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The first stage in grammaticalization is often an enrichment of pragmatic meaning. If a new form is more 'extravagant' or 'expressive', it may have a competitive advantage. The grammaticalizing form described here is a primitive 'do'-support construction used to make questions, in an Italian dialect spoken in an isolated sub-Alpine valley. Living speakers describe why and when they would use 'do'-support over the simpler, main-verb alternative. Logical meanings, which include an answer presupposition and perfective viewpoint on the event, suggest that the 'do'-support form is a syntactically embedded, and pragmatically indirect question (Swinburne, 2021). The expressive meanings described here are: 1) those demonstrating prior thought (conventional presuppositions due to the syntactic structure); 2) subjective meanings expressing emotion and engaging the interlocutor (conventional implicatures of 'do'); and 3) meanings exploiting indirectness for reasons of politeness (conversational implicatures). With 'do'-support, the speaker is being polite and making an educated guess of the likely answer, while leaving open the possibility of being wrong. In the small, tight-knit, isolated communities of Val Camonica, politeness to neighbours is essential for long-term community cohesion. The politeness meaning has likely driven the grammaticalization. • A pragmatically enriched primitive 'do'-support exists in an Italian dialect. • Semantic-pragmatic traits indicate an embedded and indirect question. • Subjective meanings are conventional implicatures of 'do'. • As an indirect question 'do'-support is more polite. • Expressive, 'extravagant' meanings have led to grammaticalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aimed to evaluate the comprehension level of conversational implicature among a group of 30 senior Native Arabic-speaking students enrolled in the BA program of English Language and Literature at a UAE university. The participants’ comprehension of implicatures was assessed by providing them with 20 excerpts from the American sitcom Seinfeld (https://www.seinfeldscripts.com/seinfeld-scripts.html). The participants were asked to select the implied meaning of one underlined utterance as it occurred in context. The findings of the study indicate that Arab English as a Foreign Language learners have a slightly below-average proficiency in comprehending implicatures produced by native English speakers, which can be attributed to their lower level of proficiency, lack of pragmatic competence, and their lack of information about the American culture. The most challenging types of implicatures to grasp were those flouting the maxim of manner (35.34%), while the easiest types to interpret were those flouting the maxim of quantity.

Copyright of Journal of Arabic Language Sciences & Literature / Maǧallaẗ ʻulūm Al-luġaẗ Al-ʻarabiyyaẗ Wa-ādābi-hā is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kennedy (Linguist Philos 30:1–45, 2007) forcefully proposes what is now a widely assumed semantics for absolute gradable adjectives. On this semantics, maximum standard adjectives like "straight" and "dry" ascribe a maximal degree of the underlying quantity. Meanwhile, minimum standard adjectives like "bent" and "wet" merely ascribe a non-zero, non-minimal degree of the underlying quantity. This theory clashes with the ordinary intuition that sentences like "The stick is straight" are frequently true while sentences like "The stick is bent" are frequently informative, and fans of the indicated theory of absolute gradable adjectives appeal to loose talk in response. One goal of this paper is to show that all extant theories of loose talk are inconsistent with this response strategy. Another goal is to offer a revised version of Hoek's (Philos Rev 127:151–196, 2018, in: Proceedings of the 22nd Amsterdam Colloquium, 2019) recent theory of loose talk that accommodates absolute gradable adjectives after all, while being defensible against a range of important concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relevance of the sentence concept to the understanding of three types of implicitness (presupposition, conversational implicatures, irony). Our experimental protocol involved 105 children (aged 6 to 11) and 82 adults who were asked to read short texts composed of a context about some characters and a target sentence conveying one of the three implicit contents. After reading, children and adults had to answer a comprehension yes-no question and indicate the segments from the text that helped them answer the question. Results showed a difference between the three types of implicitness, with presupposition being detected and understood at a subsentential level, whereas implicatures and irony come under extrasentential level requiring the context to be taken into account. Referring to sentence as a unit of meaning does not seem relevant as soon as understanding is not limited to the literal meaning of what is written, but also concerns what is meant by the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pragmatics, a branch of linguistics focusing on meaning in context, serves as the basis for analyzing the dialogues within the comedy series 'The Big Bang Theory.' This investigation aims to ascertain whether the conversations among the characters deviate from the co-operative principle of communication, thus leading to a pragmatic analysis of the series. To achieve this, the study applies Grice's theory of conversational implicature to the gathered data. The results demonstrate that the dialogues transgress three out of the four conversational maxims: quantity, relation, and manner. Notably, Sheldon's deliberate infringement of these maxims serves as a comedic tool, generating humor for the audience. Moreover, the study identifies that some actors' pragmatic shortcomings also contribute to the maxims' breaches. In summary, possessing pragmatic awareness is an essential skill for effective communication in diverse social settings, minimizing ambiguity. Furthermore, discerning humor involves the cognitive capacity to recognize, express, or appreciate amusing or unconventional aspects. This exploration highlights the significant role of pragmatics in both communication and comedic expression, underscoring its relevance in various contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to provide a speech act analysis of tweets which are posted by climate change skeptics. It argues that their deliberate flouting and violation of Grice's Cooperative Principle show that they substitute overt denial by conversational implicatures which show skepticism. Based on data from 420 tweets which are responses to climate change discussion, the paper demonstrates that tweeters respond with different deceptive tactics by using conversational implicatures. The article attempts to provide a pragmatic analysis of tweets which are posted by climate change opponents. It argues that their deliberate violation of the CP shows that their attitude shifted from overt denial to skepticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is concerned with gossip communicated by headlines in a German celebrity magazine. It takes its starting point in a philosophical controversy on the question whether gossip is essentially epistemically (un-)reliable. As a theoretical framework, Farkas & Bruce's Common Ground-based Table model is adopted which distinguishes between different ways of introducing propositions into the Common Ground. Relating the model to the reliability status of propositions, it is argued that depending on the way in which a proposition is added to the Common Ground, it will be assigned varying epistemic status. Based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of a corpus of 87 sentential gossip headlines from the German celebrity magazine BUNTE, it is shown that gossip is communicated both via assertion, presupposition, and conversational implicature, and that each of these ways of communication entails a different certainty status of the proposition added to the Common Ground. This means that gossip is neither essentially unreliable nor essentially reliable. Rather, the resulting 'gossip Common Ground' is best described as a set of epistemically heterogeneous propositions. • Media gossip is communicated via assertion, presupposition and conversational implicature. • Media gossip consists of a set of epistemically heterogeneous propositions. • Biased polar questions in gossip convey affirmative implicatures. • Newsworthy presuppositions as a strategy to communicate epistemically dubious propositions. • Analysis based on annotated corpus of celebrity gossip headlines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to provide a speech act analysis of tweets which are posted by climate change skeptics. It argues that their deliberate flouting and violation of Grice’s Cooperative Principle show that substitute overt denial by conversational implicatures which show skepticism. Based on data from 420 tweets which are responses to climate change discussion, the paper demonstrates that tweeters respond with different deceptive tactics by using conversational implicatures. The article attempts to provide a pragmatic analysis of tweets which are posted by climate change opponents. It argues that their deliberate violation of the CP shows that their attitude shifted from overt denial to skepticism.

I argue against the view that metalinguistic usage is a form of conversational implicature. That view, suggested by Thomasson (Anal Philos 57(4):1-28, 2016) and Belleri (Philos Stud 174(9):2211–2226, 2017), has been most recently fleshed out by Mankowitz (Synthese 199:5603–5622, 2021). I provide two types of criticism to the implicature view. From an empirical point of view, metalinguistic usage differs in key respects from standard cases of conversational implicature. From a conceptual standpoint, I argue that the calculation algorithm provided by the implicature view makes undesirable predictions. Although my main objective is negative, I end the paper by sketching an alternative neo-Stalnakerian view of metalinguistic usage, that can be gathered from work by Barker (Linguist Philos 25(1):1–36, 2002; Inquiry 56(2–3):240–257, 2013) and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I argue that metalinguistic negotiations are not as common as David Plunkett and Timothy Sundell assume. They make two related controversial claims: the claim that speakers don't know what they say and the claim that they directly communicate metalinguistic contents. These two claims generate two challenges that the metalinguistic-negotiation view should meet. Firstly, it should clarify why speakers are oblivious to what they are saying and communicating, and secondly, it should explain the mechanism that transforms what seems like a typical object-language disagreement into a metalinguistic dispute. I argue that the way in which Plunkett and Sundell meet these challenges is unsatisfactory. Regarding their answer to the first challenge, I'll argue that the theoretical cost of postulating massive semantic and pragmatic blindness in otherwise competent speakers is too high. Regarding what they say in relation to the second challenge, I'll claim that metalinguistic contents can only be conveyed when speakers uttering apparently contradicting claims know that they are using terms with different meanings. If my arguments are correct, then metalinguistic negotiations are certainly not ubiquitous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is concerned with a particular nickname construction in German in which a linguistic expression is inserted between the given name and surname and enclosed by quotation marks (Johanna „Hansi“ Angermeier) or parentheses (Ursula (Uschi) Vollmuth). The apparent interchangeability of quotation marks and parentheses in the construction raises the question of the exact meaning of the (variants of the) construction and what the respective punctuation marks contribute to this meaning. The aim of the paper is to develop a comprehensive account of the variation by unfolding the complex interplay between syntax, punctuation, and pragmatics in the meaning constitution of the construction. Based on a close linguistic analysis of examples from a corpus of death notices and supplemented by recent graphematic and pragmatic accounts on punctuation marks, the view is developed that the choice of quotation marks and parentheses is governed by two different, independent processes which partly overlap in the construction. While both quotation marks and parentheses play a role in marking an underlying parenthetical structure, quotation marks are richer in meaning, triggering an additional context shift effect and further conversational implicatures. The analysis lends support to the view that parentheses are boundary signals operating on syntactic structure, while quotation marks are boundary signals operating on the meaning of linguistic expressions.

This paper examines the relevance of the sentence concept to the understanding of three types of implicitness (presupposition, conversational implicatures, irony). Our experimental protocol involved 105 children (aged 6 to 11) and 82 adults who were asked to read short texts composed of a context about some characters and a target sentence conveying one of the three implicit contents. After reading, children and adults had to answer a comprehension yes-no question and indicate the segments from the text that helped them answer the question. Results showed a difference between the three types of implicitness, with presupposition being detected and understood at a subsentential level, whereas implicatures and irony come under extrasentential level requiring the context to be taken into account. Referring to sentence as a unit of meaning does not seem relevant as soon as understanding is not limited to the literal meaning of what is written, but also concerns what is meant by the text.

The specificity and conjugation of discursive pragmatics and classical rhetoric manifests itself when politicians are faced with the need for evasive formulations to mitigate a potential threat to their face. To substantiate the conceptual basis of discursive argumentation, the article differentiates between "topoi-integrators" and "topoi-arguments". The topos-integrator "responsibility", actualized at the local and global discursive levels, appeal to ethos, supporting the logos-based argumentation by involving the ethos-based moral foundations of the speaker's position. Topoi-arguments "responsibility", "threat", "reliability" and "law' are rhetorically based on enthymeme as figures of reasoning that appeal to logos as well as on auxiliary figures of digressio, Past Fact / Future Fact, exergasia, climax, congeries, hyperbole and apagoresis, appealing to logos, ethos, and pathos. Pragmatically, the restoration of implicit premises and conclusions of enthymemes corresponds to explicatures, which become the basis for the generation of implicatures, provided that the speakers flout cooperative maxims. Disobeying the maxim of quantity of information is based on the figures of exergasia, climax, congeries, the maxim of relevance - on digressio, Past Fact / Future Fact, and the maxim of quality - on hyperbole and apagoresis. Through rhetorical figures and the corresponding pragmatics, the speakers implement the strategies of transferring and reducing responsibility, substitution of arguments, mitigation, partial distortion by exaggeration, simplification, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims at the analysis of conventional implicatures (Grice, 1991) actualized in Ukrainian dialogical discourse. The distinction between conventional and conversational implicatures is described. We argue that what is commonly considered conventional implicature is in fact implicature only in discourse. Implicatures are inherently conversational because they are intended by the speaker and derived by the addressee in discourse. Therefore, it makes sense to regard conventional implicatures as such that are actualized not only in discursive context (such being the case with conversational implicatures), but by certain language means in virtue of their semantics. They serve as triggers allowing the addressee to derive implicature through its conventional meaning. Implicature triggers are culture-specific, since their semantics is determined by conventions of a particular natural language. Depending on language status of the trigger, conventional implicatures are divided into lexical, paroemiac and syntactic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conversational implicature is one of the most important ideas in pragmatics. The importance of conversational implicatures as a means of conveying messages is directly well established. In conducting this research, the researchers used a qualitative descriptive method. This research is qualitative because the data are in the form of words and analyzed based on the setting or natural context. Qualitative research is a type of research in which data are studied naturally without any treatment or intervention by researchers. Related to teaching English, this research helps students to know about figure of speech – how they are expressed in the context of certain situations. Referring to implicature theory, students know that conversation is more than just a series of exchanges; it consists of exchanges ideas according to norms of conversational cooperation, which can be manipulated to create various meanings. The application of conversational implicatures in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is in the learning process in the classroom between teachers and students. Conversational implicatures in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs can provide several benefits and lessons for all students in learning to speak by increasing students' motivation, interest, and understanding of the learning material.

Pragmatics and Law is an important subfield of theoretical and practical (or “applied”) pragmatics. This article is about criminal speech acts. These are those speech acts for which one can be punished in a given legal system. Criminal speech acts do not form a separate speech act class like assertives or expressives, but occur in all classes. They can be realized both directly and indirectly. Indirect realization involves indirect speech acts in the sense of speech act theory or conversational implicatures in the sense of conversational implicature theory. Two sets of issues are considered in more detail. The first is the area of lying, where lying is regarded as an insincere assertion with the aim of deception. The law does not recognize a separate criminal offense of lying. Nevertheless, lying can be punished in certain contexts. A relevant case is lying in court under oath (perjury). Bullshitting differs from lying in that the bullshitter is indifferent to the truth. Bullshitting thus appears as a practical option to avoid committing to a fact. Moreover, it is asked whether lying is possible through the realization of a deceptive conversational implicature. The second set of issues is the field of insults and hate speech. In the case of insults, it is striking that in every language there are lexical expressions (insult words) that serve the purpose of realizing an insult. They are illocutionary indicators in the sense of speech act theory. Hate speech, which includes the denigration of certain groups in the sense of incitement to hatred, is understood as a type of insult. This means that hate speech is, in principle, covered by the rules for the execution of an insult. The legal assessment of criminal speech acts is based, on the one hand, on concrete utterances and, on the other hand, on an assessment of the utterance context. It turns out that there can be considerable differences in the assessment of criminal speech acts, which has to do with the inherent complexity of these concepts.

Copyright of Arts for Linguistic & Literary Studies is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper deals with the functioning of if- clauses in mathematical word problems and with their equivalents. First, the nature of a word problem as a text type is shown. Further, the difference between complex sentences with proper implicative- causal relation and a lay use of conditional clauses is examined. As its main goal, the paper presents a comparison of various instances of conditional clauses in mathematics word problems. Also, it shows the role of formulaic stereotypy and conventional assumptions in word problem texts as an integral part of both the mathematical and the communicative competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discourses on revealing meanings in utterances are widely discussed in some fields of linguistics, semantics, presupposition, and implicature. This study is an example of how implicature is employed in a novel, which is a depiction of real life conversation. The aims of this study are to reveal the use of implicature in a novel by using Grice’s cooperative principle framework and to entangle the implied meanings in the conversations in terms of their maxim arrangement. Qualitative research design was used in this study. The result of the study shows that there are two kinds of implicature, namely generalized and particularized conversational implicature. It is also found that there are five patterns of maxims organization in generalized conversational implicatures and four patterns of maxims organization in particularized conversational implicatures.

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Etnolingual is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Conversational implicature is how the same sentence can be understood to have two opposite meanings even though both are conveyed explicitly. The occurrence of implicature in conversation is a violation of maxims, so the goal to be achieved in this study is to describe violations and compliances with cooperation principles in the Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness movie. Cooperative principles are often interpreted as general guidelines that cover conversational interactions. The purpose of this research is to find the functions of conversational implicature in Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness movie based on Grice's theory by using the Cooperative Principle as a guidance. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method to analyze the data proposed by Sudaryanto 2015 namely the observational method. Researchers collected with are several steps taken by the researcher, first the researcher watched the movie and transcribed the conversation, the second researcher checked the utterances containing the implicature, the third researcher analyzed the highlighted data. Based on the research findings, the most dominant maxim violations that occur in this movie are relation maxim with 10 data, quality maxim violation with 6 data, quantity maxim violation with 2 data, then maxim of manner violation with 2 data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of prosodic traits and the pragmatic implications connected to them. It is suggested that there is a prosodic code in which a selection of suprasegmental elements is deliberately and consciously changed, putting it in relation to syntactic structures, lexical choices, and pragmatic meanings, is believed that a prosodic grammar works together with the linguistic and rhetorical devices in order to organize a narrative discourse firstly, and secondly to highlight the argumentative part within the narrative discourse. The prosodic features and the possible communicative meanings associated as well as the pragmatic effects are all described and justified. This study is the result of the analysis of two narrative poems in two different languages; English and Arabic. It is believed that the methodological procedures followed and the conclusions arrived at can be easily extended to other languages. General correlations that could be a starting point for further studies and practical employment of prosodic features are proposed.

Anti-Ukrainian discourse of the Russian politicians is based on delegitimization of the images of Ukraine and the Western world while constructing a positive image of Russia in the narratives of Self-Defense, Liberation of Ukraine, and Liberation of the World, with roles of a Villain, a Hero-Liberator, a Victim-Hostage and Villain's accomplice in different configurations. These models of argumentation rely on specific topoi of Threat, Protection and Strength and their revealing subtopoi, underpinning the discourse-forming concepts of Empire of evil, Empire of good and Ukronazis. Delegitimizing strategies of transfer and over-generalization are based on metaphors, metonymy, and lexical semantic means to denote the recurrence, systematicity and regularity of negatively connotated actions of the "alien" group. At the pragmatic level "We"-"They" dichotomy is based on ideologemesbased intertextuality, as well as the flouting of the cooperative maxims triggering the discursive implicatures. Maxims violation is marked by such manipulative techniques as the role reversal, ambivalent interpretation of the same concept, words with diffuse semantics, "complexity reduction", the construction of presupposition and the use of contrasting evaluative names to designate the forces of evil and good. Manipulative devices correlate with general rhetorical topoi of peristalsis, Genus and Species, Subject - Adjuncts, Past Fact / Future Fact, Testimony, antitheton and truncated syllogism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pragmatic competence is one of the chief components of language learners' communicative abilities. However, in research and instruction, limited attention is often directed towards the pragmatic aspects of language. One such pragmatic aspect is conversational implicature. This study investigates the perception of implicatures by EFL undergraduates in Saudi Arabia, where, as in East Asian countries, English is spoken as a foreign language. It employs an exploratory mixed-methods design to collect and analyse the data. Three instruments were used to collect the data, namely, a multiple-choice discourse completion test, the design based on Bouton's works (1988, 1994), a questionnaire, developed from and based on the taxonomy of the implicature of interpretative strategies by Vandergrift (1997), and interviews. A total of 40 undergraduates who enrolled on a four-year English programme at Majmaah University were randomly selected to participate in this study. The findings revealed that EFL learners encountered difficulties in understanding implicatures. It was also shown that Quantity, Indirect Criticism, Quality, Sequential, and Scalar implicatures are more problematic for learners than the other five types of implicatures, namely, Minimum Requirement Rule, Manner, POPE-Q, Idiomatic, and Relation, respectively. Moreover, the findings obtained from the questionnaire indicated that the participants tended to use inference strategies, deduction/induction, repetition, and transfer strategies more frequently than grouping strategies, elaboration strategies, translation strategies, and summarisation strategies. The study recommends that language teachers should incorporate the pragmatic as pects of language in their teaching, and such aspects should also be incorporated in the English curricula. It provides significant implications which could be useful for EFL/ESL learners and teachers as well as curriculum designers in Saudi Arabia, as much as in East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to linguistic theory, conversational Implicature (CI) is the original intent of the speech expressed by a speaker. The assumption is that both the speaker and the receiver understand and respect the communication rules. In conversation theory, this is the significant component that has been the subject of discussion. This study investigates the importance of CI in various contexts of daily conversations. The focus of this study is to identify the violation of Grice's theory in the conversation. There is a shortcoming in literature to investigate CI in everyday conversations. Moreover, some studies focussed on specific discussions, which led to a literature gap. The study's outcome will assist researchers in exploring new ideas in conversational implicatures. In addition, it reveals the shortcomings of the usage of implicatures. In this study, the researchers analyzed a set of 77 daily conversations. The study showed that context is critical in determining the meaning of a person's thoughts. In addition, the finding suggests that particularized CI are primarily employed in daily conversations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In daily conversation, sometimes dialogue includes terms that vary entirely from the common phrases. From a linguistic perspective, the conversational implicatures are the speaker's intended meaning of the utterance. Conversation implications are the specific conversations between the speaker and the receiver by following the communications principles. It is the most significant component that has undergone argumentation in conversation theory. Grice's theory of dialogue inference is the possibility of providing meaning to the literal. In other words, people apply certain cooperative principles to communicate cooperatively. Thus, conversational implicatures have become one of the top research areas in pragmatics. This paper intends to explore the importance of conversational implicatures in day-to-day conversations in various contexts. It focuses on certain dialogues collected and integrated from the routine conversation. The outcome revealed that context plays a vital role in interpreting utterances. Therefore, there is no possibility of a complete correspondence of one utterance to one context, which shows the conversational implicature cannot be context-independent. In addition, dialogues were classified into Generalized, Scalar, and Particular conversational implicatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green Book, which premiered in September 2018, won various awards during the North American film awards season, culminating in the 2019 Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay and Best Supporting Actor. The film follows the travels of African-American pianist Dr. Donald Shirley and his hired Italian chauffeur and bodyguard, Tony Lip, in the 1960s. Combining Grice's conversational implicature theory and cooperative principle theory, this paper analyzes the dialogue between Dr. Donald Shirley and Tony Lip in the film, explores the implication of conversation from the violation of the cooperative principle, so as to deeply understand how conversation depicts character's personality and how conversation conveys humor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to study ellipsis and the elliptical strategies used in Mosuli Arabic discourse from a functional pragmatically based perspective. It aims at investigating the types and functions of ellipsis, alongside the elliptical strategies employed by Mosuli Arabic speakers in the everyday discourse. In order to achieve this aim, it is hypothesized that: (1) Ellipsis and elliptical strategies are frequently used in Mosuli Arabic daily situational discourse with specific functions, (2) Ellipsis is pragmatically oriented, hence contextually interpreted (3) Ellipsis, as communicative strategy in Mosuli Arabic interactions, falls into several types and functions. A descriptive qualitative method is used in this study. Three episodes of a sitcom are chosen as a data reflection to Mosuli every-day discourse. The data utterances, after their collection, transcription, and identification, are analyzed on the basis of a functional pragmatically based model, which is built on certain theorizations taken from two well-known models; namely, the textual model of Halliday and Hasan (1976), and the pragmatic model of Grice (1989). The study has found, due to the results obtained by data analysis, that Mosuli Arabic interlocutors, when engaged in a conversational discourse, use, by violating, flouting, clashing, or opting out CP maxims, certain elliptical strategies with specific intended communicative functions. In this regard, it has been found that such breaking procedure is recovered and interpreted contextually within the relevant conversational implicature, underlying the elliptical utterances, which is activated by the pragmatic dichotomy; 'presupposition' and 'inference'. As a striking conclusion, ellipsis, along its strategies, types and functions realized in the contextual situations considered here, is daily used in the Mosuli Arabic discourse, where it is proved to be pragmatically and linguistically determined by the cultural ideology of Mosuli Arabic speech-community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to describe the conversational implicature of women’s language by Shin Tanokura in the drama series of Oshin. Research-based on a theory of Azuma (2009) for implicature as women’s language and Yule (2006) for conversational implicature. It is a kind of qualitative research. The data collection technique used is the observing method. The method used in this research is the descriptive analysis with Connect and Compare Equation Technique and Connect and Distinguishing Technique. The result showed that the conversational implicature of women’s language by Shin Tanokura in the drama series of Oshin is generalized conversational implicature, particularized conversational implicature, and scalar implicature. These three implicatures present markers that confirm the utterances belong to the variety of women’s language. In conclusion, the use of the implicature with high intensity is a marker of the utterance that belongs to the variety of women’s language. The variety of women’s language with the use of implicature gives an impression and an image about the characteristic of women and the variety of women’s language.

Is it possible to lie despite not saying anyhing false? While thespontaneous answer seems to be ‘no’, there is some evidencefrom ordinary language that a lie does not require what is saidto be believed-false. In this paper, we will argue for a pragmaticextension of the standard definition of lying. More specifically,we will present three experiments which show that people’sconcept of lying is not about what is said, but about what isimplied by saying it that way. We test three Griceanconversational maxims. For each one of them we demonstratethat if a speaker implies something misleading, even by sayingsomething semantically true, it is still considered lying.

I argue that although Paul Grice’s picture of conversational maxims and conversational implicature is an immensely useful theoretical tool, his view about the nature of the maxims is misguided. Grice portrays conversational maxims as tenets of rationality, but I will contend that they are best seen as social norms. I develop this proposal in connection to Philip Pettit’s account of social norms, with the result that conversational maxims are seen as grounded in practices of social approval and disapproval within a given group. This shift to seeing conversational maxims as social norms has several advantages. First, it allows us to neatly accommodate possible variation with respect to the maxims across well-functioning linguistic groups. Second, it facilitates a more psychologically plausible account of flouting. And third, it generates insights about the nature of social norms themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It can be a great challenge for second language (L2) learners to comprehend meanings that are implied in utterances rather than the surface meaning of what was said. Moreover, L2 learners' attitudes toward pragmatic learning are unknown. This mixed-methods study investigates L2 learners' ability to comprehend conversational implicatures. It also explores their beliefs about and intentions to develop this ability using Ajzen's theory of planned behavior (TPB). A total of 498 freshmen from a public university in China participated in the study. Data were collected using a web-based test, stimulated recall tasks and semi-structured interviews. Results show that the participants differed in recognizing the intended meanings. Complicated factors account for the variations. In addition to the types of implicature, learners' beliefs about developing pragmatic comprehension also influence their learning intention, and subsequent performance. These beliefs include learners' multi-layered, complex attitudes toward the outcomes of pragmatic learning, perceived self-efficacy beliefs regarding language proficiency and L2 cultural knowledge, actual behavioral control over opportunities and resources for pragmatic learning, and perceptions of less social pressure on pragmatic learning. The use of TPB may help language teachers and test designers to understand learners' beliefs about L2 pragmatic learning in the English as a foreign language (EFL) context. Understanding the factors influencing learners' intention will help design more effective teaching curricula that may integrate pragmatic instruction and testing in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogwhistles are communicative mechanisms for expressing subliminal meanings. In this paper, I take up the distinction, usual in the literature on the topic, between two types of dogwhistle: overt and covert, whereby in the latter, as opposed to the former, the preservation of the subliminal character of the message seems to be a necessary condition for the dogwhistle's communicative success. I discuss various aspects of this distinction, arguing that both types of dogwhistle can be analysed as conversational implicatures bearing in mind, in particular, the canonical properties of cancelability and calculability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper explores the extent to which L1-Korean L2-English speakers' L1 influences the computation of conversational implicatures for the definite and demonstrative determiners the and that in English. Both the and that denote unique referents, but that carries implication of contrast (Roberts, 2002). Following Submaxim 2 of the Gricean Quantity Maxim, using that instead of unmarked the implicates that the referent is being implicitly contrasted with other members of the same noun. Korean has no equivalent for the and the demonstrative ku 'that' is situated on the semantic scale between the and that. This partial overlap could influence L1-Korean L2-English speakers' implicature computation even though ku also carries implication of contrast. Acceptability judgment data indicate that unlike native speakers, L2 speakers did not show sensitivity to infelicitous use of that, indicating difficulty computing implicatures. Results are discussed in terms of crosslinguistic influence at the semantics-pragmatics interface in L2 acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As a lecturer in a business class, it might be interesting to dig deep to advertisement slogan embedded with sexual content like Condoms advertisement. This advertisement uses implicit language in the way they promote the product because it mostly leads to free sex. Therefore, the phenomenon of advertisers creatively uses the implicit slogans to attract their customers about their product might be interesting to discuss. This study aims to investigate the use of conversational implicature and the violation of cooperative principle or maxims occurred in condoms advertisement slogan and investigate the perception of business class students toward the analysis of this advertisement slogan to learn. It was descriptive qualitative research with 15 condoms advertisement slogans to be analyzed and 15 business class students to be interviewed. The result came with 100% particularized implicature used, 100% of violating of maxim of quantity, 100% of violating of maxim manner, 73 % of violating maxim of quality, and no violation in maxim of relevance. In conclusion, advertisers are using particularized implicature and violation of some cooperative principles or maxims to avoid informative messages in promoting their product (condom) which is banned in their advertisement rule. However, the advertisers keep making the slogans relevant to the products, so that some particular people can easily understand the message conveyed by the slogans. Moreover, the business class students agreed that this analysis should be important to learn because they will work as an entrepreneur who thinks about utterances in creating slogans for advertisement, especially sexual content. Further research should analyze more slogans in sexual content and use more techniques of analysis.

Saul (2002) criticizes a view on the relationship between speaker meaning and conversational implicatures according to which speaker meaning is exhaustively comprised of what is said and what is implicated. In the course of making her points, she develops a couple of new notions which she calls “utterer-implicature” and “audience-implicature”. She then makes certain claims about the relationship between the intersection of those two notions and successful communication and also about the difference between conversational implicature and the intersection of utterer and audience implicatures. Finally, she tries to figure out the role and importance of conversational implicature in communication. Her claim on this issue is that conversational implicature plays a normative role in communication. In this paper, I will introduce her views on the above issues and critically engage some of them. I will show that her identification of successful communication with the intersection of utterer and audience implicatures is wrong. I will then show that her views on the difference between conversational implicature and the intersection of utterer and audience implicature run to several problems. Finally, appealing to what she says in Saul (2010) I try to make her claim about the normative character of conversational implicature more accurate.

It can be a great challenge for second language (L2) learners to comprehend meanings that are implied in utterances rather than the surface meaning of what was said. Moreover, L2 learners’ attitudes toward pragmatic learning are unknown. This mixed-methods study investigates L2 learners’ ability to comprehend conversational implicatures. It also explores their beliefs about and intentions to develop this ability using Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior (TPB). A total of 498 freshmen from a public university in China participated in the study. Data were collected using a web-based test, stimulated recall tasks and semi-structured interviews. Results show that the participants differed in recognizing the intended meanings. Complicated factors account for the variations. In addition to the types of implicature, learners’ beliefs about developing pragmatic comprehension also influence their learning intention, and subsequent performance. These beliefs include learners’ multi-layered, complex attitudes toward the outcomes of pragmatic learning, perceived self-efficacy beliefs regarding language proficiency and L2 cultural knowledge, actual behavioral control over opportunities and resources for pragmatic learning, and perceptions of less social pressure on pragmatic learning. The use of TPB may help language teachers and test designers to understand learners’ beliefs about L2 pragmatic learning in the English as a foreign language (EFL) context. Understanding the factors influencing learners’ intention will help design more effective teaching curricula that may integrate pragmatic instruction and testing in the future.

That we can learn something from literature, as cognitivists claim, seems to be a commonplace. However, when one considers matters more deeply, it turns out to be a problematic claim. In this paper, by focusing on general revelatory facts about the world and the human spirit, I hold that the cognitivist claim can be vindicated if one takes it as follows. We do not learn such facts from literature, if by "literature" one means the truth-conditional contents that one may ascribe to textual sentences in their fictional use, i.e., in the use in which one makes believe that things unfold in a certain way. What we improperly call learning from literature amounts to knowing actually true conversational implicatures concerning the above facts as meant by literary authors. So, in one and the same shot, we learn both a general revelatory fact and the fact that such a fact is meant via a true conversational implicature by an author. The author draws that implicature from the different truth-conditional content a sentence possesses when the sentence is interpreted in a fictional context, meant as Kaplan's (1989) narrow context, i.e., a set of circumstantial parameters (agent, space, time, and world). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]