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AimTo assess, from a United States (US) payer's perspective, the cost-effectiveness of gels designed to separate the endometrial surfaces (intrauterine spacers) placed following intrauterine surgery.Materials and methodsA decision tree model was developed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of intrauterine spacers used to facilitate endometrial repair and prevent the formation (primary prevention) and reformation (secondary prevention) of intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) and associated pregnancy- and birth-related adverse outcomes. Event rates and costs were extrapolated from data available in the existing literature. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to corroborate the base case results.ResultsIn this model, using intrauterine spacers for adhesion prevention led to net cost savings for US payers of $2,905 per patient over a 3.5-year time horizon. These savings were driven by the direct benefit of preventing procedures associated with IUA formation ($2,162 net savings) and the indirect benefit of preventing pregnancy-related complications often associated with IUA formation ($3,002). These factors offset the incremental cost of intrauterine spacer use of $1,539 based on an assumed price of $1,800 and the related increase in normal deliveries of $931. Model outcomes were sensitive to the probability of preterm and normal deliveries. Budget impact analyses show overall cost savings of $19.96 per initial member within a US healthcare plan, translating to $20 million over a 5-year time horizon for a one-million-member plan.LimitationsThere are no available data on the effects of intrauterine spacers or IUAs on patients' quality of life. Resultingly, the model could not evaluate patients' utility related to treatment with or without intrauterine spacers and instead focused on costs and events avoided.ConclusionThis analysis robustly demonstrated that intrauterine spacers would be cost-saving to healthcare payers, including both per-patient and per-plan member, through a reduction in IUAs and improvements to patients' pregnancy-related outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Audit and Feedback (A&F) interventions based on quality indicators have been shown to lead to significant improvements in compliance with evidence-based care including de-adoption of low-value practices (LVPs). Our primary aim was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of adding a hypothetical A&F module targeting LVPs for trauma admissions to an existing quality assurance intervention targeting high-value care and risk-adjusted outcomes. A secondary aim was to assess how certain A&F characteristics might influence its cost-effectiveness. METHODS: We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis using a probabilistic static decision analytic model in the Québec trauma care continuum. We considered the Québec Ministry of Health perspective. Our economic evaluation compared a hypothetical scenario in which the A&F module targeting LVPs is implemented in a Canadian provincial trauma quality assurance program to a status quo scenario in which the A&F module is not implemented. In scenarios analyses we assessed the impact of A&F characteristics on its cost-effectiveness. Results are presented in terms of incremental costs per LVP avoided. RESULTS: Results suggest that the implementation of A&F module (Cost = $1,480,850; Number of LVPs = 6,005) is associated with higher costs and higher effectiveness compared to status quo (Cost = $1,124,661; Number of LVPs = 8,228). The A&F module would cost $160 per LVP avoided compared to status quo. The A&F module becomes more cost-effective with the addition of facilitation visits; more frequent evaluation; and when only high-volume trauma centers are considered. CONCLUSION: A&F module targeting LVPs is associated with higher costs and higher effectiveness than status quo and has the potential to be cost-effective if the decision-makers willingness-to-pay is at least $160 per LVP avoided. This likely represents an underestimate of true ICER due to underestimated costs or missed opportunity costs. Results suggest that virtual facilitation visits, frequent evaluation, and implementing the module in high-volume centers can improve cost-effectiveness.

HighlightsWe illustrate the steps involved in carrying out cost-effectiveness analysis using net benefit regressions with possibly censored demo data by providing step-by-step guidance and code applied to a data set.We demonstrate the importance of these new methods by illustrating how naïve methods for handling censoring can lead to biased cost-effectiveness results.

BACKGROUND: Cost-effectiveness analysis of HIV self-testing using patient-level data from a randomized clinical trial can inform HIV prevention funding decisions. Cost-effectiveness analysis using net-benefit regression addresses the sampling uncertainty in the trial data and the variability of policymakers willingness to pay (WTP). METHODS: We used published data from a 12-month longitudinal randomized clinical trial that enrolled 2665 men who had sex with men randomly assigned to the self-testing arm (participants receiving self-test kits) and control arm (participants receiving standard-of-care), and the self-testing arm identified 48 additional new HIV cases. We used net-benefit regression to investigate the cost-effectiveness of an HIV self-testing intervention, which compared the incremental cost per new HIV diagnosis with policymakers WTP thresholds. We addressed the uncertainties in estimating the incremental cost and the policymakers WTP per new diagnosis through the incremental net-benefit (INB) regression and cost-effectiveness acceptability curve (CEAC) analyses. RESULTS: From the health care providers perspective, the INB analysis showed a positive net benefit of HIV self-testing compared with standard-of-care when policymakers WTP per new HIV diagnosis was $9365 (95% confidence interval: $5700 to $25,500) or higher. The CEAC showed that the probability of HIV self-testing being cost-effective compared with standard-of-care was 58% and >99% at a WTP of $10 000 and $50 000 per new HIV diagnosis, respectively. CONCLUSION: The INB and CEAC analyses suggest that HIV self-testing has the potential to be cost-effective for relatively low values of policymakers WTP.

BACKGROUND: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved empagliflozin for reducing cardiovascular mortality and heart failure (HF) hospitalization in patients with both HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). However, limited data are available on the generalizability of empagliflozin to clinical practice. Therefore, we evaluated real-world eligibility and potential cost-effectiveness based on a nationwide prospective HF registry. METHODS: A total of 3,108 HFrEF and 2,070 HFpEF patients from the Korean Acute Heart Failure (KorAHF) registry were analyzed. Eligibility was estimated by inclusion and exclusion criteria of EMPagliflozin outcomE tRial in Patients With chrOnic heaRt Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction (EMPEROR-Reduced) and EMPagliflozin outcomE tRial in Patients With chrOnic heaRt Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (EMPEROR-Preserved) trials and by FDA & EMA label criteria. The cost-utility analysis was done using a Markov model to project the lifetime medical cost and quality-adjusted life year (QALY). RESULTS: Among the KorAHF patients, 91.4% met FDA & EMA label criteria, while 44.7% met the clinical trial criteria. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of empagliflozin was calculated at US$6,764 per QALY in the overall population, which is far below a threshold of US$18,182 per QALY. The cost-effectiveness benefit was more evident in patients with HFrEF (US$5,012 per QALY) than HFpEF (US$8,971 per QALY). CONCLUSION: There is a large discrepancy in real-world eligibility for empagliflozin between FDA & EMA labels and clinical trial criteria. Empagliflozin is cost-effective in HF patients regardless of ejection fraction in South Korea health care setting. The efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in real-world HF patients should be further investigated for a broader range of clinical applications. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01389843.

IntroductionIn 2015, the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) launched the Multidisciplinary Collaborative Research Consortium to Reduce Oral Health Disparities in Children, supporting four randomized trials testing strategies to improve preventive care. A Coordinating Center provides scientific expertise, data acquisition and quality assurance services, safety monitoring, and final analysis-ready datasets. This paper describes the trials' economic analysis strategies, placing these strategies within the broader context of contemporary economic analysis methods.MethodsThe Coordinating Center established a Cost Collaborative Working Group to share information from the four trials about the components of their economic analyses. Study teams indicated data sources for their economic analysis using a set of structured tables. The Group meets regularly to share progress, discuss challenges, and coordinate analytic approaches.ResultsAll four trials will calculate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios; two will also conduct cost-utility analyses using proxy diseases to estimate health state utilities. Each trial will consider at least two perspectives. Key process measures include dental services provided to child participants. The non-preference-weighted Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) will measure oral health-related quality of life. All trials are measuring training, implementation, personnel and supervision, service, supplies, and equipment costs.ConclusionsConsistent with best practices, all four trials have integrated economic analysis during their planning stages. This effort is critical since poor quality or absence of essential data can limit retrospective analysis. Integrating economic analysis into oral health preventive intervention research can provide guidance to clinicians and practices, payers, and policymakers.

Faba bean is one of the most important grown plants worldwide for human and animal. Despite its various importance, the productivity of faba bean has been constrained by several biotic and abiotic factors. Many faba bean pathogens have been reported so far, of which the most important yield limiting disease is Chocolate Spot Disease (Botrytis fabae). The dynamics of disease transmission and decision-making processes for intervention programs for disease control are now better understood through the use of mathematical modeling. In this paper a deterministic mathematical model for Chocolate Spot disease (CSD) on faba bean plant with an optimal control model was developed and analyzed to examine the best strategy in controlling CSD. The optimal control model is developed with three control interventions, namely prevention ( u 1 ), quarantine ( u 2 ) and chemical control ( u 3 ). The Pontryagin'€™s maximum principle isused to derive the Hamiltonian, the adjoint variables, the characterization of the controls and the optimality system. A cost-effective approach is chosen from a set of possible integrated strategies using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). The forward-backward sweep iterative approach is used to run numerical simulations. We obtained the Hamiltonian, the adjoint variables, the characterization of the controls and the optimality system. The numerical results demonstrate that each integrated strategy can reduce the diseases within the specified period. However due to limited resources, an integrated strategy prevention and uprooting was found to be a best cost-effective strategy to combat CSD. Therefore, attention should be given for the integrated cost-effective and environmentally eco-friendly strategy by stake holders and policy makers to control CSD and disseminate the integrated intervention to the farmers in order to fight the spread of CSD in the Faba bean population and produce the expected yield from the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Meeting the World Health Organisation 2030 target of treating 80% of people with hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Australia requires accessible testing and treatment services for at‐risk populations. Previous clinical trials, including those in Australia, have demonstrated the efficacy of outreach programmes to community pharmacies offering opioid agonist therapy (OAT). This analysis evaluates the potential cost‐effectiveness of introducing an outreach programme in community pharmacies. Using a decision analytic model, we estimated the impact of adding a temporary hepatitis C outreach and treatment programme in community pharmacies to the standard treatment pathway available through general practice. We compared the expected number of tests, diagnoses, cures and costs occurring through the addition of this outreach and treatment programme to those expected through general practice alone over a 12‐month time horizon. We examined costs from the perspective of the health system and conducted one‐way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses to assess uncertainty in model parameters and test key assumptions. In the model adding the outreach programme pathway increased the number of tests from 4178 to 8737, the number of diagnoses from 615 to 1285 and the number of cures from 223 to 777 among people on OAT over a 12‐month period. Each additional cure achieved through the addition of the outreach programme was estimated to incur $48,964 (AUD 2023) to the health system, with > 85% of these costs attributable to medication and dispensing expenses. The average cost per cure was estimated to be $49,152 through routine care and $49,018 in the outreach programme. Although outreach models of care incur large upfront costs, they can capture otherwise unreached populations and result in comparable or favourable cost per cure, due to higher levels of engagement and lower rates of loss to follow‐up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Australia's clinical trials sector is highly productive with continued sector investment needed to enhance research impact. Generating economic evidence alongside trials has the potential to facilitate the implementation of trial results into practice. Ascertaining the use of health economic evaluations alongside clinical trials can assist in determining whether clinical trials fully realize and operationalize their potential to change policy and practice. The aims of this study were to ascertain the uptake of health economic evaluations alongside Australian-led clinical trials and explore associations between uptake and trial characteristics. Methods: This observational study comprised a descriptive analysis of clinical trials registries, a cross-sectional survey of Australian Clinical Trials Alliance (ACTA) networks, and a subgroup analysis of completed acute care trials. Descriptive analyses of trial registrations were conducted, with logistic regressions used to identify predictors of proposing and subsequently publishing a health economic evaluation alongside acute care trials. Results: Few randomized Australian-led clinical trials (11% of 9251) and ACTA network trials (43% of 227) proposed a health economic evaluation. In the subgroup analysis, 22% of the 324 acute care trials and 53% of the 38 ACTA network acute care trials proposed a health economic evaluation. Acute care trials funded by government bodies were significantly more likely to propose and publish a health economic evaluation than those funded by hospitals, universities, and other funders, after adjusting for phase, registration year, primary sponsor type, and comparator. Conclusions: Current uptake of health economic evaluations alongside Australian-led clinical trials is low, with uptake higher among the subset of ACTA network trials. This is despite economic evidence playing an increasingly prominent role in health system management, as well as rising health expenditure, limited budgets, and competing demands. There is significant opportunity to embed health economic evaluations alongside clinical trials, particularly phase 3 trials, to increase research outputs and optimize research translation. Investing in clinical trial networks that support funding for a health economist or a health economic evaluation may be an effective strategy to increase the uptake of health economic evaluations alongside trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) drive HIV transmission in many sub-Saharan African settings. The impact of screening and treating AUD and MDD on HIV outcomes is unknown. We aimed to identify the cost-effectiveness of AUD and MDD interventions in Zimbabwe, and their potential contribution to reaching Zimbabwe's Ending the HIV Epidemic 2030 goal. Methods: Using a validated HIV compartmental transmission model in Zimbabwe, we compared four policy scenarios: prevention as usual (baseline); implement AUD screening (using AUDIT) and treatment (motivational interviewing and cognitive-behavioral therapy); implement MDD screening (using PHQ-9) and treatment (cognitive-behavioral therapy); and implement screening and treatment for both. Outcomes were HIV incidence projections, infections averted through 2030, quality-adjusted life-years gained, cost per infection averted, and cost per QALY gained. Analyses considered "spillover," when treatment for AUD also results in an improvement in MDD and the converse. Sensitivity analyses identified cost reductions necessary for AUD and MDD interventions to be as cost-effective as other HIV interventions, particularly the scale-up of long-acting PrEP. Results: AUD and MDD combined will be responsible for 21.1% of new HIV infections in Zimbabwe by 2030. Without considering spillover, compared to the baseline, MDD intervention can reduce new infections by 5.4% at $2039/infection averted and $3186/QALY. AUD intervention can reduce new infections by 5.8%, but at $2,968/infection averted and $4753/QALY, compared to baseline. Both MDD and AUD interventions can reduce new infections by 11.1% at $2810/infection averted and $4229/QALY, compared to baseline. Considering spillover, compared to the baseline, MDD intervention can reduce new infections by 6.4% at $1714/infection averted and $2630/QALY. AUD intervention can reduce new infections by 7.4%, but at $2299/infection averted and $3560/QALY compared to baseline. Both MDD and AUD interventions can reduce new infections by 11.9% at $2247/infection averted and $3382/QALY compared to baseline. For MDD intervention to match the cost-effectiveness of scaling long-acting PrEP, the cost of MDD intervention would need to be reduced from $16.64 to $12.88 per person. Conclusions: Implementing AUD and MDD interventions can play an important role in HIV reduction in Zimbabwe, particularly if intervention cost can be decreased while preserving effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Methods Results Conclusions Oral and esophageal cancers are globally prevalent, especially in East Asia. Over half of head and neck cancer patients developing second primary esophageal cancer (SPEC) were initially diagnosed with oral cavity cancer (OCC). This study assessed the cost‐effectiveness of universal endoscopic screening for early SPEC prevention in newly diagnosed OCC patients at different stages.This study employed Markov cohort models to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of endoscopic SPEC screening post‐OCC diagnosis (stages 0 to IV) between screened and non‐screened groups. Four surveillance frequencies were assessed: (i) one time, (ii) annual for 3 years, (iii) annual for 10 years, and (iv) annual for life. A hypothetical cohort of 100 000 cases across stages was compared for costs and quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs), discounted annually at 3%.All four screening strategies were beneficial for all OCC stages, especially for early‐stage patients, resulting in higher QALYs. Lifetime/annual screening from the payer's perspective proved most favorable, with incremental QALYs of 1.23 at stage 0 and 0.06 at stage IV. Incremental costs for this strategy ranged from NTD 121 331 (USD 4044) at stage 0 to NTD 13 032 (USD 434) at stage IV. Both incremental costs and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) values indicated cost savings from a societal perspective. The ICER values ranged from NTD −626 440 (USD −20 881) at stage 0 and NTD −475 021 (USD −15 834) at stage IV.Overall, our study provided cost‐effectiveness evidences to understanding the cost‐effectiveness of endoscopic screening in OCC patients, particularly emphasizing the benefits of early and consistent screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review aims to summarize the progress made in the study of the cost-effectiveness of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) worldwide and to analyze the economic factors influencing this, in an attempt to provide methodological guidance for conducting economic evaluation studies in a domestic context, and to put forward suggestions for improving the cost-effectiveness of RARP in emerging markets. We conducted a systematic literature review and analysis of studies published worldwide from January 2000 to July 2024 concerning the economic evaluation of RARP compared with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) or open radical prostatectomy (ORP). A total of 16 papers were included. The literature was generally of good quality. Methodological approaches. varied among studies, leading to inconsistent economic findings. The choice of research settings, including the perspective of the study and time horizon, as well as differences in parameters such as surgical volumes and cost of equipment purchases, were the main factors that affected the cost-effectiveness of RARP. Based on the methodology used in the included studies, we suggest that short-term, localized economic evaluations should be carried out first, based on follow-up studies in emerging markets, whereas long-term economic evaluations can be performed when sufficient data are available. Referring to the analysis of the economic factors influencing cost-effectiveness in the included studies, we suggest that different research settings should be chosen according to the purpose for which policymakers allocate public funds, and that the cost-effectiveness of RARP can be enhanced through technical improvements and resource optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A four-compartmental fractional-order epidemic model has been investigated to understand the transmission mechanism of infectious diseases with the population's memory effect. The existence and uniqueness criterion of the model solution of the proposed fractional-order model is verified. Utilizing the next-generation matrix method, a threshold quantity called, the basic reproduction number ( R 0 ) is obtained. The model possesses two equilibrium points, infection-free and endemic. The asymptotic stability (local and global) of the proposed system at the equilibrium points has been analyzed thoroughly. It is observed that the total number of infections during the disease is influenced by the fractional-order of the model which represents the population's memory. A transcritical bifurcation is exhibited around the infection-free equilibrium point when the basic reproduction number crosses unity. Additionally, a fractional-order optimal control problem has been studied by considering two disease interventions: media awareness and treatment. The policy containing infectious disease spread has been determined based on a cost-effectiveness analysis. Sensitivity indices are computed to determine which parameters significantly impact R 0 and hence may used in controlling the disease. Some numerical simulations have been performed to verify analytical results by using MATLAB2022a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Interferon gamma‑1b has been proposed to treat critical illness-induced immunosuppression. We aimed to determine the effects on 90-day outcomes and the cost-effectiveness of interferon gamma‑1b compared to placebo in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Methods: A cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) was embedded in the "PREV-HAP trial", a multicenter, placebo‑controlled, randomized trial, which randomly assigned critically ill adults under mechanical ventilation to receive interferon gamma or placebo. The CEA compared interferon-gamma with placebo using a collective perspective at a 90-day time horizon. The primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) expressed in terms of adjusted cost per adjusted Quality-Adjusted Life-Years (QALYs) gained. QALYs were estimated from the responses of patients and proxy respondents to the health-related quality of life questionnaire EQ-5D-3L. Results: The 109 patients in the PREV-HAP trial were included in the CEA. At day 90, all-cause mortality rates were 23.6% in the interferon group and 25% in the placebo group (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.88 (0.40 –1.93) p = 0.67). The difference in the mean adjusted costs per patient at 90 days was €-1.638 (95%CI €-17.534 to €11.968) in favor of interferon gamma-1b. The mean difference in adjusted QALYs between interferon gamma-1b and the placebo group was + 0.019 (95%CI -0.005 to 0.043). The probability that interferon gamma-1b was cost-effective ranged from 0.60 to 0.71 for a willingness to pay a QALY between €20k and €150k for the base case analysis. Conclusion: Early administration of interferon gamma might be cost-effective in critically ill patients supporting the realization of other studies on this treatment. However, the generalization of the findings should be considered cautiously, given the small sample size due to the premature end of PREV-HAP. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04793568, Registration date: 2021–02-24. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sirolimus is being increasingly employed to manage specific vascular anomalies. We performed an exploratory cost‐utility analysis to evaluate sirolimus as a treatment for vascular malformations from the Australian healthcare system perspective. Over a one‐year time horizon, sirolimus treatment was associated with an increased expenditure of AU$2832.80 and a gain of 0.08 quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) when compared to supportive care, resulting in an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of AU$35,410/QALY. By most metrics, sirolimus would be considered a cost‐effective treatment for vascular malformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Assessing the methodological quality of economic evaluations (EEs) is crucial for evidence-based decision-making. The study aimed to evaluate EEs in restorative dentistry and endodontics, while also analyzing the scientific landscape of researchers and publications through co-authorship and citation network analysis providing an insight into the distribution of scientific expertise. Methodology: A systematic search for relevant articles from 2012 to 2022 was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO. The ten-point Drummond checklist was used to appraise the methodological quality of included studies. Bibliometric data for network analysis were extracted from the Dimensions database and visualized using VOSviewer software. Results: Of the 37 articles, 81.08% scored good, 16.21% average, and 2.7% poor on the methodological rating scale. Most of the included studies were in Q1 journals, with limited representation in Q2 and Q3 journals. Compliance was highest in Q2 journals (95%), followed by Q1 (88.36%), while it dropped to 40% for Q3 journals. Co-authorship analysis revealed a dense network of researchers, with Prof. Falk Schwendicke V. having a significant influence. Moreover, the Journal of Dentistry had the highest impact, followed by Journal of Endodontics and BMC Oral Health. Conclusions: Despite a diverse scientific landscape, participation from developing countries was limited emphasizing the need for inclusivity and diversity in the scientific network. While the quantity of good-quality studies was encouraging, the overall quality of evidence remains paramount for decision-making in healthcare policy and practice. Therefore, continuous efforts to improve methodological rigor and reporting practices are essential to contribute robust evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) and hospital admissions in early childhood. Recent advancements in novel preventive therapies, including extended half‐life monoclonal antibodies and antenatal vaccination, have afforded new opportunities to significantly reduce the burden of this infection. Nirsevimab is a novel monoclonal antibody that provides sustained protection against RSV for at least 5 months among newborns and young children. It has received regulatory approval in numerous countries and is being implemented across various settings. Two pivotal Phase 3 trials (MELODY, HARMONIE) demonstrated significant reductions in RSV‐associated LRTI hospitalisations following nirsevimab administration, with treatment efficacy of 62.1% and 83.2%. Emerging real‐world data from early adopters of nirsevimab corroborates these findings. Studies from Spain, Luxembourg, France and the USA report effectiveness rates between 82% and 90% in preventing RSV‐associated hospitalisations among infants entering their first RSV season. Current implementation strategies for nirsevimab have primarily focused on seasonal administration for all infants, aligned to local RSV seasons, and often include catch‐up doses for those born before the season begins. Available cost‐effectiveness analyses indicate that while nirsevimab offers significant potential public health benefits, its adoption must carefully consider economic factors such as treatment costs, implementation strategies tailored to local viral epidemiology, and logistics for vaccine delivery. Overall, nirsevimab presents a promising opportunity to alleviate the burden of severe RSV infections in young children. However, ongoing surveillance and refinements in implementation strategies are crucial to optimise its impact and ensure sustainability across diverse health‐care settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female genital schistosomiasis is a chronic gynaecological disease caused by the waterborne parasite Schistosoma (S.) haematobium. It affects an estimated 30–56 million girls and women globally, mostly in sub‐Saharan Africa where it is endemic, and negatively impacts their sexual and reproductive life. Recent studies found evidence of an association between female genital schistosomiasis and increased prevalence of HIV and cervical precancer lesions. Despite the large population at risk, the burden and impact of female genital schistosomiasis are scarcely documented, resulting in neglect and insufficient resource allocation. There is currently no standardised method for individual or population‐based female genital schistosomiasis screening and diagnosis which hinders accurate assessment of disease burden in endemic countries. To optimise financial allocations for female genital schistosomiasis screening, it is necessary to explore the cost‐effectiveness of different strategies by combining cost and impact estimates. Yet, no economic evaluation has explored the value for money of alternative screening methods. This paper describes a novel application of health decision analytical modelling to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of different female genital schistosomiasis screening strategies across endemic settings. The model combines a decision tree for female genital schistosomiasis screening strategies, and a Markov model for the natural history of cervical cancer to estimate the cost per disability‐adjusted life‐years averted for different screening strategies, stratified by HIV status. It is a starting point for discussion and for supporting priority setting in a data‐sparse environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Methods to present the result of cost-effectiveness analyses under parameter uncertainty include cost-effectiveness planes (CEPs), cost-effectiveness acceptability curves/frontier (CEACs/CEAF), expected loss curves (ELCs), and net monetary benefit (NMB) lines. We describe how NMB lines can be augmented to present NMB values that could be achieved by reducing or resolving parameter uncertainty. We evaluated the ability of these methods to correctly 1) identify the alternative with the highest expected NMB and 2) communicate the magnitude of parameter and decision uncertainty. Methods: We considered 4 hypothetical decision problems representing scenarios with high variance or correlated cost and effect estimates and alternatives with similar cost-effectiveness ratios. We used these decision problems to demonstrate the limitations of existing methods and the potential of augmented NMB lines to resolve these issues. Results: CEPs and CEACs/CEAF could falsely imply the lack of sufficient evidence to identify the optimal option if cost and effect estimates have high variance, are correlated across alternatives, or when alternatives have similar cost-effectiveness ratios. The augmented NMB lines and ELCs can correctly identify the option with the highest expected NMB and communicate the potential benefit of resolving uncertainties. Like ELCs, the augmented NMB lines provide information about the value of resolving parameter uncertainties, but augmented NMB lines may be easier to interpret for decision makers. Conclusions: Our analysis supports recommending the augment NMB lines as an important method to present the results of economic evaluation studies under parameter uncertainty. Highlights: The results of cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) when the cost and effect estimates of alternatives are uncertain are commonly presented using cost-effectiveness planes (CEPs), cost-effectiveness acceptability curves/frontier (CEACs/CEAF), and expected loss curves (ELCs). Although currently not often used, net monetary benefit (NMB) lines could present the results of cost-effectiveness to identify the alternative with the highest expected NMB values given the current level of uncertainty. Furthermore, NMB lines can be augmented to 1) show metrics of value of information, which measure the value of additional research to reduce or eliminate the decision uncertainty, and 2) display the confidence intervals along the NMB lines to ensure that NMB values are estimated accurately using a sufficiently large number of parameter samples. Using several decision problems, we demonstrate the limitation of existing methods to present the results of CEAs under parameter uncertainty and how augmented NMB lines could resolve these issues. Our analysis supports recommending augmented NMB lines as an important method to present the results of CEA under uncertainty since they 1) correctly identify the alternative with the highest expected NMB value given the current evidence, 2) provide information about the potential value of additional research to improve the decision by reducing or resolving uncertainty in model parameters, 3) assist the analysis to visually ensure that enough parameter samples are used to estimate the expected NMB of alternatives, and 4) are easier to interpret for decision makers compared with other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Pneumococcal disease, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, is the leading cause of mortality in children worldwide. The tremendous direct cost of hospital admissions and significant indirect costs from productivity loss contribute considerably to its economic burden, with vaccination being the only efficient protection against the illness. Our study aims to summarize the cost-effectiveness of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) implemented in the pediatric population. Methods: Employing the online databases PubMed, Embase, and Medline, we looked for economic evaluations from 2018 until March 2024. The Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratios (ICER) and Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALY) were the primary outcomes for measuring the cost-effectiveness of PCVs. A 28-item CHEERS 2022 checklist was applied to assess the quality of the collected studies. Results: Of the 16 papers found, 9/16 discussed the lower-valent vaccines (PCV13, PCV10) and 7/16 examined the higher-valent vaccines (PCV20, PCV15). PCV13 and PCV10 involved greater costs and generated more QALY compared to no vaccination. Both PCV15 and PCV20 averted substantial healthcare costs and yielded greater quality of life than PCV13. Additionally, PCV20 was a dominant strategy compared to PCV15. Conclusions: Utilizing PCV13 is a very cost-effective option compared to not getting vaccinated. Transitioning from PCV13 to PCV20 would result in higher QALY gain and more cost-saving than switching to PCV15. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of pembrolizumab in combination with chemotherapy for HER2-negative advanced gastric cancer in China. Methods: A partitioned survival approach model was constructed to simulate the progression of HER2-negative advanced gastric cancer and evaluate the outcomes of different treatment strategies. We calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) to assess the cost associated with each quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. One-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were performed to assess robustness and reliability. Results: The analysis conducted in the base case demonstrated that the ICER associated with pembrolizumab was $177405.83/QALY gained in all population. In the subgroup analysis, it was found that individuals with a PD-L1 CPS ≥ 1 and those with a PD-L1 CPS ≥ 10 had ICERs of $152397.06/QALY and $109534.13/QALY, respectively. All ICER values for both the all population groups and the subgroups exceeded the WTP threshold in China. Our analysis shows the robustness of these results, as they remained consistent when input parameters were varied within a ± 25% range. Conclusion: The findings of this cost-effectiveness analysis suggest that pembrolizumab in combination with chemotherapy is not a cost-effective treatment option for HER2-negative advanced gastric cancer in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the challenges in stroke management is how to provide rehabilitation services to stroke patients in Iran. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the cost-effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions for stroke patients in three settings: Hospitals, stroke units, and homes. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from the perspective of the health system. A Markov model with a 20-year time horizon and 3-month cycles was used to analyze costs and outcomes. Cost data were collected from 210 patients undergoing rehabilitation in hospitals, homes, or stroke units. The cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) was conducted by calculating the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) using Tree Age software. Results: The average rehabilitation cost for the home strategy ($2306 ± 35.018) was less than that for the hospital ($2955 ± 48.18) and stroke unit ($3485 ± 51.63) strategies. Furthermore, the QALY of the home strategy (26.03) was 8 times higher than that of the hospital (17.99) and 19 times higher than that of the stroke unit (7.03). The average cost-effectiveness ratios for the hospital, stroke unit, and home groups were $11424, $33159, and $7233 per QALY, respectively. The ICERs for stroke unit and home rehabilitation relative to hospital rehabilitation were $2517 and $2145 per QALY, respectively. Conclusions: According to the results, the home-based rehabilitation strategy is more cost-effective than hospital and stroke unit rehabilitation strategies. Given the high rates of stroke and its associated costs in Iran, it is suggested that policymakers lay the groundwork for providing these services at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Camrelizumab combined with rivoceranib has been proven effective for treating unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC). However, their higher prices than sorafenib could impose a substantial economic burden on patients. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the relative cost-effectiveness of the combination of camrelizumab and rivoceranib versus sorafenib as first-line therapy for patients with uHCC from the perspective of the US and Chinese payers. Method: Using data from the CARES-310 trial, a partitioned survival model (PSM) was developed, considering the perspectives of the US and Chinese payers. The model employed a 15-year time horizon and a biweekly cycle. Direct medical costs and utility data were collected from previous studies and open-access databases. Primary outcomes included quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Price simulations, sensitivity analyses, and subgroup analyses were conducted. Results: The ICER for the US and China was $122,388.62/QALY and $30,410.56/QALY, respectively, falling below the willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds of $150,000/QALY for the US and $35,898.87/QALY for China. Price simulations indicated the cost-effectiveness of camrelizumab plus rivoceranib when the price of camrelizumab (200 mg) remained below $6275.19 in the US and $558.09 in China. The primary determinant of cost-effectiveness in both regions was the cost of camrelizumab. Conclusion: The combination of camrelizumab and rivoceranib is a cost-effective first-line therapy for uHCC in both the US and China. Lowering their prices could significantly influence their cost-effectiveness and accessibility to patients. These findings will guide clinicians in treating uHCC and help decision-makers formulate value-based drug pricing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for mathematical models to inform public health strategies. The present study introduces a novel six-compartment epidemiological model that uniquely incorporates a higher isolation rate for unreported symptomatic cases of COVID-19 compared to reported cases, aiming to enhance prediction accuracy and address the challenge of initial underreporting. Additionally, we employ optimal control theory to assess the cost-effectiveness of interventions and adapt these strategies to specific epidemiological scenarios, such as varying transmission rates and the presence of asymptomatic carriers. By applying this model to COVID-19 data from India (30 January 2020 to 24 November 2020), chosen to capture the initial outbreak and subsequent waves, we calculate a basic reproduction number of 2.147, indicating the high transmissibility of the virus during this period in India. A sensitivity analysis reveals the critical impact of detection rates and isolation measures on disease progression, showing the robustness of our model in estimating the basic reproduction number. Through optimal control simulations, we demonstrate that increasing isolation rates for unreported cases and enhancing detection reduces the spread of COVID-19. Furthermore, our cost-effectiveness analysis establishes that a combined strategy of isolation and treatment is both more effective and economically viable. This research offers novel insights into the efficacy of non-pharmaceutical interventions, providing a tool for strategizing public health interventions and advancing our understanding of infectious disease dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The cost-effectiveness of NALIRIFOX as a potential new standard of care for patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC) has yet to be established. Our objective was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of NALIRIFOX vs. nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine in this indication from the perspective of U.S. public payers. Methods: A partitioned survival model was constructed from the perspective of U.S. public payers, drawing on baseline patient characteristics and vital clinical data from the NAPOLI-3 trial. Costs and utilities were sourced from publicly accessible databases and literature. A lifetime horizon was applied, with an annual discount rate of 3%. We calculated and compared cumulative costs, life years, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER). To evaluate the model's robustness, sensitivity analyses, scenario analyses, and subgroup analyses were carried out. Additionally, a price simulation for the costly liposomal irinotecan was conducted to inform the pricing strategy at the given willingness to pay (WTP) threshold. Results: In the base-case analysis, NALIRIFOX provided an additional 0.29 QALYs with an ICER of $206,340.69 /QALY compared to nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine, indicating it is not cost-effective at a $150,000/QALY threshold. Sensitivity analysis showed the model was most sensitive to the costs of liposomal irinotecan, capecitabine, and post-progression care. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated a 17.66% probability of NALIRIFOX being cost-effective at $150,000/QALY, rising to 47.48% at $200,000/QALY. Pricing simulations suggested NALIRIFOX could become cost-effective at $150,000/QALY if the price of irinotecan liposome drops to $53.24/mg (a 14.8% reduction). Conclusions: NALIRIFOX may not be cost-effective at its current price as a first-line treatment for patients with mPDAC in the long term. The cost of liposomal irinotecan has the greatest impact. It may become cost-effective only if its cost is reduced by 14.8%, with a WTP threshold of $150,000 /QALY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most of the worldwide population is overweight and suffers from the resulting musculoskeletal comorbidities such as knee osteoarthritis or back pain. Practice guidelines recommend weight loss interventions for individuals suffering from these conditions. This systematic review investigated whether including a weight loss intervention in the musculoskeletal therapy of these individuals was cost-effective compared to administering the musculoskeletal therapy alone. Methods: This study followed the PRISMA guidelines to systematically and independently search six databases and select full health economic evaluations published up to May 2024 from health care or societal perspectives according to predefined eligibility criteria. Cost data were standardised to 2023 Belgium Euros. The methodological quality was assessed using two health economic-specific checklists. Results: The searches produced 5′305 references, of which 8 studies were selected for a total of 1′726 participants. The interventions consisted of different exercise plans and nutritional targets. Six values were in the north-eastern; leading to increased quality-adjusted life year (QALY) and higher costs; and two in the south-eastern quadrant of the cost-utility plane; leading to increased QALYs and lower costs. Two studies observed no differences in QALYs. Incremental cost utility ratios (ICUR) ranged from €13′580.10 to €34′412.40 per additional QALY from a healthcare perspective. From a societal perspective, the ICUR was €30′274.84. The included studies fulfilled 86 percent of the criteria in trial-based economic evaluations and 57 percent in model-based economic evaluations. The most common limitations of the studies were related to appropriate cost measures' specifications, research questions, time horizon choices, and sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: This systematic review showed weak but consistent evidence of cost-effectiveness for adding a weight loss intervention to musculoskeletal therapy for individuals with overweight, from either perspective. Further economic evaluations should evaluate the long-term cost-effectiveness of the intervention. Trial registration: International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols INPLASY (2022,110,122). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of proton beam therapy (PBT) compared to conventional radiotherapy (CRT) for treating patients with brain tumors in Sweden. Methods: Data from a longitudinal non-randomized study performed between 2015 and 2020 was used, and included adult patients with brain tumors, followed during treatment and through a one-year follow-up. Clinical and demographic data were sourced from the longitudinal study and linked to Swedish national registers to get information on healthcare resource use. A cost-utility framework was used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of PBT vs. CRT. Patients in PBT group (n = 310) were matched with patients in CRT group (n = 40) on relevant observables using propensity score matching with replacement. Costs were estimated from a healthcare perspective and included costs related to inpatient and specialized outpatient care, and prescribed medications. The health outcome was quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), derived from the EORTC-QLQ-C30. Generalized linear models (GLM) and two-part models were used to estimate differences in costs and QALYs. Results: PBT yielded higher total costs, 14,639 US$, than CRT, 13,308 US$, with a difference of 1,372 US$ (95% CI, -4,914–7,659) over a 58 weeks' time horizon. Further, PBT resulted in non-significantly lower QALYs, 0.746 compared to CRT, 0.774, with a difference of -0.049 (95% CI, -0.195–0.097). The probability of PBT being cost-effective was < 30% at any willingness to pay. Conclusions: These results suggest that PBT cannot be considered a cost-effective treatment for brain tumours, compared to CRT. Trial registration: Not applicable. Novelty and Impact: This study informs on the cost-effectiveness of proton beam therapy (PBT) versus conventional radiotherapy (CRT) for patients with brain tumors in Sweden. Amidst global concerns regarding the cost-effectiveness of PBT, our investigation fills a notable gap by providing evidence from the Swedish healthcare landscape. Using real-world data, our study demonstrates the application of established health economic methodology to compare PBT and CRT for brain tumors, furthering research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Efficiency, equity and financial risk protection are key health systems objectives. Equitable distribution of health care is among the priority strategic initiative of the government of Ethiopia. However, data on the distribution of interventions benefits or on disease burden disaggregated by subpopulations to guide health care priority setting is not available in Ethiopia. Methods: Aligned with policy documents, we identified the following groups to be the worse off in the Ethiopian context: under-five children, women of reproductive age, the poor, and rural residents. We used the Delphi technique by a panel of 28 experts to assign a score for 253 diseases/conditions over a period of two days, in phases. The expert panel represented different institutes and professional mix. Experts assigned a score 1 to 4; where 4 indicates disease/condition predominantly affecting the poor and rural residents and 1 indicates a condition more prevalent among the wealthy and urban residents. Subsequently, the average equity score was computed for each disease/condition. Results: The average scores ranged from 1.11 (for vitiligo) to 3.79 (for obstetric fistula). We standardized the scores to be bounded between 1 and 2; 1 the lowest equity score and 2 the highest equity score. The scores for each disease/condition were then assigned to their corresponding interventions. We used these equity scores to adjust the CEA values for each of the interventions. To adjust the CEA values for equity, we multiplied the health benefits (the denominator of the cost-effectiveness value) of each intervention by the corresponding equity scores, resulting in equity adjusted CEA values. The equity adjusted CEA was then used to rank the interventions using a league table. Conclusions: The Delphi method can be useful in generating equity scores for prioritizing health interventions where disaggregated data on the distribution of diseases or access to interventions by subpopulation groups are not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of ongoing challenges posed by the COVID-19 and the persistent threat of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the emergence of co-infections such as COVID-19 and HIV has heightened complexities in disease management. This study aims to identify effective control strategies to mitigate COVID-19 and HIV co-infection, which aggravates the existing challenges posed by these two diseases. To achieve this, we formulated a co-infection model that describes the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 and HIV. Under certain circumstances, we established that HIV infection may facilitate COVID-19 transmission, highlighting the need to identify and implement effective interventions to mitigate COVID-19 and HIV co-infection. As a result, we incorporated four time-dependent control strategies in the co-infection model: HIV prevention, HIV treatment, COVID-19 vaccination, and COVID-19 treatment. Numerical simulations were conducted to support and clarify the analytical results and to show how preventative efforts affect the co-infected population. Simulations confirm that applying any of the study's strategies will reduce the number of co-infection cases. However, the implementation of these strategies is constrained by limited resources. Therefore, a comprehensive cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted to identify the most economically viable strategy. The analysis concludes that implementing a combined approach of vaccination and treatment for COVID-19 emerges as the most cost-effective measure for preventing the spread of COVID-19 and HIV. These findings provide crucial guidance for decision-makers in adopting precise preventive strategies, ultimately aiming to reduce mortality rates among HIV patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disease resulting in progressive muscle weakness, loss of ambulation, and cardiorespiratory complications. Direct estimation of health-related quality of life for patients with DMD is challenging, highlighting the need for proxy measures. This study aims to catalog and compare existing published health state utility estimates for DMD and related conditions. Methods: Using two search strategies, relevant utilities were extracted from the Tufts Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry, including health states, utility estimates, and study and patient characteristics. Analysis One identified health states with comparable utility estimates to a set of published US patient population utility estimates for DMD. A minimal clinically important difference of ± 0.03 was applied to each DMD utility estimate to establish a range, and the registry was searched to identify other health states with associated utilities that fell within each range. Analysis Two used pre-defined search terms to identify health states clinically similar to DMD. Mapping was based on the degree of clinical similarity. Results: Analysis One identified 4,308 unique utilities across 2,322 cost-effectiveness publications. The health states captured a wide range of acute and chronic conditions; 34% of utility records were extrapolated for US populations (n = 1,451); 1% were related to pediatric populations (n = 61). Analysis Two identified 153 utilities with health states clinically similar to DMD. The median utility estimates varied among identified health states. Health states similar to the early non-ambulatory DMD phase exhibited the greatest difference between the median estimate of the sample (0.39) and the existing estimate from published literature (0.21). Conclusions: When available estimates are limited, using novel search strategies to identify utilities of clinically similar conditions could be an approach for overcoming the information gap. However, it requires careful evaluation of the utility instruments, tariffs, and raters (proxy or self). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most Chinese blood centers have implemented mini pool (MP) HBV nucleic acid testing (NAT) together with HBsAg ELISA in routine blood donor screening for HBV infection since 2015, and a few centers upgraded MP to individual donation (ID) NAT screening recently, raising urgent need for cost-benefit analysis of different screening strategies. In an effort to prevent transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) for HBV, cost-benefit analyses of three different screening strategies: HBsAg alone, HBsAg plus MP NAT and HBsAg plus ID NAT were performed in blood donors from southern China where HBV infection was endemic. Methods: MP-6 HBV NAT and ID NAT were adopted in parallel to screen blood donors for further comparative analysis. On the basis of screening data and the documented parameters, the number of window period (WP) infection, HBV acute infection, chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB) and occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) was evaluated, and the potential prevented HBV TTIs and benefits of these three strategies were predicted based on cost-benefit analysis by an estimation model. Results: Of 132,323 donations, the yield rate for HBsAg-/DNA + screened by ID NAT (0.12%) was significantly higher than that by MP NAT (0.058%, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the predicted transfusion-transmitted HBV cases prevented was 1.25 times more by ID NAT compared to MP-6 NAT. The cost-benefit ratio of the universal HBsAg screening, HBsAg plus ID NAT and HBsAg plus MP NAT were 1:58, 1:27 and 1:22, respectively. Conclusions: Universal HBsAg ELISA screening in combination with HBV ID NAT or MP-6 NAT strategies was highly cost effective in China. To further improve blood safety, HBsAg plus HBV DNA ID NAT screening should be considered in HBV endemic regions/countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This study assessed the cost‐effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure treatment for obstructive sleep apnea in Singapore from a health system perspective. The analysis evaluated a 5‐year care pathway using a Markov model, considering per‐patient costs of treatment, health system cost savings of obstructive sleep apnea and attributed conditions, the effectiveness measured in disability‐adjusted life years with a discount rate of 3% and a weighted 5‐year continuous positive airway pressure adherence of 74.1% from Singapore studies. Per‐patient costs of treatment were from a large public hospital in Singapore. Efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure treatment, health system costs and disability‐adjusted life years were obtained from literature; costs are in US dollars. We conducted probabilistic sensitivity analysis, one‐way sensitivity analysis and what‐if analysis. Based on a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of US $50,000 per disability‐adjusted life year in USA, continuous positive airway pressure therapy was highly cost‐effective, with an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of $13,822 per disability‐adjusted life year averted. Compared with the annual total costs of $856 for patients with continuous positive airway pressure treatment diagnosed by an inpatient sleep study, the total costs for those diagnosed by a home sleep test were $625, resulting in a remarkable 27% reduction per patient per year. One‐way sensitivity analysis indicated that costs of treatment, effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure treatment and adherence had a higher impact on the cost‐effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure therapy. The what‐if analysis suggested that for continuous positive airway pressure treatment to be cost‐effective, adherence rate should be at least 16.1%. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers in making informed decisions on funding diagnosis and continuous positive airway pressure therapy within Singapore's healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel) is a chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy approved for patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). In the phase 3 trial, CARTITUDE-4 (NCT04181827), cilta-cel demonstrated improved efficacy vs. standard of care (SOC; daratumumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone [DPd] or pomalidomide plus bortezomib and dexamethasone [PVd]) with a ≥ complete response (≥CR) rate of 73.1% vs. 21.8%. Methods: A cost-per-responder model was developed to assess the value of cilta-cel and SOC (87% DPd and 13% PVd) based on the CARTITUDE-4 trial data from a US mixed payer perspective (76.7% commercial, 23.3% Medicare). The model was developed using progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and ≥CR endpoints from CARTITUDE-4 over a period of 25.4 months. Inpatient stays, outpatient visits, drug acquisition, administration, and monitoring costs were included. The base-case model assumed an inpatient setting for each cilta-cel infusion; another scenario included 30% outpatient and 70% inpatient infusions. Costs of managing grade 3-4 adverse events (AEs) and grade 1-4 cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity were included. Subsequent therapy costs were incurred after disease progression; terminal care costs were considered upon death events. Outcomes included total cost per treated patient, total cost per complete responder, and cost per month in PFS between cilta-cel and SOC. Costs were adjusted to 2024 US dollars. Results: Total cost per treated patient, total cost per complete responder, and total cost per month in PFS were estimated at $704,641, $963,941, and $30,978 for cilta-cel, respectively, and $840,730, $3,856,559, and $42,520 for SOC over the 25.4-month period. Cost drivers included treatment acquisition costs before progression and subsequent treatment costs ($451,318 and $111,637 for cilta-cel; $529,795 and $265,167 for SOC). A scenario analysis in which 30% of patients received an outpatient infusion (assuming the same payer mix) showed a lower cost per complete responder for cilta-cel ($956,523) than those with an infusion in the inpatient setting exclusively. Discussion: This analysis estimated that cost per treated patient, cost per complete responder, and cost per month in PFS for cilta-cel were remarkably lower than for DPd or PVd, highlighting the substantial clinical and economic benefit of cilta-cel for patients with RRMM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Hospital treatment volume affects survival in patients with endometrial cancer; notably, initial treatment at high-volume centers improves survival outcomes. Our study assessed the effect of hospital treatment volume on cost-effectiveness and survival outcomes in patients with endometrial cancer in Japan. Methods: A decision-analytic model was evaluated using the following variables and their impact on cost-effectiveness: 1) hospital treatment volume (low-, intermediate-, and high-volume centers) and 2) postoperative recurrent risk factors based on pathological findings (high- and intermediate-risk or low-risk). Data were obtained from the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology database, systematic literature searches, and the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database. Quality-adjusted life years (QALY) was used as a measure of effectiveness. The model was built from a public healthcare perspective and the impact of uncertainty was assessed using sensitivity analyses. Results: A base-case analysis showed that the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio at high-volume centers was below a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of ¥5,000,000 with a maximum of ¥3,777,830/4.28 QALY for the high- and intermediate-risk group, and ¥2,316,695/4.57 QALY for the low-risk group. Treatment at the high-volume centers showed better efficiency and cost-effectiveness in both strategies compared to intermediate- or low-volume centers. Sensitivity analyses showed that the model outcome was robust to changes in input values. With the WTP threshold, treatment at high-volume centers remained cost-effective in at least 73.6% and 78.2% of iterations for high- and intermediate-risk, and low-risk groups, respectively. Conclusion: Treatment at high-volume centers is the most cost-effective strategy for guiding treatment centralization in patients with endometrial cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of tisotumab vedotin to treat recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer in second- or third-line from the U.S. payer perspective. Methods: A Markov model with three-state was employed to simulate recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer patients who were administered either tisotumab vedotin or investigator's choice of chemotherapy based on the phase III, open-labeled innovaTV 301 randomized clinical trial. The data on cost and health preferences were collected from the literature. Results: Tisotumab vedotin generated an additional 0.25 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) compared to chemotherapy, but at an additional cost of $206,779. This results in incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of $839,107.88 per QALY. The results of the univariate sensitivity analysis indicated that cost of tisotumab vedotin, utility of progressive disease and progression-free survival had the greatest impacts on the outcomes. Probability sensitivity analysis showed that tisotumab vedotin had a 0% chance of being considered cost-effective. Conclusion: Tisotumab vedotin was unlikely cost-effective compared to chemotherapy for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer patients at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $150,000/ QALY from the perspective of a U.S. payer. Lowering the prices of tisotumab vedotin could potentially enhance its cost-effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, more than 600 million people worldwide are diagnosed with COVID-19, while the implication of Tuberculosis cannot be ignored. The combination of COVID-19 and Tuberculosis exacerbates the catastrophe, dealing a serious blow to the healthcare system. This paper addresses how to develop effective and reasonable programs to combat the spread of COVID-19 and Tuberculosis in the absence of Tuberculosis medical resources, as well as exploring the impact of medical resources on optimal control implementation. Therefore, a co-infection dynamic of COVID-19 and Tuberculosis is constructed and analyzed. In order to investigate approaches to mitigate the disease transmission, a comprehensive and integrated study including sensitivity analysis, optimal control design and cost-effectiveness analysis is then performed. The simulation results illustrate that, the combination of the three control measures effectively achieves a win-win result in economic and epidemiological terms. In addition, the impact of Tuberculosis medical resources is highlighted, and the study shows that an appropriate increase in the medical resource supply for Tuberculosis during optimal control can have a stronger inhibitory effect on co-infection. Finally, based on the actual data, the model is validated by fitting the cumulative confirmed case curves of the two diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study analyzes the potential cost-effectiveness of integrating an artificial intelligence (AI)–assisted system into the differentiation of incidental renal lesions as benign or malignant on MR images during follow-up. Materials and methods: For estimation of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and lifetime costs, a decision model was created, including the MRI strategy and MRI + AI strategy. Model input parameters were derived from recent literature. Willingness to pay (WTP) was set to $100,000/QALY. Costs of $0 for the AI were assumed in the base-case scenario. Model uncertainty and costs of the AI system were assessed using deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Results: Average total costs were at $8054 for the MRI strategy and $7939 for additional use of an AI-based algorithm. The model yielded a cumulative effectiveness of 8.76 QALYs for the MRI strategy and of 8.77 for the MRI + AI strategy. The economically dominant strategy was MRI + AI. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed high robustness of the model with the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), which represents the incremental cost associated with one additional QALY gained, remaining below the WTP for variation of the input parameters. If increasing costs for the algorithm, the ICER of $0/QALY was exceeded at $115, and the defined WTP was exceeded at $667 for the use of the AI. Conclusions: This analysis, rooted in assumptions, suggests that the additional use of an AI-based algorithm may be a potentially cost-effective alternative in the differentiation of incidental renal lesions using MRI and needs to be confirmed in the future. Clinical relevance statement: These results hint at AI's the potential impact on diagnosing renal masses. While the current study urges careful interpretation, ongoing research is essential to confirm and seamlessly integrate AI into clinical practice, ensuring its efficacy in routine diagnostics. Key Points: • This is a model-based study using data from literature where AI has been applied in the diagnostic workup of incidental renal lesions. • MRI + AI has the potential to be a cost-effective alternative in the differentiation of incidental renal lesions. • The additional use of AI can reduce costs in the diagnostic workup of incidental renal lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) are a highly prevalent source of morbidity and mortality, and preventive treatment has been demonstrated to be both effective and cost effective. To take advantage of the information available on existing chest and abdominal radiographs, the authors' study group has developed software to access these radiographs for OVCFs with high sensitivity and specificity using an established artificial intelligence deep learning algorithm. The aim of this analysis was to assess the potential cost-effectiveness of implementing this software. A deterministic expected-value cost-utility model was created, combining a tree model and a Markov model, to compare the strategies of opportunistic screening for OVCFs against usual care. Total costs and total quality-adjusted life-years were calculated for each strategy. Screening and treatment costs were considered from a limited societal perspective, at 2022 prices. In the base case, assuming a cost of software implantation of $10 per patient screened, the screening strategy dominated the nonscreening strategy: it resulted in lower cost and increased quality-adjusted life-years. The lower cost was due primarily to the decreased costs associated with fracture treatment and decreased probability of requiring long-term care in patients who received preventive treatment. The screening strategy was dominant up to a cost of $46 per patient screened. Artificial intelligence–based opportunistic screening for OVCFs on existing radiographs can be cost effective from a societal perspective. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the effect of a 12-week subsidised exercise programme on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in community-dwelling older Australians, and the cost-utility of the programme. Quasi-experimental, pre-post study. Participants included community-dwelling older adults, aged ≥ 65 years, from every state and territory of Australia. The intervention consisted of 12 one-hour, weekly, low-to-moderate-intensity exercise classes, delivered by accredited exercise scientists or physiologists (AESs/AEPs). Health-related quality of life was measured before and after programme participation using the EQ-5D-3L and converted to a utility index using Australian value tariffs. Participant, organisational and service provider costs were reported. Multivariable linear mixed models were used to evaluate the change in HRQoL following programme completion. Cost-utility outcomes were reported as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), based on programme costs and the change in utility scores. 3511 older adults (77 % female) with a median (IQR) age of 72 (69–77) years completed follow-up testing. There was a small improvement in EQ-5D-3L utility scores after programme completion (0.04, 95 % CI: 0.04, 0.05, p < 0.001). The cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained was $12,893. Older Australians who participated in the Exercise Right for Active Ageing programme reported small improvements in HRQoL following programme completion, and this included older adults living in regional/rural areas. Funding subsidised exercise classes, may be a low-cost strategy for improving health outcomes in older adults and reducing geographic health disparities. The study was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) (ACTRN12623000483651). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: While prehabilitation (pre surgical exercise) effectively prevents postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs), its cost-effectiveness in valve heart disease (VHD) remains unexplored. This study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a three-day prehabilitation program for reducing PPCs and improving quality adjusted life years (QALYs) in Chinese VHD patients. Methods: A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted alongside a randomized controlled trial featuring concealed allocation, blinded evaluators, and an intention-to-treat analysis. In total, 165 patients scheduled for elective heart valve surgery at West China Hospital were randomized into intervention and control groups. The intervention group participated in a three-day prehabilitation exercise program supervised by a physiotherapist while the control group received only standard preoperative education. Postoperative hospital costs were audited through the Hospital Information System, and the EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire was used to provide a 12-month estimation of QALY. Cost and effect differences were calculated through the bootstrapping method, with results presented in cost-effectiveness planes, alongside the associated cost-effectiveness acceptability curve (CEAC). All costs were denominated in Chinese Yuan (CNY) at an average exchange rate of 6.73 CNY per US dollar in 2022. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in postoperative hospital costs (8484 versus 9615 CNY, 95% CI –2403 to 140) or in the estimated QALYs (0.909 versus 0.898, 95% CI –0.013 to 0.034) between the intervention and control groups. However, costs for antibiotics (339 versus 667 CNY, 95% CI –605 to –51), nursing (1021 versus 1200 CNY, 95% CI –330 to –28), and electrocardiograph monitoring (685 versus 929 CNY, 95% CI –421 to –67) were significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group. The CEAC indicated that the prehabilitation program has a 92.6% and 93% probability of being cost-effective in preventing PPCs and improving QALYs without incurring additional costs. Conclusions: While the three-day prehabilitation program did not significantly improve health-related quality of life, it led to a reduction in postoperative hospital resource utilization. Furthermore, it showed a high probability of being cost-effective in both preventing PPCs and improving QALYs in Chinese patients undergoing valve surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Priority-setting policy-makers often face moral and political pressure to balance the conflicting motivations of efficiency and rescue/non-abandonment. Using the conflict between these motivations as a case study can enrich the understanding of institutional design in developed democracies. This essay presents a cognitive-psychological account of the conflict between efficiency and rescue/non-abandonment in health care priority-setting. It then describes three sets of institutional arrangements—in Australia, England/Wales, and Germany, respectively—that contend with this conflict in interestingly different ways. The analysis yields at least three implications for institutional design in developed democracies: (1) indeterminacy at the level of moral psychology can increase the probability of indeterminacy at the level of institutional design; (2) situational constraints in effect require priority-setting policy-makers to adopt normative-moral pluralism; and (3) the U.S. health care system may be in an anti-priority-setting equilibrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on the largest randomized control trial (with followup) to examine the effects of mindfulness among police officers and staff. The benefits of mindfulness for wellbeing are established, but less is known about long-term impact on employee wellbeing and the implications of individual outcomes at organizational level. In the RCT, both the wellbeing and performance of users of two mindfulness apps over 24 weeks improved as compared to a control group. In responding to calls for consideration of relevance alongside rigor in public administration field experiments, the study also investigated how a large-scale wellbeing intervention was implemented and applied cost-effectiveness methodology to link individual and organizational outcomes and demonstrate cost savings. This additional contextualization showed how to improve implementation of wellbeing interventions for public personnel and demonstrated a method for rigorously assessing whether interventions deliver on both an individual and organizational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A sub-analysis of the Korean population in the LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST trial (NCT02414854) revealed that dupilumab effectively treated severe uncontrolled asthma. This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of add-on therapy with dupilumab to background therapy in patients ≥ 12 years of age with uncontrolled severe asthma compared to that of background therapy in South Korea. Methods: The cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted using a Markov model over a lifetime from the Korean healthcare system perspective. Clinical efficacy and utility weights were obtained from post-hoc analyses of the Korean population in the QUEST trial. Data on the costs and treatment setting of exacerbation in a real-world setting were retrospectively collected using the administrative medical database from a single tertiary hospital. Results: The base-case results indicated that add-on dupilumab therapy increases costs ($112,924 for add-on dupilumab versus $29,545 for background therapy alone). However, add-on dupilumab increased quality-adjusted life years (QALYs, 8.03 versus 3.93, respectively), with fewer events of severe exacerbations per patient compared to using the background therapy alone (17.920 versus 19.911, respectively). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $20,325 per QALY. Various sensitivity analyses supported the robustness of the base-case results. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that the probability of add-on dupilumab being cost-effective was 87% at a threshold willingness-to-pay of $26,718 (KRW 35 million) per QALY gained. Conclusions: Dupilumab is cost-effective for adolescents and adults with uncontrolled severe asthma in South Korea. Our study provides evidence to support clinicians and policymakers in making informed decisions for severe asthma management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Methods Results Conclusions Periodic endoscopic screening for gastric cancer (GC) is widely performed in East Asia; however, the optimal screening strategy remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the most cost‐effective endoscopic screening strategy for the detection and treatment of GC in a cohort with a low Helicobacter pylori prevalence.The following data were retrospectively extracted from participants who received screening endoscopy between April 2019 and March 2023: age, H. pylori infection status, presence of intestinal metaplasia, pathological diagnosis of GC, and the interval between the most recent endoscopies. A Markov state transition model was constructed based on the cohort data. The cost‐effectiveness of 15 strategies with different starting ages (40/50/60 years) and screening intervals (1/2/3/4/5 years) was compared. The net monetary benefit (NMB) and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of quality‐adjusted life‐years gained by treatment were used as outcomes.A simulation model was constructed based on the cohort data of 94 137 participants (mean age 54.5 years, males 57.9%; 74.4% H. pylori‐naïve, 94.2% intestinal metaplasia‐negative). The results of the base‐case analysis showed that the screening strategy of 4‐year intervals starting at the age of 40 years had the highest NMB (97 401 578 yen). In both the Monte Carlo simulation and one‐way sensitivity analysis with a varying probability of H. pylori infection status transition, the ICER was superior in the screening strategy every 4 years, starting at age 40 years.Our simulation showed that endoscopic screening at 4‐year intervals starting at the age of 40 years was the most cost‐effective method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Clinical use of vascular stents involves high medical costs, but it may also bring long-term benefits in reducing cardiovascular events and improving the quality of life in patients. Economics evaluation can help decision makers better understand the balance between the cost and benefit of treatment. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the related articles of health economics and discuss the hot spots in the study of the effect and problems of vascular stents in medical quality management. METHODS: The articles concerning health economics evaluation of vascular stents were retrieved from the core set of the Web of Science. The VOSviewer_1.6.19 software was used to make a visualization analysis of the annual publication volume, institutions, countries, keywords, etc. Finally, the research hot spots on the effects and problems of vascular stents were analyzed from the perspective of health economics and medical quality management. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) 120 articles in English were finally included. In the past 10 years, the highest number of articles published in this field was in 2019, with 10 articles. The institution with the largest number of articles published was Harvard University in the United States with 20 articles, and the country with the largest number of articles published was the United States with 58 articles. (2) Keyword cluster analysis demonstrated that the cost-effectiveness analysis of bare metal stents and drug-eluting stents in coronary disease, the cost-effectiveness analysis of angioplasty stent intervention, and the effect of coronary stents in percutaneous coronary intervention are the research hot spots in the field of health economics evaluation of vascular stent research. (3) In the context of medical quality management, the paper further summarized the research hot spots on the therapeutic effect of vascular stents as follows: long-term effect of vascular stents, safety, drug release mechanism research, personalized therapy, restenosis problems, and stent insertion technology. (4) The results of highly cited literature analysis exhibited that drug-eluting stents release drugs to reduce the risk of vascular restenosis, and the restenosis rate is lower than that of bare metal stents, but the cost is usually higher. Biodegradable stents combine the advantages of bare metal stents and drug-eluting stents, that is, avoiding long-term stent existence and reducing the risk of restenosis, but their cost may be higher, and there may be some complications in the short term, and they are not widely used at present. (5) In addition to the direct stent cost, factors that need to be considered when comparing the cost-effectiveness of vascular stents include the risk and cost of stent re-intervention, the risk and cost of complications, the duration and cost of drug therapy, and the quality of life of patients. Therefore, while the initial cost of drug-eluting and biodegradable stents may be higher than bare metal stents, they may lead to better clinical outcomes in the long term, resulting in a more favorable cost effect. (6) Future research directions should focus on making personalized vascular stent treatment decisions, observing the long-term effect of stent treatment, the impact of the stent on patients’ quality of life, formulating health policies, rational allocation of medical resources, and the establishment of long-term follow-up mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades, diabetes pharmacopoeia has flourished, with new drugs that, on top of their glucose‐lowering efficacy, have been shown to protect the heart and the kidney. Despite these new opportunities, metformin retains a pivotal role among glucose‐lowering agents. As one of the few available insulin sensitizers, metformin is an effective, safe, and overall well‐tolerated drug backed by over 60 years of clinical experience, including evidence for potential benefits beyond glucose reduction across different ages, sexes, genetic backgrounds, geographical areas, and stages of disease. Although there is some discussion of whether metformin offers the most effective front‐line option in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D), it remains a natural companion to all other glucose‐lowering agents. Furthermore, metformin comes at a very low cost and, as such, it has extremely high cost‐effectiveness, particularly given the serious economic burden associated with diabetes complications. This financial advantage is particularly relevant in resource‐constrained healthcare systems, where the affordability of metformin may be instrumental in implementing an effective treatment in an evergrowing number of individuals. We present here compelling real‐world evidence in support of the clinical efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of metformin across different patient populations, highlighting areas where more population‐based studies are needed to further incorporate and consolidate its use in the pharmacological management of T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To make the cost-effectiveness analysis of pembrolizumab and platinum chemotherapy as the firstline treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） in the population with tumor proportion score （TPS） ≥ 1% of PD-L1, and provide some reference for the clinical use and future price negotiation of pembrolizumab. Methods Based on Pubmed database, the published RCT literatures of pembrolizumab were analyzed, and the survival data were extracted, combined with the treatment plan of a tertiary hospital, the Markov model were established to simulate the cost and health effectiveness of patients for twenty years, and the stability of the model was tested by one-way sensitivity analysis and probability sensitivity analysis. Results Twenty years later, the cost-effectiveness ratio of pembrolizumab group and chemotherapy group was ￥58 517.60/ quality adjusted life month (QALM) and ￥ 41 213.08/QALM. Compared with the chemotherapy group, the incremental cost effective ratio (ICER) was ￥104 485.36/QALM. Conclusion When the willingness to pay （WTP） value was ￥30 902/QALM, the pembrolizumab therapy was not more cost-effective advantages than platinum chemotherapy, and the sensitivity analysis showed that the results of the model were relatively stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Remote patient monitoring (RPM) of heart failure patients has the potential to reduce healthcare resource use and costs, but current evidence has been inconclusive. This study aims assess the impact of RPM of heart failure patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator on medical resource use, direct medical costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and travel time of patients, and to estimate its commercial headroom in the Netherlands and Germany. Methods: Data from the REMOTE-CIED randomized controlled trial were used to calculate differences in length of hospital stay, outpatient clinic visits, telephone consults, emergency room visits, and travel time between patients on in-clinic follow-up and RPM in the Netherlands, Germany, and France. Incremental cardiac-related healthcare costs and QALYs were calculated and used to calculate the commercial headroom of RPM in the Netherlands and Germany. The impact of imputation, parameter, and case-mix uncertainty on these outcomes was explored using probabilistic analysis. Results: Length of hospitalization, number of unscheduled admissions, and number of outpatient visits were lower in the remote monitoring group in all three countries. Number of hospital admissions was higher, and number of calls was lower in the Netherlands and Germany but not in France. Costs were lower in both the Netherlands (−€1041, 95% confidence interval (CI): −€3308, €1005) and Germany (−€2865, 95% CI: −€7619, €1105), while incremental effectiveness differed: −0.003 (95% CI: −0.114, 0.107) QALY in the Netherlands and +0.086 (95% CI: −0.083, 0.256) in Germany. Commercial headroom was estimated at €881 (95% CI: −€5430, €7208) in the Netherlands and €5005 (95% CI: −€1339, €11,960) in Germany. Discussion: RPM was found to result in reduced medical resource use and travel time. Whether it is cost saving or cost effective strongly depends on the costs of remote monitoring. Trial registration number and trial register: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01691586. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2013 to 2019, several all-oral direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) were launched with the potential to cure patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV). They generated economic value in terms of the health gains for patients and cost-savings for the US healthcare system. We estimated the share of this value allocated to 4 manufacturers vs society. For 2015 to 2019, we estimated the incremental impact of DAAs on HCV health outcomes and costs. We used the Center for Disease Analysis Foundation Polaris Observatory database to estimate utilization. Per-patient projections of lifetime quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained and medical costs avoided were based on a standard 9-state HCV disease-progression model for DAA treatment vs alternatives. Annual QALY gains were valued at $114 000 per QALY. Outcomes and costs were discounted at 3%. Estimated revenues were based on reported sales. An estimated 1 080 000 patients received DAAs: 81.5% would not have received the pre-DAA standard of care. On average, these patients were projected to gain 4.4 QALYs and save $104 400 in lifetime healthcare costs, generating $531.8 billion in value. Those who would have received treatment gained 1.7 QALYs and saved $41 500 in lifetime costs, generating $47.4 billion in economic value. As treatment costs fell nearly 75%, the 4 manufacturers reported $37.4 billion from DAA sales—an allocation of 6.5% of the total value. The significant majority (∼90%) of the economic value of curing HCV with DAAs were health benefits to patients and net cost-savings to society. DAA manufacturers received a minority share (6.5%) of the aggregate economic value generated. • A recent Value in Health special themed section illustrated the increasing interest in viewing innovative medicines from a product lifecycle perspective to better understand how the economic value is allocated to manufacturers as a reward for innovation vs to others in society. • This article addresses this issue by estimating the share of economic value allocated to the competing manufacturers of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) during the 2015 to 2019 period after a highly visible launch of a curative product. • Despite initial concerns about the prices of DAAs, competitive pressures reduced the market price of these patent-protected DAAs considerably in the first 5 years. The treatments were net cost saving over the entire 5 years. The cost savings grew as the average DAA regimen cost fell from $55 500 in 2015 to $14 400 in 2019. Over the 5 years, from a health sector perspective, manufacturers received a minority share (6.5%) of the economic value generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]