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Development of three-dimensional continuum models for paperboard is an active field and the need for reliable measurements to calibrate and validate such models is evident. An experimental device and protocol for cyclic out-of-plane loading is developed. This loading sequence is present during converting operations of paperboard. The experimental tests reveals that the commonly observed soft initial non-linear response during out-of-plane compression is a structural effect that stems from the surface roughness rather than being an inherent material behavior. A gluing procedure, used to perform cyclic out-of-plane loading, is mitigating the effect of the surface roughness. Several novel cyclic loading experiments are performed, alternating between compression and tension which indicates that fiber bonds are not recovered in compression after they have been broken through delamination. Measurements also show that the transition in compression and tension is continuous, hence the use of a switch function present in a number of constitutive continuum models for paperboard is deemed questionable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue paper is deep-rooted in our daily life because of its different types of products that allow various applications. Tissue paper is a low grammage paper that is mainly characterized by softness, tensile strength, liquid absorption, and elasticity. These characteristics are essential when producing products such as toilet paper, kitchen rolls, hand towels, napkins, and facials. The tissue paper production involves two stages: formation of the tissue paper sheet itself and its converting into different finished products. Converting is characterized by several operations, namely: unwinding, winding, embossing, lamination, perforation, cutting, packaging, and palletizing. The most impacting operation is the embossing, which consists of marking a pattern on the paper sheet by applying pressure, with the intent to produce papers more aesthetically pleasing to the final consumer and/or a way to identify a particular brand. Also, it affects final properties, increasing the liquid absorption capacity and bulk but reducing softness and tensile strength. Converting is complex and has a huge impact on the finished products properties. In this review, the authors explored the different steps of converting and how they impact the different properties of finished tissue products.

Tissue paper is deep-rooted in our daily life because of its different types of products that allow various applications. Tissue paper is a low grammage paper that is mainly characterized by softness, tensile strength, liquid absorption, and elasticity. These characteristics are essential when producing products such as toilet paper, kitchen rolls, hand towels, napkins, and facials. The tissue paper production involves two stages: formation of the tissue paper sheet itself and its converting into different finished products. Converting is characterized by several operations, namely: unwinding, winding, embossing, lamination, perforation, cutting, packaging, and palletizing. The most impacting operation is the embossing, which consists of marking a pattern on the paper sheet by applying pressure, with the intent to produce papers more aesthetically pleasing to the final consumer and/or a way to identify a particular brand. Also, it affects final properties, increasing the liquid absorption capacity and bulk but reducing softness and tensile strength. Converting is complex and has a huge impact on the finished products properties. In this review, the authors explored the different steps of converting and how they impact the different properties of finished tissue products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]