhibitor of κB‐α (p <.05). Therefore, replacing fish meal with CPH 3 improved intestinal function and the transcription of GH/IGF‐I axis genes without any adverse effect on growth or triggering of inflammation in juvenile blunt snout bream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred and sixty crabs (average initial weight: 51.32±0.08 g) were fed with four experimental diets containing cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate (CPH) at 0% (CPH0, control), 0.3% (CPH0.3), 0.6% (CPH0.6), and 1.2% CPH (CPH1.2). The experiment results show that no difference was observed in specific growth rate and survival rate of crabs fed with CPH diet. Moisture content of crabs fed with CPH0.6 diet was significantly reduced than that of the CPH0 group. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities of crabs fed with CPH0.6 diet were significantly increased and the difference was not significant between the CPH0.3 and CPH0.6 groups. Malondialdehyde content of CPH0.3 group was significantly lower than that of the CPH0 group. Lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase activities of CPH0.3 diet crabs were significantly higher than that of the CPH0 group. Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity of crabs fed with CPH0.3 diet was significantly decreased compared to the CPH0 group. The relative expression levels of Toll1, Toll2, MyD88, LITAF, and ILF-2 of crabs fed with CPH0.3 diet were significantly higher than that of the CPH0 group. The expression level of SOCS2 showed an opposite pattern. After CPH perfusion, the expression levels of SOCS2 and Toll1 in intestine at time 3 h and SOCS2 in hepatopancreas at time 18 h increased significantly to the highest value. The expression level of Toll2, MyD88, LITAF decreased at times 6 h, 6 h, 12 h, respectively, then increased gradually. Therefore, supplementation of dietary CPH could improve antioxidant capacity and immune function; the appropriate supplement dosage of CPH for crab could be 0.3%–0.6%. Furthermore, the short-term CPH stimulation could significantly increase or decline the expression levels of immune-related genes at different times after CPH perfusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two in vitro trials were conducted to identify a peptide with antioxidant activity and immunoenhancement from cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate (CPH) for fish. Primary hepatocytes of Megalobrama amblycephala were treated with CPH. In experiment 1, CPH significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), alanine aminotransferase (GPT), total superoxide dismutase (t-SOD), catalase (CAT), and lysozyme activities, as well as up-regulated SOD , CAT , antimicrobial peptides 1 (Leap 1) and Leap 2 mRNA levels (p < 0.05). However, CPH significantly down-regulated the expression of NADPH oxidase-2 (NOX2), Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and BTB and CNC homolog 1 (Bach1) mRNA (p < 0.05) in fish hepatocytes. Experiment 2 showed that the molecular mass of CPH was distributed mainly in the 700–1024 Da range. Peptide 1 (P1) and P2 significantly decreased GOT and GPT activities in conditioned medium (p < 0.05); however, P4 and P6 did not affect GOT and GPT activities (p > 0.05). Furthermore, P4 significantly increased hepatocyte GOT, GPT, t-SOD, CAT levels and lysozyme activities (p < 0.05), up-regulated SOD , CAT , Leap1 and Leap2 mRNA expression levels, and down-regulated the expression of Nrf2 and NOX2 mRNA (p < 0.05) in fish hepatocytes. The above results indicated that CPH and P4 enhanced hepatocyte metabolism, as well as improved antioxidant capacities and innate immunity of blunt snout bream hepatocytes. • Cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate (CPH) increased antioxidant capacities in hepatocytes of fish. • The molecular size of CPH were distributed mainly in a range from 700 to 1024Da. • LGSPDVIVIR was identified as a bioactive peptide possessed antioxidant activities and immunoenhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated effects of fishmeal replacement by cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate (CPH) on growth, antioxidant and immunity of Megalobrama amblycephala and its resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish (average weight: 38.66 ± 0.08 g) were divided into five groups and fed with five isonitrogenous (320 g/kg crude protein), isolipidic (70 g/kg crude fat) and isocaloric (17.8 MJ/kg gross energy) diets replacing fishmeal with 0%, 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% CPH, respectively. The control diet contained 60 g/kg fishmeal. Final weight and weight gain of fish fed 5% and 7% CPH were significantly lower than that of fish fed control diet (p < 0.05). 3% CPH significantly increased total protein, globulin, acid phosphatase, C3 and C4 contents of plasma and total‐superoxide dismutase and catalase activities of liver (p < 0.05), as well as upregulated the antimicrobial peptides 1 and 2 (Leap‐1 and Leap‐2) expression levels in liver and spleen (p < 0.05). After challenge, the lowest mortality was observed in fish fed 3% CPH, and it was significantly lower than that in fish fed the 7% CPH (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary fishmeal replacement by 3% CPH could increase antioxidative capacity, as well as enhance immunity of fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred and twenty crabs (initial weight: 51.32 ± 0.06 g) were fed three experimental diets with cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate (CPH) at 0, 6 and 12 g/kg for 60 days. The results showed that CPH0.6 diet significantly improved the 1‐hr feed intake, protease activity and weight gain of crabs. In thoracic ganglia, 4E‐binding protein (4E‐BP) expression level of crab fed the diets containing CPH was significantly higher than CPH0 group. In cerebral ganglia, protein kinase B and 4E‐BP expression levels of crab fed CPH0.6 diets were significantly lower than CPH0 group. In mid‐intestine, target of rapamycin (TOR) relative expression level of crabs fed the diets containing CPH was significantly lower than CPH0 group. 4E‐BP expression level showed an opposite pattern. In thoracic ganglia, cerebral ganglia and mid‐intestine, leptin receptor expression level of crabs fed CPH0.6 diet was significantly lower than CPH0 group. Neuropeptide Y and neuropeptide Y receptor expression level of crab fed CPH0.6 diet was significantly higher than CPH0 group. In conclusion, our results indicated that dietary supplementation of 6 g/kg CPH could stimulate appetite and quicken feeding rate via the TOR signalling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of replacing fish meal with cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate (CPH) on amino acid metabolism of Megalobrama amblycephala. Fish (38.66 ± 0.08 g) were randomly divided into five groups and fed five isonitrogenous (320 g kg−1 crude protein) and isocaloric (17.8 MJ kg−1 gross energy) diets replacing fish meal by CPH 0% (CPH 0), 1% (CPH 1), 3% (CPH 3), 5% (CPH 5) and 7% (CPH 7). Dietary 3% CPH had no effect on plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) contents and liver SDH and XOD (P > 0.05), but significantly increased hepatic AST and ALT contents (P < 0.05). The plasma threonine (Thr), valine (Val), lysine (Lys), histidine (His), total essential amino acids and total amino acids contents of fish fed CPH5 and CPH7 diets significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with the control diet. Meanwhile, threonine (Thr), valine (Val), isoleucine (Ile) and leucine (Leu) contents in muscle significantly decreased (P < 0.05) when fish fed CPH7 diet. Diets with 5% and 7% CPH significantly decreased target of rapamycin (TOR) and S6 kinase-polypeptide 1 (S6K1) mRNA expressions levels in liver and gut, but increased eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 2 (4E-BP2) mRNA expression levels (P < 0.05), as well as increased hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase α1 (AMPKa-1), AMP-activated protein kinase α2 (AMPKa-2) and sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) mRNA expressions levels. Furthermore, the AMP-activated protein kinase α (t-AMPKα) and phospho-AMPKα (p-AMPKα) protein contents were increased significantly in fish fed with 5% and 7% CPH over the control group (P < 0.05). Overall, replacing fish meal with CPH at high level (5 and 7%) decreased the amino acid metabolism and growth performance, as well as inhibited ATP consumption via inhibiting TOR signaling pathway and activating AMPK/SIRT1 pathway. • Excess replacement of fishmeal with CPH depressed TOR and S6K1 expressions. • Replacing fishmeal with CPH at appropriate level increased amino acid metabolism. • Replacing fishmeal with CPH at high level decreased amino acid catabolism via activating AMPK/ SIRT1 pathway. • Replacing fishmeal with CPH at high level caused poor growth via inhibiting TOR signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A 60‐day feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of fishmeal (FM) replacement with cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate (CPH) on growth, digestion and intestinal histology of juvenile Chinese soft‐shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). Five diets were formulated to replace 0, 50, 100, and 150 g/kg fishmeal protein by CPH (CPH0, CPH5, CPH10, CPH15) and CPH15L (CPH15 with micro capsule‐L‐lysine). Weight gain, feed conversion rate and protein efficiency ratio showed no significant differences compared to control group (p > .05). The highest feed intake indicated in CPH15 (p < .05). The composition of whole‐body varied slightly in each groups (p > .05). The trypsin activity significantly elevated when dietary fishmeal protein was replaced by CPH at 30–90 g/kg (p < .05). A significantly higher lipase activities in CPH5 than control group (p < .05). The CPH5‐10 groups showed higher villus height than the other groups (p < .05). The microvillus length in turtles with CPH showed a significant increasing length (p < .05). The results indicated that replacing up to 90 g/kg of dietary fishmeal protein with CPH did not hamper growth or reduce feed intake of turtles. Moreover, CPH replaced 60 g/kg FMP can increase intestine digestive enzymes activities and improve intestinal development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]