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The article examines the issues of participation of the National Police of Ukraine in contractual relations. It is noted that the bodies of the National Police of Ukraine, being participants in contractual relations, take part in such relations not as state authorities endowed with certain powers, but as subjects of public law - legal entities. It is emphasized that based on the legal status of the National Police of Ukraine, contracts with their participation must be separated from the system of similar economic obligations. It is emphasized that such contractual relations have certain features, starting from the grounds of origin, content, procedure of conclusion, design to the specifics of responsibility for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of a contractual obligation. It is substantiated that the competence of the National Police of Ukraine is determined not by general legislation, but by special ones. Therefore, it is important to clearly establish such powers in the relevant regulatory acts. The granting of economic competence to the bodies of the National Police of Ukraine provides for the realization of those rights and obligations aimed at the implementation and fulfillment of the tasks before them. As legal entities, they can participate in such contractual relations, which are aimed at achieving the tasks set before them. Granting the bodies of the National Police of Ukraine the rights and obligations of a legal entity under public law ensures their normal functioning as participants in contractual relations It was determined that the bodies of the National Police of Ukraine carry out contractual activities on the basis of a set of general normative acts devoted to contractual legal relations, by-laws adopted by state bodies with special competence and departmental acts regulating the organization and powers of the bodies of the National Police of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corporate code of ethics of a transnational corporation establishes a global standard for business ethics, serving as a corporation’s “calling card” and a self-regulatory mechanism that enhances the corporate identity. The reputational aspect of corporate codes of ethics aims to demonstrate the transparency of the corporation in the relevant industry market, thereby fostering a certain level of trust from of external stakeholders. This article addresses fundamental issues concerning the legal nature of corporate codes ethics. It analyses the main mechanisms and methods of implementing these codes in the daily business activities of corporations. Specifically, the following issues are examined: the position and role of codes within the framework of local regulatory acts, employees’ adherence to codes within the scope of labor discipline, incentivizing counterparties to adhere not only to contract terms but also to the code norms and incorporation of corporate codes of ethic into the compliance system. Throughout the exploration of these topics, the authors address the key challenges and trends in the adoption, application and adherence to corporate codes of ethics by corporations. The paper provides critical analysis of the role of corporate codes of ethics in regulating labor and contractual relations involving corporations, as well as within the compliance system. The research methodology is based on formal logic, comparative legal, dialectical, and system-structural methods.

Introduction. The relevance of the analysis of transaction costs is associated with a significant share of the transaction sector in the gross domestic product (GDP) of the national economy, a change in which can be associated with both the efficiency and inefficiency of the built institutional environment. The purpose of the study is to develop recommendations for influencing the elements of the institutional environment to optimize administrative barriers typical for the investment and construction sector (ICS) of the Russian Federation. The novelty of the author’s approach is formed by considering the aspect of distribution of transaction costs under the influence of heterogeneous contracts between the participants of the ICS.Materials and methods. The data of Rosstat on the structure of the gross domestic product of the Russian Federation are used, the results of international studies on quantitative and qualitative assessment of transaction costs in construction are analyzed. The study was based on the tools of institutional theories, as well as general scientific methods.Results. Distributors of transaction costs in the investment and construction sector of the Russian Federation are revealed: customer predictability, institutional rent of the contractor, institutional rent of the developer, completeness of relational contracts to ensure customer predictability, information on the profitability of bypassing formal rules by subjects of the investment and construction sector, digitalization.Conclusions. The description of transaction costs through the aspect of their distribution allows to formalize a model of their quantitative or qualitative measurement, taking into account the impact of the institutional environment in the Russian Federation.

The system of civil contracts in the Russian Federation is of great importance for practice and is the subject of many years of detailed study of Russian legal science. The classification of contracts in civil law still causes controversy and debate among scientists, and so far no one has been able to propose a universal classification. The situation with the classification of contracts in the trade turnover of the Russian Federation is also difficult. Even the identification of such a category and this name raises questions and creates various opposing points of view among scientists. Indeed, in any textbook on corporate and trade law of the Russian Federation it is very difficult to find the term agreement in trade turnover, as well as to distinguish the types of such agreements. More and more often we come across concepts such as a commercial agreement or a trade agreement, however, such concepts should not be fully identified, although they have similar features. Perhaps there cannot be a uniform and accurate classification due to the fact that contract law is a very dynamically developing industry, which is constantly changing from a practical point of view, and practice, as we know, acts and does not think about fitting into the usual format, theories and classifications. In this article, a team of authors provides a unique systematization of the types of contracts used in trade turnover on the territory of the Russian Federation, analyzes and characterizes and assesses the relevance of various forms of concluding commercial contracts, and also highlights the prospects for the development of national contract law, which functions and is the most important component of trade turnover.

The problems of legal regulation of the relationship between a university teacher and management in the field of creation and use of scientific works arise due to insufficient elaboration of contractual relations. In universities of culture, in addition to creative activity, teachers should also conduct scientific work, create scientific works that may have the status of official ones. To regulate these legal relations, it is recommended to conclude various types of contracts. The analysis of judicial practice in the field of the use of official works indicates the importance of detailed compilation of documents in the field of labor relations. So, in employment contracts and job descriptions, a list of jobs that will have the status of official can be specified. When placing scientific works on the Internet, it is necessary to formalize contractual relations with all participants in the process, stipulating the terms of use of the publication, or use technological protection tools.

Contractual relations play an important role in agribusiness, and therefore a thorough understanding of the creation and management of these relations at all levels, from primary production to the final consumer, is essential. This article aims to evaluate the functional mechanisms of creating contractual relations in the theory and practice of agribusiness. The theoretical approach helps to clarify and understand the basic processes that occur when concluding contracts, the practical approach is based on improving contracts based on emerging shortcomings, which can have a relatively high risk and cost due to its random nature. Therefore, it is useful to use both approaches at the same time, where existing theoretical knowledge leads to better empirical outcomes, and these then become a source of newly generalized theoretical knowledge. The main mechanisms for creating contractual relationships are issues of coordination, motivation, and transaction costs. There are several basic coordination mechanisms within the economic theory of the organization. In the classical approach, invisible hand and handbook mechanisms appear. Price plays a key role here and the invisible hand mechanism prevails. In the neoclassical approach, the role of price as a coordination mechanism is somewhat weaker, and therefore the coordination mechanism can be described by a combination of a handbook in the first place and an invisible hand in the second place. Elements of the handshake mechanism may also appear in this approach. In the relational concept, the role of price is limited and the other factors already mentioned prevail. Thus, the handshake coordination mechanism predominates here, and invisible hand mechanisms or even handbooks may also partially appear. Motivation, which is given by the different interests of individuals involved in the formation of contractual relations, also represents an important issue in the mechanisms of creating contractual relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large pharmaceutical companies (commonly referred to as Big Pharma) determine transformation trends in the global and national pharmaceutical market, make the largest investments in RD to create new original medicines, act as leaders in the processes of creating cross-border pharmaceutical value chains. In recent years, more and more Big Pharma companies penetrated the Russian pharmaceutical market. The purpose of this work is to identify the business models of Big Pharma companies in Russia from the point of view of their participation in a particular link of the pharmaceutical value chain, as well as to assess future trends. Based on the analysis of the collected information, we identify the following business models for Big Pharma companies: export model of supplying market; model of transferring RD links; production localization model at owned enterprises; model of contract manufacturing; model of participation in the links of wholesale distribution and retail. Foreign companies in Russian pharmaceutical market can use several models, and the more models are used, the deeper the company is integrated into the pharmaceutical chain. Such companies as Sanofi, Abbott, AstraZeneca, and Takeda are engaged in their own localized production and contract manufacturing, and they also exporting produced medicine abroad. So, they are the ones that are mostly involved in the pharmaceutical value chain in the Russian market. The transformation of business models of foreign pharmaceutical companies will be influenced by two interrelated factors: foreign strategy and geographic priorities of Big Pharma and the role of Russia in this strategy, which in turn is determined by the specifics of the Russian pharmaceutical market (compared to other countries).

This article addresses the issues faced by auditors, audit firms, and the business environment in the country and abroad, during the Covid-19 pandemic crisis, such as remote work and the issue of communication. At the same time, the author describes the solutions offered by the institutions of different states to overcome this crisis. The problems of the audit and control activity of the banking institutions were addressed, as well as the implementation of some software that would allow performing audit remotely. Solutions for facilitating the lending of entities during this period have also been described. Separately, the issue of contractual relations during the pandemic period was addressed. Using different research methods and analyzing the opinions of different auditors and economists, the author was able to present his own conclusions and recommendations in order to overcome this crisis by both audit firms and state institutions.

The agrarian market participants operate in a changing market environment. Their activities are characterized by a high level of risk, in particular, price risk, which determines the likelihood of failure in achieving the planned results. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the dynamics of prices for malted barley and determine the main factors influencing the price of malted barley in the agricultural market of Ukraine. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the scientific works of domestic and foreign authors on the problems of pricing management. Methods of data analysis, synthesis, and generalization of results are used. As a result, one can notice a high level of price fluctuations, significant price fluctuations during the year, absence of a uniform inversely proportional effect between the volume of barley production and its purchasing prices, and presence of disparity between the selling price of barley and the production costs of grain producers. The key factors that determine the price of malted barley include market saturation, grain quality, production expenditures, conditions on the market of barley fodder, contractual relations (which are sufficiently standardized but do not protect agricultural producers from risks), public policy through regulation market. The study outlined recommendations regarding the need to improve the legal regulation of relations and the development of a system to ensure the functioning of the grain market, effective cost management, introduction of innovative agrotechnologies, and financial hedging instruments.

Legal aspects of the social regulator of contractual relations in labor law of Ukraine have been revealed. The concept of social partnership and social dialogue as a legal regulatory mechanism of collective relations has been studied. Legal regulation of labor conditions at different levels, through agreements, reflecting the will and interests of the parties to the agreement, has been analyzed. It has been found out that the personal nature of work, the definition of the specific labor function, duration of working time, remuneration of labor, etc., shall be reflected in a contractual relationship, which requires new forms of relationship between a state, an employer and an employee. Such new forms are acts of social partnership representing the interests of employees, employers, and the state in general. Special attention in this process has been paid to the collective agreement, wherein the interests of the labor collective and the employer are reconciled. The significance of the collective agreement is enhanced in the context of the market economy transformation and the development of new forms of management. Based on international experience it has been proved that problems of economic and public life are addressed optimally, if the orientation is implemented not towards the confrontation, but towards the achievement of social compliance, adjustment of social partnership on the principles of cooperation between employers and employees, which are realized in forms of negotiations, the conclusion of collective agreements and collective arrangements, coordination of draft regulatory and legislative acts and consultation in decision-making by social partners at all levels. It has been defined that social partnership is implemented by means of social dialogue, as a set of coordination procedures of interests of association of employees, employers and the state. Social dialogue helps to provide social harmony and stability in the society, it addresses diverse social and economic problems; it is the universal mean of collective relations for each country, it takes into account its traditions and particularities, and it is based on the significant practical experience of real cooperation.

Copyright of Hileya: Scientific Bulletin / Gileya is the property of GILEYA Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Contractual solidarity is a familiar title and traditionally seems to be a stable and stable system. Still, the meditator finds that it raises critical legal problems, whether it is the harmonization between it and the general rules of the contract or the obligation to cooperate information and security, as a point of balance between the conflicting interests of contractors. It leads to the emergence of personal rights that guarantee the legal protection of the contract, which allows the legislator and the judge to intervene to ensure the effectiveness of its judgments? How can each party to the contractual relationship satisfy the legitimate expectations of the other party without harming the other party? Which means that everyone owes the other and owes society under the idea of solidarity? The analytical study of this subject in this research is a serious attempt to answer these questions. The parties' selfish interests before the contract's conclusion cease and disappear upon the execution of the agreement, through the dependence of the parties on each other for their common interests, the so-called contractual solidarity. The idea of solidarity is not the result of the moment. Still, its emergence has extended to varying periods, and on this basis, this research will be divided into two topics that address the concept of contractual solidarity. In the second, we will explain how solidarity and contract are compatible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the role of trust in improving the efficiency of the production of local public goods, taking into account the problem of contract process management and the level of transaction costs. The mechanism of implicit contracting between the producer (the State) and the consumer (citizens) in the production of a certain volume of public goods and services of the appropriate quality in exchange for implicit payment through the taxation procedure is disclosed. This type of contract has been identified as a form of relationship contract, which, unlike standard agreements, is characterized by certain peculiarities. The specifics of the relationship contract in the sphere of production of public goods are characterized, and its features are allocated, including: uncertainty, asymmetry of information, limited freedom of choice of the consumer, presence of a temporary gap in the possibility of implementing the strategic advantages of the parties. It is displayed that such a contract creates ample opportunities for the implementation of pre- and post-contract opportunism by public authorities and leads to an increase in transaction costs. It is proposed to solve the problems of collective interaction in the production of public goods by transferring the production of as much public goods as possible to the local level and incorporating into these relations, along with the State, the local communities, which are characterized by the institutional proximity of its members based on trust. The mechanisms for formation of trust in local communities by creating associations, alliances, and implementing project relationships are considered. Based on an analysis of the experience of the implementation of a joint project of the European Union and the UN Development Program «Local Development focused on the Community» (LDC) demonstrated the increased efficiency of production of local public goods in those communities that had high rates regarding the trust and managed to organize themselves for solving the problems of local development.

The article is aimed at generalizing and systematizing the theoretical bases of contraction in the agrarian sector of the economy. It is displayed that the economic content of the contraction mainly depends on the paradigmatic foundations of a certain school of economic theory, as well as on the economic-political factors of the country’s socio-economic development. The contents of the categorical apparatus of the contraction are specified, its subject-object area is defined. It is confirmed that in the agrarian sector of the economy, the contraction should be understood as the process of agriculture on a contractual basis between a contractor and a contractor on the basis of a pre-contracted agreement of contraction. The object of the contraction is defined by quasi-integration economic contractual relations between the contraction entities concerning the production and/or supply of products (works, services) of a certain volume, quality, at a certain time and at a fixed price. The subject of the contraction is the agreement of contraction of agricultural products, works and services. The subject composition of the contraction depends on the model of its implementation and covers contractors (agricultural producers who carry out their production activities on a contractual basis), contractants (customers) and the State (implementation of the State regulation and public supervision). The methodological bases of the contraction are generalized at the macro-level - within the contract theory (taking into account approaches to market, intra-company, industry and public coordination) and the life cycle theory; at the meso-level - the theory of transaction costs and the agency theory, in particular the theory of forced contracts; at the micro-level - the neoclassical theory of firm, the theory of strategic management and key competences. It is determined that the institutional and transactional determinants of the contraction in the agrarian sector of the economy are spatial development and placement of agro-industrial production, institutional environment of agribusiness entities, market infrastructure, technical-economic characteristics of products, uncertainty of market both in the quality and in the prices, production technology, as well as institutions of quasi-integration of the contract interaction.

The contractual mechanism of the federal relations regulation is fixed in the constitutional norms. However, the implementation practice for almost a quarter of a century indicates ambiguous tendencies. The paper analyzes the problems of concluding and implementing agreements on the distribution of powers and subject matters between the public authority of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation. On the grounds of contractual relations between the federal government and the government of the Republic of Tatarstan, the role and significance of this type of agreements in building the foundations of Russian federalism have been considered. The prospects of further use of contractual tools in regulating of the federal relations in new political and socio-economic conditions have been investigated. The idea that these contractual relations have a positive potential has been introduced. These agreements are an effective constitutional means for improving the federal relations in modern Russia. Treaties on the delimitation of powers and responsibilities are in line with the spirit of federalism and are capable of reflecting the peculiarities of a particular subject of the federation. The role of these treaties in strengthening the statehood of the republics within the Russian Federation has been emphasized. It is proposed to consider this type of contractual relationship as an additional opportunity within the framework of the general mechanism of delimitation of powers.

The article considers the process of new federative relations formation in Russia by the example of one of the regions that is indicative in the research context - the Republic of Tatarstan. The analysis of the dynamics of the republic’s identity policy implemented by the regional elite over the past 30 years was carried out using an interdisciplinary approach. The methodology and methods of political science, sociology, and ethnology were combined in the approach used. The results of the research allow us to trace the political, socio-economic and ethno-cultural determinants of the identity policy pursued by the regional elite.

The article highlights theoretical and practical aspects of economic rivalry escalation between countries in the process of deepening international economic relations, which are not mediated by investments. The purpose of the research is to summarize the empirical data and theoretical developments of the determinants, macroeconomic effects, and peculiarities of the countries’ participation in international production and marketing cooperation through the format of non-investment contractual relations and investigate their potential for Ukrainian enterprises. The subject of the research is contractual relations as an instrument for incorporating the country’s enterprises into global value chains. Methodology. Assessment of competitive advantages of countries integrated into the international subordinate production was carried out using the techniques of Vollrath T.L. and G. Lafay. Results. Based on the generalization of empirical data and theoretical studies on the latest trends in deepening economic rivalry among participants in international cooperative relations, there were found out factors of activation of non-investment forms of external expansion by TNCs, in particular, the exhaustibility of the extensive way of cross-border production development and investment, and the increased level of investment risks caused by permanent economic crises, political instability, corruption of local elites in the countries where TNC units are localized, regional military conflicts. Estimation of the level of comparative advantages according to Vollrath T.L. and G. Lafay approaches made it possible to identify the competitive positions of the producers of individual countries in the system of international cooperation. Estimation shows that among 41 tested countries, the most significant index of the identified comparative advantages in production under contract was demonstrated by the following countries: Bangladesh, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Paraguay, Romania, South Korea, Hungary, Poland. Additional testing according to the criteria values of the Lafay index confirmed the list of countries with the highest level of advantages Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Poland, Romania, Morocco, Malaysia, Hungary, Czech Republic, China, Bolivia, and Albania. Assessment of the state and potential for the development of international cooperative relations for Ukraine allowed us to identify a number of destructive factors, in particular, the lack of a relevant legal framework for contractual relations and the instability of the political and economic situation in the country. Practical implications. Possibilities for deepening the participation of Ukrainian enterprises in the contractual relationship system are related to their resource and technological comparative advantages, in particular, the availability of free production facilities, a relatively high level of production processes automation in comparison with selected African and Asian countries; availability of skilled labour force with its relatively low cost to the customer countries. Value/originality. The study of the Ukrainian enterprises’ participation in the system of international cooperation and the definition of sectoral specifics in the use of cross-border contractual relations make it possible to identify the problems of macroeconomic effects for the national economy.

Civil relations at its core contain regulations for the transfer or circulation of certain material assets, which are determined by belonging to a person and an owner. Each such legal relation is established within the limits of implementation of the legal act. The authors of the article consider the possibility of forming such a fact on the basis of the current model of civil legal relations. It should also be said that the formation of an innovative model of legal relations and their cessation in civil law allows increasing the overall social stability in society. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that for the first time the aspects of the implementation of a legal fact in connection with the methods of stabilisation of civil legal relations through the system of forming an equilibrium model of the contract are shown. Each of the participants in the legal relationship is shown in this model as a participant in the civil turnover and termination of the legal relationship forms the possibility of developing a separate legal field. The authors of the article show that this is primarily facilitated by a system of contractual relations and it can stabilise the occurrence of any negative consequences after the cessation of relations between subjects of law. Practical application of the research is possible in draft concepts of reforming and innovative modelling of civil legal relationships and development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article analyses special features of legal regulation of public-private partnership (PPP) in Russia nowadays. The European experience of legal regulation is studied including the special features of contract relations in public-private regulation and the relations connected with the related to the distribution of property rights, costs and risks of the state and private actors. In Russian legislation PPP is considered as a way of way of attraction of business to creation of public goods. Despite the fact that Federal Law № 224-FL On Public-Private Partnership, Municipal-Private Partnership in the Russian Federation and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation consists legal bases of public-private partnership, practice shows that many questions are not regulated yet. On the example of the public-private partnership in innovation sphere it is showed that the problems of delineation of powers of the federal center and subjects, the mechanisms of long-term financing, the absence of the concept of the development of the PPP, and some problems of the system of public administration seems to be real difficulties. The improvement of the legal regulation of PPP and of the ways of financing and crediting of the PPP projects, the improvement of tax and tariff regulation, formation of legal bases and institutes of commercialization of results of innovations are proposed as possible decisions of the named problems.

The article shows theoretical basis and preconditions of the inter-company cooperation development; depicts various theories and authors’ approaches which could provide knowledge augmentation in this field. Specific features of current integration processes in the agro-industrial complexes were substantiated. They imply the combination of developing cooperation relations between small and medium business entities at the horizontal level and shaping the system of contractual relations at the vertical level, i. e. between large business entities (agrarian holdings) and small business forms. Clusters, as a modern form of structural economic establishments based on inter-company cooperation which aims at enhancing competitive advantages of national economies were considered.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2017 2(1), 117-140 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. The European Union's aspirations relating to contractual relations. - II.1. Context: competences to regulate civil matters. - II.2. First-pillar aspirations: contractual relations and the internal market. - II.3. Third-pillar aspirations: contractual relations and the area of freedom, security and justice. - III. Mutual recognition of judgments in civil and commercial matters. - III.1. Art. 36 Brussels I Recast. - III.2. The Court of Justice on the refusal of recognition. - IV. The interrelationship between mutual trust, mutual recognition and fundamental rights in Brussels I Recast in relation to the European Union's aspirations relating to contractual relations. - IV.1. Mutual trust, mutual recognition and fundamental rights protection. - IV.2. Fundamental rights protection. - IV.3. The principle of mutual trust and the EU's aspirations relation to contractual relations. - VI. Conclusions. | (Abstract) This contribution aims to provide an analysis of the interrelationship between the principles of mutual trust, mutual recognition and fundamental rights in the field of private international law and to consider the interaction between these principles in relation to the European Union's aspirations with regard to contractual relations. These aspirations involve both harmonization and unification of substantive private-law rules and far-reaching private international law measures, e.g. of mutual recognition of foreign judgments. After an introduction of the rule of mutual recognition under Brussels I Recast and its underlying mutual trust principle, first the role of fundamental rights will be discussed, which may be an important reason for limiting the rule. Secondly, it will be argued that the development of this rule should not only be seen in the light of the aspirations to build an area of freedom, security and justice, but also in the light of the aspirations to harmonize and unify substantive contract-law rules.

This paper analyzes the institute of autonomy of will as a reference for the legal business. From the perspective of the research, this is as far as possible to bring labor and civil law closer together with regard to the subject of contracts that is subsequent to the autonomy of the will to contract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Целью данной работы является исследование конкретных проявлений оппортунистического поведения и форм их реализации.Метод или методология проведения работы: использованы общенаучные и специальные методы: индукции, дедукции, синтеза, научной абстракции, системного и структурного анализа.Результаты: выявлены две формы оппортунистического поведения, обоснованы предложения по снижению уровня издержек оппортунистического поведения.Область применения результатов: результаты исследования могут быть применены при чтении курсов «Экономическая теория», «Институциональная экономика» и др., а также при разработке государственных программ по повышению привлекательности инвестиционного климата регионов России, при выработке мер по совершенствованию эффективности взаимодействия экономических агентов.

This article analyses the role played by the Ukrainian state in the everyday business of average Ukrainian firms in 2007–2011. Relying on the empirical findings of a five-year case study conducted in Eastern Ukraine, this article confirms the image of the Ukrainian state as a “grabbing hand” or bespredel — an unrestricted and violent power. The contractual relations of the researched firms and the state actors were fraught with illegal practices such as kickbacks from suppliers and the need to systematically violate the law on state procurement; pervasive Soviet-style personal relations; the risk of experiencing violent administrative pressure including criminal prosecution; and deficiencies in the enforcement of contracts. Notwithstanding these risks, the researched businesses revealed no absolute moral prohibition against joining the “grabbing hand” of the state to exploit public resources and advance their own private gains.

The objective of this article is to analyse the marketing channels adopted and the contractual relations present among certified and uncertified producers of citrus production chain in the region of Vale do Cai, RS, Brazil. 49 producers of this region were selected randomly and semi-structured forms were applied to them. The producers had the biggest success in this market with certified fruits starting from the moment when they became members of a cooperative or an association, preserving a higher governing structure through certification. Although uncertified producers are not marginalized in the chain, they are more vulnerable to market fluctuations and access less sophisticated marketing channels.

Soybean is today the most traded commodity in the global market. Soy is a plant of great importance to human nutrition, animal feed and industries. Based on research efforts conducted in the main soy producing region in Paraguay, the study aimed to characterize the agents involved in the national soy industry and present an overview of the relations between them, particularly between business companies and farmers, with emphasis on small farmers. Emphasis will be given to contractual relations and how they impact the activity. The results indicate that contractual arrangements, formal or not, are tools that contribute to stable relations between the parties, especially in a business so dependent on exogenous factors, as is the case of agriculture. Therefore, it is crucial that the public and/or private organizations encourage the use of contracts to reduce costs and keep the agents in the productive activity.

In May 2006, the New Engineering Contract (NEC) contract was introduced as the preferred contract for Northern Ireland public sector works. This was subsequently followed by the 2007 economic crash and ensuing recession, which continues to affect the Northern Ireland Construction Industry, to a greater extent than the remainder of the United Kingdom. However, use of the NEC contract has increased during this period, particularly in the public sector. There has been debate in the literature regarding the impact of the NEC contract on adversarial behaviour, but little consideration of the impact of external economic factors on the use of the NEC contract. Using a sequential mixed method approach, the study aims to fill this gap in knowledge through examination of the impact the economic downturn has had on the operation of the NEC contract in Northern Ireland. Qualitative and quantitative findings show that the demands placed by the NEC contract, and the effects of the economic recession, have exerted opposing forces on contract implementation, thus hindering its execution. The findings can lead to a deeper understanding, in the context of both industry and academia, of situations where a lack of resources may negatively impact the operation of the NEC contract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Organizational conditions of accounting of promotional products transactions in an advertising agency have been researched in the formation of contractual relations and regulations of accounting policies in accordance with the advertising product's forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper strives to present the relationship that exists between the state and churches and religious communities in the social context of Bosnia and Herzegovina, from three perspectives. The article begins by explaining the distinct jurisdiction of churches and religious communities on the one hand and the state on the other, and their cooperation for the benefit of the common good. Freedom for the churches and religious communities and a healthy secularism on the part of the state are prerequisites for fruitful collaboration. Therefore, instead of detachment and indifference, the paper advocates a better solution: differentiation and cooperation between churches and religious communities on the one hand and the state on the other. A secular state is seen as the only appropriate and feasible framework for acceptable relations between the state and the churches and religious communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina's current social context because that context is deeply marked by a multi-confessional presence. In a minimal way, Bosnia and Herzegovina's legal framework, in principle, gives sufficient space not only to democratic appreciation but to mutual respect and fruitful cooperation between the state and churches and religious communities. However, this is only on paper, and relations between the state and churches and religious communities are conducted according to the individual discretion of party officials and bureaucrats, and this may be diametrically opposite to what is prescribed by law. The signing of the Intergovernmental Agreement between the Holy See and Bosnia and Herzegovina could and should be an opportunity for legislation in Bosnia and Herzegovina that further strengthens and democratizes the important subject of relations between the state and churches and religious communities. The Agreement guarantees that what is accorded to the Catholic Church should, on the principle of non-discrimination, also be accorded to other churches and religious communities. However, with the establishment of the Interreligious Council the opposite has been allowed to happen and there seems to be no obvious solution to this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]