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Alternative food network research has referred to farm shops but rarely examined them in detail. This article argues that farm shops are not simply places of exchange but are complex, immersive, sensory‐rich places of meaning and experience. These arguments are developed through a study that adopts an interpretive/embodied perspective on conventions and applies them through a multi‐methods approach, incorporating autoethnography, interviews, a questionnaire and website analysis. The influence of farm shop interiors and farm context were investigated through thematic analysis. It was found that consumers desired a rustic interior aesthetic, an external ambience enabling exploration and an opportunity to escape time poverty through consumption. Farm shop owners endeavoured to provide a rich multi‐sensory interactive consumption experience, encompassing both enterprise buildings and surrounding farm sites. It is argued that use of ‘farm‐site’ consumption experiences distinguishes these enterprises from each other, contributes to consumer immersion and positively contributes to the collective identity of ‘farm shops’. Furthermore, the provision of retroscaped experiential consumption promises resilience from supermarket co‐optation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hades is a 2018 video game by Supergiant Games that sees the player take control of Zagreus, an obscure son of Hades. Hades offers the player freedom to shape, order, and alter its narrative through their choices of pursuit. This article attempts to highlight aspects of this game's design by contrasting it with two prominent rogue-likes. It uses The Binding of Isaac and Dead Cells for this purpose, and to further establish similarities and differences from the rest of the genre in the narrative and the ludic. It introduces the reader to the conventional elements of a rogue-like and how Hades is equipped to work around their limitations. Through this article, I also attempt to comment on whether and how the conventional idea of the genre is evolving in videogames today and highlight how games like Hades, Dead Cells, and The Binding of Isaac are contributing to this evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few other social technologies and institutions are more consequential to human societies than money. Yet money remains a deeply perplexing phenomenon. On the one hand, it is a pan-human system of valuation, but on the other, it is conventional and variable in its uses. While it is controversial if money instantiates a fully-fledged sign system, it is rife with semiotic capacities. To present an illuminating analysis of money is thus a test case for the Motivation & Sedimentation Model (MSM) of meaning making, with roots in the phenomenology of Husserl and Merleau-Ponty. Using MSM, we analyze two origin accounts of money: the commodity money account evidenced in archaic and classical Greek coinage, and the credit money account exemplified by early findings in Mesopotamia. Both accounts focus on the interactions between the three levels of MSM: the pre-signitive Embodied, the cultural Sedimented, and the interactional Situated levels of meaning and propose different series of "loops" to account for the genesis of money. Despite key differences in the two origins, both imply semiotic processes operating according to motivated, and hence non-arbitrary, conventions developing within institutional formations that ultimately influenc present-day concepts of money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce the rejection game, designed to formalize the interaction between interlocutors in a Stalnakerian conversation: a speaker who asserts something and a listener who may accept or reject. The rejection game is similar to other signalling games known to the literature in economics and biology. We point out similarities and differences, and propose an application in linguistics. We uncover basic conditions under which the Gricean maxim of quality emerges from incentives among the players, providing evidence for a functionalist understanding of the Gricean program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the conventions set by the International Labor Organization with special emphasis on those conventions covering the issues of health and safety at work as universal, written sources governing modern-day (collective and individual) work relations. It is a natural right (human right, right of man) to enjoy just and favorable working conditions that ensure: the rights to pay and compensation, equal for equal working conditions, i.e. of equal value without any discrimination, equality of men and women, decent life of the workers and their families, safe and healthy working conditions, equal opportunities for promotion, limited working hours, the right to rest and holidays, paid holidays and other rights. Despite the variations in the classification of the conventions, the paper presents the conventions of the International Labor Organization that the Republic of Croatia has ratified, (in the chronological order in which they were adopted, for it is the sequence in the passing of the conventions that testifies to the development of the labor law and the care for the working and living conditions of workers. A separate section of this paper addresses the convention in the field of safety and health at work [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two of the most productive lines of social science inquiry in recent years come from the study of 'values' and that of 'infrastructures.' Not coincidentally, both are capacious terms. Values are plastic and dynamic, constantly and creatively deployed and reinterpreted – yet their power is legitimated by a seeming durability, their connection to something transcendent as recognised by social conventions. In turn, infrastructures are characterised by their durability – yet, they are constantly and creatively employed and repurposed in practice. Bringing these two approaches together, the synthesis presented in this collection reveals how infrastructures encode social, political, and cultural (as well as economic) values through social conventions, and how they facilitate and shape capitalist accumulation by connecting heterogeneous value worlds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropological literature on culture shock assigns a social-coordinative function to stylistic conventions such as etiquette and dress codes. In the philosophical literature on the connection between conventions and coordination, however, it is frequently claimed that stylistic conventions do not solve coordination problems, conceived of as situations of interdependent decision making that can be modelled in game theoretical terms. I argue that the debate on conventions and coordination nevertheless provides tools for understanding how and why stylistic conventions serve a coordinative purpose. Some coordination games allow for stable equilibria only by means of public signals that are external to a game, known as correlation devices. I argue that such devices come in different kinds. In complementary coordination games, primary coordination devices allow for rules that specify role-divisions, while secondary correlation devices make existing role-divisions cognitively tractable. Stylistic conventions can be interpreted as correlation devices of the latter kind. We share etiquette and dress codes as secondary correlation devices that highlight who plays which role, which transactions in role-interactions transpire, and where specific role-interactions can be expected to take place.

Background: Over the past few decades, the Senegalese dairy sector has undergone a rapid transformation. Urbanization and shifts in urban consumers’ eating habits have contributed to increased demand for dairy products and the emergence of new quality requirements. Aim: This paper examines how quality conventions influence the governance of dairy value chains in Senegal. We argue that value chain governance is not only determined by transaction characteristics, but also by how “lead firms” incorporate different quality conventions and translate these into value chain governance mechanisms. Methods: Through semi-structured interviews with consumer groups and stakeholders in the dairy value chain (producers, importers, processors, and retailers), we collected information on consumers’ selection criteria for dairy products and processors’ quality strategies, as well as on coordination mechanisms, contracts, and power relations within the value chain. Results: Our results show that the way lead firms normalize consumer expectations leads to specific organizational mechanisms in buyer-supplier relationships. Some combinations of quality strategies and governance mechanisms are better suited to fostering the sustainability of the local milk value chain in terms of social and economic development. Processors building viable relations with local milk producers are in particular ensuring the sustainability of the value chain, since they are able to cater to consumer preferences for fair and local milk-based products, while offering the guarantee of food safety processes. Conclusions: Our study highlights the indirect power that downstream actors (consumers) have on upstream actors (producers) via strategies (normalization) implemented by actors operating in an intermediate segment of the chain (processors). In other words, it shows that consumers, through their purchasing preferences, are playing a key role in the development of the local livestock sector.

Standard accounts hold that regularities of behavior must be arbitrary to constitute a convention. Yet, there is growing consensus that conventionality is a graded phenomenon, and that conventions can be more or less natural. I develop an account of natural conventions that distinguishes two basic dimensions of conventional naturalness: a probabilistic dimension and an inherent one. A convention is probabilistically natural if it is likely to emerge in a population of agents, and inherently natural if its content is a regularity that scores high on relevant measures for naturalness. I motivate the proposal on conceptual grounds and then showcase its descriptive benefits by discussing two case studies in language: the tendency towards word-length optimality and the prevalence of shape opacity in spoken language vocabularies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Paper seeks to critically analyze and evaluate the concept of compulsory licensing under the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911, and the Patents Act, 1970. The Paper further: (i) traces its evolution from the French Patent Law of 1791 to the amendment of the TRIPS Agreement in 2017 that introduced Article 31bis; (ii) analyzes the detailed procedure and consideration for the grant of compulsory license in India; and (iii) in the light of Natcov Bayer decision, discusses the rejection of the compulsory license applications on the grounds of procedural non-compliance. In the end, paper develops an argument that the provisions relating to compulsory license under the Indian patent regulatory framework have remained a dead letter during COVID-19 pandemic at the cost of public health and welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lex Humana is the property of Lex Humana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Informality has long been valued in England, and this is true of the political process as well as the institution of the judiciary. In both cases, it is assumed that the senior figures will have absorbed unwritten conventions and will by osmosis naturally understand their respective role in the UK constitution. Much is now starting to change, at least as far as the English judiciary is concerned. It is, first, argued that informal judicial institutions did not become redundant when the separation of powers was formally introduced with a program of modernization of the judiciary in the Constitutional Reform Act 2005. Selected illustrations of persisting informal judicial institutions are then discussed in relation to the deliberative processes in senior courts; to judicial selection and appointments; and to the disciplinary process. Second, informal judicial institutions are deeply connected with the UK constitutional tradition. The Brexit litigation laid bare the challenges of containing political behavior within certain boundaries, and the unwritten conventions which have bound the judiciary and the executive might now be instinctively understood and shared by only one of these two parties.

Readers' habit to glance over the news has spawned brief, creative and imaginative headlines. Of these, which element is capable of arresting eye movement on a newspaper (web)page, of sparking interest in the story? Lexical patterns, semantic content, pragmatic, or psychological effects elicited during interpretation? By raising this question, it may be possible to pull out the element which is an indispensable condition for captivating readers' interest and ultimately, influencing public opinion. The variety of linguistic expression displayed in newspaper headlines (even when the same story is covered), vagueness, and creative style make convention and regularity less operative in an account of elements which influence the interpretation of headlines. It should then follow that an explanation of their distinctiveness and importance as autonomous, or accompanying, texts is to be sought elsewhere. Following up on Ifantidou (2009), I will grant that an adequate treatment of newspaper headlines presents a more pressing challenge: that of accounting for their non-propositional effects, i.e. emotions and experiential responses, which are capable of giving rise to inference and optimally relevant cognitive effects (as defined within relevance-theoretic pragmatics). In this way, the ultimate goal of engaging the reader in the story, by sharing the emotion of the story, is fulfilled. • Headline writers aim to create an 'impression'. • Headlines are commonly read as autonomous texts. • A sufficient condition to mobilize readers' attention is to impinge directly upon emotional attitudes. • Successful communication via underinformative headlines can be achieved through a "loosely descriptive use". • Relevance may not depend entirely on cognitive effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines a unique aspect of the business travel industry whereby organizations worldwide are conducting corporate meetings within a socially responsible context. The aim of this study is to identify drivers of employee citizenship behaviors for staff participating in a novel program called MICE for COMMUNITY in Thailand. A mixed method approach included interviews and a self-report questionnaire of 245 employees visiting a rural community. Interview findings found that community understanding, self-esteem, and community fit were critical aspects of a positive staff experience. The strongest predictors of positive word of mouth and positive attitude toward revisiting the host community were community understanding and perceived community value. Novel predictors tested extend our understanding of employee citizenship. Key recommendations are made for government agencies involved in facilitating corporate meetings with a social responsibility orientation, nongovernment organizations, and corporate policy-makers involved in corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informality has long been valued in England, and this is true of the political process as well as the institution of the judiciary. In both cases, it is assumed that the senior figures will have absorbed unwritten conventions and will by osmosis naturally understand their respective role in the UK constitution. Much is now starting to change, at least as far as the English judiciary is concerned. It is, first, argued that informal judicial institutions did not become redundant when the separation of powers was formally introduced with a program of modernization of the judiciary in the Constitutional Reform Act 2005. Selected illustrations of persisting informal judicial institutions are then discussed in relation to the deliberative processes in senior courts; to judicial selection and appointments; and to the disciplinary process. Second, informal judicial institutions are deeply connected with the UK constitutional tradition. The Brexit litigation laid bare the challenges of containing political behavior within certain boundaries, and the unwritten conventions which have bound the judiciary and the executivemight now be instinctively understood and shared by only one of these two parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edward Said’s Memoir, Out of Place, challenges travel writings conventions by proposing a new definition of exile. This study aims at investigating the narrative aspects of diaspora and the new concept of exile as depicted in Said's narrative by analyzing his personal experiences of exile and dislocation. Understanding the importance of breaking these patterns enables readers to critically evaluate traditional travel narratives and engage with a variety of perspectives. From a postcolonial standpoint, we analyze how Said's work provides a new perspective on the postcolonial world's problems of displacement, belonging, and self-construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to provide a comprehensive critical overview of the current just war theory debate and proposes a modern just war theory with practical action guidance. It emphasizes the moral force of law, and argues that widely accepted laws and conventions of war play a significant role in constituting the moral rules applicable in conflicts. It delves into defining war, rejecting the necessity of legitimate authority and exploring just cause and right intention.

This article provides a response to the contributors of this symposium. Notably, I respond to the following objections: that my list of just war criteria is too long on an "ideal" level and too short for practical purposes; that in particular my rejection of legitimate authority is misguided; that I am wrong in claiming that in just war theory the conditions of proportionality and necessity, which are separate in the self-defense justification, must be merged; that my "social practice view" – which denies the existence of an "immutable", "deep" morality of war and holds instead that widely accepted conventions have moral force and are therefore partly constitutive of the morality of war – faces severe challenges and makes too much of standing to complain and considerations of reciprocity; and that my account of rights forfeiture is mistaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) has adopted cultural Conventions since the 1950s, specifying aspects of culture that its Member States should protect and promote as the 'Common Heritage of Mankind (CHM)'. This article argues that UNESCO has accumulated the concepts of the CHM in four cultural Conventions into the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (Cultural Diversity Convention), making UNESCO's cultural policy remit 'ambiguous'. This article further posits that the accumulation of the concepts of the CHM into the Cultural Diversity Convention lies in a rhetorical structure; The rhetorical structure allows the Convention to set ambivalent policy agendas encompassing the protection of past culture and the promotion of contemporary cultural industries. A historical analysis of UNESCO's five cultural Conventions demonstrates that UNESCO has developed its description of the CHM and the following policy ambit to respond to social changes in the cultural sector as well as the political relationships of its Member States and other international organisations. The discussion about the use of cultural description to extend UNESCO's cultural policy ambit sheds new light on the ambiguity of cultural policy in the context of how to use historical knowledge of culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The promotion of international humanitarian law is one of the main objectives of the external security policy, by assuming the commitment to ensuring the protection of an international system based on rules, which have the role of contributing to stability, respect for universal human rights and strengthening the rule of law. In this context, it became necessary to harmonize the legal instruments in the military field for the new categories of missions, which include clear criteria for the use of military force and which guarantee compliance with the objectives of national defense, without contravening to international law and treaties.

The international legal framework for nuclear security consists of legal instruments and generally accepted principles designed to prevent, detect and respond to criminal and other unauthorized activities that involve or target nuclear or other radioactive material and related facilities or activities. Joint adherence to these instruments and a unified national legal framework can make a significant contribution to the fight against nuclear terrorism. Today, nuclear safety is considered the main condition for the use of nuclear energy. Over the years, this understanding has been legally guaranteed and confirmed by various decisions and resolutions of the IAEA Governing Council, the General Conference, the Security Council and the UN General Assembly. However, the genesis of the international legal framework of nuclear safety was formed in a complex manner and in direct connection with historical events in the world, which is why it currently consists of various legally binding and non-binding international documents, which can sometimes be considered incomprehensible. The article attempts to shed light on the genesis of international legal means of ensuring nuclear safety, through a comprehensive review of legal instruments in the sphere of ensuring the peaceful use of nuclear materials. The article aims to deepen the knowledge and general understanding of the history and scope of the relevant legislation, including the relevant obligations undertaken by states and the relevant specific functions assigned to regulatory bodies and states. The work can be useful to legislators, government officials, technologists, lawyers, diplomats, mass media, general public and students of «international law» and «international relations» to increase awareness and understanding of changes in the international legal framework of nuclear safety. Research on the genesis of nuclear law and safety can be useful for the creation and maintenance of national legislative and regulatory frameworks for nuclear safety. This publication brings together the main legally binding international documents and internationally recognized non-binding documents that form the international legal framework for nuclear safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is required to allow an artificial agent to engage in rich, human-like interactions with people? I argue that this will require capturing the process by which humans continually create and renegotiate 'bargains' with each other. These hidden negotiations will concern topics including who should do what in a particular interaction, which actions are allowed and which are forbidden, and the momentary conventions governing communication, including language. Such bargains are far too numerous, and social interactions too rapid, for negotiation to be conducted explicitly. Moreover, the very process of communication presupposes innumerable momentary agreements concerning the meaning of communicative signals, thus raising the threat of circularity. Thus, the improvised 'social contracts' that govern our interactions must be implicit. I draw on the recent theory of virtual bargaining, according to which social partners mentally simulate a process of negotiation, to outline how these implicit agreements can be made, and note that this viewpoint raises substantial theoretical and computational challenges. Nonetheless, I suggest that these challenges must be met if we are ever to create AI systems that can work collaboratively alongside people, rather than serving primarily as valuable special-purpose computational tools. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Cognitive artificial intelligence'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

David Lewis's account of conventions has received substantial criticism over the years, but one aspect of it has been less controversial and thus has been retained in various forms by other authors: his requirement that members of a group in which a convention obtains must know that they and others conform. I argue that knowledge of conformity requirements wrongly exclude certain paradigmatic conventions, including some central semantic conventions. Ruth Garrett Millikan's account of conventions accommodates these cases, but it is marred by her (as I argue) mistaken claim that most linguistic conventions involve coordination, and by complications with her central notion of reproduction. Aiming to build upon Millikan's insights while avoiding her account's problems, I contend that doing A is conventional in groups in which there is widespread, interconnected copying of doing A as a way of doing something further, B, where there are other equally good and accessible ways to do B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Româna de Dreptul Muncii is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Paradoxically, the peaceful use of nuclear energy and all the prospects it opens up for humanity often coexist with the prospect of nuclear proliferation and nuclear war. This difficult perception is understandable: the materials, knowledge, and expertise needed to produce nuclear weapons are generally no different from those needed to produce nuclear energy and conduct nuclear research. Therefore, ensuring the peaceful and safe use of nuclear energy has always been in the center of attention of the international community. The approach is determined by a complex of national and international measures. It is generally accepted that the primary responsibility for regulating the use of nuclear energy rests with national authorities, but it is also clear that other countries may also be affected. Thus, like many other human activities with potentially transboundary consequences, nuclear energy regulation requires a residual, and in some cases joint, responsibility on the part of the international community to ensure the harmonization of standards, coordination and pooling of resources and services, and regulatory cooperation this activity. In this regard, the IAEA and other international and regional organizations play the role of coordination centers. Article II of the IAEA Statute states that the organization shall seek to accelerate and increase the contribution of atomic energy to world peace, health and prosperity and shall provide, as far as possible, assistance upon request. IAEA supervision or control shall not be used to achieve any military objective. International cooperation in the field of nuclear energy over the past six decades has resulted in legally binding norms and advisory standards and regulations. This article outlines this global legal framework for the safe and peaceful development of nuclear energy. In particular, it concerns nuclear safety, radiation protection, radioactive waste management, transportation of radioactive materials, emergency assistance and planning, civil liability for nuclear damage, physical protection of nuclear material, armed attack on nuclear facilities, safeguards and controls carried out and provided by the IAEA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes throughly grounded answers to some of the most difficult questions raised in practice by the 128 article requiment. Starting from what the right to vote constitutes and how it is transpoted in practice, we will analyze the controversial problem of the general meetings, implicitly article 128 from the Law of companies 31/1990, that is, that the right to vote cannot be ceded at the same time, the situation and more complicated, if the shareholder is in a conflict of interest situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though many sport philosophers have worked to delineate clear definitions of play and games, typical language usage often conflates the two phenomena and even provides an undue normative bias toward games as play. In this paper, I argue that a better understanding of games and ideal playgrounds is required to alleviate this normative bias. To carry out this argument, I first examine previous definitions of play and games and how the concepts are often conflated. Secondly, I provide a definition of ideal playgrounds using prior philosophy on play and human conventions. Third, I present an analysis that examines how both game and non-game activities can act as ideal playgrounds. Finally, I argue that changes to the way we use language can help to alleviate this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What visual features characterize online migration data visualizations, and what do they suggest for the politics of representing migration and informing public attitudes? Audiences increasingly encounter quantitative information through visualization, especially in digital environments. Yet visualizations have political dimensions that manifest themselves through "conventions," or shared symbols and practices conveying meaning. Using content analysis, I identify patterns of representation in a sample of 277 migration data visualizations scraped from Google Images. I find evidence of several conventions including appeals to objectivity and traceability as well as perspectives and units of analysis centered on states—particularly higher income migrant destinations. Then, by locating my analysis within the growing field of digital migration studies, I argue these conventions potentially shape public attitudes and understandings about migrants, and contribute to broader migration politics involving categorization and quantification that have relevance both on- and off-line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rules are central to the constitutional political economy (CPE) approach. On this approach, rules, of a variety of types and forms, are necessary for the emergence of a political and social order, so that all genuine political order is rule-based. The central role of rules within the CPE approach is examined starting from an explicit definitional discussion of the concept of a rule and including discussion of the nature of rule-following behavior, the supply of rules, and rule enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cybercrime is a global threat to cybersecurity that crosses national borders and has no geographical boundaries. The global community establishes, ratifies, and implements common global accepted treaties and conventions to guide and direct cybersecurity. Nonetheless, the setting of internationally accepted standards for cybersecurity has been a difficult task. Cyberspace is a complex, erratic, and rapidly developing hybrid that is both physical and virtual. To eliminate chaos in cyberspace, improve cybersecurity, and eliminate cybercrime, a global framework of laws and conventions is required. To keep up with criminals' ability to exploit cyberspace, international laws and conventions must be gradually and robustly established and speedily and continuously amended. Adherence to stringent security measures and policies on the part of both public and private companies will aid in the implementation of increasingly stringent cybersecurity measures and international regulations in this regard. Cybersecurity must be prioritised in business. Companies should have cyberattack risk management strategies in place to prevent cyber breaches. Formal training for security cluster members and business representatives is required to effectively deal with the cybersecurity phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]