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Background: Diets with high inclusion of corn co-products such as corn fermented protein (CFP) may contain excess Leu, which has a negative impact on feed intake and growth performance of pigs due to increased catabolism of Val and Ile and reduced availability of Trp in the brain for serotonin synthesis. However, we hypothesized that the negative effect of using CFP in diets for weanling pigs may be overcome if diets are fortified with crystalline sources of Val, Trp, and (or) Ile. Methods: Three hundred and twenty weanling pigs were randomly allotted to one of 10 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design, with 4 pigs per pen and 8 replicate pens per treatment. A corn-soybean meal diet and 2 basal diets based on corn and 10% CFP or corn and 20% CFP were formulated. Seven additional diets were formulated by fortifying the basal diet with 20% CFP with Ile, Trp, Val, Ile and Val, Ile and Trp, Trp and Val, or Ile, Trp and Val. A two-phase feeding program was used, with d 1 to 14 being phase 1 and d 15 to 28 being phase 2. Fecal scores were recorded every other day. Blood samples were collected on d 14 and 28 from one pig per pen. On d 14, fecal samples were collected from one pig per pen in 3 of the 10 treatments to determine volatile fatty acids, ammonium concentration, and microbial protein. These pigs were also euthanized and ileal tissue was collected. Results: There were no effects of dietary treatments on any of the parameters evaluated in phase 1. Inclusion of 10% or 20% CFP in diets reduced (P < 0.05) final body weight on d 28, and average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in phase 2 and for the entire experimental period. However, pigs fed the CFP diet supplemented with Val, Ile, and Trp had final body weight, ADFI, ADG and gain to feed ratio in phase 2 and for the entire experiment that was not different from pigs fed the control diet. Fecal scores in phase 2 were reduced (P < 0.05) if CFP was used. Conclusions: Corn fermented protein may be included by up to 20% in diets for weanling pigs without affecting growth performance, gut health, or hindgut fermentation, if diets are fortified with extra Val, Trp, and Ile. Inclusion of CFP also improved fecal consistency of pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Diets with high inclusion of corn co-products such as corn fermented protein (CFP) may contain excess Leu, which has a negative impact on feed intake and growth performance of pigs due to increased catabolism of Val and Ile and reduced availability of Trp in the brain for serotonin synthesis. However, we hypothesized that the negative effect of using CFP in diets for weanling pigs may be overcome if diets are fortified with crystalline sources of Val, Trp, and (or) Ile. Methods Three hundred and twenty weanling pigs were randomly allotted to one of 10 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design, with 4 pigs per pen and 8 replicate pens per treatment. A corn-soybean meal diet and 2 basal diets based on corn and 10% CFP or corn and 20% CFP were formulated. Seven additional diets were formulated by fortifying the basal diet with 20% CFP with Ile, Trp, Val, Ile and Val, Ile and Trp, Trp and Val, or Ile, Trp and Val. A two-phase feeding program was used, with d 1 to 14 being phase 1 and d 15 to 28 being phase 2. Fecal scores were recorded every other day. Blood samples were collected on d 14 and 28 from one pig per pen. On d 14, fecal samples were collected from one pig per pen in 3 of the 10 treatments to determine volatile fatty acids, ammonium concentration, and microbial protein. These pigs were also euthanized and ileal tissue was collected. Results There were no effects of dietary treatments on any of the parameters evaluated in phase 1. Inclusion of 10% or 20% CFP in diets reduced (P

ABSTRACT: Amino acids (AA) are an expensive nutritional components of poultry diets. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is the primary co-product produced by the dry grind bioethanol industry, although new technologies are being implemented to produce high protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) and corn fermented protein (CFP), but data on their nutritive value in poultry are lacking. Two experiments (EXP) were conducted to determine the energy and AA digestibility of DDGS, HP-DDG, and CFP in poults in addition to a feeding trial to evaluate increasing dietary levels of HP-DDG and CFP on growth performance and intestinal characteristics. In EXP 1, 6 different DDGS sources were evaluated using poults to determine their nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) concentrations, and cecectomized roosters were used to determine their standardized ileal (SID) AA digestibility (SID-AA). In EXP 2, AMEn and SID-AA for HP-DDG and CFP were determined in young poults, and a feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth performance and intestinal morphology and permeability of poults fed diets containing 7.5 and 15% HP-DDG or CFP from 1 to 32 d of age. In EXP 1, the AMEn concentration among the DDGS samples ranged from 2,530 to 3,573 kcal/kg DM but was not different (P = 0.57) among the samples, with an average SID for LYS of 66.6%. In EXP 2, different (P = 0.001) AMEn concentrations for HP-DDG and CFP were observed (3,114 and 3,760 kcal/kg DM, respectively), with the SID for LYS being 66.55 and 77.00% for HP-DDG and CFP, respectively. Including HP-DDG or CFP into the diet at 7.5 and 15% had no effect (P > 0.05) on growth, feed intake, or feed conversion. Neither co-product nor its inclusion rate affected intestinal morphology and permeability (P > 0.05). Overall, DDGS, HP-DDG, and CFP are excellent sources of AMEn and digestible AA, with dietary inclusion rates of up to 15% of HP-DDG or CFP having no impact on growth or intestinal characteristics.

ABSTRACT: Three experiments were conducted to evaluate P utilization in soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM), distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn fermented protein (CFP), and wheat middlings (WM) using different assays. In Experiment 1, phytic acid disappearance (myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis; InsP6D) and inositol phosphate disappearance (InsP-PD) were determined using precision-fed cecectomized Leghorn roosters. Roosters were precision-fed 20 to 25 g of SBM, CM, DDGS, CFP, and WM. In Experiment 2, InsP6D, InsP-PD, and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of P at different Ca levels were determined using ad libitum-fed broiler chickens. Semi-purified cornstarch-dextrose-based diets containing SBM, CM, DDGS, CFP, and WM as the sole source of P were fed. All diets contained 0.21% P and limestone was added at the expense of dextrose to provide 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.75% Ca. In Experiment 3, P bioavailability relative to KH2PO4 was determined based on tibia bone ash. Experiments contained 5 to 6 replicates per treatment. In Experiment 1 with precision-fed roosters, InsP6D and InsP-PD ranged from 8 to 71% among feedstuffs, with the lowest (P < 0.05) disappearance being observed in SBM. In Experiment 2 with ad libitum-fed chickens, there was a Ca × ingredient interaction (P < 0.05) whereby increasing Ca linearly decreased (P < 0.05) InsP6D, InsP-PD, and SID of P for all feedstuffs, excluding CFP. Estimated P digestibility calculated using InsP6D in Experiment 1 was in good agreement with SID in Experiment 2 determined at 0.75% Ca, except for SBM. In Experiment 3, regression of bone ash content (mg/tibia) on supplemental P intake yielded P bioavailability values ranging from 30 to 81% among feedstuffs relative to KH2PO4, with the highest (P < 0.05) bioavailability being observed for DDGS and CFP. In conclusion, 1) InsP6D in precision-fed roosters can provide preliminary indications of P digestibility in plant-based feedstuffs, 2) SID determined at 0.75% Ca was in good agreement with other bioassays, and 3) P in DDGS and CFP was highly available compared with other feedstuffs.

Traditional distillers dried grains, co-products from the ethanol industry, can be utilized as sustainable ingredients for pet food. However, negative consumer perception prevents their widespread use. Corn fermented protein (CFP) is produced using post-fermentation separation technology, resulting in a high protein ingredient, which may increase consumer appeal compared to traditional distillers dried grains. The study objective was to compare the effect of CFP with that of traditional distillers dried grains on stool quality, nutrient digestibility, and palatability when fed to dogs. The control diet (CON) contained 15% soybean meal and the experimental diets contained 3.5% brewer’s dried yeast (BDY), 2.5% brewer’s dried yeast plus 17.5% distillers dried grains with solubles (BDY+DDGS), or 17.5% corn fermented protein (CFP). Experimental diets were fed to adult dogs (n = 12) in a 4 × 4 replicated Latin square design. Dogs were adapted to the diets for 9 days; this was followed by 5 days of total fecal collection. Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to all diets as an external marker to estimate digestibility. Data were analyzed using a mixed model in SAS, with treatment as a fixed effect and dog and period as random effects. Fecal output was greatest (p 0.05) in total short-chain or branched-chain fatty acid concentrations in the fresh fecal samples of dogs fed these dietary treatments. However, the percentage of propionate was higher (p

There has been increased interest among pet owners to feed vegetarian diets to their pets. However, the primary protein sources used in pet food today are animal based, warranting a need to evaluate novel plant-based ingredients to meet the protein demand. Corn fermented protein (CFP), a coproduct from ethanol production, may provide a plant-based alternative protein source for pet food. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of increasing levels of CFP on extrusion processing, stool quality, apparent total tract digestibility, and palatability in dog diets. Four extruded diets were fed to 12 adult beagle dogs in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. The control diet contained 15% soybean meal (0C) and CFP was exchanged at either 5%, 10%, or 15% of soybean meal (5C, 10C, and 15C, respectively). Dogs were fed each dietary treatment for 9 days of adaption followed by 5 days of total fecal collection. Feces were scored on a 1–5 scale, with 1 representing liquid diarrhea and 5 representing hard pellet-like. Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to all diets as an external marker to estimate digestibility. Data were analyzed using orthogonal contrasts in SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Dry bulk density of kibble decreased (P 0.05) to 0C. There was a decrease (P

Two separate trials were conducted to evaluate the use of a novel Corn Fermented Protein (CFP) on growth performance and feed utilization of Pacific white legged shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in out-door pond conditions as well an independent pathogen challenge (Vibrio harveyi) test under controlled conditions following an internal feeding trial with varying inclusions of CFP. In out-door ponds, the 12% inclusion level of CFP to completely replace the use of corn gluten meal (CGM) was shown to support shrimp growth in the pond that was historically heavily infected with pathogen, including white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). In an indoor growth trial parallel with the pond challenge study, CFP at the level of 6%, 12% and 18% at the expense of fish meal (FM), soybean meal (SBM) and CGM were also able to improve growth and several related parameters such as final body weight, percentage weight gain and thermal growth coefficient (TGC). The feed conversion ratios (FCR) for shrimp fed with CFP were also lower compared to the shrimp fed without CFP. Numerically, despite no statistical difference, survivability, and total haemocyte count were also elevated for shrimp receiving CFP. The challenge test results showed that the mean cumulative survival rate of shrimp injected with V. harveyi at the dose of 5 × 104 CFU shrimp−1 were higher in the group of shrimp fed CFP compared to the control treatment. Values for mean phagocytosis activity were superior for fermented corn-fed shrimp. Meanwhile, haemocyte profiles remained uniform across treatments and phagocytic index was significantly reduced at 18% inclusion level of CFP. Phenoloxidase activity post-challenge with V. harveyi was elevated in shrimp fed CFP at all levels. These findings suggest that 6 – 12% inclusion of CFP can be utilized as a novel ingredient for shrimp feed. Advocating for functional ingredients with characteristics that can support health and welfare of intensively farmed shrimp will be of strategic importance in the future for sustainable production of shrimp under intensive conditions.

ABSTRACT: Precision-fed rooster trials were conducted to evaluate standardized AA digestibility and TMEn of the increased protein ethanol co-products corn fermented protein (CFP), high protein-distillers dried grains with solubles (HP-DDGS), and reduced fiber high protein-DDGS (RFHP-DDGS) produced using post-fermentation back-end fractionation systems. The TMEn was determined using conventional adult Leghorn roosters, while cecectomized roosters were used to determine standardized AA digestibility. Three to 6 roosters were fasted per treatment for 26 h prior to crop intubation with 27 g of sample and excreta were collected for 48 h post-feeding. Statistical analyses were conducted using a one-way ANOVA for a completely randomized design. Eight samples of CFP were found to contain a mean of 56% CP (DM basis) compared with a mean of 32% for conventional DDGS. The mean TMEn of CFP (3,556 kcal/kg) was greater (P < 0.05) than conventional DDGS1 and 2 (2,767 kcal/kg DM); mean standardized AA digestibility for CFP was similar to conventional DDGS and ranged from 88 to 94%. The mean digestible Lys, Met+Cys, and Thr concentrations for conventional DDGS were 0.79, 1.12, and 0.94%, respectively, whereas those for CFP were 1.74, 2.06, and 1.88%, respectively (DM basis). Two samples of HP-DDGS contained a mean of 51% CP (DM basis), a mean TMEn of 3,325 kcal/kg DM, a mean standardized AA digestibility of 90%, and mean concentrations of digestible Lys, Met+Cys, and Thr, which were 1.53, 1.77, and 1.60%, respectively (DM basis). The mean CP content of 2 RFHP-DDGS was 48% and the mean TMEn was 3,711 kcal/kg DM, which was greater (P < 0.05) than conventional DDGS3 and 4 (2,920 kcal/kg DM). Mean standardized AA digestibility of RFHP-DDGS was 90% and mean digestible Lys, Met+Cys, and Thr concentrations increased from 0.82, 1.01, and 0.95% for conventional DDGS, respectively, to 1.00, 1.59, and 1.44% for RFHP-DDGS, respectively (DM basis). Results indicate these high protein corn ethanol co-products have increased nutritional value for poultry compared with conventional DDGS.

Amino acids (AA) are an expensive nutritional components of poultry diets. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is the primary co-product produced by the dry grind bioethanol industry, although new technologies are being implemented to produce high protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) and corn fermented protein (CFP), but data on their nutritive value in poultry are lacking. Two experiments (EXP) were conducted to determine the energy and AA digestibility of DDGS, HP-DDG, and CFP in poults in addition to a feeding trial to evaluate increasing dietary levels of HP-DDG and CFP on growth performance and intestinal characteristics. In EXP 1, 6 different DDGS sources were evaluated using poults to determine their nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AME n) concentrations, and cecectomized roosters were used to determine their standardized ileal (SID) AA digestibility (SID-AA). In EXP 2, AME n and SID-AA for HP-DDG and CFP were determined in young poults, and a feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth performance and intestinal morphology and permeability of poults fed diets containing 7.5 and 15% HP-DDG or CFP from 1 to 32 d of age. In EXP 1, the AME n concentration among the DDGS samples ranged from 2,530 to 3,573 kcal/kg DM but was not different (P = 0.57) among the samples, with an average SID for LYS of 66.6%. In EXP 2, different (P = 0.001) AME n concentrations for HP-DDG and CFP were observed (3,114 and 3,760 kcal/kg DM, respectively), with the SID for LYS being 66.55 and 77.00% for HP-DDG and CFP, respectively. Including HP-DDG or CFP into the diet at 7.5 and 15% had no effect (P > 0.05) on growth, feed intake, or feed conversion. Neither co-product nor its inclusion rate affected intestinal morphology and permeability (P > 0.05). Overall, DDGS, HP-DDG, and CFP are excellent sources of AME n and digestible AA, with dietary inclusion rates of up to 15% of HP-DDG or CFP having no impact on growth or intestinal characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate P utilization in soybean meal (SBM) , canola meal (CM) , distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) , corn fermented protein (CFP) , and wheat middlings (WM) using different assays. In Experiment 1, phytic acid disappearance (myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis; InsP 6 D) and inositol phosphate disappearance (InsP-PD) were determined using precision-fed cecectomized Leghorn roosters. Roosters were precision-fed 20 to 25 g of SBM, CM, DDGS, CFP, and WM. In Experiment 2, InsP 6 D, InsP-PD, and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of P at different Ca levels were determined using ad libitum-fed broiler chickens. Semi-purified cornstarch-dextrose-based diets containing SBM, CM, DDGS, CFP, and WM as the sole source of P were fed. All diets contained 0.21% P and limestone was added at the expense of dextrose to provide 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.75% Ca. In Experiment 3, P bioavailability relative to KH 2 PO 4 was determined based on tibia bone ash. Experiments contained 5 to 6 replicates per treatment. In Experiment 1 with precision-fed roosters, InsP 6 D and InsP-PD ranged from 8 to 71% among feedstuffs, with the lowest (P < 0.05) disappearance being observed in SBM. In Experiment 2 with ad libitum-fed chickens, there was a Ca × ingredient interaction (P < 0.05) whereby increasing Ca linearly decreased (P < 0.05) InsP 6 D, InsP-PD, and SID of P for all feedstuffs, excluding CFP. Estimated P digestibility calculated using InsP 6 D in Experiment 1 was in good agreement with SID in Experiment 2 determined at 0.75% Ca, except for SBM. In Experiment 3, regression of bone ash content (mg/tibia) on supplemental P intake yielded P bioavailability values ranging from 30 to 81% among feedstuffs relative to KH 2 PO 4 , with the highest (P < 0.05) bioavailability being observed for DDGS and CFP. In conclusion, 1) InsP 6 D in precision-fed roosters can provide preliminary indications of P digestibility in plant-based feedstuffs, 2) SID determined at 0.75% Ca was in good agreement with other bioassays, and 3) P in DDGS and CFP was highly available compared with other feedstuffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of corn fermented protein (CFP) as a sustainable and functional ingredient in a shrimp diet formulation was evaluated. Four isonitrogenous and iso‐lipidic practical diets were formulated to contain 0%, 6%, 12% and 18% of CFP obtained from mechanical separation of protein post distillation within dry‐grind ethanol plants utilizing separation technology from Fluid Quip Technology. The 18% CFP diet was formulated to partially replace the use of fish meal (FM) and soybean meal (SBM) as well as completely replace the use of corn gluten meal (CGM). A total of 300 shrimp with average initial body weight of 2.02 ± 0.03 g were randomly stocked into four groups, with five replicates per group per treatment and 15 shrimp per aquaria tank. The results showed that in general, CFP could enhance the growth performance of shrimp. The use of 6% and 12% inclusion level of CFP resulted in a significant increase in final biomass, final mean weight (FMW), thermal growth coefficient (TGC) and superior feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with the control diet (p < 0.05). Reducing the amount of FM from 10 to 7.5% and supplemented with CFP still have better FMW, weight gain (WG), FCR and TGC compared with the control treatment. No significant differences of total haemocyte count (p = 0.2619) and lysozyme activity (p = 0. 1185) were observed. In addition, the protein content and protein retention efficiency showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the treatments. These results suggest that 18% corn fermented protein can be utilized as an alternative protein source without compromising the growth and health condition of shrimp L. vannamei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precision-fed rooster trials were conducted to evaluate standardized AA digestibility and TME n of the increased protein ethanol co-products corn fermented protein (CFP), high protein-distillers dried grains with solubles (HP-DDGS), and reduced fiber high protein-DDGS (RFHP-DDGS) produced using post-fermentation back-end fractionation systems. The TME n was determined using conventional adult Leghorn roosters, while cecectomized roosters were used to determine standardized AA digestibility. Three to 6 roosters were fasted per treatment for 26 h prior to crop intubation with 27 g of sample and excreta were collected for 48 h post-feeding. Statistical analyses were conducted using a one-way ANOVA for a completely randomized design. Eight samples of CFP were found to contain a mean of 56% CP (DM basis) compared with a mean of 32% for conventional DDGS. The mean TME n of CFP (3,556 kcal/kg) was greater (P < 0.05) than conventional DDGS1 and 2 (2,767 kcal/kg DM); mean standardized AA digestibility for CFP was similar to conventional DDGS and ranged from 88 to 94%. The mean digestible Lys, Met+Cys, and Thr concentrations for conventional DDGS were 0.79, 1.12, and 0.94%, respectively, whereas those for CFP were 1.74, 2.06, and 1.88%, respectively (DM basis). Two samples of HP-DDGS contained a mean of 51% CP (DM basis), a mean TME n of 3,325 kcal/kg DM, a mean standardized AA digestibility of 90%, and mean concentrations of digestible Lys, Met+Cys, and Thr, which were 1.53, 1.77, and 1.60%, respectively (DM basis). The mean CP content of 2 RFHP-DDGS was 48% and the mean TME n was 3,711 kcal/kg DM, which was greater (P < 0.05) than conventional DDGS3 and 4 (2,920 kcal/kg DM). Mean standardized AA digestibility of RFHP-DDGS was 90% and mean digestible Lys, Met+Cys, and Thr concentrations increased from 0.82, 1.01, and 0.95% for conventional DDGS, respectively, to 1.00, 1.59, and 1.44% for RFHP-DDGS, respectively (DM basis). Results indicate these high protein corn ethanol co-products have increased nutritional value for poultry compared with conventional DDGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-products from the ethanol industry may be able to provide high-quality sustainable protein sources for pet foods. Unlike traditional co-products, corn fermented protein (CFP) contains a yeast component which may provide additional benefits. The objective of this study was to determine, by exchange, the effects of the yeast in corn fermented protein on diet utilization. The four experimental diets included a control with no yeast (CON) and diets containing either 3.5% brewer's dried yeast (BDY), 17.5% distiller's dried grains with solubles plus 2.5% brewer's dried yeast (BDY+DDGS), or 17.5% CFP (CFP). It was assumed that CFP contained 20% yeast and all treatments except CON were formulated to contain 3.5% yeast. Experimental diets were fed to adult cats (n = 11) in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin Square design. Cats were adapted to diet for 9 days followed by a 5-d total fecal collection. Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to all diets as a marker to estimate digestibility. Data were analyzed using a mixed model in SAS (version 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) with treatment as a fixed effect and cat and period as random effects. Dry fecal output of cats was greatest for BDY+DDGS at 20.2 g/d compared with the other treatments at an average of 16.3 g/d (P < 0.05). Defecations per day were also greatest for cats consuming BDY+DDGS (P < 0.05). When comparing CFP with BDY+DDGS, the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and gross energy was about 3% greater (P < 0.05) for CFP. Short or branched chain fatty acids in fecal samples were not altered by dietary treatment. The increase in fecal output and decrease in digestibility with BDY+DDGS indicates a greater fiber effect in the DDGS compared with the CFP. Therefore, the yeast component in CFP may be providing a greater nutrient utilization when fed to cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]