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The purpose of this study was to analyze artifacts caused by conventional cotton material gowns in chest X-ray images obtained with digital radiography (DR) and to evaluate whether image artifacts ...

Since the last few decades, a development of new types of fibers were appeared in order to improve the mechanical properties of fabrics besides its comfort properties, Cotton material was used as a blended material to enhance the properties of the manufactured products. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the influence of different polyester yarn cross-section and gauges on the mechanical properties of blended knitted samples. In this study two groups of knitted samples were manufactured, using gauge 24 and gauge 20, the samples were implemented with single jersey knitted structure by two different polyester microfiber cross-sections and blended cotton ratio. Some of mechanical properties were carried out for all samples such as air permeability, spray test, bursting strength and roughness. The result values recorded and tabulated, as well as statistically analysis using ANOVA Two-way Measurements were executed. The results illustrate that tests properties of blended knitted samples were significantly affected by variables except the spray test. In the same context the results clarify that trilobal cross-section improves UPF property for knitted samples. Finally, due to study the performance of each sample the radar chart was occurred, as the results revealed that Polyester Trilobal samples recorded the best sample radar area with different gauges.

Natural colors for textile products are becoming a trend today as an alternative to reducing the usage of synthetic dyes. Jengkol pod waste is a useless resource and is disposed as waste as well as gambier liquid waste which is produced from the pressing process of the gambier leaves. Both of resources contain tannins, which can function as dyes. The use of these two resources as natural dyes is an effort that can increase added value. The research was aimed at color and see the quality of the colored cotton material using a combination of jengkol pod waste and gambier liquid waste. The research was conducted by extracting the dye of the jengkol pod waste and gambier liquid waste, and testing the application of the dye on cotton fabrics. Three types of mordants, namely Al2(SO4)3, CaO, and FeSO4 were used in the coloring process. A treatment without mordant (control) was carried out as a comparison. Cotton fabrics that had been dyed were tested for the quality of their coloring by testing the color coordinate, color strength, and colorfastness. The results indicated that each mordant gave a different color coordinate with brown color in the use of mordant CaO and mordant Al2(SO4)3, and greenish-grey color with mordant FeSO4. The highest color strength was obtained in the use of mordant FeSO4 with K/S value of 11.678. Treatment with mordant CaO was the best treatment for colorfastness of washing, acidic and alkaline perspiration, light, and rubbing with values of 4 to 5, 4 to 5, 3, 4, 4 to 5 respectively.

In this paper, wearable textile antenna is presented for detecting breast cancer in early stages. The proposed antenna is designed and optimized using a 0.5 flexible cotton material substrate to operate at UWB with a wider frequency range of 3 GHz - 10.5 GHz. In this paper, the performance of the antenna is investigated in terms of reflection coefficients, gain and radiation patterns by bending the structure in several different degrees. A line slot is used at the ground level to enhance the antenna resonate performance overdesigned spectrum. Moreover, the antenna has good gain and efficiency over the bandwidth of 3.47 dBi and 92.3 % respectively.

Remazol is a synthetic dye from chemicals. Remazol can be used by dyeing, dripping or quenching. This dyestuff has water soluble properties, has brilliant colors with good fastness, low affinity. In the coloring process, color requires a fixation process. Fixation process, as a binder or reinforcement so that the color does not fade. Fixation is done with Na2CO3 or soda ash. soda ash or also known as Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid which is easily soluble in air, white powder. soda ash can be used as a reinforcement for reactive type dye batik. By adding soda ash to a reactive dye solution or remazol, this automatic dye can become strong and not fade. After the soda ash fixation process is added starch which has the function to glue the fabric to the dye so that it is strong and does not easily wear off.

Present investigation is based on market availability and use of sun protective clothing/accessories among women consumers. The study was conducted using survey work on 180 sample subjects selected randomly comprised of working women and college going girls of Udaipur city. Questionnaire method was used to gather desired information. Findings revealed that majority of respondents were aware about sun protective clothing/accessories available in market and were using it readymade. Light colour cotton material was their choice, majority of respondents were not satisfied with the variety of colours, prints, materials and also with the type of clothing/accessories available in the market for sun protection.

Measurement repeatability and reproducibility were analysed for four different models of colour measurement instrument on PTFE and on printed and unprinted cotton material. The influence of instrument aperture and sample characteristics on the measurements was analyzed, showing that as expected larger apertures tended to give better repeatability and smaller difference in the inter-model agreement. Measurement repeatability across the different textile samples was in the range of $0.04-0.91 \Delta E_{ab}^{\ast }$, while the effect of different sample positioning was in the range of $0.25- 0.88 \Delta E_{ab}^{\ast }$.

Reactive dyes are a dye that can react with cellulose or protein, thus providing good colorfastness. Reactive dyes, besides being used to dyeing cellulose fibers, can also dye wool and silk fibers. One of the reactive dyes is remazol. Waterglass is a durable strong alkaline compound in the form of a thick colorless liquid. The use of waterglass in the textile industry itself varies greatly, including as a color reinforcement in the fixation process. Because of its essential function, the waterglass has become an urgent material for craftsmen, especially abstract batik craftsmen. Waterglass like it can’t be replaced, but it turns out there is a material that can be formulated to make artificial waterglass from salt, boarding, and water. For the media on dyeing, you can use a cotton cloth. Cotton cloth has strong properties (even when wet still absorbs), attracts body heat, wrinkles, shrinks, or shrinks (unless appropriately handled), is damaged by the sun, sweat and decay.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the fire possibility of the cotton packages by the friction heating during the transportation by train. Theoretical simulation was conducted for the friction heating with a typical amplitude and frequency. The results suggest that the hot point induced by the sliding friction between the iron string joints around the package and the iron floor is the heat source for the heat transfer progress. It is also illustrated that the calculated temperatures on the surface of cotton package near the friction point are still a little lower that the rapid pyrolysis temperature of cotton material in a rather worse situation. However, more and more heat may accumulate inside the cotton package if there is a long-time heating for it. The smoldering of the cotton packages may still happen and turn into a cotton fire in train when there are also some other factors at the same time.

With the development of the car industry, the pace of the urban construction is accelerating as well. Cars have gradually entered the ordinary family. As the car noise has a big effect on the health of the passengers, as well as on the surroundings, one of the car industry key duties is the car noise reduction. By researching the materials applied to car, this article describe that PU material could reduce the impact of the engine noise on the cab efficiently; Polypropylene needle-spun felt could reduce the noise passed by chassis; PET material's sound absorption is poor in mid bass, however in high frequency it's sound absorption is good; sound absorbing sponge can reduce the low and high frequency noise; The combine sponge can reduce the noise from the tire and transmission system ; Cotton material could absorb the high frequency noise.

In this research work, air permeability variations of core spun cotton/spandex single jersey and 1×1 rib knitted structures were studied under relaxation treatments. Results are compared with similar fabrics made from 100 % cotton material. Even though cotton/spandex fabrics knitted with same stitch lengths, their structural spacing and stitch densities vary with the progression of treatments. Similar behavior was also observed with 100 % cotton knitted structures. Under higher machine set stitch lengths (i.e., lower fabric tightness factor), higher structural spacing and lower stitch densities were resulted and those variations significantly affected on the air permeability variations of knitted structures. 1×1 rib knitted structures showed significantly higher air permeability than single jersey structures and it is more prominent with cotton rib structures. However, cotton/spandex 1×1 rib and single jersey structures have not showed such significant deviations. Air permeability of cotton/spandex and 100 % cotton rib and single jersey knitted structures decreased with lower machine set stitch lengths (i.e., at higher fabric tightness factors). There was a correlation with fabric tightness, air permeability, areal density and fabric thickness such as knitted fabrics became tighter, their weight and thickness were higher, while their air permeability was lower. Thus, fabric areal density and fabric thickness are positively correlates to machine set stitch length−1 (fabric tightness factor). Air permeability of a knitted structure depends on material type, knitted structure, stitch length, relaxation treatment, structural spacing and stitch density.

The main idea of this work is to study the different phenomena of spreading, evaporation, and diffusion that bound to the ink-jet printing. The coating film is studied as well as its drying morphologies and its wetting behavior. Then the drop water spreading on coated fabric is investigated. At that time spreading kinetic is characterized by the digidrop 3S which permits to measure precisely the various parameters such as contact angle, diameter, height, volume and drop profile in contact with the support during wetting phenomenon. This survey shows, on the one hand, that the coating film structure is deeply affected by drying morphologies. On the other hand, drying conditions influence different parameters of kinetic drop spreading on virgin glass and cotton material. Then the increasing of coating film thickness encourages the drop spreading.

As a kind of environment-friendly fiber, akund will create considerable interest in the apparel industry due to its fine luster, good moisture absorption, renewable and pollution free feature. This research is a comparative study of the physical properties of akund/cotton material and pure cotton material. Results show that the enhanced structure of akund/cotton compact yarn typically results in a lower hairiness and improved mechanical properties. However, the weaving of this kind akund/cotton blended yarn may meet a lot difficulty since its tenacity value hardly meet the minimum value calls for weaving. Another important guidance is that it necessary to reduce short fiber content that may be present in the yarn structure to adopt best evenness.

The focus of this study is to compare contact and noncontact human scent collection procedures across an array of textiles (cotton, rayon, polyester, and wool) to determine an optimized collection method for human scent evidence. Six subjects were sampled in triplicate for each textile and collection mode, and the samples were then analyzed through headspace solid-phase micro-extraction in combination with gas chromato- graphy ⁄ mass spectrometry (SPME-GC ⁄ MS). Contact sampling with cotton material has been shown to be the collection method that yielded the greatest number of volatile compounds and the highest scent mass amounts. Through Spearman rank correlations, it was shown that an individual's scent profile is more reproducible within samples collected on the same textile type than between different materials. Furthermore, contact sampling with cotton fabric demonstrated the greatest reproducibility producing the lowest amount of type I and type II errors with 90.85% of the samples distinguished at the 0.9 match ⁄ no match threshold.

This study was carried out on rural mothers of Jalandhar district in Punjab state. Most of the rural mothers made use of diapers up to the age of six months. Soft cotton material was preferred by them being low in cost, easy to wash and wear as well as durable too. None of the rural mothers used plastic diapers for babies at home except during travelling. Colour, design and attractiveness of the diapers were least preferred by them. They also narrated the reason for diaper rash for being wet and tight by majority of the mothers followed by use of synthetic/ blended material, use of hard soap, never boiled, disinfected and bleached under sunlight.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the actual wearing conditions and the preferences of knit wear school uniforms. The subjects were 480 high school girls from 6 high schools placed in Daejeon. The method of study is a survey consisted of actual wearing conditions questionnaires, preferences questionnaires, and demographic attribution. Data was analyzed by frequency, variance, crosstabs, and correlation analysis using SPSS 12.0 program. The results of study are as follows. First, high school girls over 90% wearing knit wear school uniforms were satisfied with current knit wear school uniforms(navy color, V-neck, and wool mixed). Second, high school girls preferred 100% cotton material and black/white/gray color group. The style of knit wear school uniforms was most preferred monochrome cardigan with cable pattern. High school girls wanted to show neat image by knit wear school uniforms and to diversify the style of them. Third, the differences of preferences between groups, they were wearing knit wear school uniforms(A group) or not(B group), were about pattern and improvement. A group preferred school mark pattern, and wanted to improve the quality and after service. B group preferred monochrome cable pattern, and wanted to diversify the style. Both groups wanted to wear knit wear school uniforms because knit wear was 'warm' and 'comfort'. Consequently, knit wear school uniforms will help high school girls express individuality and beauty.

Titania precipitation on cotton has been achieved using a commercially available antimicrobial polymer, Reputex 20. The cotton swatches precipitated with titania retain antimicrobial activity, and we have also shown the ability to encapsulate diisopropylfluorophosphatase (DFPase), an enzyme capable of breaking down organofluorophosphates. Cotton swatches are easily prepared and precipitation occurs at room temperature in aqueous solutions at neutral pH. Both the antimicrobial properties of Reputex 20 and the hydrolytic activity of the DFPase enzyme are retained after titania precipitation, generating a cotton material exhibiting multifunctional properties. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43199.

Optimization of separation and identification of heavy metals present on cotton material has been performed by TLC - densitometry, after microwave digestion of cotton samples. The best separation was achieved on microcrystalline cellulose pre-coated layers with acetonitrile - HCl, (conc.) - water developer and by visualization with quercetine - dimethylglioxime - NH3 reagent. A highly sensitive 3CCD color Video camera was used to capture the chromatograms under white light. Optimization of the composition of ternary mobile phase was performed using experimental design software package Design - Expert 6.

The transfer and persistence of microscopic size pieces of polyurethane foam onto clothing was studied. Experiments were conducted to try to replicate the transfer of polyurethane foam fragments from a foam mattress and a vehicle seat onto a victim's clothing. This was done with a view to providing information about the elapsed time between her leaving the vehicle and meeting her death. Although only a limited amount of work has been carried out, it has been shown that whilst relatively high numbers of foam fragments are initially transferred many fall off quickly. As this project was carried out in response to a specific casework request most of the experiments were performed using cotton material as the recipient. The results obtained are remarkably similar to some of the work carried out by Pounds and Smalldon in 1975 on the transfer and persistence of fibres in relation to clothing. Le transfert et la persistance de fragments microscopiques de mousse polyurCthane sur les habits ont CtC CtudiCs. Des expCriences ont CtC conduites pour tenter de reproduire le transfert de fragments de mousse polyurCthane h partir d'un matelas de mousse et d'un sikge de vChicule sur les habits d'une victime. Cela a CtC fait dans le but d'obtenir une information sur le temps CcoulC entre le moment ou elle a quittC le vChicule et sa mort. Bien que le travail ait CtC limitC, il a CtC possible de montrer qu'alors qu'un grand nombre de fragments de mousse sont initialement transfCrCs, beaucoup tombent rapidement. Comme ce projet a CtC ClaborC pour repondre h une question dCcoulant d'un cas spCcifique, la plupart des exptriences ont CtC faites en utilisant du coton comme matihe rkceptrice. Les rCsultats obtenus sont remarquablement similaires aux recherches poursuivies par Pounds et Smalldon en 1975 sur le transfert et la persistance des fibres sur les habits.

A total of 331 different VOCs and fixed gases from swine facilities in North Carolina were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Of these, 203 were found in air samples adsorbed onto Tenax ® , 112 were found in air samples adsorbed onto cotton material, and 167 different compounds were identified in the lagoon samples. The compounds identified were diverse, and included many acids, alcohols, aldehydes, amides, amines, aromatics, esters, ethers, fixed gases, halogenated hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons, ketones, nitriles, other nitrogen-containing compounds, phenols, sulfur-containing compounds, steroids, and other compounds. The vast majority of these compounds were present at concentrations below published odor and irritation thresholds. Yet human assessments indicated that odors (and irritant sensations) in the immediate vicinity of the swine houses (and even at distances beyond 1000 ft) were strong. Comparison of the findings from chemical and human assessments points to the importance of the cumulative effects of hundreds of compounds in producing odor and irritation downwind of swine operations. Many GC peaks from the samples were too small to allow identification of the compounds, but their presence may also contribute significantly to the odor and irritation. Several methodological difficulties were associated with the human odor assessments. Odorous air evaluated in the field was simultaneously collected in Tedlar ® bags for evaluation in the laboratory; however, intensity ratings in the field were higher than those in the laboratory. This is due to the fact that organic dust (dried fecal material and feed) adheres to Tedlar ® bags and the tubing of collection/delivery systems; therefore, only VOCs from the vapor phase (but not the dust) reach the nose of the panelists in sniffing air samples obtained in Tedlar ® bags. Future collection and measurement techniques need to be developed that can evaluate odors from dust and vapor phases simultaneously in the laboratory. Dispersion models also need to be developed that account accurately for odor intensities downwind of animal operations. Finally, safety standards for odor exposures need to be determined that consider the risk of simultaneous exposure to hundreds of low level compounds.

Silk sarongs Samarinda produced by home industrie in Samarinda were still pale and faded. It was caused by the improper (or incorrect) coloring process usually done by the industries. This research was done to improve the coloring process and to increase the quality of sarong Samarinda. In this research, polyethylene glycol dioleat was added into the dyeing medium and t h e acidity of the medium was measured. Then the silk was washed and dried under the sunshine. The dried silk was tested for its colour fastnees through washing and ironing process. Results of this researc h showed t ha t addition of polyethylene glycol dioleat into dyeing medium of sarong Samarinda can improve the quality of polyester material, but it did not produce good result on silk and cotton material.

Background. Training models are necessary for development of many skills in medical education. Objective. To develop a training model for improvement of simple surgical procedure skills. Methods. A convex, rectangular, smooth-surfaced wooden plate covered by first cotton material and then polyethylene stretch film was used. Skins of rats that had been used previously for experimental studies were attached on the wooden plate. In order to see efficacy of our model, we decided to use it in a cutaneous surgery workshop. Theoretical and practical information about surgical sutures, punch biopsy, excisional biopsy, rotational flap, and Z-plasty procedures was given to the participant physicians. Surgical skills of participants were scored before and after the practical part of workshop. Results. Thirty-three physicians were enrolled voluntarily to the workshop. All participants showed statistically significant increase in scores (P < 0.05). Conclusion. The similarity to human skin and the easy setup make this training model an ideal teaching tool to improve the skills of physicians for simple cutaneous surgery.

A research of warping machine has been carried out to investigate the performance of direct beaming plant, that using 5 different creels system. Three of yarn count, i.e. tex 36, 30 and 25 was performed and used warping machine from Benninger Machinary Ltd. The research was conducted in 3 factories for 4,000 hours in twoshift operation that carried out since 2009 to 2010. In addition, 100 % combed cotton material was used. The aim of this research is to get some datas of performance of warping machine i.e., propered machine, efficiency and productivity. Based on that data, the manufacturer can select the best performance from several warping machines that will affect production cost on weaving process. The result of experiments show, that for V creel system the batch changing of 30,000 meters for tex yarn count 36, 30, and 25 requires 52,57, and 59 minutes respectively . Then the time of warp processing for these yarn counts, need about 2,098; 2,125 and 2,250 minutes respectively. In addition, the V-creel sistem requires lower number of worker for creeling and doffing the packages, beside that a lower cost is also shown in this system i.e., 63.90; 65.23; and 68.11 for yarn count 36, 30 and 25 respectively; also for the total cost include rewinding remnant packages. It is therefore a good performance has significantly resulted in V-creel system.

A study is reported in which the damage caused by micro-organisms to 100% cotton material under different conditions and the level of this damage when different finishing materials were used were investigated. The damage caused by Aspergillus niger, used as the experimental organism for 100% cotton material, was seen as a decrease in the tensile strength with time; the temperature, pH, and change in conditions of the medium are shown to affect the decrease in the tensile strength. The microbial growths were differentially inhibited by seven finishing materials which were imparted, but most of them were removed by washing.

With the vulgarization of antimicrobial treatment of textile fabrics, simple methods to quantify the evaluated the link efficacy, and durability performance will be needed. The biological tests are usually inexistent in textile plant and their specific requisites allow that need to be made by controlled biological laboratories out of textile facilities. The knowledge of textile dyeing processes was applied to the control of cationic antimicrobial applications. The exhaustion profile of a direct dye with lower affinity was used to evaluate the concentration of bonded cationic antimicrobial agent on cotton material. Only bonded agent lasted throughout the dyeing process, transforming this process as a quick simultaneous evaluation of the nature of the bond between agent and fibre.

In this study, the field performance of two coverall designs used by pesticide applicators was determined. Two coverall types were selected based on data from previously conducted comfort testing under field conditions in southern Europe. Dermal exposure was measured during 22 applications conducted with 11 operators using similar hand-held spray guns in greenhouse pepper crops in the Ierapetra region of Crete, Greece. One of the coverall designs studied was made from a cotton/polyester material treated with a water-repellent Resist Spills(R) finish, which was compared in the field study to a coverall of similar design, but using a woven, untreated cotton material. An in-house analytical method was developed and validated for determining residues of the active substance (a.s.) malathion on the dosimeters. The derived levels of dermal exposure were used as a measure of the protection provided by the two types of coveralls. In addition, by comparing the total amount of the a.s. recovered from outer and inner dosimeters (potential dermal exposure = 238.8 mg kg(-1) a.s. for the cotton coverall and 160.44 mg kg(-1) a.s. for the Resist Spills coverall), a value could be determined for the degree of coverall penetration. The mean penetration (milligrams per kilogram a.s.) of the outer coveralls, calculated as a percentage of the total contamination, was 0.4% for the water-repellent coverall and 2.3% for the cotton coverall. The mean recovery from the laboratory and field-fortified samples was91 and 74%, respectively and used as the main criterion for quality control of the analytical data. Under the field trial conditions evaluated, both the coverall designs gave better protection than the default values used in the most relevant predictive exposure model. Therefore, they could be considered as appropriate tools of personal protection when both comfort and field performance is taken into account under the specific application scenario.

SUMMARY Cotton strip assay can give an indication of changes in soil decomposition activity over a wide range of sites used for ecological studies by measuring the loss in tensile strength (TS) of cotton material buried in the soil. Some examples are presented together with a world wide comparison of its use.

A TLC method for the separation and quantitative determination of copper and iron in cotton material is described. The optimal solvent system is 9:2:1(v/v), ethanol-nitric acid-hydrochloric acid and the locating reagent is Na-diethyldithiocarbamate. Regression analysis shows that the most precise results can be obtained for the concentration range of 0.0400-0.0800 mg/mL of iron and copper.

Evidence for the range of behavior associated with cotton at Antelope House during Pueblo III times is examined in the light of an ethnographic model based on Schiffer's technique of behavioral chain analysis. It is hypothesized that cotton was grown in the Canyon de Chelly area and possibly traded to non-cotton producing regions. Included is discussion of the differential effects of cultural activities, preservation factors, and archaeological techniques on the recovery of textiles and raw cotton material from Antelope House.

Meeh's1 formula K WT2/3 is accurate in principle only when applied to individuals of differing weights but of similar body form.The surface area of five adults of widely different weights and forms was measured by the following method. The subject was dressed in a tight fitting suit of union underwear, the hands were covered with cotton gloves, the feet with socks and the head with a tight fitting bag of woven cotton material. The gloves were then covered with melted paraffin and over the rest of the surface strips of paper were pasted in such a manner that a stiff mould of the body was formed. This was then cut in small pieces which would lie flat. Patterns of these pieces were made by printing them on photographic paper of known area and weight. These patterns were then cut out and weighed and the surface areas of the various parts of body calculated.Many linear measurements of the subject were taken and an effort made to find the length and average breadth of each part of the body. After numerous trial...

Air bacterial and particle counts were obtained in a conventionally ventilated operating theatre, during 8 operations for total hip replacement performed using synthetic non-woven fabrics as drapes for the patients and gowns for the staff (trousers and stockings were of conventional cotton material), ('non-woven' group), and in 8 corresponding operations using conventional cotton fabrics ('cotton' group). No significant difference between the groups with regard to air bacterial counts was observed. The use of cotton fabrics was associated with substantially higher particle counts, probably due to particles from the cotton textiles themselves. No significant correlation was observed between the bacterial and particle counts, indicating that these came from different sources and that the particles were mainly of sterile origin. Thus, the benefit of the synthetic, non-woven fabrics in hip replacement surgery, when these fabrics are used to cover theatre staff only partially in the form of gowns, seems questionable with regard to the reduction of air bacterial counts. On the other hand, the surgical textiles of non-woven material improve the purity of the operating theatre since unlike cotton fabrics they do not produce and disperse particles in the air.

The most important phase in textile finishing processes is adsorption of chemical substances and compounds on textile materials surface and wettability as well. Interface phenomena happen between liquid and solid phase, like water solution and textile material, resulting in change of textile material surface free energy. Electrokinetic phenomena, as zeta potential and specific amount of surface charge, characterize electric charge of textile material. In this paper woven cotton fabrics were enzymatically desized, alkali and enzymatically scoured with alkali and neutral pectinases. The influence of these pretreatments to cotton fabric interface phenomena was investigated throughout the change of fabric surface free energy, zeta potential, Isoelectric Point, Point of Zero Charge, and specific amount of surface charge. It is well known the fabrics treated in wet conditions undergo some structural changes ; therefore the degree of polymerization, DP for cotton cellulose was determined.

Can. Ent. 98: 1112-1113 (1966) A lightweight and inexpensive cylindrical-sleeve insect cage is described. The cage was constructed of plastic screening and cotton fabric closed by an open-ended zipper. The cage was successfully used to collect insects from rust cankers on the stems and branches of pine trees. Most cylindrical-sleeve insect cages employ metal or wooden frames with wire or other types of screening (Peterson 1959), and they are bulky, heavy and often require extra support. This paper describes a light, inexpensive cage that was developed to assist in the collection of insects from Cronartium rust cankers and galls on the stems or branches of pine trees. The cage (Fig. 1) was constructed from 32-mesh plastic "lumite" screening,* cotton fabric and an open-ended heavy duty zipper. The screening was translucent, lightweight but durable, and retained its shape without additional frame supports. Screening 10 inches long x 1 2 inches wide was used in our cages, but other sizes could be readily constructed. A strip of white cotton fabric (12 inches long X 3 inches wide) was sewed to each end of the screening. At each open end the fabric was folded and sewed into a casing to accommodate a drawstring. This ensured a tight fit around the stem or branch. A 14-inch rustproof zipper was attached to the full length of the cage to facilitate placement and access. The drawstring held the cage in position when the zipper was opened for removal of insects. White 32-mesh nylon screening was substituted for the lumite screening in a few cages, but it proved to be less durable and was subject to damage from the claws of small mammals. Insects within the cage were easily observed, and most could be captured and placed in small vials without removing the cage from the tree. But to ensure that all insects were collected, the cage was removed and all folds of the cotton material examined. The environment around the canker appeared to he little modified by the cage. Sunlight and precipitation were excluded to some extent. Plastic screening permits more light to penetrate than wire screening of the same mesh, because of the translucent character of the strands. Small mammals occasionally chewed the drawstrings, but this might be prevented by soaking the strings in a repellent. A series of twelve cages were employed satisfactorily during the summer of 1965, and seven of these were left on trees for the winter, protected by 1/2-inch wire mesh. A wide range of mites and insects, including thrips, flies, beetles, moths and larvae, were collected from the cages. It is believed that this type of cage could be employed for a variety of entomological studies. Resume Est decrite une cage a insectes, en forme de manchon cylindrique, legere et peu dispendieuse. Faitc de coton et de tissu a moustiquaire en plastique, on la ferme au moyen d'une fermeture-eclair separable. On s'en servit pour recolter, sur le tronc et les branches de pins, des insectes qui avaient envahi les chancres de rouille et les rouilles-tumours. Reference Peterson, A. 1959. Entomological techniques. How to work with insects. 9th Ed. Edwards (Received 15 April 1966) Bros. Inc , Ann Arbor, Michigan. "Lumite", industrial fabric, No. 1032 (natural), manufactured by Chicopee Mills Inc., 47 Worth St., Fig. 1. A cage that shows the essential features for collecting insects from tree stems and branches, installed on a small pine tree.

In tests conducted in the laboratory of the Honolulu Fruit Fly Investigations from 1966-67 with the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel; the melon fly, D. cucurbilae Coquillett; and the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), newly emerged flies were placed on 7 different regimens that included sugar, dry hydrolyzed protein, or water, or combinations of these. Results showed that only sugar was critical for survival and that flies could survive several days in cages without water. From these findings, it may be possible to control fruit flies in a large-scale program in which sexually sterilized flies are released by using holding containers that are furnished with sugar cubes instead of the usual cotton material saturated with a solution of sugar and water. Newly emerged sterilized flies survived as well as nonsterilized flies on each deprivation regimen.

It seemed that if examples of this kind of dress were being made in Hausaland today they might provide additional ideas about the significance and even the origins of the Hausa embroidery patterns that I had been interested in for some time.5 During the course of other work I questioned Hausa people over a period of two years about charm gowns with writing on them, but without much success, and among the embroiderers and draughtsmen6 who were spoken to, Malam Nuhu was the only one who immediately responded. He said he knew very well what these charm gowns looked like, and when he was asked if he could make one he said straight away that he could. This was in October, I97I, and two months later, after some initial difficulty in finding the kind of gown he wanted to work on, Malam Nuhu had produced the finished article. His own contribution consisted of inscriptions and decorative patterns in inks of several different colours, with green, yellow and maroon predominating. 7 The gown he used was bought for him by a friend in Zaria City market and is an old Hausa type known as binjima. It has a sleeveless, rectangular upper part, a circular neck hole, and is open at the sides. In the case of Malam Nuhu's binjima this opening extends from the shoulders to a point almost half way down the wide skirt. The British Museum's gown already mentioned, though it has a rectangular instead of a circular neck hole and is open down the complete length of the sides, could be considered a close relative of this binjima type. Malam Nuhu's gown is made from local, plain white cotton material, hand woven in strips by men and commonly called fari,8farin Hausa, orfarin tudu. The average width of a strip in this case is 6 cm and those forming the upper part of the gown overlap so that the material is of double thickness, while the strips in the skirt are joined edge to edge and form a single layer of cloth. The widening of the skirt results from twentyfour gussets that taper upwards from its lower edge. 9 To 'charm' the gown Malam Nuhu arranged over seven hundred written characters and phrases on its outer surface. Some are in rectangular grids,1? some are set inside ornamental patterns, and others stand on their own. The front and back of the gown differ in that the front has a fairly balanced combination of Man (N.S.) 9, 62o-624.