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In 2021, three documentary series revitalised the unsolved murder of Sophie Toscan du Plantier in 1996 in West Cork, Ireland, for a global audience of true crime enthusiasts. This article analyses the podcast West Cork (Audible 2018/iTunes 2021) and two streaming series, Murder at the Cottage: The Search for Justice for Sophie (Sky Crime 2021) and Sophie: A Murder in West Cork (Netflix 2021) and argues that they conferred documentary celebrity on their central figures, Sophie Toscan du Plantier and Ian Bailey. The celebritisation of these individuals as victim and villain, was achieved through the development of a convergent narrative across the three series, one salted with the plot twists, end-of-episode cliff hangers, emotional confrontations and supernatural speculation familiar to viewers of true crime, reality television and serial drama. Moreover, the gendered discourse deployed by these documentaries posthumously transformed Sophie Toscan du Plantier into a world-famous victim while providing an opportunity for Ian Bailey, who remains the prime suspect, to self-brand as a Gothic villain. Bailey's 2022 announcement that he would launch a podcast and television series and his self-promotional activity on TikTok confirm the cultural capital associated with documentary celebrity, even, or especially, for the infamous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the transition towards sustainable practices, cork has emerged as a pivotal material. Its distinctive cellular structure and chemical composition, encompassing suberin, lignin, cellulose, and extractives, underpin a multitude of properties. The honeycomb arrangement of cells confers upon cork advantages such as lightweightness, insulation, thermal regulation, and remarkable mechanical performance. Breakthroughs in nanotechnology have enabled precise modifications, broadening the scope of cork's applications beyond conventional uses. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of cork's natural structure and composition, with a focus on its intricate cellular arrangement and specialized suberin components. It elucidates the intricate interplay between cork's structure and properties, evaluating modification strategies and lifecycle impacts. Furthermore, the discussion extends to the realm of functional polymers and structural components derived from cork, underscoring the potential for designing eco-friendly materials. Ultimately, this review aims to catalyze future research endeavors geared towards the sustainable utilization of cork in tackling global challenges, emphasizing the crucial nexus between structure, assembly, and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drastic increase in the amount of packaging waste from conventional plastics, caused by improper waste management, is a serious challenge for the planet. It is therefore worth considering how we can solve this problem. Thus, it is necessary to develop new polymeric materials that retain the functional properties of traditional plastics but are susceptible to degradation with the participation of microorganisms. The development of new eco-friendly materials requires a holistic approach in terms of their disposal. Organic recycling enables the disposal of biodegradable packaging along with food remains that are difficult to remove. The article presents a study on the degradation of biocomposites of polylactide with cork in various environments (water, buffer, and compost). The obtained results indicate a clear influence of the presence of the filler and its amount on the degradation profile of the composites. In addition, the effect of sample shrinkage was observed, especially during degradation in water, where the pH decreases during the process due to the appearance of degradation products. This effect may be important not only for the degradation profile of the packaging but also during its use. Packaging distorted due to shrinkage may be a sign of improper product storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic is a revolutionary material. However, pollution caused by plastic damages the environment, human health, and economy of different countries. It is important to find the new methods for recycling and reusing plastic materials. In this present study, plastic waste coming from high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) cups (called HDPEr in the following) are used together with virgin cork for production of composite materials. Different fractions of virgin cork with HDPEr are tested and allow to obtain successfully composite materials. The properties of HDPEr and composite are compared. The morphology of elaborated composite is studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The thermal properties are investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis; the flammability study is performed using a cone calorimeter. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the samples stored under different conditions are studied by tensile strength experiments. The results show that the cork content has an effect on the mechanical and thermal properties. The feasibility of the composites based on cork and HDPEr wastes opens the way of reusing of these wastes. The formulation of HDPEr composites must be optimized by adding a flame retardant and a coupling agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) are wood-based structural products in worldwide expansion. Its application as a bending element implies the consumption of a significant amount of wood as a raw material in comparison to alternative solutions. In this research, an innovative construction system based on the stressed-skin panels concept has been designed using thin CLT skins and finger-jointed wood ribs of mountain pine (Pinus uncinata Ramond ex DC.) with the aim of adding value to underused wood and to increase the efficiency in the use of wood. Additionally, they are combined with cork insulation materials to obtain high natural and renewable building products to improve energy efficiency in buildings. To fulfil these objectives, two different types of stressed-skin panels, for roof and floor uses, were designed, manufactured and tested in bending, obtaining key mechanical performance information. A variation of the Gamma method was used to model the stiffness and compared with the experimental results. The efficiency in the use of wood for these innovative panels was compared with CLT elements of similar stiffness. The results will allow valorizing and wisely using this alternative species, contributing to the development of local economies in rural regions in Southwestern Europe through sustainable wood-based construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work analyzes the effect of releasing physically bound water from hydrogel, cork, perlite, and ceramsite on materials exposed to microwave radiation and subsequently investigates possible changes in the physical properties of these materials (water absorption and thermal conductivity coefficient). The release of physically bound water from individual materials has potential practical applications in materials engineering, for example, in the internal curing of concrete, where individual aggregates could, under the influence of microwave radiation, release water into the structure of the concrete and thus further cure it. Experimental analysis was carried out with samples of the above-mentioned materials, which were first weighed and then immersed in water for 24 h. Then, they were weighed again and exposed to microwave radiation. After exposure, the samples were weighed again, left immersed in water for 24 h, and weighed again. The focus of the study was on the ability of the aggregates to release water due to microwave radiation and on the changes in the properties (water absorption, thermal conductivity coefficient) of these materials when exposed to microwave radiation. The samples were further monitored by digital microscopy for possible changes in the surface layer of the materials. The hydrogels show the highest water absorption (1000%) and the fastest water release (45 min to complete desiccation). After the release of water due to microwave radiation, their ability to absorb water is maintained. Of interest, however, is that in the case of almost complete removal of water from the soaked hydrogel, the original powdered state of the hydrogel is not obtained, but the outcome has rather a solid structure. In the case of cork, the water absorption depends on the fraction of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel laser‐induced graphene (LIG) resistive relative humidity (RH) sensor is successfully fabricated by direct laser writing on a common natural cork sheet. In this work, a straightforward fabrication is presented where LIG, porous multilayer graphene, is generated by a laser photothermal process on a carbon‐based substrate, in this case, an agglomerate cork sheet. The formation of LIG material is revealed by structural and morphological characterization using various analyses, including Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The electrical analyses are conducted to measure the resulting sheet resistance, getting results as low as 31 Ω sq−1. With the laser parameter optimized, a LIG resistive humidity transducer is manufactured and characterized in a climate chamber. This biodegradable sensor shows good linearity with a sensitivity of 0.015%/%RH from 40 to 80% RH. Additionally, the influence of temperature is studied and demonstrated a low impact on the sensor's response toward RH. Furthermore, a proof of concept is successfully implemented by integrating the transducer onto a cork stopper. Considering all, the prospect of creating an easy, fast, scalable, and cost‐effective transducer combined with the use of natural and abundant materials, leads the way for future large‐scale production of sustainable sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cork, the outermost tissue of bark, plays an important role in protecting trees from the surrounding environment and is used for various purposes, including flooring and insulation materials for buildings. This study focused on the amount and distribution of hydrophobic substances such as suberin and lignin in cork, as well as moisture conditions, to understand the mechanical properties of Cerasus jamasakura cork. Strips of cork were subjected to tensile tests after exposure to various moisture conditions (water-saturated, air-dried and oven-dried), and also after the desuberinisation and delignification of specimens. Cork with a high moisture content showed significant strain to the tensile load, whereas oven-dried specimens showed little toughness. The increased toughness of cork at higher moisture contents was due to the continued elongation in the plastic region, especially in the inner cork. The fibre length of the highly deformed cork differed significantly before and after the tensile test. Tensile tests of cork after desuberinisation and delignification indicated that the removal of suberin caused an earlier reduction in tensile properties than the removal of lignin. The presence of suberin in cork, distributed mainly in the inner cork, is believed to affect the tensile properties of cork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioactive properties of underutilized corks such as Quercus cerris cork and planted Quercus suber cork in the Eastern Mediterranean are not well-known but are crucial in developing lignocellulosic biorefineries. To assess their biological potential, hydroethanolic cork extracts of Quercus cerris and Quercus suber were analyzed for phenolic composition, antioxidant, antiproliferative, antimicrobial activities, and hepatoxicity, as well as NO-production inhibition. Here, we show that a mild hydroethanolic extraction of Q. cerris and Q. suber corks yielded 3% phenolic extracts. The phenolic composition was similar in both cork extracts, with phenolic acids and ellagitannins as the primary compounds. The bioactivity of hydroethanolic cork extracts from Q. cerris surpassed that of Q. suber and showed effectiveness against all cancer cell lines tested. This first comprehensive study on the bioactivities of different corks involves detailed characterizations of phenolic compounds of cork extracts using UPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn, evaluations of the antioxidant properties with TBARS and OxHLIA methods, evaluation of antiproliferative activity against gastric (AGS), lung (NCI-H460), colon (CaCo2), and breast cancer (MCF7) cell lines, as well as evaluations of hepatotoxicity and NO-production inhibition. The findings from this study will help bolster the potential of using underutilized cork-rich barks as a valuable resource in bark-based biorefineries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The children's toy market is increasingly dominated by products that rely heavily on visual appeal. This article presents the development of 'bumpi', a cork toy specially developed for young children who experience visual impairments or blindness. Research was conducted about these children's needs and the existing assistive products for them in the market. This research revealed that they often face developmental challenges, including delays in achieving key milestones such as crawling and walking, which happens because blind and visually impaired children are less confident to moving and exploring. A significant gap in the market for toys and assistive devices for blind young children was identified. Bumpi aims to fill such a gap. It is designed to stimulate and foster the earlier development of motor skills in children between one and five years old, leading to greater independence. This toy enhances sensory experiences through touch and sound to stimulate children's urge to move. The toy set includes a puzzle-like mat, a toy cart that follows a predefined path, building blocks for constructing a ramp, and sensory balls that emit sounds when they move. Agglomerated cork, chosen for its unique properties such as lightness, durability and its hypoallergenic nature, is the primary material used. Furthermore, it is not only safe and comfortable for children to handle but also offers great stimulation to their senses. In addition, this is a sustainable material that offers several benefits for the toy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The facile in situ synthesis of graphene-coated metal-oxide nanoparticles and their potential applications in optoelectronic devices are highly anticipated. In this study, we prepared three-dimensional graphene flakes decorated with ZnO nanoparticles (LIG/ZnO) using femtosecond laser-induced zinc salt-containing cork. The LIG/ZnO heterojunction was formed by carbonizing the cork and decomposing the zinc salt in situ to coat LIG during laser irradiation. The correlation between the zinc salt concentration and the morphology, structure, and field-emission characteristics of LIG/ZnO was systematically investigated. The optimized LIG/ZnO-5 emitters demonstrate a decreased threshold electric field (E th) of 1.07 V/μm, an enhanced field enhancement factor (β) value of 20,559, and a maximum current density of 18.07 mA/cm2 at 1.96 V/μm, representing the most superior performance reported to date. The enhanced field-emission performance of LIG/ZnO can be attributed to the larger number of effective emission sites from ZnO nanoparticles and LIG edges, as well as to the energy band variation induced by the heterostructures. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show the migration of electrons from the LIG to the ZnO after the formation of the heterojunction, which elevates the Fermi level of emitters. In addition, the accumulation of electrons on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles in the presence of a strong electric field results in a downward shift of the energy band, thereby enhancing the likelihood of electron-vacuum tunneling. • LIG/ZnO heterojunctions were prepared by ultrafast laser direct writing. • The morphology of LIG/ZnO synthesized by laser irradiation and the density of coated ZnO nanoparticles are controllable. • The relationship between the concentration of zinc salt, and field emission characteristics of LIG/ZnO was systematically studied. • The optimized LIG/ZnO-5 emitters have a low E th ∼1.07 V/μm and stable electron emission properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Herein, we demonstrate how compatibilizers affect the thermorheological properties and morphology of engineering thermoplastic composites based on nylon and cork. Nylon12 was melt‐mixed with cork treated with four distinct compatibilizers with radically different chemical structures and compositions, respectively: (i) Octadecanamide (ODA), (ii) polyethylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride (PE‐g‐MA), (iii) polypropylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride (PP‐g‐MA), and (iv) (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTS). The rheological behavior was assessed using an oscillatory rheometer and the morphology was visualized using a scanning electron microscope. The rheological data were thoroughly analyzed using different formalisms based on empirical, phenomenological, and molecular origin, including the Carreau‐model, time–temperature superposition (TTS), Han plot, and van Gurp–Palmen (vGP) plot. It is observed that rheological data of neat nylon can be treated as themorheologically simple. However, the inclusion of cork makes the composite thermorheologically complex and increases the relaxation time (τ) by >50‐fold when compared to the neat polymer. As compatibilizers, ODA and PP‐g‐MA significantly lower τ, improve internal flow behavior, and demonstrate good cork distribution and dispersion. However, PE‐g‐MA does not affect the τ of composites significantly. The application of APTS as a compatibilizer enhances the interfacial interaction between Nylon12 and cork most significantly, which leads to a notable rise in τ, and the composite's elastic modulus surges by two orders in magnitude compared to neat Nylon. Additionally, the polymer melt flow becomes elastically dominant. Finally, it is observed that the Han plot offers a better insight into the correlation between changes in the thermorheological behavior and the microstructural modifications to the composites. Utilizing cork particles as a sustainable raw material for engineering thermoplastics. Quantifying compatibilizer's impact on rheological properties of polymer composite. Illustrating how interfacial interaction affects thermorheological complexity in composites. Visualizing morphological change in nylon‐cork composite with interfacial interaction. Producing lightweight engineering polymer composites using cork as a filler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, microblasting with powdered vegetable particles (almond and hazelnut husks, cork saw dust and rice husks) and cellulosic fibres was used to analyse their usefulness for cleaning unpainted wooden cultural heritage and their effects on surface morphology. Tests were made on mock-ups of old pine wood from wooden boards with original soiling. Before cleaning powdered particles were characterised by SEM–EDS to analyse their morphology and elemental composition. Wood surfaces were analysed before and after cleaning by means of digital microscope (white and UV light) and SEM–EDS to evaluate cleaning effectiveness, assess effects on the wood surface, and determine eventual soiling and powdered particles larger than 1 µm that might remain in the surface after the procedure. Results indicate that microblasting with powdered vegetable and cellulosic media is a useful and safe technique to remove soiling from wood, including micrometric particles embedded in its texture, with negligible surface changes. Furthermore, residues left after the cleaning procedure are very scarce and chemically compatible with the substrate because they are mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, the main components of wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bark, the outermost tissue, plays an important role in protecting trees from damage induced by living organisms and the surrounding environment. Bark differs from the xylem primarily by the presence of suberin in cork cell walls. However, few studies have examined the role of suberin and its interactions with other chemical components in the cork. Consequently, this study aimed to understand the distribution of chemical components, including suberin and lignin, and their respective roles in cork cell walls, using Cerasus jamasakura (Siebold ex Koidz.) H. Ohba. Suberin and lignin were gradually and selectively removed from thin strip specimens. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy suggested that desuberinization removed both suberin and part of the other matrix substances within a few minutes of treatment, whereas delignification exclusively removed lignin. Further microscopic observation revealed that suberin present was mainly in the secondary wall of cork cells, whereas lignin was present in both the tertiary wall and compound middle lamella. In addition, the cell wall collapse of the cork was only found in desuberinized specimens, whereas delignified specimens only showed monotonic contraction. Taken together, these results suggest that the presence of suberin in the cork contributes to the shape stability of cork cell walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: As carbon ion radiotherapy increases in use, there are limited phantom materials for heterogeneous or anthropomorphic phantom measurements. This work characterized the radiological clinical equivalence of several phantom materials in a therapeutic carbon ion beam. Methods: Eight materials were tested for radiological material‐equivalence in a carbon ion beam. The materials were computed tomography (CT)‐scanned to obtain Hounsfield unit (HU) values, then irradiated in a monoenergetic carbon ion beam to determine relative linear stopping power (RLSP). The corresponding HU and RLSP for each phantom material were compared to clinical carbon ion calibration curves. For absorbed dose comparison, ion chamber measurements were made in the center of a carbon ion spread‐out Bragg peak (SOBP) in water and in the phantom material, evaluating whether the material perturbed the absorbed dose measurement beyond what was predicted by the HU‐RLSP relationship. Results: Polyethylene, solid water (Gammex and Sun Nuclear), Blue Water (Standard Imaging), and Techtron HPV had measured RLSP values that agreed within ±4.2% of RLSP values predicted by the clinical calibration curve. Measured RLSP for acrylic was 7.2% different from predicted. The agreement for balsa wood and cork varied between samples. Ion chamber measurements in the phantom materials were within 0.1% of ion chamber measurements in water for most materials (solid water, Blue Water, polyethylene, and acrylic), and within 1.9% for the rest of the materials (balsa wood, cork, and Techtron HPV). Conclusions: Several phantom materials (Blue Water, polyethylene, solid water [Gammex and Sun Nuclear], and Techtron HPV) are suitable for heterogeneous phantom measurements for carbon ion therapy. Low density materials should be carefully characterized due to inconsistencies between samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though the design of vibration isolators is well-established for many engineering applications, their efficiency in wide and multiple frequency ranges is still a challenge. In these cases, the use of Phononic-Based Vibration Isolators (PBVIs) may be advantageous as they present different Attenuation Regions (ARs) in which the elastic waves are strongly attenuated. Therefore, the present paper is devoted to the experimental evaluation, in terms of force transmissibility, of different types of supporting devices tested on a load mass and a motor of a Hermetic Compressor (HC). Those devices are the original Helical Coil Spring (HS) that equips the HC, the PBVI, and the Combined Structure (CS) which is composed of a PBVI combined in series with the HS. Results evidentiate the capability of the CSs to isolate vibrations, where the PBVI contributes with its ARs, thus operating as a "filter" in specific frequency ranges, while the HSs maintain the flexibility of the CSs, which is advantageous for impact-loads and/or transient-case scenarios. Hence, the capability, relevance and impact that these PBVIs present for force transmissibility reduction applications is highlighted here, which should capture the attention of and motivate the industry, e.g., producers of isolation systems, since it has wide-ranging engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beekeeping sector is increasingly focused on creating optimal and natural environments for honeybees to reduce dependence on external factors, especially given progressively hotter summers. Improving hive thermal conditions can enhance bee wellbeing and production. While pinewood hives are predominant, some have started using insulating materials like polystyrene. However, many synthetic materials, despite their excellent insulation properties, are incompatible with organic food production, requiring alternative solutions. This study compares the thermal insulation properties of various natural materials, including white and black agglomerated cork, wood fibres, and rock mineral wool. These materials are potentially compatible with organic food production. Additionally, the research evaluates cost-effective sensor networks to monitor bioclimatic variables in real time. Lab tests using a Langstroth-type hive with a controlled heat source were conducted, monitoring temperature and humidity inside and outside the hive. The results revealed that all selected materials provided similar thermal insulation, superior to a hive without insulation. This finding suggests that using natural materials can enhance hive thermal comfort (i.e., the material's ability to maintain a stable internal temperature), thereby improving honeybee wellbeing and productivity in a manner compatible with organic food production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The periderm is basic for land plants due to its protective role during radial growth, which is achieved by the polymers deposited in the cell walls. In most trees, like holm oak, the first periderm is frequently replaced by subsequent internal periderms yielding a heterogeneous outer bark made of a mixture of periderms and phloem tissues, known as rhytidome. Exceptionally, cork oak forms a persistent or long-lived periderm which results in a homogeneous outer bark of thick phellem cell layers known as cork. Cork oak and holm oak distribution ranges overlap to a great extent, and they often share stands, where they can hybridize and produce offspring showing a rhytidome-type bark. Results Here we use the outer bark of cork oak, holm oak, and their natural hybrids to analyse the chemical composition, the anatomy and the transcriptome, and further understand the mechanisms underlying periderm development. We also include a unique natural hybrid individual corresponding to a backcross with cork oak that, interestingly, shows a cork-type bark. The inclusion of hybrid samples showing rhytidome-type and cork-type barks is valuable to approach cork and rhytidome development, allowing an accurate identification of candidate genes and processes. The present study underscores that abiotic stress and cell death are enhanced in rhytidome-type barks whereas lipid metabolism and cell cycle are enriched in cork-type barks. Development-related DEGs showing the highest expression, highlight cell division, cell expansion, and cell differentiation as key processes leading to cork or rhytidome-type barks. Conclusion Transcriptome results, in agreement with anatomical and chemical analyses, show that rhytidome and cork-type barks are active in periderm development, and suberin and lignin deposition. Development and cell wall-related DEGs suggest that cell division and expansion are upregulated in cork-type barks whereas cell differentiation is enhanced in rhytidome-type barks.

Geopolymers are amorphous aluminosilicate inorganic polymers synthesized by alkaline activation characterized by a lower carbon footprint, greater durability, and excellent mechanical properties compared to traditional concrete, making them promising building materials for sustainable construction. To develop sustainable lightweight geopolymer-based building materials useful as fire resistant thermal insulation materials, we added 5 and 10 wt% of discarded cork dust, a readily available industrial by-product, to metakaolin before and after the alkaline activation with sodium hydroxide 8 M and sodium silicate solutions. We followed the chemical, microstructural, antibacterial, and physical properties of the resulting composites for up to 90 days in order to monitor their long-term durability. The presence of cork does not interfere with the geopolymerization process and in fact reduces the density of the composites to values around 2.5 g/cm3, especially when added after alkaline activation. The composites resulted in chemically stable matrices (less than 10 ppm of cations release) and filler (no hazardous compounds released) with a bacterial viability of around 80%. This study provides valuable insights into the tailoring of discarded cork-based composites obtained by geopolymerization with a porosity between 32 and 48% and a mechanical resistance to compression from 15 to 5 MPa, respectively, suggesting their potential as durable interior panels with low environmental impact and desirable performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The periderm is basic for land plants due to its protective role during radial growth, which is achieved by the polymers deposited in the cell walls. In most trees, like holm oak, the first periderm is frequently replaced by subsequent internal periderms yielding a heterogeneous outer bark made of a mixture of periderms and phloem tissues, known as rhytidome. Exceptionally, cork oak forms a persistent or long-lived periderm which results in a homogeneous outer bark of thick phellem cell layers known as cork. Cork oak and holm oak distribution ranges overlap to a great extent, and they often share stands, where they can hybridize and produce offspring showing a rhytidome-type bark. Results: Here we use the outer bark of cork oak, holm oak, and their natural hybrids to analyse the chemical composition, the anatomy and the transcriptome, and further understand the mechanisms underlying periderm development. We also include a unique natural hybrid individual corresponding to a backcross with cork oak that, interestingly, shows a cork-type bark. The inclusion of hybrid samples showing rhytidome-type and cork-type barks is valuable to approach cork and rhytidome development, allowing an accurate identification of candidate genes and processes. The present study underscores that abiotic stress and cell death are enhanced in rhytidome-type barks whereas lipid metabolism and cell cycle are enriched in cork-type barks. Development-related DEGs showing the highest expression, highlight cell division, cell expansion, and cell differentiation as key processes leading to cork or rhytidome-type barks. Conclusion: Transcriptome results, in agreement with anatomical and chemical analyses, show that rhytidome and cork-type barks are active in periderm development, and suberin and lignin deposition. Development and cell wall-related DEGs suggest that cell division and expansion are upregulated in cork-type barks whereas cell differentiation is enhanced in rhytidome-type barks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following work evaluates the acoustic performance of different sound-absorbing materials and balcony configurations used in the facades of urban street canyons in the Valle de Aburrá (AV) Colombia. The main insertion loss in the urban canyons was achieved by placing materials such as pumice stone and refractory brick on 16.7% and 8.3% of the facade surfaces. This obtained an environmental noise mitigation of up to 5.1 dB at a 5 kHz frequency and up to 3.6 dB at a frequency of 1.25 kHz. With other materials such as cork wood and metal wool, mitigations of up to 3.9 and 3.7 dB were achieved at the frequencies of 5 and 1.25 kHz, respectively. However, balconies caused an increase in ambient noise levels on pedestrian walkways with increases of up to 4.7 and 3.6 dB at a frequency of 1.6 kHz, regardless of whether materials such as pumice stone or cork wood were adhered to their surface. In recent decades, noise has become one of the most harmful pollutants for urban residents. Among the different sources of noise, car traffic has been identified as the main contributor. This can be aggravated by conditions commonly found on city streets, where tall, hard, close-spaced facades increase noise due to the different reflections that these conditions cause. This work shows the benefits that certain materials such as pumice stone, refractory brick, cork wood, and metal wool can provide in mitigating urban noise when placed in strips along the facade of a building. These materials stood out among others under conditions that might have resistance to weather. However, balconies projecting onto walkways could be counterproductive for pedestrians, since these features tend to increase the noise generated by cars circulating on the road. The potential application of this work is to mitigate noise pollution on urban street canyons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In October 1688, and again in May 1689, Mary Cudmore claimed to have encountered a 'spectre' in her employers' house in Cork city. The great interest the story aroused among the townspeople is indicated in letters from prominent inhabitants and an examination of Mary by the bishop of Cork and Ross. They allow us access into the homes and heads of the people of Cork at a point when significant challenges were being mounted to the Protestant authorities' dominance of the city, as the War of the Two Kings loomed, and as memories of other conflicts stirred. As observers weighed questions of scruple and certainty, and balanced concerns about imposture and creditworthiness, we also glimpse shifts in supernatural belief and contemporary debates about the construction of proof and truth. That anything of Mary's experiences has survived is remarkable, given the loss of most of the contents of the Dublin Public Record Office in 1922. In the context of ongoing deliberate and negligent destruction of archives, this article thus also argues for consideration of and consideration to partial and phantom histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cork phenolic sheets with thermal protection paints are used as thermal protection system in launch vehicles. Detecting debonds and inclusions at the interface of cork phenolic-composite structure and thickness measurement of multi-layer TPS is highly challenging with single-side access. In this study, Terahertz imaging in reflection mode is used to detect the defects. The sample is raster scanned in X-Y directions, and the reflected signal is measured at each pixel and consolidated to obtain a Terahertz C-scan image of the entire area. The image obtained using Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy imaging system can distinguish between the healthy and debond/inclusion areas. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy in transmission mode is carried out to obtain the refractive index and absorption coefficient of individual layers, which is a prerequisite for thickness measurement. The time-of-flight principle is used for thickness estimation of multi-layer thermal protection systems over carbon fibre reinforced plastic samples. The Sparse deconvolution technique is used to resolve the overlapping echoes to obtain the time delay for each layer. The thickness values obtained for cork phenolic sheet and red and white thermal protection paints over carbon fibre-reinforced plastic samples using Terahertz-time domain spectroscopy are in close agreement with the actual values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recycling of waste materials is a way of limiting over-consumption and optimizing the value of resources. Within the framework of a circular economy, this can be applied to post-consumer plastic wastes, but also to biobased by-products. Hence, this work deals with the design of composite materials by combining recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) coming from bottle caps and virgin cork of insufficient quality for cork stoppers. Different fractions (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) of virgin cork were incorporated into recycled polymers (HDPEr and PPr). These composites were prepared without a coupling agent or fire retardant. The morphology and mechanical properties of the different conditionings were studied and compared. The thermal decomposition and the fire behavior of the composites were also investigated. Microscopy revealed the poor adhesion between the cork particles and polymer matrices. However, this limited interaction affected only the tensile strength of the PPr composites, while that of the HDPEr composites remained almost constant. The addition of cork was shown to reduce the time to ignition, but also to promote charring and reduce the heat released during the composite's combustion. The feasibility of composites based on cork and HDPEr/PPr waste opens the way for their reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agglomerated cork is a natural cork that has gone through a process of crushing and pressing using heat and binders. One of its applications is thermal insulator in construction. The design of these materials is becoming an essential part of building. The raw materials currently used to make insulators consume a large amount of energy, which has created the need to increase the use of renewable and ecological resources such as plant fibers to reduce the environmental problems generated. The objective of this study was to determine the different properties of experimental particleboard panels made from cork and Canary Island date palms without using any binder at minimum energy consumption. The produced cork–palm boards (density of 850 kg/m3, reached a MOR 8.83 N/mm2, MOE 794.5 N/mm2, and IB 0.38 N/mm2) are higher values than the traditional cork particleboards with UF made from cork. The thermal conductivity values obtained 0.069 to 0.096 W/m·K are higher than cork boards with UF. Ecological boards that can be used as rigid thermal insulators in the construction industry have been achieved to improve the mechanical properties of the traditional agglomerated cork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Cork dust was processed by deep eutectic solvent for biogas and value-added products. • Highest phenolic extraction (137.4 mg GAE g cork dust−1) was at 110 °C for 20 min. • Highest biogas yield (115.1 mL N gVS-1) was observed at 130 °C for 60 min. • Catechin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid were identified as primary phenolics. In this study, phenolic compounds using deep eutectic solvents (DES) were extracted from cork dust, and the biogas production potential of DES-treated cork dust samples was determined. The DES treatment was carried out using choline chloride and formic acid (1:2 M ratio) at various temperatures (90, 110 and 130 °C) and treatment times (20, 40 and 60 min) at a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:10 g mL−1. The highest total phenolic content (137 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) g−1 dry cork dust) was achieved at 110 °C/20 min. The extracts exhibited an antioxidant capacity of up to 56.3 ± 3.1 % 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydazyl (DPPH) inhibition at a dilution rate of 100. DES treatment resulted in minimal sugar solubilization at low temperatures, while approximately 42 % of the xylan fraction in the biomass degraded under severe conditions (e.g., 130 °C/60 min). Catechin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid were the major phenolics in DES extracts. The biogas yield of DES-treated cork dust increased with treatment severity. The highest biogas yield (115.1 mL N g VS -1) was observed at 130 °C/60 min, representing an increase of 125 % compared to the untreated sample. SEM images revealed that the surface structure of the samples became smoother after mild pretreatment and rougher after harsh pretreatment. Compositional and FTIR analyses indicated that a higher biogas formation potential was associated with increased cellulose content in the substrate, which could be attributed to hemicellulose solubilization in the hydrolysate. Overall, DES pretreatment effectively enhanced phenol extraction and anaerobic degradability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of boiling water treatment on the physical properties of Quercus variabilis virgin cork (Qv VC) were examined and compared with those of Quercus suber reproduction cork (Qs RC). The water treatment was conducted at 100 °C for 1 h. Qv VC showed a significantly higher dimensional change in the three directions and lower weight loss than Qs RC by boiling water treatment. Untreated and boiled Qv VC showed higher density, air-dried moisture content, red/green (a*) and yellow/blue (b*) chromaticity, overall color change, shrinkage in all three directions, moisture adsorption on the entire surface, and swelling per 1% moisture content than untreated and boiled Qs RC. However, the lightness (L*) and water absorption on each surface were higher for Qs RC than for Qv VC. Moisture adsorption on each surface was comparable before and after heat treatment for both species. After boiling water treatment, the air-dried moisture content, dimensions, volume shrinkage, water absorption, and moisture adsorption on each surface and the entire surface increased, whereas L*, a*, b*, and swelling per 1% moisture content decreased. The results of the present study could be useful for further utilization of Qv cork growing in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the feasibility of using a composite material comprising slate reinforced with cork sheets for architectural purposes like facades and wall coverings. The research involves the comprehensive characterisation of both slate and cork materials along with the evaluation of the silicone adhesive used in their bonding process, specifically Sikasil® HT from SIKA®. It was found that both slate and cork exhibited low wettability, which was enhanced through cold plasma treatment. Subsequently, a composite sandwich structure was fabricated and subjected to impact testing in a drop tower, along with fire resistance evaluations. The fire tests revealed that when subjected to a flame of 900 °C for 15 min, the slate alone heated rapidly, reaching 500 °C within 3 min on the side opposite to the flame. However, the sandwich structure reached 260 °C on the cork side (opposite to the flame) at 7.5 min, maintaining this temperature until the deterioration or detachment of the cork between 11 and 12 min. This provided insulation and delayed ignition. The sandwich structure maintained its fire resistance due to the insulating properties of cork and the superior thermal resistance of silicone compared to other adhesives up to 260 °C. Overall, the results suggest the potential suitability of this sandwich structure for architectural applications. Its favourable adhesion properties and acceptable fire resistance indicate that it could serve as a viable alternative for construction materials in architectural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cork popping represents a rich and complex fluid dynamics process, involving up to three phases (liquid, gas, and solid), three main chemical compounds (ethanol, water, CO2), and a moving cork gradually opening the bottle and blocking the fast progression of the expanding gas. In this work, we used high-speed, high-sensitivity schlieren imaging setups to provide a fresh perspective on this dynamical phenomenon. Our experimental results are systematically compared and interpreted on the basis of new computational fluid dynamics simulations. Our combined experimental and numerical works confirm the establishment of two supersonic expansions during cork popping from a champagne bottle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducing fillers into polymeric materials is one of the methods of modifying the properties or reducing the costs of polymeric materials. Thanks to their use, it is possible to obtain new materials with interesting mechanical and chemical properties. Some features are often improved among the new materials obtained, while others deteriorate. In this work, an attempt was made to obtain a polymer composite based on PLA filled with cork flour in amounts of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30% by weight. The processing and sample preparation process using injection molding technology was assessed and the basic mechanical properties were assessed. The research shows that it is possible to obtain PLA products with a cork filler without the mixing process on an extruder, but only by using an injection molding machine and appropriately selecting the parameters of the technological process. Tests of mechanical properties showed deterioration of parameters, but not to such an extent that the obtained composites were disqualified from use in products that are not subject to heavy mechanical loads. The undoubted advantage of the obtained materials is maintaining their so-called "green" character and thus the ability to biodegrade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine oil spills have become a major global environmental challenge, yet there remains a lack of effective and environmentally friendly strategies for the remediation of water contaminated with high-viscosity oil. In this study, we introduce a superhydrophobic oleophilic material with photothermal properties for efficient absorption of viscous oil. Femtosecond laser treatment methodology is applied to cork (FSLA-cork), which exhibits not only superior hydrophobic and oleophilic properties but also the exceptional ability to be rapidly heated from ambient conditions to 58 °C in 10 s under 1.8 solar irradiation. Under solar irradiance, the FSLA-cork adsorbent functions synergistically by capillary absorption and centrifugal pumping. At one-sun intensity, an oil absorption rate of 4.02 g cm−2 within 200 s was observed. The high adsorption rates of FSLA-cork combined with the high availability of the raw material and its eco-friendly fabrication methods indicate that such methods and materials can be utilized for large-scale clean up of aqueous environments contaminated with high-viscosity oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical, microstructural and mechanical characterization of novel lightweight composites produced by adding waste cork dust to a metakaolin-based geopolymeric matrix prepared by alkaline activation is presented. The alkaline activator solutions used for the reticulation of the 3D aluminosilicate network at room temperature are composed of NaOH and sodium silicate to maintain a low cost of the final composite. In this line, the research of the highest addition of waste, e.g. cork dust, is pursued starting from 1 and reaching a maximum content of 10 wt% over metakaolin. The chemical stability is evaluated in water as well as in HNO 3 or in H 2 SO 4 0.5 and 2.5 N solutions. The addition of cork does not affect the reticulation of the geopolymeric binder used as matrix, as is demonstrated by FT-IR and XRD analyses. The modification of the dense geopolymeric microstructure with the introduction of cork dust weakens the hardened composites that become more permeable to water and acid solutions increasing the weight loss after immersion and decreasing the mechanical resistance to compression. The mechanical performance of the hardened composite with 10 wt% of cork dust still seems to be sufficient for application as self-supporting thermal insulation panels. (195/200). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This pilot investigation identifies the influence that changing the process variables of curing pressure, curing temperature, and mix ratio of a polyurethane/agglomerated cork matrix has on the mechanical properties of energy absorption, Young's modulus of elasticity, and spring stiffness in safety helmets intended for micro-transport riders. The results are compared to expanded polystyrene, a material commonly used in micro-transport helmets. Mechanical testing of the various samples found that, over the range tested, curing pressure had no effect on any of the mechanical properties, while increasing amounts of resin caused a stiffer structure, and increasing curing temperature led to increased energy absorption. Consistent with the elastic modulus findings, all polyurethane/agglomerated cork test samples demonstrated higher median levels of spring stiffness, ranging from 7.1% to 61.9% greater than those found for expanded polystyrene. The sample mixed at a 1.5:1 binder/cork ratio and cured at 40 °C displayed the closest spring stiffness to EPS. While the mechanical properties of the eco-friendly polyurethane/agglomerated cork matrix did not match those of expanded polystyrene, the difference in performance found in this study is promising. Further investigation into process variables could characterise this more ecologically based matrix with equivalent energy-absorbing and structural characteristics, making it equivalent to currently used expanded polystyrene and suitable for use in micro-transport helmets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of sustainable materials from the valorization of waste is a good alternative to reducing the negative environmental impact of plastic packaging. The objectives of this study were to develop and characterize pectin-based composite films incorporated with cork or cork with either coffee grounds or walnut shells, as well as to test the films' genotoxicity, antioxidant properties, and biodegradation capacity in soil and seawater. The addition of cork, coffee grounds, or walnut shells modified the films' characteristics. The results showed that those films were thicker (0.487 ± 0.014 mm to 0.572 ± 0.014 mm), more opaque (around 100%), darker (L* = 25.30 ± 0.78 to 33.93 ± 0.84), and had a higher total phenolic content (3.17 ± 0.01 mg GA/g to 4.24 ± 0.02 mg GA/g). On the other hand, the films incorporated only with cork showed higher values of elongation at break (32.24 ± 1.88% to 36.30 ± 3.25%) but lower tensile strength (0.91 ± 0.19 MPa to 1.09 ± 0.08 MPa). All the films presented more heterogeneous and rougher microstructures than the pectin film. This study also revealed that the developed films do not contain DNA-reactive substances and that they are biodegradable in soil and seawater. These positive properties could subsequently make the developed films an interesting eco-friendly food packaging solution that contributes to the valorization of organic waste and by-products, thus promoting the circular economy and reducing the environmental impact of plastic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive analysis of outdoor weathering and soil burial of cork during 1-year experiments was carried out with measurements of CIELAB color parameters, cellular observations by scanning electron microscopy, and surface chemical features analysed by ATR-FTIR and wet chemical analysis. Cork applied in outdoor conditions above and below ground retained its physical structure and integrity without signs of deterioration or fracturing. The cellular structure was maintained with some small changes at the one-cell layer at the surface, featuring cellular expansion and minute cell wall fractures. Surface color and chemistry showed distinct results for outdoor exposure and soil burial. The weathered cork surfaces acquired a lighter color while the soil buried cork surfaces became darker. With outdoor weathering, the cork polar solubles increased (13.0% vs. 7.6% o.d. mass) while a substantial decrease of lignin occurred (about 28% of the original lignin was removed) leading to a suberin-enriched cork surface. The chemical impact on lignin is therefore responsible for the surface change towards lighter colors. Soil-burial induced hydrolysis of ester bonds of suberin and xylan, and the lignin-enriched cork surface displayed a dark brown color. FTIR and wet chemical results were consistent. Overall cork showed a considerable structural and physical stability that allows its application in outdoor conditions, namely for building façades or other surfacing applications. Architects and designers should take into account the color dynamics of the cork surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural, biodegradable, sustainable and more. Cork is a unique material obtained from the bark of Quercus Suber L. and has been used since a long time. Processing of harvesting is respectful for the tree and necessary to maintain its physiological functions completely. Cork is not only destinated for the wine industry but is also important for other areas. In the upcycling movement, and for its multiple benefits in the ecosystem and environmentally friendly, the creation of an exfoliating agent was made. A clinical study of Exfobreeze™ (Quercus Suber Bark), has been done, with the aim of demonstrating the exfoliating capacity of cork particles, and therefore an effective alternative to microplastic scrubs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cork composites are byproducts from wine stopper production, resulting from the agglomeration of cork granules with a thermoset resin. The resulting compound is a versatile and durable material with numerous industrial applications. Due to its unique properties, such as low-density, high-strength, excellent energy absorption, and good thermal and acoustic insulators, cork composites find room for application in demanding industries such as automotive, construction, and aerospace. However, agglomerated cork typically has a polyurethane matrix derived from petrochemical sources. This study focuses on developing eco-friendly porous polyurethane biocomposites manufactured with the used cooking oil polyol modified with cork. Since cork and polyurethane foam are typically used for impact shock absorption, the manufactured samples were subjected to impact loading. The assessment of crashworthiness is performed through 100 J impact tests. A finite element numerical model was developed to simulate the compression of these new composites under impact, and the model validation was performed. The highest specific absorbed energy was obtained for petrochemical polyol composites with the 3% addition of natural or modified cork. The research conducted in this study showcased the feasibility of substituting certain petrochemical components used for the synthesis of the polyurethane matrix with ecological waste vegetable oil components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cork growth rings from three sites in the North West of Algeria were analysed in relation to monthly and annual precipitation and to climatic indices. Ring width and their growth indices were small, ranging from 2.03 mm(ZA), 2.43 mm(TA) and 2.06 mm (AM), corresponding to a thin cork. Thirteen-year time series were compared to precipitation data from 2009 to 2021. Ring width and growth indices revealed a strong correlation with annual rainfall (December to January) and spring rains (May to June). Phellogen activity also remains markedly influenced by the maximum temperatures of March. In the context of global climate change, the water balance of the study area is inadequate. The severe drought in the region was manifested by positive correlations with the index of De Martonne. This also seems valid for the two drought indices (Gaussen index and xerothermic index). The extension of the dry season beyond 6 months affects cork oak activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of the present study is to enhance the denitrification process in constructed wetlands (CWs), employed as an ecological and natural technology for wastewater treatment. Eco-friendly approaches have been tested to improve the nitrate removal efficiency in pilot-scale subsurface flow CWs. Initially, the system's performance was enhanced by using a natural substrate, namely cork, as a filter medium. Another approach is bio-inoculation into the rhizosphere of a bacterial strain with the potential capacity for nitrate removal, thereby reinforcing the synergy between the plant and microorganisms. Finally, the approaches were combined, and nitrate removal was assessed. The main results showed that the most effective nitrate removal from wastewater was achieved with cork (80%) compared to gravel (60%). Bio-inoculation into the rhizosphere of denitrifying bacteria significantly improved nitrate removal. Indeed, the nitrate removal rate by the inoculated CW filled with gravel, was higher than the non-inoculated system, with rates of 78% and 60%, respectively. Moreover, the highest removal rate of 99.77% was obtained with the inoculated system filled with cork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wine bottling process, thermoplastics are commonly used to manufacture the crown of cork stoppers. The production of agglomerated cork stoppers generates a type of waste called cork powder (CoP) in large volumes with known properties but which are still underutilized. At present, although there are many agrocomposites available with additives such as natural fibers or solid residues from agricultural products, there are no studies describing the formation of these agrocomposites from petroleum-derived synthetic plastics combined with cork dust as a reinforcement for the polymeric matrix. The present study describes a novel agrocomposite, which has been obtained by mixing polypropylene-type materials, as they are some of the most widely used and versatile thermoplastics, with cork dust, which is a waste product obtained from the cork industry. The composite is obtained directly, without the need for grafting, adhesive polymers, or coupling agents. A superior mechanical performance compared to the unprocessed polymer was highlighted in the test results, thus evidencing the reinforcing function played by the waste in the polymer matrix. Therefore, this novel agrocomposite could be a promising alternative to replace some petroleum-derived synthetic plastics, which are currently experiencing high demand. The use of this new agrocomposite is well aligned with sustainability strategies, the principles of the circular economy, and oriented towards the fulfilment of the Sustainable Development Goals required by the European Union, considering that it contributes (a) to recycling agricultural waste that would otherwise be difficult to recover and valorize; (b) to the reduction in the CO2 footprint; and (c) to promoting the use of high-quality secondary raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]