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Ocular involvement is not uncommon in patients with COVID-19. However, the incidence of COVID-19 ophthalmopathy in COVID-19 patients is still not clear. In this prospective case series study, we recruited 2445 consecutive cases presenting at Neuro-ophthalmology clinic of our Eye Center during the last resurgence of SARS-CoV-2 infection from 8 December 2022 to 15 March 2023 in China, 149 cases were diagnosed as COVID-19 ophthalmopathy, 87 cases were female, with a mean age of 43.2 years, and the mean follow-up time was 15.4 weeks. One hundred and twenty of 149 cases suffered from systemic symptoms mostly manifesting as fever, cough and muscle pain prior to or soon after ocular involvement. The most common COVID-19 ophthalmopathy was optic neuritis (51/149), followed by acute zonal occult outer retinopathy complex disease (31/149), uveitis (17/149), ocular mobility disorder-related (third, fourth, or sixth) cranial nerve neuritis (15/149), anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (9/149), retinal artery occlusion (8/149), retinal microangiopathy including retinal haemorrhage and cotton wool spot (8/149), viral conjunctivitis (7/149), retinal vein occlusion (3/149), viral keratitis (2/149), ptosis (2/149), and other rare ocular diseases. Except 5 cases with central retinal artery occlusion, other 144 COVID-19 ophthalmopathy cases showed good response to steroid therapy. Our study revealed an incidence of 6.09% for COVID-19 ophthalmopathy in outpatients at our Neuro-ophthalmology clinic during last resurgence of COVID-19 in China, and demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection could induce an initial onset or a relapse of ophthalmic diseases, and that ocular involvement might manifest as the initial or even the only presentation of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Pneumonia from COVID-19 that results in ARDS may require invasive mechanical ventilation. This retrospective study assessed the characteristics and outcomes of subjects with COVID-19-associated ARDS versus ARDS (non-COVID) during the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The primary objective was to determine whether mechanical ventilation duration differed between these cohorts and identify other potential contributory factors. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 73 subjects admitted between March 1 and August 12, 2020, with either COVID-19-associated ARDS (37) or ARDS (36) who were managed with the lung protective ventilator protocol and required >48 h of mechanical ventilation. Exclusion criteria were the following:

Arterial stiffness was reported with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We studied atherosclerosis in COVID-19 directly through duplex ultrasound measurements and their relation to co-morbidities, clinical and laboratory severity markers, and serum interleukin (IL) 6 and 17. Serum IL 6 and 17, average carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), diameter and peak systolic velocities (PSV) of tibial, ulnar, radial arteries, and ankle brachial index (ABI) were measured in 44 COVID-19 patients and 44 healthy controls. Serum IL6, IL17, PSV, and cIMT were higher while diameter was lower (P ≤.01) in cases. Clinical severity index correlated positively with age, co-morbidities, ferritin, IL6, IL17, cIMT, and PSV (P ≤.04) and negatively with diameter and ABI (P =.04). Patients with severe lymphopenia had higher PSV, IL6, and IL17 and lower diameter (P <.00001). Ferritin positively correlated with PSV and negatively with diameter and ABI (P ≤.01). Those who received an IL6 inhibitor (tocilizumab) showed lower PSV and higher diameter (P ≤.01). In multiple regression analysis, IL17 and (age, co-morbidities) were related to (PSV, diameter) and cIMT (P ≤.001, ≤0.02), respectively. COVID-19 may be associated with subclinical acute and may be reversible atherosclerosis severely involving peripheral arteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics and outcomes of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19) in patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI), and analyze the risk factors of outcomes. Methods The clinical data of COVID-19 patients with AI in Peking Union Medical College Hospital in December 2022 were analyzed retrospectively and the patients were followed up to collect outcomes of their diseases. Results Among 28 COVID-19 patients with AI, 20 cases (71.4%) received basal corticosteroid replacement. Among the 18 patients with community-acquired COVID-19, 11 cases (61.1%) increased the corticosteroid dosage proactively at home. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 were fever (96.4%), gastrointestinal symptoms (82.1%) and consciousness disturbance (78.6%). Occurrence of severe consciousness disturbance was associated with older age and lower basal corticosteroid replacement dose(P＜0.05). Adrenal crisis(AC) occurred in 20 patients(71.4%), which was associated with lower basal corticosteroid replacement dose, hypochloremia, lower eosinophil, lower platelet, and longer activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT)(P＜0.05). 2 patients died during hospitalization.26.3 % (5/19) of surviving patient′s recovered consciousness longer than 48 hours. Delayed recovery of consciousness was associated with lower systolic pressure, higher blood creatinine, and higher fibrinogen(P＜0.05). Long COVID-19 symptoms such as fatigue and poor appetite occurred in 48.0 % (12/25) of patients. Among patients with increased corticosteroid dosage, 50.0 % (12/24) had their dose reduced to baseline within 3 weeks. Conclusions COVID-19 patients with AI have a high frequency of consciousness disturbance and AC. AI patients are lack of awareness of adjusting corticosteroid dosage proactively in case of infection stress, thus education of “sick day rules” for AI patients should be strengthened in clinical practice.

Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics and outcomes of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI), and analyze the risk factors of outcomes. Methods The clinical data of COVID-19 patients with AI in Peking Union Medical College Hospital in December 2022 were analyzed retrospectively and the patients were followed up to collect outcomes of their diseases. Results Among 28 COVID-19 patients with AI, 20 cases (71.4%) received basal corticosteroid replacement. Among the 18 patients with community-acquired COVID-19, 11 cases (61.1%) increased the corticosteroid dosage proactively at home. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 were fever (96.4%), gastrointestinal symptoms (82.1%) and consciousness disturbance (78.6%). Occurrence of severe consciousness disturbance was associated with older age and lower basal corticosteroid replacement dose(P＜0.05). Adrenal crisis(AC) occurred in 20 patients(71.4%), which was associated with lower basal corticosteroid replacement dose, hypochloremia, lower eosinophil, lower platelet, and longer activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT)(P＜0.05). 2 patients died during hospitalization.26.3 % (5/19) of surviving patient′s recovered consciousness longer than 48 hours. Delayed recovery of consciousness was associated with lower systolic pressure, higher blood creatinine, and higher fibrinogen(P＜0.05). Long COVID-19 symptoms such as fatigue and poor appetite occurred in 48.0 % (12/25) of patients. Among patients with increased corticosteroid dosage, 50.0 % (12/24) had their dose reduced to baseline within 3 weeks. Conclusions COVID-19 patients with AI have a high frequency of consciousness disturbance and AC. AI patients are lack of awareness of adjusting corticosteroid dosage proactively in case of infection stress, thus education of “sick day rules” for AI patients should be strengthened in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTThe United Nations reported that the mortality risk of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is five times higher in the elderly than the global average. Although the COVID-19 vaccine effectively prevents infections and reduce mortality among the elderly, vaccine hesitancy among the Chinese elderly poses a significant threat. This study, utilizing the “Confidence, Convenience and Complacency (3 Cs)” vaccine hesitancy model, aimed to explore factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy among the Chinese elderly and assess national countermeasures and potential improvement approaches. Thirteen elderly with vaccine hesitancy and eleven vaccine-related staff participated in semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis revealed three key determinants of vaccine hesitancy among the elderly: perceived low threat of COVID-19, lack of confidence in COVID-19 vaccine, and poor accessibility to vaccination. China has implemented strategies, including advocacy through diverse channels, joint multi-sectoral promotion vaccination, and enhancing ongoing vaccination services. Recommendations from the vaccine-related staff emphasize improving vaccine awareness among the elderly, and prioritizing the vaccination environment and process. The study underscores the importance of targeted vaccination promotion programs addressing hesitation reasons to improve vaccination rates. Furthermore, existing countermeasures can serve as a foundation for enhancing vaccination strategies, including improved publicity, administration, and management approaches.

Tati Herlina,1 Abd Wahid Rizaldi Akili,1 Vicki Nishinarizki,1 Ari Hardianto,1 Jalifah Latip2 1Department of Chemistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia; 2Department of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, MalaysiaCorrespondence: Tati Herlina, Email tati.herlina@unpad.ac.idPurpose: This study aimed to screen potential drug candidates from the flavonoids of the genus Erythrina for the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment.Patients and Methods: A comprehensive screening was conducted on the structures of 473 flavonoids derived from the genus Erythrina, focusing on their potential toxicity and pharmacokinetic profiles. Subsequently, flavonoids that were non-toxic and possessed favorable pharmacokinetic properties underwent further analysis to explore their interactions with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, employing molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations.Results: Among 473 flavonoids, 104 were predicted to be safe from being mutagenic, hepatotoxic, and inhibitors of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG). Among these 104 flavonoids, 18 compounds were predicted not to be substrates of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Among these 18 flavonoids, gangetinin ( 471) and erybraedin D ( 310) exhibit low binding affinities and root mean square deviation (RMSD) values, indicating stable binding to the ACE2 receptor. The physicochemical attributes of compounds 310 and 471 suggest that they possess drug-like properties.Conclusion: Gangetinin ( 471) and erybraedin D ( 310) may serve as promising candidates for COVID-19 treatment due to their potential to inhibit the ACE2-RBD interaction. This warrants further investigation into their inhibitory effects on ACE2-RBD binding through in vitro experiments. Keywords: structure-based virtual screening, Erythrina, flavonoids, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, corona virus disease 2019

Background: The incidence of adverse events following the administration of COVID-19 vaccination was significantly related to the total number of doses administered. This study aimed to assess the association between COVID-19 vaccines and the risk of adverse effects occurrence among Zagazig University Personnel. Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study included 1041 participants, who have taken 1 or more of COVID-19 doses. They were divided into those who had taken either Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Sinopharm, Sinovac, Moderna, Johnson, or Sputnik vaccine. Data were collected from using a designated questionnaire. The frequency of the adverse reactions was estimated. Results: There is a significant difference between vaccine type and adverse effects of different vaccines (like local pain, fever, headache, myalgia, and chills) among the studied group who received the first dose, 2nd dose, or 3rd doses of vaccines, also between vaccine type and abdominal adverse effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or abdominal pain), between vaccine type and all of the following respiratory(cough, runny nose, sore throat, dyspnea), cardiac adverse effects (palpitations), abdominal adverse effects of different vaccines among the studied group who received the 1st or 2nd or 3rd doses of different types of vaccines (with a p-value of <0.001 for all significant previous differences). People who received Sinopharm had the highest vaccine with no or minimal side effects followed by Sinovac. Conclusion: Vaccinations against COVID-19 come with some mild side effects. Safest vaccine was Sinovac, dangerous side effects as dyspnea and chest pain were associated with Pfizer vaccine while the vaccine accompanied by many side effects was AstraZeneca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For all humanity, the sudden outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019 has been an important problem. Timely and effective media coverage is considered to be one of the effective approaches to control the spread of epidemic in early stage. In this paper, a Sentiment‐enabled Susceptible‐Exposed‐Infected‐Recovered (SEIR) model is established to reveal the relationship between the propagation of the epidemic and media coverage. The authors take the positive and negative media coverage into consideration when implementing the Sentiment‐enabled SEIR model. This model is constructed by parameterizing the number of current confirmed cases, cumulative cured cases, cumulative deaths, and media coverage. The numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis are conducted based on the Sentiment‐enabled SEIR model. The numerical analysis confirms the rationality of the Sentiment‐enabled SEIR model. The sensitivity analysis shows that positive media coverage acts a pivotal part in reducing the figure for confirmed cases. Negative media coverage has an effect on the figure for confirmed cases is not as significant as that of positive media coverage, but it is not negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of critical medical equipment, particularly ventilators, the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has heightened the importance of reliable respiratory support systems. Ventilators, designed to aid patient breathing, confront the challenge of delivering consistent air pressure and flow. This study explores the effectiveness of two control methods in ventilator systems: conventional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control and an advanced nonlinear PID control. The former employs a fixed formula for system regulation, while the latter adopts an adaptive mechanism, offering potential improvements in responsiveness to patient-specific needs. This investigation centers on the formulation and generalization of a robust, calculus-based controller for ventilators, with a particular focus on the nonlinear control method. The efficiency of these control methods in ventilator units was assessed, comparing traditional PID and nonlinear PID controllers. It was found that both methods exhibited an equivalent error percentage between reference and actual air pressures, quantified at approximately 0.94 mbar. This similarity highlights the effectiveness of the nonlinear PID controller, matching the precision of the traditional approach. Crucially, the nonlinear PID controller demonstrated a faster response time, indicating an enhanced capability for rapid adjustments in response to sudden patient demand changes. This feature is particularly significant in critical care environments, where swift adaptation of ventilator settings is essential for patient safety. The study emphasizes the control systems of ventilators, rather than their complete mechanical design, with the term 'error' specifically referring to the variance between desired and actual air pressures. The results of this research suggest that the nonlinear PID controller represents a significant advancement over existing methods. Its rapid response capabilities offer a promising avenue for improving patient safety and adaptability in challenging clinical scenarios. The investigation underscores the potential of nonlinear PID control in ventilator systems, positioning it as a superior alternative in specific medical contexts. This work contributes to the ongoing development of more responsive and patient-tailored approaches in mechanical ventilation, highlighting the convergence of advanced control theory and practical healthcare applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study was to determine the outcome of emergency surgery in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with regard to presently existing physical status, and highlight its subspecialty distribution. This retrospective observational study was done on all patients who underwent emergency surgery between March 2020 and Dec 2021 and were positive for COVID-19. Data collection included the age of the patients, gender, diagnosis, the type of surgery performed, and outcome. Physical status was assessed, as per Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale (MMRC) and Metabolic Equivalent Scale (METS). A total of 89 patients were analyzed from March 2020 to Dec 2021. There were 63 females and 26 males. The average age of the males was 53.8 ± 8.9 years and the average age of the females was 29.1 ± 4.6 years. The maximum number of surgeries done was lower segment cesarean section (57.3%). 55 out of 60 (91%) cases had a good grade on the MMRC scale (Grade 0 and 1). 3 patients had Grade 4 MMRC scale and all 3 were oncology cases. As per the METS scale, 56/60 (93.3%) patients had METS >10. This study has demonstrated that 55 out of 60 (91%) of cases had a good grade on the MMRC scale (Grade 0 and 1) 6 months to 1-year post-surgery. As per the METS scale, 56/60 (93.3%) patients had METS >10. Most of the cases were asymptomatic COVID-19-positive and presently have good physical status as determined by the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by abnormal urine test or progressive kidney function decline. Patients with CKD are at a higher risk of COVID-19 infection with higher conversion and mortality rates after infection for their reduced kidney function, long-term use of immunosuppressive agents or combination of underlying diseases. Therefore, rational drug use is particularly important for CKD patients combined with COVID-19 infection. This article summarizes special considerations for the use of relevant medications in patients with CKD by integrating the current evidence of medications for the treatment of COVID-19 infection, including antiviral drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, antithrombotic drugs, convalescent plasma and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, as well as commonly used symptomatic drugs of respiratory system (such as antfebrile, antisputum and cough medicine and anti-allergic drugs), high lighting the modified medication regiments according to kidney function levels, in order to provide a reference for clinical professionals, assist in clinical decision-making and rational drug use, and ensure clinical efficacy and safety.

Background: Reactivation of EBV after novel coronavirus infection is common, and co-infection with EBV in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia may lead to more severe clinical manifestations, prolong the duration of the underlying disease, or precipitate the progression of post novel coronavirus syndrome. EBV-induced hemophagocytic syndrome is a rare and life-threatening condition, and there are no reports of EBV reactivation leading to hemophagocytic syndrome after novel coronavirus infection. Case presentation: Here, we report a case of a 73-year-old man with EBV reactivation after novel coronavirus infection, who was diagnosed with hemophagocytic syndrome after bone marrow aspiration and died after being treated with acyclovir, dexamethasone. Conclusions: the aim of this report is to increase clinical awareness of this type of disease for early recognition and treatment.

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infectious disease characterized by respiratory symptoms, and there is no specific treatment so far. In addition to general preventive measures, vaccination is a safe and effective measure. However, due to the group particularity of pregnant and lactating women, there are doubts about the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine, resulting in a low coverage rate of COVID-19 vaccine and a relative lack of relevant data. However, with a series of physiological changes during pregnancy, pregnant women are more likely to be infected with the novel coronavirus, and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes increases. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the evidence of the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine in pregnant women, so as to provide references for subsequent relevant studies and safety evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research aimed to analyze the application and outcome of several common antiviral drugs and the traditional Chinese medicine formulations for COVID-19 during the early months (January 20, 2020 to December 30, 2020) of the epidemics in China. Patients were clinically classified into mild, common, severe, and critical types based on their clinical symptoms, pulmonary imaging findings, and complications. During the study period, antiviral treatment was administered to 482 patients, with 342 patients receiving a combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine, accounting for 80.60% and 57.19% of the discharged COVID-19 patients (598 cases), respectively. The main treatment consisted of monotherapy with lopinavir/ritonavir, arbidol, and chloroquine phosphate, with a need to change the treatment regimen in 29.88% of patients. Three traditional Chinese medicine formulations--Huoxiangzhengqi Liquid, Lianhuaqingwen Jiaonang, and Shufeng Jiedu Jiaonang--were used for COVID-19 treatment and showed good curing effects for patients with mild common clinical classification. Antiviral-related adverse effects were experienced by a total of 142 patients (29.46%). To sum up, antiviral and TCM treatments remain the mainstays of therapy for COVID-19 and show good effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although previous studies have provided data on early pandemic periods of alcohol and substance use in adolescents, more adequate studies are needed to predict the trends of alcohol and substance use during recent periods, including the mid-pandemic period. This study investigated the changes in alcohol and substance use, except tobacco use, throughout the pre-, early-, and mid-pandemic periods in adolescents using a nationwide serial cross-sectional survey from South Korea. Methods: Data on 1,109,776 Korean adolescents aged 13–18 years from 2005 to 2021 were obtained in a survey operated by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. We evaluated adolescents' alcohol and substance consumption prevalence and compared the slope of alcohol and substance prevalence before and during the COVID-19 pandemic to see the trend changes. We define the pre-COVID-19 period as consisting of four groups of consecutive years (2005–2008, 2009–2012, 2013–2015, and 2016–2019). The COVID-19 pandemic period is composed of 2020 (early-pandemic era) and 2021 (mid-pandemic era). Results: More than a million adolescents successfully met the inclusion criteria. The weighted prevalence of current alcohol use was 26.8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 26.4–27.1] from 2005 to 2008 and 10.5% (95% CI 10.1–11.0) in 2020 and 2021. The weighted prevalence of substance use was 1.1% (95% CI 1.1–1.2) from 2005 to 2008 and 0.7% (95% CI 0.6–0.7) between 2020 and 2021. From 2005 to 2021, the overall trend of use of both alcohol and drugs was found to decrease, but the decline has slowed since COVID-19 epidemic (current alcohol use: βdiff 0.167; 95% CI 0.150–0.184; substance use: βdiff 0.152; 95% CI 0.110–0.194). The changes in the slope of current alcohol and substance use showed a consistent slowdown with regard to sex, grade, residence area, and smoking status from 2005 to 2021. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of alcohol consumption and substance use among over one million Korean adolescents from the early and mid-stage (2020–2021) of the COVID-19 pandemic showed a slower decline than expected given the increase during the prepandemic period (2005–2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart rate variability ( HRV) is a noninvasive index for evaluating cardiac autonomic function, which is closely related to many diseases. It could be used for disease screening, risk stratification, diagnosis and treatment, efficacy evaluation and so on. With the development of technology and optimization of algorithms, the application of HRV in pacemakers and wearable devices has developed further. This paper mainly illustrates the research background, progress in clinical application and research trends of HRV, and looks forward to the research directions in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the worldwide pandemic of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the safety of anti-infection drugs arouses more and more attention. Hydroxychloroquine alone or combined with azithromycin could cause prolonged QT interval in the ECGs of patients with COVID-19, which may induce severe arrhythmia. According to the clinical evidences reported at home and abroad, the changes of QT interval in COVID-19 patients should be strictly monitored. This paper reviews on the drugs leading to prolonged QT interval, inflammation, age and other factors in COVID-19 patients, and their impact on the prognosis, in order to provide references for clinicians to optimize the treatment options of COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective Studies have shown that the incidence and severity of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with lung cancer are higher than those in healthy people. At present, the main anti-tumor treatments for lung cancer include surgery, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and anti-angiogenesis therapy. While the effects of different anti-tumor treatments on the occurrence and severity of COVID-19 pneumonia are not uniform. Therefore, we aimed to describe clinical characteristics and antitumor therapy of patients with lung cancer and COVID-19 pneumonia, and examined risk factors for severity in this population. Methods From December 1, 2022 to February 15, 2023, a retrospective study was conducted in 217 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and pathologically confirmed lung cancer in the Jinling Hospital. We collected data about patients' clinical features, antitumor treatment regimen within 6 months, and the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. Risk factors for occurrence and severity of COVID-19 pneumonia were identified by univariable and multivariable Logistic regression models. Results (1) Among the 217 patients included, 51 (23.5%) developed COVID-19 pneumonia, of which 42 (82.4%) were classified as medium and 9 (17.6%) were classified as severe; (2) Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed overweight (OR=2.405, 95%CI: 1.095-5.286) and intrapulmonary focal radiotherapy (OR=2.977, 95%CI: 1.071-8.274) are risk factors for increasing occurrence of COVID-19 pneumonia, while other therapies are not; (3) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) history (OR=7.600, 95%CI: 1.430-40.387) was more likely to develop severe pneumonia and anti-tumor therapies such as intrapulmonary focal radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy did not increase severity. Conclusion Intrapulmonary focal radiation therapy within 6 months increased the incidence of COVID-19 pneumonia, but did not increase the severity. However, there was no safety concern for chemotherapy, targeted therapy, surgery and immunotherapy.

Objective: We update and expand our 2010 article in this journal, Patient safety in dermatology: A review of the literature [4][DH1]. Methods: PubMed at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) was searched September 2019 for English language articles published between 2009 and 2019 concerning patient safety and medical error in dermatology. Potentially relevant articles and communications were critically evaluated by the authors with selected references from 2020 added to include specific topics: medication errors, diagnostic errors including telemedicine, office-based surgery, wrong-site procedures, infections including COVID-19, falls, laser safety, scope of practice, and electronic health records. Summary: Hospitals and clinics are adopting the methods of high-reliability organizations to identify and change ineffective practice patterns. Although systems issues are emphasized in patient safety, people are critically important to effective teamwork and leadership. Advancements in procedural and cosmetic dermatology, organizational and clinical guidelines, and the revolution in information technology and electronic health records have introduced new sources of potential error. Conclusion: Despite the growing number of dermatologic patient safety studies, our review supports a continuing need for further studies and reports to reduce the number of preventable errors and provide optimal care.

Objective To dynamically detect the changes of serum specific IgM and IgG antibodies in patients with corona virus disease 2019（COVID-19) during convalescence and to explore their influencing factors. Methods Sixty COVID-19 recovered patients were selected, including 32 cases of mild-moderate type and 28 cases of severe-critical type. The serum IgM and IgG antibody levels of the patients at discharge and at week 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 after discharge were detected by chemiluminescence method, and the positive rate was calculated and the positive time was recorded. The risk factors for the antibody positive duration of serum IgM and IgG were analyzed by COX model, and the risk factors for the peak of serum IgG antibody were analyzed by linear regression method. Results The median levels of serum IgM an‐ tibody in 60 patients were 3. 62, 1. 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, and 0 s/co at discharge and at week 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 after discharge, respectively. The median levels of serum IgG antibody were 42. 68, 62. 00, 51. 43, 48. 16, 30. 65, 19. 14, and 12. 99 s/co, respectively. The positive rates of serum IgG antibody at discharge and at week 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 after discharge were 100%, 100%, 100%, 91. 6%, 71. 2%, 54. 1% and 20. 3%, respectively. The median duration of positive IgM and IgG antibodies were 4 weeks （95%CI 3. 10-4. 91) and 20 weeks （95%CI 19. 02-20. 98), respectively, after discharge. During the rehabilitation period, there was no statistically significant difference in the median duration of positive IgM antibody between the mild-moderate group and the severe-critical group （P>0. 05), the median duration of positive IgG antibody in the former was shorter than that in the latter （P<0. 05). COX univariate and multivariate analysis showed that the duration of positive serum IgM antibody was not related to gender, age, underlying diseases or clinical clas‐ sification （all P>0. 05), and clinical classification was an independent risk factor for the duration of positive serum IgG antibody（P<0. 05). The peak of serum IgG antibody was higher in patients older than 60 years old, with underlying dis‐ eases and in the severe-critical group （all P<0. 05). The peak of serum IgG antibody was higher in the severe-critical group, and the clinical classification was an independent risk factor affecting the peak of serum IgG antibody （P<0. 05). Conclusions The levels and positive rates of specific IgM and IgG antibody antibodies in COVID-19 patients gradually decrease during the rehabilitation period. The severe-critical COVID-19 cases have longer duration of positive IgG anti‐ body and higher peak during the rehabilitation period than the mild-moderate cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesWe aimed to determine publication trends in leading clinical research journals (impact factor >20) during the rise of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to check for an increase in publication times of non-COVID-19 original research articles.MethodsWe collected publication data from five print-based medical journals and one online journal--JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, The Lancet (Lancet), The New England Journal of Medicine, Annals of Internal Medicine, The BMJ (BMJ), and BMC Medicine (BMC Med)--for the December 2019 through May 2020 period. We categorized each article as either "COVID-19-related" or "non-COVID-19-related". When available, we further extracted data on submission-to-acceptance dates and acceptance-to-publication dates for original research articles for the January through July 2019 and January through July 2020 periods. We compared the time from submission to publication for non-COVID-19 original research articles during the two periods and tested for statistical significance with a one-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum test.ResultsWe found that non-COVID-19-related articles began decreasing in volume as COVID-19-related articles increased. In BMJ and Lancet, the COVID-19-related articles began overtaking the non-COVID-19-related articles in number during April and May 2020. However, COVID-19-related primary research articles only began consistently appearing in journal issues during May 2020. Only BMJ and BMC Med publicly recorded complete data regarding their publication timelines. After removing outliers, we found that the mean time from submission to publication for articles published in BMJ from January through July 2019 was 204 days (median: 194 days; IQR: 163-236), and from January through July 2020 was 223 days (median: 218 days; IQR: 177-261) (p=0.04). In BMC Med, the mean time from submission to publication from February through July 2019 was 153 days (median: 150 days; IQR: 123-181), and from February through July 2020 was 163 days (median: 157 days; IQR: 132-191) (p=0.06).  Conclusion: We discovered a steadily increasing trend in the percentage of COVID-19-related articles and a concomitant decreasing trend in the percentage of non-COVID-19-related articles published in high-impact print journals during the period from December 2019 through May 2020. For non-COVID-19-related articles published in BMJ, we found a statistically significant increase upon comparing the submission-to-publication times for the period from January through July 2020 with the submission-to-publication times for the period from January through July 2019.

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has become a major public health issue affecting human health. The main goal of epidemic prevention and control at the current stage in China is to “protect people’s health and prevent severe cases”. Patients with lung cancer who receive antitumor therapy have low immunity, and the risk of severe illness and death once infected is much higher than healthy people, so they are vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. At present, less attention has been paid to the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection in patients with lung cancer in domestic guidelines and consensus. Based on the published data in China and abroad, we proposed recommendations and formed expert consensus on the vaccination of COVID-19, the use of neutralizing antibodies and small molecule antiviral drugs for patients with lung cancer, for physician’s reference.

The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created a global health and economic crisis. Our studies uncovered that in addition to respiratory symptoms, liver damage is also common in COVID-19 patients; however, the cause of liver damage has not been fully elucidated. In this article, we summarize the clinical manifestations and pathological features of COVID-19 reported in published relevant studies and delineate the etiology and pathogenesis of COVID-19-related liver injury. We speculate that cold stimulation may be associated with COVID-19-related liver injury, which should be considered in clinical decision-making and treatment of COVID-19 in cold regions.

Objective To explore epidemiological and clinical characteristics of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19) in southern Liaoning Province aiming for its pathogenesis and providing evidence to support and optimize the diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed by collecting the case information, case history and clinical indicators in 24 hours of admission including asymptomatic and mild/moderate type confirmed cases from February 2020 to January 2021 in southern Liaoning Province. The epidemiological characteristics were studied by descriptive analysis.The clinical characteristics of asymptomatic infection group and mild/moderate infection group were compared by t test, Mann-Whitney U test or pearson χ2 test. The differential indexes were included in the binary Logistic regression model for further analysis. Results In 218 cases of COVID-19, 59 were asymptomatic(27.06%) and 159 were mild/moderate(72.94%). The ratio of males to females was 0.79∶1.00. Among all the patients,155 cases(71.10%) aged 31-60 years old, 78 cases(35.78%) were workers and 212 cases(97.25%) were located in Dalian. There were significant differences in age, length of hospital stay, platelet(PLT), lactic dehydrogenase(LDH), total protein(TP), albumin (ALB), blood uric acid (BUA) and c-reactive protein (CRP) between the two groups. The logistic regression model showed that age, LDH and CRP were the risk factors of clinical symptoms after virus infection (P＜0.05). Conclusions In southern Liaoning Province most of COVID-19 cases are mild/moderate. The majority of patients come from Dalian and the main age distribution is 31-60 years old. In terms of clinical diagnosis and treatment, it is suggested that LDH and CRP should be examined as soon as possible for older risk population, that may support early prediction of the disease progress and take more effective prevention and control measures.

The "5·21" epidemic in Guangzhou was the first local outbreak in China caused by the COVID-19 mutation (Delta). This study analyzed the statistical characteristics, diffusion network, and prevention and control management of the epidemic domestically and globally, using infected persons during the "5·21" epidemic in Guangzhou as an example. The research methods include statistical analysis, text analysis and social network analysis. The research conclusions showed: (1) that most infected people during the epidemic were older adults. The virus incubation period was short and spread quickly. Furthermore, nucleic acid detection and screening can accurately control the risk of virus transmission within a known range. The virus's travel path in Guangzhou helped clarify the transmission chain timeously and cut off the transmission route. (2) The infected persons in Guanzhou were distributed in fragments and distributed throughout the region, town streets, key areas, and designated prevention and control management areas. The infected persons were clustered in a few towns and streets in Guangzhou. The epidemic spread in Guangzhou is mainly due to interpersonal contact and has airborne spread characteristics. (3) The virus spread happened in "cluster" and "chain" formations. This network presents "small world" characteristics as a whole. In Guangzhou, nodes with high index values at the network node level have established extensive contact relations with other nodes and are on the key path of the epidemic contact diffusion network. They are the key objects of hierarchical and classified epidemic prevention and control management. (4) The "5·21" epidemic situation in Guangzhou shows the hierarchical and classified prevention and control management measures should include 10 aspects: access management, community control, home isolation, demand guarantee, domestic waste treatment, environment disinfection, health monitoring and services, nucleic acid detection, publicity and guidance, control lifting.

Both diabetes and Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are seriously harmful to human health, and they are closely related. It is of great significance to find drugs that can simultaneously treat diabetes and COVID-19. Based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19, this study first sorted out the compounds of Guizhou Miao medicine with “return to the lung channel” and “clear heat and detoxify” effects in China. The active components against COVID-19 were screened by molecular docking with SARS-CoV-2 PLpro and angiotensin-converting enzyme II as targets. Furthermore, the common target dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) of diabetes and COVID-19 was used as a screening protein, and molecular docking was used to obtain potential components for the treatment of diabetes and COVID-19. Finally, the mechanism of potential ingredients in the treatment of diabetes and COVID-19 was explored with bioinformatics. More than 80 kinds of Miao medicine were obtained, and 584 compounds were obtained. Further, 110 compounds against COVID-19 were screened, and top 6 potential ingredients for the treatment of diabetes and COVID-19 were screened, including 3-O-β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1-6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, Glycyrrhizic acid, Sequoiaflavone, 2-O-Caffeoyl maslinic acid, Pholidotin, and Ambewelamide A. Bioinformatics analysis found that their mechanism of action in treating diabetes and COVID-19 may be related to regulating the expression of DPP4, angiotensin II type 1 receptor, vitamin D receptor, plasminogen, chemokine C–C-motif receptor 6, and interleukin 2. We believe that Guizhou Miao medicine is rich in potential ingredients for the treatment of diabetes and COVID-19.

Vaccination is a compelling measure to battle infectious diseases and protect public health. However, because of the constraints on human cognition, it is difficult to ensure that vaccines are safe. Adverse reactions to immunization can cause individual injury. In numerous countries, no-fault programs have been established to compensate individuals for vaccine-related injuries. China also established a vaccine injury compensation system with its own unique characteristics. The Vaccine Administration Law was promulgated in 2019 to establish a compensation system for those who experience adverse reactions following immunization; nevertheless, the compensation system is imperfect. Even when the applicable terms are applied to deal with vaccine-related injuries, some issues remain, such as unreasonable diagnosis and evaluation procedures for adverse reactions, excessively strict standards regarding proof and inconsistent compensation standards across the country. Therefore, to provide effective compensation for vaccine recipients, it is important to clarify the standards of proof and establish a sensible vaccine injury compensation system that includes Corona Virus Disease 2019 vaccine-injury compensation.

Objective To understand the psychological status of patients with asymptomatic infection of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the mobile cabin hospital and related influencing factors, so as to provide data support for nursing work.Methods 110 patients with asymptomatic infection of COVID-19 in a mobile cabin hospital in Shanghai from April 25 to May 8,2022 were selected.The psychological status of the patients was assessed with symptom self-rating scale, self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale, and the related influencing factors were analyzed.Results The scores of somatization and anxiety factors of the patients were higher than the domestic norms, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) .The scores of somatization, anxiety factors and SAS in female patients were significantly higher than those in male patients, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) .There were statistically significant differences in the scores compulsion, anxiety, paranoia factors and SAS between the patients <60 years old and patients ≥60 years old (P<0.05) .Gender, age, course of disease and basic disease were independent risk factors for anxiety (P<0.05) .Conclusion The patients with asymptomatic infection of COVID-19 in mobile cabin hospital have certain psychological stress reactions.In addition to giving active and effective medical treatment, timely psychological counseling and nursing intervention are equally important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has been spreading all over the world for more than two years. Though several kinds of vaccines are currently available, emergence of new variants, spike mutations and immune escape have raised new challenges. Pregnant women are vulnerable to respiratory infections due to their altered immune defence and surveillance functions. Besides, whether pregnant persons should receive a COVID-19 vaccine is still under debate because limited data are available on the efficacy and safety of receiving a vaccine during pregnancy. Physiological features and lack of effective protection making pregnant women at high risk of getting infected. Another concern is that pregnancy may trigger the onset of underlying existing neurological disease, which is highly similar to those neurological symptoms of pregnant women caused by COVID-19. These similarities interfere with diagnosis and delay timely and effective management. Therefore, providing efficient emergency support for pregnant women suffering from neurological symptoms caused by COVID-19 remains a challenge among neurologists and obstetricians. To improve the diagnosis and treatment efficiency of pregnant women with neurological symptoms, we propose an emergency management framework based on the clinicians' experience and available resources. This emergency care system aimed at addressing the conundrums faced by the emergency guarantee system under COVID-19 pandemic and could serve as a potential multisystem project for clinical practice and medical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has become a major public health issue affecting human health. The main goal of epidemic prevention and control at the current stage in China is to "protect people's health and prevent severe cases". Patients with lung cancer who receive antitumor therapy have low immunity, and the risk of severe illness and death once infected is much higher than healthy people, so they are vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. At present, less attention has been paid to the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection in patients with lung cancer in domestic guidelines and consensus. Based on the published data in China and abroad, we proposed recommendations and formed expert consensus on the vaccination of COVID-19, the use of neutralizing antibodies and small molecule antiviral drugs for patients with lung cancer, for physician's reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective　To explore the pathogenic characteristics, etiology, pathogenesis, and evolution of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), with the aim to provide a reference for the prevention, control, and treatment of epidemics. Methods　(ⅰ)Data statistics. Using 15 studies that documented the cold and heat conditions of patients with COVID-19 on admission from January 2020 to June 2022, we counted the number and frequency of cases corresponding to the cold and heat types upon hospital admission. Based on 12 clinical reports on variant strains of COVID-19 before July 2022, we evaluated the etiological properties of different variants of COVID-19. (ⅱ)Literature research. By referring to the literature on the related theories of COVID-19, we discuss the pathogenic characteristics and evolution of COVID- 19 from the aspects of clinical manifestations, principles and methods of treatment, prescriptions, and drugs. Results　Damp pestilence epidemic toxin is the main etiological property of COVID-19 and its variant strains. Aversion to cold and fever can be seen in the early stage. Most patients showed low or moderate fever, while some present alternate attacks of cold and fever, or hiding fever. Some asymptomatic infected patients with COVID-19 had pulmonary inflammation manifestations. Pulmonary imaging may show multiple small patchy shadows and pulmonary interstitial changes, as well as altered laboratory indicators such as decreased leukocyte and lymphocyte counts. The mid-term clinical manifestations are mainly pulmonary system lesions and spleen and stomach system lesions. Patients with severe disease may showed dyspnea, mental disorder, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute kidney injury, liver function impairment, and other complications. Besides, some recovered patients displayed re-positive result in nucleic acid testing. In clinical practice, relieving superficies and clearing interior, eliminating dampness, and removing toxicity can achieve better efficacy. Conclusion　The pathogenesis of COVID- 19 involves damp pestilence epidemic toxin entering from the mouth and nose, before remaining latent in the upper pleurodiaphragmatic spaces. In the early stage of the disease, the damp pestilence epidemic toxin may leave the upper pleurodiaphragmatic spaces. At this time, the patient showed symptoms of both superficies-syndrome and interior syndrome. In the middle stage, the damp pestilence epidemic toxin changes inward, affecting the lung and spleen, with damp blockage of the middle energizer serving as the core pathogenesis. In the severe stage, the toxin heats of damp pestilence epidemic might enter yingfen and xuefen. The symptoms of some patients' qi syndrome still exist, the damp pestilence epidemic toxin has entered into yingfen and xuefen, which manifests as intense heat in both qi and ying systems. In the recovery period, the main pathogenesis is the lack of vital qi with lingering remnant pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction During the initial Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic wave, sparse personal protection equipment made telephone triage of suscpeted COVID-19 patients for ambulance transport necessary. To spare resources, stable patients were often treated and released on-scene, but reports from Italy suggested that some later detoriated. We implemented a prehospital sit-stand test to identify patients in risk for detoriation. Methods The test was implemented as part of a new guideline in stable suspected COVID-19 patients younger than 70 years with no risk factors for serious disease triaged by general practitioners to ambulance response in the Central Denmark Region. Data were collected from April 6th to July 6th 2020. The primary outcome for this study was the proportion of patients treated with oxygen within 7 days among patients decompensating vs patients not decompensating during the test. Results Data on 156 patients triaged to ambulance response by general practioners were analysed. In total 86/156 (55%) were tested with the sit-stand test. Due to off-guideline use of the test, 30/86 (34.8%) were either older than 70 or had risk factors for serious disease. 10/156 (6%) of patients had a positive COVID-19-test. In total, 17/86 (20%) decompensated during the test and of these, 9/17 (53%) were treated with oxygen compared to 2/69 (3%) in patients who did not decompensate (p

Background: The impact of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on global health, has reached far beyond that caused by the disease itself. With ongoing mutations and the emergence of new strains of the virus alongside repeated waves of the pandemic, the full impact of the pandemic is still evolving and remains difficult to predict or evaluate. In paediatric surgery, it has led to significant disruptions in patient care, the extent and consequence of which are not fully documented in Nigeria. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on services, training and research in a busy paediatric surgery unit during the initial 3-month period of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Methods: This study was an ambispective evaluation of the preceding 3 months before lockdown and the initial 3 months of lockdown. Clinic cancellations, elective and emergency surgeries, delays in access, extra cost of care to patients, impact on training and research, and the psychologic impact of the pandemic on staff and guardians were evaluated. Results: During the 3-month lockdown period, an estimated 78 new cases and 637 follow-up cases could not access care. Ninety-seven elective surgeries in 91 patients were postponed. Two (2.2%) patients' symptoms progressed. All emergency patients received care. Out-of-pocket expenditure increased averagely by $124. The pandemic contributed to delays in seeking (13%), reaching (20%) and receiving care (6%). Trainee participation in surgeries was reduced and academic programmes were suspended. Five staff were exposed to the virus and 3 infected. Conclusion: Paediatric surgery has been negatively impacted by COVID-19. Efforts must focus on planning and implementing interventions to mitigate the long-term impact.

Importance This study was conducted in the early and middle stages of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in India. It helps in gaining knowledge about the virus and taking steps to prevent the pandemic. Objective To study the knowledge, attitude, and practice of patients toward COVID-19, this in turn helps to take necessary actions to prevent COVID-19-infection spread in the country. Design The prospective cross-sectional study with duration of 3 months from May 2020 to August 2020. Setting The study was conducted in Victoria Hospital, the first designated COVID-19 hospital with 1000-bedded capacity established exclusively for COVID-19 in India. Participants The study was conducted on 1000 patients aged more than 18 years attending the COVID-19-screening OPD. All patients were asked questions based on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices questionnaire. Results In our study, 63.9% patients were male and 36.1% female. Higher knowledge level was seen in males [95% confidence interval (CI) −1.12 to −0.51, P

Background and AimsResearch on the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on psychosocial function in patients with pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease (PIBD) is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the psychological status of patients with PIBD before and during the pandemic, and the relationship between mental health and disease activity.MethodsThis study was a retrospective cohort study. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the relationship between demographic, clinical data and psychological data (questionnaires) of PIBD patients before and during the epidemic. The anxiety and depression emotional status of the guardians during the pandemic were evaluated.ResultsIn the PIBD follow-up cohort, 42 patients(male 61.9%) were included. Female with PIBD had lower pediatric quality of life inventory(PedsQL) scores (P = 0.007) and higher spence children's anxiety scale(SCAS) scores (P = 0.038) than male. The pandemic did not have a substantial impact on PedsQL, pittsburgh sleep quality index(PSQI), SCAS, or children's depression inventory(CDI) in patients with PIBD. The self-rating anxiety scale(SAS) score, anxiety rate, self-rating depression scale(SDS) score, and depression rate of PIBD guardians were significantly higher than those of healthy controls (SAS, P = 0.008; SDS, P = 0.001).ConclusionsFemale children with PIBD were more vulnerable to decreased QOL and increased anxiety than male children. The anxiety and depression status of PIBD guardians were significantly higher than those of healthy controls during the COVID-19 pandemic. But the COVID-19 pandemic did not significantly affect quality of life(QOL), sleep, anxiety, or depressive mood of patients with PIBD in our study.

Objective To compare the computed tomography (CT) signs of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP),and improve the level of differential diagnosis.Methods The first CT data of 32 COVID-19 patients admitted to Bao Ding No.1 Central Hospital and Bao Ding infectious Diseases Hospital of Hebei Province and 10 PJP patients admitted to Bao Ding No.1 Central Hospital of Hebei Province from December 2019 to March 2020 were collected, and their CT signs were compared.Results The COVID-19 patients were mainly characterized by multiple lung lesions in subpleural area, and their probability of pleural parallel sign and vascular thickening sign were significantly higher than those of the PJP patients, while the probability of pulmonary balloon sign, lunar arch sign and map sign were significantly lower than those of the PJP patients, with statistical significance (P<0.05) .Conclusion COVID-19 and PJP not only share common CT features but also have typical imaging features and chest CT plays an important role in the differential diagnosis of COVID-19 and PJP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To analyze the clinical characteristics and immune function parameters and to explore the effect of hyperglycemia on the immune function in patients with Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This retrospective study included patients with COVID-19 with T2DM hospitalized in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University between January 31, 2020, and February 10, 2020. The clinical data were collected and patients were divided into a well-controlled group (blood glucose 3.9-10.0 mmol/L) and a poorly-controlled group (blood glucose >10.0 mmol/L). The differences in routine blood tests, peripheral lymphocyte subsets, humoral immune components, C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and cytokines were compared, and the correlation between blood glucose and immune parameters as well as the severity of the disease was analyzed. Results: A total of 65 patients with COVID-19 and T2DM were included in the final analysis. Compared with the well-controlled group, patients in the poorly-controlled group had decreased lymphocytes, CD16+ 56+ NK cells, CD3+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and increased neutrophil percentage, IL-6 levels, CRP levels and serum concentration of IgA. Blood glucose was inversely correlated with CD16+ 56+ NK cells, CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells and positively correlated with IL-6 and CRP levels. There was a positive correlation between blood glucose and the severity of the COVID-19. Conclusion: Hyperglycemia will aggravate the immune dysfunction of COVID-19 patients with T2DM and affect the severity of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of 2019 the most dangerous disease that have affected more than 200 countries is Covid-19 (i.e. corona virus disease 2019) spread by the virus (i.e. novel coronavirus) which is transmitted from susceptible person to survivors in his surroundings. Such an epidemicity occurs first time in the world and number of cases are in excess of normal expectancy for the different areas that's why it is not easy to overcome this pandemic circumstances immediately. However, it is a challenge to develop anti-virus drugs for the suspected patients at global level. The scientists are interested in detailed experiments on Chloroquine (CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as one of the unique substance used in the manufacturing for an anti virus drugs. For instance the Hydroxychloroquine conjugated molecular structure became an interesting chemical by the scientist. The significance of both substances can be examine by the number of publications which are leading us to introduce an effective treatment. In this paper, we are interested to discussed physcio-chemical properties of Hydroxychloroquine structure and computational work for the specific topological descriptors named as the F-co-index, first Zagreb co-index and first multiplicative Zagreb co-index, second Zagreb co-index and second multiplicative Zagreb co-index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "5·21" epidemic in Guangzhou was the first local outbreak in China caused by the COVID-19 mutation (Delta). This study analyzed the statistical characteristics, diffusion network, and prevention and control management of the epidemic domestically and globally, using infected persons during the "5·21" epidemic in Guangzhou as an example. The research methods include statistical analysis, text analysis and social network analysis. The research conclusions showed: (1) that most infected people during the epidemic were older adults. The virus incubation period was short and spread quickly. Furthermore, nucleic acid detection and screening can accurately control the risk of virus transmission within a known range. The virus's travel path in Guangzhou helped clarify the transmission chain timeously and cut off the transmission route. (2) The infected persons in Guanzhou were distributed in fragments and distributed throughout the region, town streets, key areas, and designated prevention and control management areas. The infected persons were clustered in a few towns and streets in Guangzhou. The epidemic spread in Guangzhou is mainly due to interpersonal contact and has airborne spread characteristics. (3) The virus spread happened in "cluster" and "chain" formations. This network presents "small world" characteristics as a whole. In Guangzhou, nodes with high index values at the network node level have established extensive contact relations with other nodes and are on the key path of the epidemic contact diffusion network. They are the key objects of hierarchical and classified epidemic prevention and control management. (4) The "5·21" epidemic situation in Guangzhou shows the hierarchical and classified prevention and control management measures should include 10 aspects: access management, community control, home isolation, demand guarantee, domestic waste treatment, environment disinfection, health monitoring and services, nucleic acid detection, publicity and guidance, control lifting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), millions of people have died, and the medical system has faced significant difficulties. Our purpose was to perform a meta-analysis to estimate the effect of vitamin C on in-hospital mortality and the ICU or hospital length of stay for patients diagnosed with COVID-19. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. We included studies that evaluated the effect of vitamin C supplementation, compared with standard treatment in COVID-19 patients who are ≥18 y of age. Nineteen trials were included in the meta-analysis. In-hospital mortality with and without vitamin C supplementation was 24.1% vs. 33.9% (OR = 0.59; 95%CI: 0.37 to 0.95; p = 0.03), respectively. Sub-analysis showed that, in randomized clinical trials, in-hospital mortality varied and amounted to 23.9% vs. 35.8% (OR = 0.44; 95%CI: 0.25 to 0.76; p = 0.003), respectively. In the non-randomized trials, in-hospital mortality was 24.2% vs. 33.5% (OR = 0.72; 95%CI: 0.38 to 1.39; p = 0.33), respectively. The ICU length of stay was longer in patients treated with vitamin C vs. standard therapy, 11.1 (7.3) vs. 8.3 (4.7) days (MD = 1.91; 95%CI: 0.89 to 2.93; p < 0.001), respectively. Acute kidney injury in patients treated with and without vitamin C varied and amounted to 27.8% vs. 45.0% (OR = 0.56; 95%CI: 0.40 to 0.78; p < 0.001), respectively. There were no differences in the frequency of other adverse events among patients' treatment with and without vitamin C (all p > 0.05). The use of vitamin C reduces hospital mortality. The length of stay in the ICU is longer among patients treated with vitamin C. In terms of patient safety, vitamin C has an acceptable profile. Low doses of vitamin C are effective and safe. Despite some evidence of the usefulness of vitamin C in modifying the course of COVID-19, it is too early to modify guidelines and recommendations. Further studies, in particular randomized clinical trials, are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations reported that the mortality risk of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is five times higher in the elderly than the global average. Although the COVID-19 vaccine effectively prevents infections and reduce mortality among the elderly, vaccine hesitancy among the Chinese elderly poses a significant threat. This study, utilizing the "Confidence, Convenience and Complacency (3 Cs)" vaccine hesitancy model, aimed to explore factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy among the Chinese elderly and assess national countermeasures and potential improvement approaches. Thirteen elderly with vaccine hesitancy and eleven vaccine-related staff participated in semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis revealed three key determinants of vaccine hesitancy among the elderly: perceived low threat of COVID-19, lack of confidence in COVID-19 vaccine, and poor accessibility to vaccination. China has implemented strategies, including advocacy through diverse channels, joint multi-sectoral promotion vaccination, and enhancing ongoing vaccination services. Recommendations from the vaccine-related staff emphasize improving vaccine awareness among the elderly, and prioritizing the vaccination environment and process. The study underscores the importance of targeted vaccination promotion programs addressing hesitation reasons to improve vaccination rates. Furthermore, existing countermeasures can serve as a foundation for enhancing vaccination strategies, including improved publicity, administration, and management approaches.