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Background Correctional facilities are particularly vulnerable to the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This study aimed to test for syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in inmates at the Correctional Institution Manado, Indonesia, and to evaluate its associated risk factors. Methods 94 inmates underwent venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL), anti-HIV, and HBsAg testing. Data collection encompassed socio-demographic characteristics, risk factors including age, educational level, marital status, number of sexual partners, sexual orientation, condom usage, intravenous drug use, other drug administration methods, and blood sampling for screening purposes. Results Sociodemographics were predominantly marked by groups between 25–49 of age (63.8%), possessing an intermediate education (63.9%), married (46.8%), sexually monogamous (54.3%), identifying as heterosexual (95.7%), never using condoms (58.5%), abstaining from intravenous drug use (95.7%), and utilizing other drug types (64.9%). Among the participants, 12.8% tested positive for VDRL, 1.1% for anti-HIV, and 6.4% for HBsAg. Only one subject exhibited reactivity to both VDRL and HBsAg tests. There was a strong connection between marital status and HBsAg (p=0.007). Conclusion The prison environment offered insights into STI dissemination in a high-risk population, emphasizing that spread prevention needs informative and therapeutic measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prisons are closed places with high occupancy rates and are very vulnerable to the spread of Global Pandemic, so a policy from the government is needed to prevent the spread of Global Pandemic in the prison environment..This study uses a normative juridical approach and an empirical juridical approach. Collecting data by field studies and literature studies. Data analysis was carried out in a qualitative juridical manner, namely the analysis was carried out descriptively. Research results discussImplementing prison authoritiesis a Class I prison policy in Bandar Lampung which applies visitation restrictions for inmates in the form of online visits via Whatsapp media based on the instructions of the Director General of Corrections Number: PAS-08.OT.02.02 of 2020 concerning Prevention, Handling, Control and Recovery of Corona Virus Disease (Global Pandemic) at the Correctional Technical Implementation Unit. The inhibiting factor consists of interference with the internet connection at the destination number. is a network problem that is used for online visitation services with the Correctional Database System and does not yet have a special network with the Correctional Database System and the current factor of facilities for video call services is still very lacking, because when conditions are crowded the queues of inmates to be able to use online visit services are sufficient long.

Introduction: the problem of the low level of education of persons serving sentences in correctional institutions is worldwide. In addition, offenders with a low level of general and digital literacy, being isolated from society, find themselves unprepared for the conditions of a rapidly changing world. All this creates conditions for increasing social marginalization of prisoners and, as a result, spreading recidivism. Therefore, obtaining education by convicts and increasing their educational level is one of the effective methods of resocialization and reducing recidivism rates; besides, it creates opportunities to increase their competitiveness in the labor market after release. Multi-level convict training programs are implemented in penitentiary institutions of most countries. It is most difficult to realize convicts’ right to higher education in institutions of the penal system that execute punishments related to the isolation of convicts from society, therefore, the emphasis is placed on this category. Purpose: to study the possibility for prisoners to receive higher education with the help of distance technologies in foreign correctional institutions. Research objectives: to systematize empirical data on penitentiary systems of foreign countries, models and forms of distance learning of convicts undertaking higher education programs; to identify sources of funding and incentives for convicts to receive higher education in places of deprivation of liberty; to analyze problems of implementing higher education programs in penitentiary institutions of foreign countries. Methods: dialectical method, used to consider interrelated and interdependent concepts “education” and “correction”, principles, and requirements of distance learning of persons held in penitentiary institutions of foreign countries; formal legal and hermeneutic methods, applied to analyze legislative and other regulatory documents on the topic; logical semantic method, used to determine the essence and significance of forms and methods of distance learning that have an effect on convicts; structural and comparative legal methods, applied to identify stages and features of the development of distance learning in higher education programs in penitentiary systems of foreign countries. Results: the study makes it possible to evaluate models of vocational education in a number of foreign countries aimed at widening convicts’ abilities and knowledge in order to guarantee their employment after release. Conclusion: the author comes to the conclusion that most countries recognize the value of prison education as a way of reintegration of convicts. Education is part of a wider range of proposed activities that are aimed at achieving a comprehensive goal of correcting them and reducing recidivism rates. Improving the educational level of convicts contributes to their competitiveness after release. Educational programs are implemented in various forms: from face-to-face non-credit workshops conducted by volunteers to drawing up a business plan with a degree. The learning process, as a rule, is carried out in a mixed format. Teachers and university students come to correctional institutions to conduct face-to-face classes. Educational programs are adjusted depending on the profile of convicts in a particular country. The most effective programs are those that take into account the local situation and individual needs of convicts. In many foreign countries, conditions are created for the implementation of educational programs of higher education for people in isolation with the use of distance education technologies. The issue of providing educational services to convicts is resolved based on the capabilities of the educational organization and the correctional institution itself. However, due to the low availability of this level of education, the percentage of convicts receiving academic degrees in a correctional institution remains low in foreign countries.

Conditional release is the process of fostering prisoners outside the Detention Center/Correctional Institution after serving at least 2/3 (two thirds) of their criminal period with the provision that 2/3 (two thirds) of the criminal period is at least 9 (nine) months. The research method used is the normative juridical method. The results of the study indicate that parole can be implemented by taking into account several provisions contained in Article 15a and Article 15b of the Criminal Code, then Article 14 paragraph (1) letter (k) of Law Number 12 of 1995 concerning Corrections also states that Prisoners are entitled to parole. Regarding the requirements and procedures for the implementation of the rights and the prisoners in prison, it is regulated in Article 43 of the Government Regulation Number 32 of 1999 concerning the Terms and Procedures for the Implementation of the Rights and the Correctional Inmates. In its implementation, the guidance and mentoring of Correctional Inmates is carried out by the Minister and carried out by Correctional Officers. The implementation of the correctional development system is carried out based on the principles of protection, equality of treatment and service, education and guidance, respect for human dignity, loss of independence is the only suffering and guarantee of the right to keep in touch with family and certain people. The concept of conditional release in the Correctional Guidance System is carried out by an official authorized to carry out conditional release of prisoners, namely the Minister of Justice or an official appointed for that purpose by taking into account the substantive requirements and administrative requirements as referred to in Article 7 paragraph (2) and Article 8 of the Decree of the Minister of Justice. Number: M. 01. PK. 04-10 of 1999, as well as paying attention to the procedures for obtaining parole as described in the discussion above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulations regarding the implementation of guidance for corruption convicts in Indonesia are regulated in the provisions of Law No. 12 of 1995 and elaborated through Government Regulation No. 31 of 1999. In relation to the guidance of corruption convicts, it is carried out through three stages, namely the initial stage, the advanced stage and the final stage, with classification first

Abstract Background Correctional institution inmates have reduced access to dental care; however, a quantitative assessment of their oral health condition has not yet been performed in South Korea. Therefore, this study aimed to assess dental caries and compare the prevalence of dental caries and associated factors between inmates and the general South Korean population. Methods The dental records of two detention centers in South Korea were retrospectively analyzed to assess the clinical oral health condition of inmates using the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index and self-reported questionnaire. These data were compared with similar data obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) for the general South Korean population. Results In total, 642 inmates were analyzed and compared with 13,345 KNHANES participants in the KNHANES. The inmate and KNHANES groups demonstrated significant intergroup differences, with a higher prevalence of untreated caries, DMFT, decayed teeth (DT), and missing teeth (MT) values among the inmates. The prevalence of untreated caries decreased according to the history of dental pain in the inmate group but increased in the KNHANES group. The decrease in DMFT with a history of dental pain was significant only in the inmate group. Furthermore, self-rated oral health was significantly associated with prevalence of untreated caries, DMFT, DT, MT, and filled teeth (FT) in the inmate group but with prevalence of untreated caries, DMFT, DT, and MT in the KNHANES group. It was found that this is because there is an interaction effect by the group. Conclusions The oral health of the inmate group was significantly poorer than that of the general group. Since DMFT, DT, MT, and FT values and prevalence of untreated caries in the inmate group were significantly related to their self-rated oral health, suggesting that self-rated oral health should be incorporated into the dental health screenings of correctional institution inmates.

Deradicalization is ah program given toinmate kasus of terrorism within the Institutioncorrectional (LAPAS) with prevention efforts andneutralize notionsradicals that are considered dangerousand can causesecurity threat in ancountry. Deradi approachcalization can be with psychology,religion, law, educationin national humanity andstate as well as social and cultural. deradicalization program aims to drivereturn of the terrorist convictsthose affected by radical understanding to return to the path thatGoodand right. Builder programn deradicalization is veryit's important to apply, becausena see lately caseTerrorists have become material international discussionbecause it is a crimewhich can be threateningnational security for loyalp countries around the world, thenfrom that the deradicalization programthis is one wayto prevent it from happeningterror cases and can suppressand neutralize yousus terrorism and radicalism(radicalism). The results of this study describe[i-[2] handling of groups that have radical understanding or in this case are terrorists, through a deradicalization program requires clear regulations or arrangements accompanied by the involvement of relevant agencies based on a legal basis or foundation, because deradicalization that runs well and is integrated is needed in carrying out prevention to continue the growth of theoretical movements and radical understanding in Indonesia.

Introduction: the article considers problematic issues related to the participation of penal system officials in procedural activities to verify reports of crimes committed by convicted persons, accused persons, and suspects in correctional institutions, and puts forward proposals aimed at improving the effectiveness of these activities. Our arguments are directly related to the following: determining the moment from which the calculation of the terms of such an inspection should begin, assessing the expediency of such an inspection, actual content of the procedural actions it contains and participation of the defender in them. Aim: to analyze the stages of participation of officials of bodies and institutions of the penal system in procedural activities to verify reports of crimes committed by convicted persons, accused persons, and suspects in places of imprisonment, in order to classify the problems of implementing this process and identify ways to solve them. Methods: we use complex analysis to make a classification of the problems of responding to various violations of criminal law prohibitions on the part of persons sentenced to imprisonment, as well as suspects and accused persons in custody. Results: in the course of the analysis, we identified the following groups of problems: 1) problems related to the reasons for initiating a criminal case; 2) problems related to the verification of reports of prison offences; 3) problems related to the adoption of final procedural decisions and the provision of qualified legal assistance to convicted persons in the implementation of verification actions. Taking into account the specifics of the problems, we propose the ways to solve them. Conclusions: we convincingly show that the timely and professional response of officials of correctional institutions (including pretrial detention centers) to various violations of criminal law prohibitions on the part of those sentenced to imprisonment, as well as suspects and accused persons held in custody, is mandatory and has a number of specific features due, first of all, to the environment in which such a response is carried out.

Correctional Institution as a place to house terrorist inmates have not managed to solve the problem of deradicalization to complete for terrorist inmates, so it is necessary to cooperate with other relevant state institutions. But the deradicalization process has obstacles such as inmates being unwilling to cooperate and the absence of synergy with other applicable state institutions. The parameters of the success of correctional institutions in conducting deradicalization are necessary to strengthen the process of returning terrorism convicts to the community, so that this research is important to do. This study uses the research method that is juridical normative by collecting primary data and secondary data. The results of this study describe the correctional institution to be the vanguard in the process of deradicalization of terrorism convicts to be ready to return to the community so that the implementation of effective deradicalization required cooperation from correctional institutions, relevant state institutions, and inmates. Correctional institutions are an important vector in the fight against radicalism. The role of correctional institutions in the deradicalization of terrorism prisoners is to synergize with other institutions to foster terrorist prisoners to become good human beings when they leave correctional institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: the article analyzes the content and typical methods and ways that convicts, suspects, and defendants held in correctional institutions and pre-trial detention centers use to counter the investigation of penitentiary crimes. Aim: using the analysis of investigative and judicial practice for criminal cases initiated against persons who committed crimes while in custody or while serving their prison terms, we make an attempt to identify the most distinctive features of counteracting the investigation of prisonrelated crimes. Methods: dialectical method of cognition, general scientific methods of analysis and generalization, empirical methods of description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic. Results: using a scientific approach that highlights the preliminary stage of investigation of crimes, we reveal some typical counteraction techniques used by prison offenders. Conclusions: destruction, concealment, staging, and falsification are among the most popular methods used directly by offenders to prevent prison-related crimes from being solved. The indirect attitude of offenders toward counteracting the investigation of prison-related crimes is successfully implemented by creating a crowd effect, as well as using the media and the activities of human rights organizations.

The subject. The article outlines the criminological characteristics of the ilegal use of physical force and special means against persons deprived of their liberty.The purpose of the article is confirmation or confutation of the hypothesis that the reasons for the unlawful use of force methods against convicts are related to the nature of the illegal actions of such convicts.The methodological base of the study was an analysis of 15 cases of unlawful use of physical force and special means by employees of the correctional facilities against imprisoned convicts committed in the period from 2016 to 2019. The author analyzed 12 sentences on bringing employees of the correctional facilities to criminal responsibility for the unlawful use of these forceful methods, as well as a survey of about 190 employees serving in various positions in the correctional facilities where unlawful use of force was carried out. In addition the scientific works of other authors that affect this issue were studied.The main results, scope of application. The criminological characteristics of the illegal use of physical force and special means by employees of the correctional facilities against imprisoned persons are presented. The article includes a description of such victims; a description of the circumstances of use of force; a description of the employees of the correctional facilities who allowed unlawful use of force; the reasons and conditions that contribute to the implementation of this use. Based on the above, some measures are proposed that contribute to the optimal solution of the issue of prevention of the unlawful use of force in the Russian penitentiary practice.Conclusions. The unlawful use of physical forces and special means was carried out against convicts who have destructive moral and psychological qualities, are characterized by a high degree of criminal infection, express a negative attitude towards order and conditions of serving sentences and do not obey the legal requirements of correctional staff. A generalization of the personal characteristics of employees who unlawfully use physical force and (or) special means indicating that they are characterized by positive psychological qualities in general. They strive to be guided by the regulations governing the professional activities of the penal system officer and are positively active in fulfilling their duties. The most probable reasons for the unlawful use of forceful methods of influence against convicts are related to the nature of the unlawful actions of such convicts, provocations, negative features of service due to the specifics of places of deprivation of liberty. Measures taken to prevent the occurrence of negative phenomena in domestic politics can have a positive impact on improving the functioning of the penal correction system, which is in line with legal regulations of a national and international nature.

Prisoners who undergo imprisonment tend to experience 5 (five) types of deprivation, deprivation of liberty, deprivation of goods and services, deprivation of heterosexual relationships, deprivation of heterosexual experiences, deprivation of liberty deprivation of autonomy, and deprivation of security. The research was conducted with a sociological juridical approach with a sample of Cipinang Class I Correctional Institution research sites and Banjarmasin Class II Correctional Institution as a correctional facility with prisoners' occupancy levels in excess of available capacity (overpopulation). In conditions with very high percentage of overpopulation, deprivation in the perspective of victimization has created victims in this case individual prisoners are caused because the Ministry of Law and Human Rights in this case the prison has carried out policies and actions that are not in accordance with existing provisions especially related to several provisions of Article 12 of the Republic of Indonesia Law No. 12 of 1995 Concerning Corrections, as well as the 4 (four) principles of the 10 (ten) Correctional Principles as stipulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2017 About the Grand Design Overcrowded Handling in State Detention Centers and Penitentiaries. Efforts to reduce the existence of overpopulation or overcrowded that can cause victims of human rights violations for prisoners have been carried out through the Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2017, but not yet effective.

Implementing pre-release treatment for a convict is one of the tasks of a correctional institution as a Technical Implementation Unit in the field of contruction. Thus, a correctional institution, in implementing correctional guidance, must consider human right protections aspects for them to be balanced with the public interest. Convict constructions in a correctional institution is an effort conducted to enforce the law. This study, entitled “The Juridical Observation of Pre-Release Treatment in Class II A Correctional Institution of Pekalonganâ€, has two research questions, including how the pre-release treatment is a determined in Indonesia positif law and what obstacles are faced in the pre-release treatment process in Class II A Correctional Institution of Pekalongan. The study aims at finding out the provisions of the pre-release treatment in Indonesian positive law, The provision of pre-release treatment is one form of society contruction processes that is conducted based on correctional system which aims to prepare the convicts to be able to integrate with the society. Therefore, they are able to play a role as a society member who owns freedom and responsibility before they are actually released.

Abstract Objective About one in seven prisoners is diagnosed with common mental disorders whose global prevalence ranges from 13 to 92.5%. The problem negatively affects the physical, psychological, and social well-being of prisoners. However, research into common mental disorders and associated factors among prisoners in low and middle-income countries has been limited. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the common mental disorders and associated factors among prisoners in Ethiopia to contribute the attempt to ensure optimal care for prisoners. Results The prevalence of common mental disorders among prisoners was found to be 58.4% [95% CI 53.70, 63.00]. In the multivariable logistic regression, poor social support [AOR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.16, 4.85], economic crisis [AOR = 3, 95% CI 1.84, 4.85], secondary school education [AOR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.04, 5.20], unemployment before arrest [AOR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.04, 2.80], and history of psychiatric illness [AOR = 4.3, 95% CI 1.21, 15.56] were factors significantly associated with the problem.

The Kutoarjo Class I Special Guidance Institute Purworejo Regency, Central Java, the author chose as a research locus, because he wanted to see the extent of Article 1 paragraph 2 of Law Number 12 of 1995 implemented. The formulation of the problem in this study as follow: (1) how is the implementation of juvenile crime on criminal offenders in an educative perspective at the Kutoarjo Class I Special Guidance Institute Purworejo District, Central Java? (2) What is the model of the implementation of child crime on criminal offenders in an educative perspective at the Kutoarjo Class I Special Guidance Institute Purworejo District, Central Java? This study aims to: (1) Describe the implementation of juvenile crime on criminal offenders in an educative perspective at the Kutoarjo Class I Special Training Institute Purworejo District, Central Java. (2) Finding a model of the implementation of juvenile crime on criminal offenders in an educative perspective at the Kutoarjo Class I Special Guidance Institution in Purworejo District, Central Java. The results of research on the implementation of juvenile crime on criminal offenders in an educative perspective at the Kutoarjo First Class Special Guidance Institution in Purworejo Regency, Central Java have not been fully and consistently implemented. This is evidenced by the inconsistencies in the schedule for the existing children facing the law (Anak Berhadapan dengan Hukum, ABH). It is also proven by the lack of competent educators in their respective fields. With the formation that is still theoretical, it can be guaranteed that the ABH will not be able to become a new person who is confident later, because it will be continuously shadowed about jugde as a prisoner. This mindset that must be changed from now on, with various kinds of learning using the Islamic boarding school model that is taught and instilled since in prison, will bring positive impact on ABH along with its good future.

The correctional institution is a place for treatment the prisoners. The current condition, the responsibility for treatment prisoners lies with the state, carried out by one institution without assistance from other institutions, namely the Correctional Institution. The problems in this paper are first, what is the current form of treatment for prisoners in Correctional Institution; second, how to reconstruct the form of treatment for prisoners in Correctional Institutions in the future. This paper uses an empirical juridical research method using the socio-legal approach. The results in this paper are first; the treatment aimed at current prisoners is personality treatment and independence treatment. In practice, both of these treatments found obstacles in the form of inadequate facilities and infrastructure and overcapacity of the Correctional Institution conditions, which resulted in no ideal coaching; second; based on this, it is necessary to reconstruct treatment of prisoners in the Correctional Institution. Reconstruction was carried out by developing a form of community-based correction and the existence of cooperation from the private sector in the form of partnerships. If this is realized, the purpose of the treatment process can be achieved, and the prisoner, after finished treatment, can return to the community properly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrorism crimes are an extraordinary crime where treatment and method require special strategic management. Strategic management for treatment the terrorist prisoners is one of the programs of the Directorate General of Correctional Affairs, Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia, namely the management of human resources through the efforts of deradicalization for terrorist prisoners, especially in the Super Maximum Security of Correctional Institution. This research aims to provide strategic management for treatment the terrorist prisoners and the implementation of correctional institution' deradicalization programs for terrorist prisoners. This research was qualitative descriptive research. Data collection techniques using direct observation techniques in Focus Group Discussions, as well as in-depth interviews with the Head of Class 1 Correctional Institution of Batu Nusakambangan and terrorist prisoners as research objects. The results of this research indicate that the strategic management for treatment the terrorist prisoners was not completely relevant to the Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 35 of 2018 and the implementation for treatment the terrorist prisoners in Class 1 Correctional Institution of Batu Nusakambangan are still very limited. There were still constraints to implementing guidelines for special prisoners of terrorist in terms of socializing regulations, human resources, and infrastructure for special treatment for terrorist prisoners.

The life of prisoners in the Penitentiary is very limited in meeting their needs and experiencing conditions of revocation of the right to freedom of movement limited by the prison walls. On the other hand, there is access to fulfillment of needs through visitors' luggage, and there are also illegal shanties where inmates who sell inside the selling block can threaten the existence of cooperatives inside prisons, which is considered more expensive than items outside of prison. This study aims to determine the marketing strategies used by organizations in prisons effectively and efficiently to maintain their existence. In this study, the authors used a descriptive qualitative research method with data collection methods through interviews, observation, documentation, and literature studies. The marketing strategy of Purwokerto Penitentiary Cooperative based on the results of the SWOT analysis shows the need for regulations to regulate visitors with their cargo and need to collaborate with investors, producers, distributors, and managers of cooperatives.

The rights of prisoners have been explicitly regulated in Act No.12 of 1995 on Corrections. The law therein outlines 13 (thirteen) rights reserved for a prisoner while in a Penitentiary. The right to get a wage or premium for the work done is a right that is often neglected in practice in the correctional institution located in our country. This happens because of the stigma of the people who still tend to assume that a prisoner is a party that deserves to be treated arbitrarily because of the crime he has committed. It is this kind of thinking that ultimately also affects officials or prison officers who end up treating incendiary people like humans who are unfit to accept the rights that have been provided by the state. Many inmates are employed in penitentiaries who are not paid for by their employers. If this continues to be done then the purpose of punishment will actually violate human rights inherent in the Prisoners as human beings. However, prisoners must also be protected by their rights as human beings.

Murder is essentially the culmination of an aggression which is still be a blind spot for the civilization of mankind. The incidence is quite high, but studies that specifically review it are still small. This research intends to deepen the crime of murder by focusing on causal factors, psychological dynamics and the impact of murder behavior on the perpetrators. Adolescents were chosen as subjects because murder cases conducted by teenagers also showed considerable numbers. The study was designed using a qualitative approach, a phenomenology of forensics which is a phenomenological approach that specifically reveals forensic cases related to murder offenses. Eight subjects participated in research conducted at the Kutoarjo Child Prison. Data in this study were collected through obeservation and interview with subject, psychological testing, home visit, and completed by an interview with prison officer and prison document data. The collected data interview is then analyzed using data explication method. This study finds that the dynamics of family factor interaction, social environment, friends, drug and alcohol abuse, socioeconomic status, education, individual psychological condition, availability of weapons, and the characteristics of the victim causing the killing behavior in adolescents. The impact of murder for the offender varies, depends on the background of the case.

Implementation of criminal sanctions against narcotics criminals, good dealers, distributors and users, continue to be done considering the development of crime narcotics that is extraordinary crime continues to show a threat to the existence of this nation in the future. The existence of Tightening in remission, in this case to the perpetrator of special crime which inside such as perpetrator of narcotics crime, that is with existence of requirement specified in Government Regulation Number 99 year 2012 about condition and procedure of implementation of right of prisoners, especially to perpetrators of criminal narcotics criminally charged with imprisonment from five years and above, but in the application of narcotics criminals is still possible to get a remission. This is because the requirement must have a certificate of Justice collaborators, which is the status of justice collaborators although not provided by law enforcement officers but still can obtain remission.

The needs of female inmates are different from those of their male counterparts. Little is understood of the nature of these differences, particularly for mothers who in countries such as Ethiopia may be accompanied by their children when in correctional facilities. This article is aimed at exploring these inmates’ experiences of motherhood, the challenges they and their children face and their experiences of the services and support programmes available. The central research question was: ‘What is the experience of incarcerated mothers living in prison with their children in Ethiopia?’ A general qualitative approach was taken in the study, using in-depth interviews (n=10) with incarcerated mothers who had a child living with them in a typical large, high-security Ethiopian correctional institution. Mothers questioned the perceived inclusiveness of the services available to them, with access often being denied owing to their childcare responsibilities. Participation in small business enterprises within the institution was an exception to this. They discussed the challenges facing the mother and child as a family unit, the relationship between the mother, the criminal justice system and society and finally their perceptions of the incarcerated mother as a survivor, resilient in the face of the challenges being experienced. These themes showed that incarcerated mothers perceive themselves as victims of societal discrimination, abuse and structural injustice before and after incarceration, and that correctional institution facilities left them unable to provide adequately for the physical, emotional and educational needs of their children. The role of correctional administrations, policymakers, correctional institution social workers and researchers alike in addressing the inequalities facing mothers in Ethiopian correctional institutions is discussed.

Adaptation to imprisonment in a correctional facility is a convicted person’s psychological and behavioural response to the environment of a correctional facility and the imprisonment situation (Fedock, 2017). Convicted persons who have successfully adapted to the new environment are able to satisfy their basic needs, do not come into conflicts with the correctional facility administration or other inmates, and do not experience strong negative emotions, among other things. There seems to be a relationship between maladaptation to a correctional facility and a lower motivation to modify one’s criminal behaviour as well as recidivism (Loper, 2002; Zamble & Porporino, 1988). While inmates’ adaptation to imprisonment in correctional facilities and factors predicting this adaptation have received significant attention from foreign researchers over the last several decades, it still remains an under-researched field in Lithuania. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that predict convicted persons’ adaptation to imprisonment in Lithuanian correctional facilities. The study sample included male inmates (N = 331) aged 18 to 68 (M = 35,17, SD = 10,75) from five correctional facilities in Lithuania. Adaptation was evaluated using the Prison Problem Scale (Zamble & Porporino, 1988), Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck, Epstein, Brown, & Steer, 1988). Factors related to adaptation were assessed using the Criminal Sentiments Scale - Modified (CSS-M, Simourd, 1997) and the demographic information questionnaire. Poorer adaptation to a correctional facility was observed among those study participants who were underage, when they faced a conviction for the first time, who had been unemployed or used drugs before incarceration as well as those who haven’t remained in contact with their romantic partner or friends during imprisonment. Poorer adaptation to a correctional facility also correlated with more pronounced criminal attitudes. The study found that the factors that best predicted adaptation was criminal attitudes and staying in touch with friends or a romantic partner. The factors explained up to 16% of the variance of variables used to assess adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The needs of female inmates are different from those of their male counterparts. Little is understood of the nature of these differences, particularly for mothers who in countries such as Ethiopia may be accompanied by their children when in correctional facilities. This article is aimed at exploring these inmates' experiences of motherhood, the challenges they and their children face and their experiences of the services and support programmes available. The central research question was: 'What is the experience of incarcerated mothers living in prison with their children in Ethiopia?' A general qualitative approach was taken in the study, using in-depth interviews (n=10) with incarcerated mothers who had a child living with them in a typical large, high-security Ethiopian correctional institution. Mothers questioned the perceived inclusiveness of the services available to them, with access often being denied owing to their childcare responsibilities. Participation in small business enterprises within the institution was an exception to this. They discussed the challenges facing the mother and child as a family unit, the relationship between the mother, the criminal justice system and society and finally their perceptions of the incarcerated mother as a survivor, resilient in the face of the challenges being experienced. These themes showed that incarcerated mothers perceive themselves as victims of societal discrimination, abuse and structural injustice before and after incarceration, and that correctional institution facilities left them unable to provide adequately for the physical, emotional and educational needs of their children. The role of correctional administrations, policymakers, correctional institution social workers and researchers alike in addressing the inequalities facing mothers in Ethiopian correctional institutions is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]