Search

Aims: High non-fasting triglycerides (TG) concentration is linked to the development of atherosclerosis, and physical activity is commonly recommended to reduce postprandial TG concentration and cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated that acute whole-body (walking and running) or lower-body (leg cycling) aerobic exercise reduces postprandial TG. However, it is unclear whether upper-body exercise (i.e. arm-cranking) with sufficient energy expenditure lowers postprandial TG. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of energy-matched upper- and lower-body exercises on postprandial TG concentrations the next day in healthy young men. Method and Materials: Fifteen healthy young men (age 22.5 ± 1.7 years, height 173.8 ± 5.7 cm, body mass 68.2 ± 8.5 kg, peak oxygen uptake 48.0 ± 5.5 mL/min/kg and physically active) participated in a three-arm crossover trials: 1) arm-cranking, 2) leg-cycling exercise at 70% of mode-specific peak oxygen uptake to induce a net energy expenditure of 1,255 kJ, or 3) rested between 16:00 and 17:00 h on day 1 and consumed two standardised meals for breakfast (10:00 h) and lunch (13:00 h) on day 2. The mean macronutrient content of the breakfast was 44.9 ± 5.6 g fat, 104.8 ± 13.0 g carbohydrate, and 29.4 ± 3.6 g protein, which provided 3.95 ± 0.49 MJ energy (43% fat, 45% carbohydrate, and 12% protein), and that of the lunch was 45.2 ± 5.6 g fat, 106.7 ± 13.2 g carbohydrate, and 33.9 ± 4.2 g protein, which provided 4.06 ± 0.50 MJ energy (42% fat, 44% carbohydrate, and 14% protein). Results: Time-averaged postprandial serum TG concentrations over 8 h differed among trials (main effect of trial p < 0.001) and were lower in the upper- and lower-body exercise trials than in the control trial (1.46 ± 0.54 vs. 1.50 ± 0.69 vs. 1.79 ± 0.83 mmol/L, respectively). The incremental TG area under the curve (AUC) (main effect of trial, p = 0.012) was 39% and 37% higher in the control trial than in the upper- and lower-body exercise trials (p = 0.025 and p = 0.033, respectively). There were no significant differences in incremental TG AUC between the upper- and lower-body exercise trials. Conclusion: An acute bout of energy-matched upper- and lower-body exercises similarly lowered postprandial TG concentrations the following day in healthy young men. Trial registration number: UMIN000045449. Date of registration: 10 September 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: High non-fasting triglycerides (TG) concentration is linked to the development of atherosclerosis, and physical activity is commonly recommended to reduce postprandial TG concentration and cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated that acute whole-body (walking and running) or lower-body (leg cycling) aerobic exercise reduces postprandial TG. However, it is unclear whether upper-body exercise (i.e. arm-cranking) with sufficient energy expenditure lowers postprandial TG. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of energy-matched upper- and lowerbody exercises on postprandial TG concentrations the next day in healthy young men. Method and Materials: Fifteen healthy young men (age 22.5 ± 1.7 years, height 173.8 ± 5.7 cm, body mass 68.2 ± 8.5 kg, peak oxygen uptake 48.0 ± 5.5 mL/min/kg and physically active) participated in a three-arm crossover trials: 1) arm-cranking, 2) leg-cycling exercise at 70% of mode-specific peak oxygen uptake to induce a net energy expenditure of 1,255 kJ, or 3) rested between 16:00 and 17:00 h on day 1 and consumed two standardised meals for breakfast (10:00 h) and lunch (13:00 h) on day 2. The mean macronutrient content of the breakfast was 44.9 ± 5.6 g fat, 104.8 ± 13.0 g carbohydrate, and 29.4 ± 3.6 g protein, which provided 3.95 ± 0.49 MJ energy (43% fat, 45% carbohydrate, and 12% protein), and that of the lunch was 45.2 ± 5.6 g fat, 106.7 ± 13.2 g carbohydrate, and 33.9 ± 4.2 g protein, which provided 4.06 ± 0.50 MJ energy (42% fat, 44% carbohydrate, and 14% protein). Results: Time-averaged postprandial serum TG concentrations over 8 h differed among trials (main effect of trial p < 0.001) and were lower in the upper- and lower-body exercise trials than in the control trial (1.46 ± 0.54 vs. 1.50 ± 0.69 vs. 1.79 ± 0.83 mmol/L, respectively). The incremental TG area under the curve (AUC) (main effect of trial, p = 0.012) was 39% and 37% higher in the control trial than in the upper- and lower-body exercise trials (p = 0.025 and p = 0.033, respectively). There were no significant differences in incremental TG AUC between the upper- and lower-body exercise trials. Conclusion: An acute bout of energy-matched upper- and lower-body exercises similarly lowered postprandial TG concentrations the following day in healthy young men. Trial registration number: UMIN000045449. Date of registration: 10 September 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The relationship between insulin resistance and intestinal mucosal permeability may be related to excess fat, inflammation and oxidative stress. At present, the influence of different kinds of exercise on this relationship has not been fully studied, and the relevant mechanism needs to be further studied. OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of continuous exercise and cumulative exercise on intestinal mucosal permeability of insulin-resistant mice induced by high fat diet, and to compare the effects of different intensities of exercise, thereby evaluating the health-promoting effects of cumulative exercise. METHODS: Four-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed high-fat diet to induce insulin resistance, and mice with successful modeling were randomly divided into five groups: high-fat insulin resistance group, general dietary insulin resistance group, moderate-intensity continuous exercise group, moderate-intensity cumulative exercise group, and high-intensity cumulative exercise group. Mice in the high-fat insulin resistance group received high-fat diet and mice in the other groups were fed normally. All the exercise groups received 8 weeks of different forms of treadmill training. Mice in the moderate-intensity sustained exercise group exercised for 50 minutes at a speed of 11 m/min. Mice in the moderate-intensity cumulative exercise group were subjected to 12.5 minutes of exercise, four times a day (3 hours between sessions), at a speed of 11 m/min. Mice in the high-intensity cumulative exercise group exercised for 7.5 minutes once, four times a day (3 hours between sessions), at a speed of 19 m/min. At 48 hours after the final session, the levels of lipopolysaccharide and D-lactic acid in serum of mice were detected, the pathological changes of ileal tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the expression of intestinal compact linking protein was detected by western blot. The expression of interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor αin blood and ileum and intestinal secreted immunoglobulin A were detected by ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: High-fat diet-induced insulin resistance was associated with body mass gain. The serum levels of endotoxin and D-lactic acid significantly increased, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α in serum and small intestine were significantly increased. Long-term regular cumulative exercise and continuous exercise could reduce the body mass of insulin-resistant mice, significantly improve glucose metabolism, and correct or improve insulin resistance symptoms. Both long-term regular cumulative exercise and continuous exercise could increase the expression of zonula occludens protein 1 and increase the secretion of secreted immunoglobulin A in intestinal mucosal tissue, thereby improving intestinal mucosal permeability, enhancing intestinal immune function, reducing the content of lipopolysaccharide in serum, and reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory factors in circulating blood and intestinal tissue. Finally, it could protect the intestinal mucosal barrier of insulin-resistant mice. Compared with medium-intensity cumulative exercise and continuous exercise, high-intensity cumulative exercise had more obvious effects on reducing body mass, improving insulin resistance symptoms and protecting intestinal mucosal barrier in insulin-resistant mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Despite the well-known health benefits of exercise, women’s participation in exercise is low worldwide. As women are at risk of developing various chronic diseases as they age, suggesting effective exercise methods that can maximize energy consumption is needed to prevent such conditions. Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) can maximize energy consumption. In this crossover, randomized controlled trial, we aimed to compare the EPOC for different exercise modalities including continuous exercise (CE), interval exercise (IE), and accumulated exercise (AE) that spent the homogenized energy expenditure during exercise in healthy women. Methods Forty-four participants (age, 36.09 ± 11.73 years) were recruited and randomly allocated to three groups. The intensity of each modality was set as follows: CE was performed for 30 min at 60% peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). IE was performed once for 2 min at 80% VO2peak, followed by 3 min at 80% VO2peak, and 1 min at 40% VO2peak, for a total of six times over 26 min. AE was performed for 10 min with a 60% VO2peak and was measured thrice a day. Results During exercise, energy metabolism was higher for IE and CE than that for AE. However, this was reversed for AE during EPOC. Consequently, the greatest energy metabolism was shown for AE during total time (exercise and EPOC). Conclusions By encouraging regular exercises, AE can help maintain and improve body composition by increasing compliance with exercise participation, given its short exercise times, and by efficiently increasing energy consumption through the accumulation of EPOC. Trial registration Clinical number (KCT0007298), 18/05/2022, Institutional Review Board of Konkuk University (7001355-202201-E-160).

Background: Despite the well-known health benefits of exercise, women's participation in exercise is low worldwide. As women are at risk of developing various chronic diseases as they age, suggesting effective exercise methods that can maximize energy consumption is needed to prevent such conditions. Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) can maximize energy consumption. In this crossover, randomized controlled trial, we aimed to compare the EPOC for different exercise modalities including continuous exercise (CE), interval exercise (IE), and accumulated exercise (AE) that spent the homogenized energy expenditure during exercise in healthy women. Methods: Forty-four participants (age, 36.09 ± 11.73 years) were recruited and randomly allocated to three groups. The intensity of each modality was set as follows: CE was performed for 30 min at 60% peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). IE was performed once for 2 min at 80% VO2peak, followed by 3 min at 80% VO2peak, and 1 min at 40% VO2peak, for a total of six times over 26 min. AE was performed for 10 min with a 60% VO2peak and was measured thrice a day. Results: During exercise, energy metabolism was higher for IE and CE than that for AE. However, this was reversed for AE during EPOC. Consequently, the greatest energy metabolism was shown for AE during total time (exercise and EPOC). Conclusions: By encouraging regular exercises, AE can help maintain and improve body composition by increasing compliance with exercise participation, given its short exercise times, and by efficiently increasing energy consumption through the accumulation of EPOC. Trial registration: Clinical number (KCT0007298), 18/05/2022, Institutional Review Board of Konkuk University (7001355-202201-E-160). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research aims to study and compare the effects of moderateintensity continuous exercise and accumulated exercise with different number of bouts on common carotid arterial stiffness and hemodynamic variables. Methods: Thirty healthy male adults were recruited to complete four trials in a randomized crossover design: no-exercise (CON); continuous exercise (CE, 30-min cycling); accumulated exercise including two or three bouts with 10-min rest intervals (AE15, 2 × 15-min cycling; AE10, 3 × 10-min cycling). The intensity in all the exercise trials was set at 45%-55% heart rate reserve. Blood pressure, right common carotid artery center-line velocity, and arterial inner diameter waveforms were measured at baseline and immediately after exercise (0 min), 10 min, and 20 min. Results: 1) The arterial stiffness index and pressure-strain elastic modulus of the CE and AE15 groups increased significantly at 0 min, arterial diameters decreased in AE15 and AE10, and all indicators recovered at 10 min. 2) The mean blood flow rate and carotid artery center-line velocity increased in all trials at 0 min, and only the mean blood flow rate of AE10 did not recover at 10 min. 3) At 0 min, the blood pressure in all trials was found to be increased, and the wall shear stress and oscillatory shear index of AE10 were different from those in CE and AE15. At 20 min, the blood pressure of AE10 significantly decreased, and the dynamic resistance, pulsatility index, and peripheral resistance of CE partially recovered. Conclusion: There is no significant difference in the acute effects of continuous exercise and accumulated exercise on the arterial stiffness and diameter of the carotid artery. Compared with continuous exercise, accumulated exercise with an increased number of bouts is more effective in increasing cerebral blood supply and blood pressure regulation, and its oscillatory shear index recovers faster. However, the improvement of blood flow resistance in continuous exercise was better than that in accumulated exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is now well established that physical exercise is an effective preventive method to reduce and treat certain chronic diseases, particularly musculoskeletal disorders. At the bone level, running exercise is well known for its positive effects on various parameters of bone quality. There is, however, no consensus regarding the effects of different running exercise modalities on bone quality. Aim: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of three treadmill running modalities: intermittent, moderate continuous, and a combination of both—on bone quality parameters in rats. Methods: Thirty-nine, 5-week-old, male Wistar rats were randomly divided in 4 groups: sedentary control (SED; n = 10), intermittent running exercise (IE; n = 10), continuous running exercise (CE; n = 10) and combined running exercise (COME; n = 9). Rats in running groups were exercised 45 min/day, 5 days/week, for 8 consecutive weeks. Femoral micro-architectural parameters were assessed by micro-CT; femoral osteocyte apoptosis, osteoclast resorption and bone histomorphometry were assessed by histology. Results: Femoral trabecular thickness in the combined running group was increased (p < 0.0001) compared to respective results in the other running groups (0.13 mm vs 0.11 mm). The cortical thickness, osteocyte lacunae occupancy rate in the whole femur, numbers of apoptotic osteocytes and osteoclastic resorption surfaces were not significantly different between groups. Statistical differences were occasionally noted depending on the femoral anatomical region. Conclusion: These results suggest that the femur should not be considered as the better bone to study the effects of running protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Thrombotic events are common during old age and high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) is prescribed on the health of elderly individuals. Nevertheless, effects of HIIE on hemostasis in elderly individuals have not been investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the response of hemostatic factors to different HIIE protocols and moderate continuous exercise in elderly male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four elderly male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Rats in the HIIE with low-volume (HIIEL) group performed 14 bouts of 20s of activity with 10-second rests at an intensity of 110% of maximum tolerable load (MSL). Rats in the high intensity highvolume interval group (HIIEH) performed five bouts of four min swimming at 80% of MSL followed by three min rest and finally in the continuous group (CTN) the rats swam for 35 min at 60% of MSL. The control group remained immersed in water for 35 minutes without activities. Blood samples were taken immediately after exercise for measuring lactate and hemostatic factors. The statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: Lactate concentration was increased following HIIEL in comparison to other groups. In addition, in the HIIEL and HIIEH groups, sports activity led to a significant increase in the von Willebrand factor. Although, the VIII factor and fibrinogen increased and decreased in both CTN and HIIEL groups, respectively and decreased and increased in HIIEH group, the changes were not significant. Also, significant changes in dimer levels, relative activated thromboplastin time and prothrombin time after swimming were not seen in any group. Conclusions: Based on higher increases in von Willebrand factor following intense interval exercise (compared to continuous exercise) it is concluded that moderate continuous exercise might be safer than HIIE during old age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of continuous exercise and the accumulation of short-duration exercise for 12 weeks on body composition, physical fitness, and lifestyle disease indices in overweight men in their 30s. METHODS Participants in the continuous exercise group (CE; n=13) performed a circuit exercise program of 30 min/session, 3 sessions/week for 12 weeks. Participants in the accumulation of short duration exercise group (ASE; n=12) performed the same exercise time of 30 min per day, divided into three sessions of 10 min. Body composition, physical fitness, and lifestyle disease indices were measured pre- and post-test and were compared by utilizing a repeated two-way ANOVA. RESULTS 1) Regarding body composition, body weight, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass, waist circumference, and fat mass decreased significantly, while hip circumference increased significantly in the CE group. Waist circumference and skeletal muscle mass decreased significantly, while hip circumference increased significantly in the ASE group. 2) Regarding physical fitness, right grip strength, sit and reach, sit up, and maximal oxygen uptake increased significantly in both groups. 3) Regarding hypertension indices, there were no significant differences in both groups, but they showed a tendency to improve. 4) Regarding hyperlipidemia indices, triglycerides (TG) decreased significantly in both groups, and total cholesterol (TC) decreased significantly in the CE group. 5) Regarding diabetes indices, there were no significant differences in both groups, but a tendency to improve was noticed. 6) Regarding arteriosclerosis indices: TG/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio decreased significantly in both groups, and the TC/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio decreased significantly in the CE group. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that both the accumulation of short duration exercise and continuous exercise can be effective in improving body composition, physical fitness, and lifestyle disease in overweight men.

The intensity of the training stimulus and the effort exerted (regarded as an index of internal load) to complete an exercise session are driving forces for physiological processes and long-term training adaptations. This study compared the aerobic adaptations following two iso-effort, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)-based training programs, an intense continuous (CON) and a high-intensity interval (INT). Young adults were assigned to a CON (n = 11) or an INT (n = 13) training group to perform 14 training sessions within 6 weeks. The INT group performed running bouts (9.3 ± 4.4 repetitions) at 90% of peak treadmill velocity (PTV) with bout duration equal to 1/4 of time to exhaustion at this speed (134.2 ± 27.9 s). The CONT group ran (1185.0 ± 487.6 s) at a speed corresponding to −2.5% of critical velocity (CV; 80.1% ± 3.0% of PTV). Training-sessions were executed until RPE attained 17 on the Borg scale. VO2max, PTV, CV, lactate threshold velocity (vLT), and running economy were assessed pre-, mid-, and post-training. Both CONT and INT methods increased (p < 0.05) VO2max (INT: 57.7 ± 8.1–61.41 ± 9.2; CONT: 58.1 ± 7.5–61.1 ± 6.3 mL kg−1 min−1), PTV (INT: 14.6 ± 1.8–15.7 ± 2.1; CONT: 15.0 ± 1.7–15.7 ± 1.8 km h−1), CV (INT: 11.8 ± 1.4–12.8 ± 1.8; CONT: 12.2 ± 1.6–12.9 ± 1.7 km h−1), and vLT (INT: 9.77 ± 1.1–10.8 ± 1.4; CONT: 10.4 ± 1.4–11.0 ± 1.8 km h−1) with no differences (p > 0.05) between them; running economy remained unchanged. The continuous training method, when matched for effort and executed at relatively high intensity at the upper boundaries of the heavy-intensity domain (∼80% of PTV), confers comparable aerobic adaptations to those attained after a high-intensity interval protocol following a short-term training period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study purpose was to analyze the effect of continuous exercise and modification interval exercise on decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and blood lactate levels in non-professional Shorinji Kempo athletes. Materials and methods. This study used a quasi-experimental method with a randomized pretest posttest-only group design. Subjects were 16 male adolescents aged 18-20, body mass index (BMI) 20-24 kg/m2, who had normal blood pressure, normal resting heart rate, and no history of chronic disease. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: CEG (n = 8, continuous exercise group) and MIEG (n = 8, modification interval exercise group). Continuous and modification interval exercises were carried out in 30 minutes/exercise sessions, with an intensity of 75% HRmax and 75% RM, as often as 3 times/week, for one week. Measurements of resting heart rate, blood lactate and MDA levels were performed 30 minutes pre-exercise and 10 minutes post-exercise. The data analysis technique used the Paired Sample T-Test and the independent T-test with SPSS software version 21. Results. The results showed significant differences in resting heart rate, blood lactate and MDA levels pre-exercise vs. post-exercise on CEG and MIEG (p ≤ 0.05). A difference was also observed in Delta (Δ) heart rate pre-exercise vs. post-exercise on CEG (–3.88 ± 3.36 bpm) and MIEG (–15.25 ± 3.45 bpm) (p ≤ 0.001), but no differences were observed in the Delta (Δ) blood lactate and MDA levels in both groups. Conclusion. Based on the study results, it was shown that continuous exercise and modification interval exercise increase blood lactate and MDA levels shortly after intervention but both exercises could reduce acute stress, which was indicated by a decrease in resting heart rate.

Copyright of Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology is the property of Idokan Poland Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Consistent and intermittent exercise enables learning under subthreshold conditions. • Weekend warrior intermittent exercise results in long-lasting cognitive benefits. • Hippocampal elevation of Acvr1c & Bdnf IV persists with weekend warrior exercise. • Acvr1c & Bdnf IV are positively correlated with memory performance. • Intermittent exercise may enable more efficient priming of memory-relevant genes. Exercise provides a range of cognitive benefits, including improved memory performance. Previously, we demonstrated that 14 days of continuous voluntary wheel-running exercise enables learning in a hippocampus-dependent Object Location Memory (OLM) task under insufficient, subthreshold training conditions in adult mice. Whether similar exercise benefits can be obtained from consistent intermittent exercise as continuous exercise is unknown. Here, we examine whether intermittent exercise (the weekend warrior effect: 2 days of exercise a week for 7 weeks) displays similar or distinct cognitive benefits as previously examined with 14 days of continuous exercise. We find that both continuous and intermittent exercise parameters similarly enable hippocampus-dependent OLM compared to the 2-day exercise control group. Mice receiving intermittent exercise maintained cognitive benefits following a 7-day sedentary delay, whereas mice that underwent 14 continuous days of exercise showed diminished cognitive benefits as previously reported. Further, compared to continuous exercise, intermittent exercise mice exhibited persistently elevated levels of the genes Acvr1c and Bdnf which we know to be critically involved in hippocampus-dependent long-term memory in the dorsal hippocampus. Together findings suggest that consistent intermittent exercise persistently enables hippocampal-dependent long-term memory. Understanding the optimal parameters for persistent cognitive function and the mechanisms mediating persistent effects will aid in therapeutic pursuits investigating the mitigation of cognitive ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) promotes similar or superior gains in physical fitness and health compared to continuous moderate-intensity training (MICT) in young individuals. However, the effectiveness of HIIT in older adults is uncertain. Objective: This meta-analysis compared the effects of HIIT and MICT on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, vascular, metabolic, and hormonal variables, cognitive function, and quality of life in older adults. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus, and SportDiscus databases were searched from inception until December 2023. Trials included adults ≥ 60 y. Hedge's effect sizes (g) were calculated and study quality and features of training interventions were tested as moderators. Twenty-nine trials including 1,227 subjects (65.4 ± 3.3 y). HIIT and MICT elicited significant (p < 0.021) and similar (p > 0.156) ' g s' for VO 2max (0.722 vs. 0.490), maximal workload/peak power output ratio (0.290 vs. 0.372),% fat (-0.297 vs. -0.262), glycemia (-0.273 vs. -0.334), systolic (-0.465 vs. -0.341), and diastolic blood pressure (-0.566 vs. -2.311). HIIT (p < 0.04) but not MICT (p > 0.170) produced significant ' g s' for fat mass (-0.245 vs. -0.103), waist circumference (-0.239 vs. -0.116), testosterone (0.339 vs. 0.170), and complex Stroop test (-0.595 vs. -0.250). Increases in the VO 2max occurred only in controlled trials after HIIT but not MICT (Q = 6.286, p = 0.012; HITT- g = 1.068, p < 0.0001 vs. MICT- g = 0.109, p = 0.596). HIIT and MICT produced similar changes in most of the investigated variables. In trials with greater quality (controlled vs. non-controlled trials), cardiorespiratory gains were higher in HIIT vs. MICT. These findings suggest that HIIT might be suitable for improving fitness and health in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Extreme levels of sleep deprivation, fragmentation and management, are major problems in many sportive disciplines, ultramarathons, polar or extreme altitude expeditions, and in space operations. Material and methods: Polysomnographic (PSG) data was continuously recorded (total sleep time and sleep stage distribution) in a 34-year-old male whilst performing the new world record in long-term downhill skiing. He napped only during the short ski lift rides for 11 days and nights. Results: After an initial period of complete sleep deprivation for 24 hours, total sleep time and the total times of non-REM and REM achieved during the lift rides returned to standard values on the second day. PSG data revealed an average sleep time per 24 hours of 6 hours and 6 minutes. During daylight sleep was rarely registered. The subject experienced only two minor falls without injury and immediately resumed skiing. Conclusion: In a healthy, trained, elite male athlete, sleep fragmentation over 11 consecutive days did not significantly impair the sleep, motor or cognitive skills required to perform a continuous downhill skiing world record after an initial adaptation phase

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to prove an increase in the expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) after moderate-intensity continuous exercise in obese females. The present study employed a true-experimental with the randomized control group pretest-posttest design. A total of 12 obese females were enrolled in this study and given moderate-intensity continuous exercise. Continuous exercise was done with an intensity of 60-70% HRmax for 40 minutes using a treadmill. The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method was used to examine the expression of UCP-1. Data were analyzed using independent samples t-test with statistics packet for social science (SPSS) software version 17. The results obtained mean UCP-1 expression on K1 between pre-exercise (3.68±0.46) ng/mL, post-exercise (3.73±0.69) ng/mL and (p=0.875). Mean UCP-1 expression on K2 between pre-exercise (3.64±1.52) ng/mL, post-exercise (6.83±0.64) ng/mL and (p=0.001). Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that there is an increase in UCP-1 expression between before and after moderate-intensity continuous exercise in obese females. Future studies are suggested to compare the effect of acute exercise with moderate intensity chronic exercise on increasing UCP-1 expression in obese females.

Carbohydrate metabolism can provide energy for human exercise. However, different exercise intensities will consume different amounts of energy. For this reason, the paper uses a fractional linear regression equation to study the characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism and energy consumption of other groups of human beings with the same oxygen consumption during exercise. In addition, the thesis measures energy consumption during exercise and body recovery by analyzing gas metabolism methods. As a result, we found that the sugar, fat metabolism, and energy consumption of heavier volunteers under the same exercise intensity were lower than those of regular weight volunteers. Thus, the fractional linear regression method can help us analyze the relationship between glucose metabolism and exercise energy.

Background: Postprandial dysmetabolism, an important cardiovascular disease risk factor, can be improved by exercise. Further systematic review and meta-analysis is needed to compare the effects of accumulated exercise with a single session of energy-matched continuous exercise on postprandial glucose (PPG), insulin, and triglycerides in adults with or without diabetes. Methods: Eight electronic databases were searched on August 28, 2020, and updated on April 27, 2021. Eligible studies were randomized, quasi-randomized, or non-randomized controlled or crossover trials that evaluated the acute or longitudinal effects of accumulated exercise compared with a single session of energy-matched continuous exercise on PPG, postprandial insulin, and triglycerides in diabetic and non-diabetic adults. Same-day and second-morning effects were assessed separately for acute intervention studies. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the number of exercise bouts (2–3 bouts or frequent brief bouts (e.g., 1–6 min) throughout the day at 20–60-min intervals (known as physical activity [PA] breaks, ≥ 5 bouts)), exercise intensity, and populations. Risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. Pooled effects were reported as standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% CI using a random effects model. Results: Twenty-seven studies (635 participants) were included. A significant difference was found for same-day PPG control, which favored accumulated exercise over one bout of energy-matched continuous exercise (SMD − 0.36 [95%CI: (− 0.56, − 0.17)], P = 0.0002, I2 = 1%), specifically in accumulated exercise with PA breaks (SMD − 0.36 [95%CI: (− 0.64, − 0.08)], P = 0.01, I2 = 30%), low-moderate intensity exercise (SMD − 0.38 [(95%CI: (− 0.59, − 0.17)], P = 0.0005, I2 = 0%), and in non-diabetic populations (SMD − 0.36 [95%CI: (− 0.62, − 0.10)], P = 0.007, I2 = 16%). No differences were found for same-day postprandial insulin and triglycerides, and second-morning effects (postprandial or fasting glucose, insulin, and triglycerides) between different exercise patterns. Conclusion: Compared with one session of continuous exercise, accumulated exercise—specifically in subgroups of PA breaks, low-moderate intensity exercises—produced greater acute effects on same-day PPG control for non-diabetic adults. There were no differences between continuous and accumulated patterns of exercise in terms of same-day postprandial insulin and triglycerides, and second-morning effects on all previously mentioned markers. The findings provide additional PA options for PPG control for individuals with limited time or exercise capacity to engage in PA in one session. Registration: PROSPERO (identification code: CRD42021251325). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Complex metabolic disorder with hyperglycemia is called diabetes. This study aimed to determine the effect of regular continuous exercise and resveratrol on regulatory and executive factors of hepatocytic apoptosis. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 60 male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups of 10, including healthy control, diabetic, diabetic saline, resveratrol supplement, continuous exercise, and resveratrol+continuous exercise. The training program was conducted for 8 weeks and 5 days a week. Resveratrol was injected in resveratrol supplementation supplements and resveratrol+continuous exercise with a dose of 20 mg. Evaluation of apoptotic markers in the liver tissue was performed by ELISA. Results: BAX and CASPASE-3 concentrations were higher in diabetic and diabetic-saline groups (P≤0.001) .Bcl-2 concentration was also lower in the diabetic and diabetic saline groups (P≤0.001) .Mean BAX/BCL2 ratio was higher in diabetic and diabetic saline groups (P≤0.001) .Continuous exercise, resveratrol administration alone or in particular resveratrol intervention with continuous exercise, significantly decreased the mean BAX and CASPASE-3 concentrations (P≤0.001), BAX/BCL2 (P≤0.001) ratio and there was a significant increase in BCL-2 concentration (P≤0.001) in hepatocyte tissue. Conclusion: The use of non-pharmacological exercise therapy, resveratrol supplementation, and in particular the combination of these two, can be effective in reducing hepatocyte apoptosis caused by diabetes.

Interval training has been promoted as a superior, time-efficient exercise strategy for enhancing cardiorespiratory fitness in the ageing population. This study assessed the effectiveness of interval training compared with that of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) for improving cardiorespiratory fitness in middle-aged and older adults. Six databases were systematically searched for studies with exercise interventions (minimum 2-week duration). Meta-analyses were conducted for within-group and between-group comparisons of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Sub-group analysis was performed using the nature of interval training (high-intensity interval training [HIIT] and sprint interval training [SIT]). Of 3,257 studies, 14 were included (429 participants). Within–group analyses demonstrated significant VO2max improvements (mL/kg/min) following interval training (mean difference: MD = 2.26; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.50–3.02) and MICT (MD = 1.34; 95% CI = 0.45–2.23]. When comparing the modes of training, the gain in VO2max was significantly greater following interval training (MD = 1.10; CI = 0.55-1.64). Sub–group analysis showed that HIIT (MD = 1.04; CI = 0.21–1.88) and SIT (MD = 1.18; CI = 0.60-1.76) resulted in superior VO2max gain than MICT. This study provides evidence synthesis for interval training as a viable exercise strategy to improve cardiorespiratory function in healthy ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) is an enzyme involved in the regulation of glucose and fatty acid metabolism and homeostasis. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of continuous exercise and resveratrol supplementation on insulin resistance and expression of PDK4 in the soleus muscle of elderly rats with type 2 diabetes. Methods: After inducing diabetes in 42 old male rats (mean weigh: 250-300 g, aged about two years), the rats were randomly divided into six groups: healthy control, diabetic control, continuous exercise, supplementation, continuous exercise + supplementation and sham. The continuous exercise group was subjected to eight weeks of running, five sessions a week. Daily 20 mg/Kg body weight resveratrol supplementation was administered to the supplementation and supplementation + exercise groups. To evaluate insulin resistance, the HOMA-IR insulin resistance index was calculated as the product of insulin (μIU/mL) and glucose (mmol/L) divided by 22.5. Expression of the PDK4 gene in the soleus muscle was analyzed by RT-PCR. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 23 using one-way ANOVA and Tukeychr('39')s post hoc test at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Resveratrol alone or combined with continuous exercise significantly increased PDK4 expression and slightly decreased insulin resistance in the subjects. Conclusion: Our results show that diabetes is associated with reduced PDK4 expression and increased insulin resistance. These effects can be effectively reversed in the soleus muscle of elderly diabetic rats by resveratrol supplementation alone or combined with continuous exercise.

Introduction Diabetes is the leading cause of mortality. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of interval and continuous training with resveratrol on the apoptosis markers (Bax and Bcl2) of heart tissue in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, wistar male rats were divided into 8 groups (control-healthy (n=7), control diabetes (n=7), diabetes-saline, diabetes-supplement, diabetes-continuous training, diabetes-interval training, diabetes- continuous training- supplement, and diabetes- interval training -supplement). The main continuous training program included 8 weeks, five sessions per week, 15-20 m / min and 60 minutes and interval training included 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Resveratrol at a dose of 20 mg per kg body weight was injected to the supplement groups. The rats have been sacrificed 48 hours after the last trainingand supplements session> Then, the heart tissue is removed and used to measure the desired variables. Results The heart levels of BAX and Bcl2 showed a significant difference between the groups (P = 0.046). The data showed a significant difference between the control diabetes with the diabetes-supplement, diabetes-continuous training, diabetes-interval training, diabetes- continuous training- supplement, diabetes- interval training -supplement (P

To accurately predict and monitor an individual's health, accurate information on the changing patterns of the individual's physiological signals is required. In this study, obesity parameters were analyzed using regression analysis based on the physiological signals of individuals who performed continuous exercise. To this end, three healthy adult subjects participated in the experiment, and their health management was analyzed by monitoring changes in health information parameters while they performed continuous exercise with daily activities over a long period of time. Subjects' exercise parameters included heart rate were collected through smart watches, and their specified obesity parameters were measured using a smart scale. The analysis results showed that weight and body fat decreased and muscle composition increased in conjunction with the amount of exercise for two subjects who performed continuous exercise while conducting daily activities. For one subject who did not perform any specific exercise, however, the weight and body muscle rate tended to increase slightly and the body fat rate tended to decrease slightly. It was found that continuous exercise improved the subjects' ability to adapt to exercise, thereby increasing Max BPM and reducing weight. Performing continuous exercise while conducting daily activities appears to improve physical measures of health, as it decreases weight and body fat rate and increases body muscle rate. Health management analysis based on the physiological data collected from smart devices is expected to play a role in keeping the human body healthy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The impact of continuous and intermittent training on diabetes mellitus condition and its mechanism is not well understood. The aim of the present study was to assess the changes in glucose uptake after 6 weeks of continuous and intermittent exercise training protocols in healthy and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Method: Sixty male albino Wistar rats (13 weeks old) were randomly divided into six groups including healthy control, healthy continuous, healthy intermittent, diabetic control, diabetic continuous, and diabetic intermittent groups. Animals ran continuously and intermittently on treadmill for 6 weeks. They got diabetes using STZ (50 mg per kg of body weight). Results: STZ increased blood glucose levels and insulin resistance in diabetic rats. In contrast, STZ reduced insulin, insulin receptor (IR), glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) levels in diabetic rats. However, both continuous and intermittent exercise training protocols improved insulin resistance and prevented the reduction of GLUT4 and AMPK in diabetic rats. Neither of continuous and intermittent exercise trainings had any effect on insulin and IR receptor. Conclusions: Continuous and intermittent exercise trainings comparably reduce blood glucose and subsequently improve insulin resistance by increasing GLUT4 and AMPK independent of insulin and its receptors.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to compare excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) and energy expenditure during (30min) and following (60min) exercise for a 30min continuous bouts of treadmill exercise at 60%VO2R compared to three 10min bouts of intermittent treadmill exercise at the same intensity. METHODS Seventeen fit college-aged males (n=7) and females (n=10) volunteered to participate. Treadmill exercise bouts were separated by 48h and performed in a randomized counter-balanced order. The 30min continuous bout of exercise included a 60min recovery and each of the three 10min bouts included 20min of recovery. RESULTS During the rest and exercise, oxygen uptake (VO2) and exercise expenditure (EE) were not significant difference between the intermittent and continuous trails. But during the recovery, VO2 and EE were significantly higher intermittent than continuous trails in male and female (p

Background and Aim: Nesfetin-1 is known as the Neuropeptide which interfere in appetite and glucose hemostasis. Its amount in healthful persons than diabetes sick is variable and changes according to the exercise. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of acute aerobic exercise on nesfatin-1 gene expression in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, has utilized the diabetic wistar stagy rats with STZ (12 week-age, 220-240 gr-weight). Animals into 4 groups: continuous exercise (COE-0) and control (CO), (who died immediately after exercise) and continuous (COE-2) and control (C-2), (who died two hours after exercise), respectively. Group COE performed exercise speed of 18 meters per minute for 40 minutes on the treadmill. Hypothalamus tissue was excised for determination of nesfatin-1 gene expression by RT-PCR methods. Data was analyzed by using an independent t-student test. All statistical calculations were performed using SPSS version 20. Results: The current results indicated that the levels of nesfatin-1 gene expression, increased significantly in training group immediately and two hours after exercise when compared with Control group yourself. Conclusion: It seems a session of continuous exercise may increase the hypothalamic expression of male Wistar rats with diabetes nesfatin -1 immediately and two hours after the exercise.

To explore the influence of exercise load on physical training and training effect,the regulation and control of exercise load were studied with heart rate variability. The measurements were conducted before and after the resistance training and 24 h and 48 h after the training after 1 or 2 days passive recovery. The results showed that the physiologic load of anaerobic exercises was the highest and the mental exercise load of continuous exercises was the highest. Regardless of exercise intensity and duration,the RMSSD value dropped significantly to the mean.It is concluded that the upper limit of exercise load can be measured accurately in the last 5 minutes of exercise and in the first 30 minutes of recovery. The exercise load should be controlled higher than the standard value and lower than the maximum value. The exercise load must regulate according to the degree of individual load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the effect of sample site (earlobe vs toe) and incremental exercise protocol (continuous vs discontinuous) on training zone prescription in rowing. Methods: Twenty-six rowers performed two incremental exercise tests on an ergometer: (1) a five-step discontinuous test with 4-min stages and 30-W increment, with blood samples taken from the earlobe and toe at the start of the 1-min break between steps; (2) a continuous test, with 2-min stages and 30-W increment, with blood samples taken from the right first toe at the end of each stage. Blood was analyzed for lactate concentration. Results: At a lactate concentration of 2 mmol·L-1, the mean (95% CI) power output was 8.1 (± 15.4) W greater for the continuous protocol, the random error between the methods (1.96 × SD of differences) was ± 58.8 W, and there was no evidence of any relationship between power output and error between methods. At a lactate concentration of 4 mmol·L-1, the mean (95% CI) power output was 24.2 (± 17.0) W greater for the continuous protocol, and the random error was ± 64.8 W. At 4 mmol·L-1, systematic bias between methods increased with high power outputs. Conclusions: The continuous protocol with toe sampling led to higher power outputs for a given lactate concentration compared with the discontinuous protocol with earlobe sampling. This was partly due to the choice of sample site and largely due to the choice of protocol. This bias, and also random variability, makes direct comparison of these tests inappropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the acute cardiorespiratory responses and time spent above different %VO2peak intensities between three “iso-work” protocols: (a) a high intensity interval training protocol (HIIT), (b) a higher intensity continuous protocol (CON70) and (c) a lower intensity continuous protocol (CON50) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Ten male CHF patients (aged 55.1 ± 16.2 years) performed in separate days a single session of a HIIT protocol consisted of 4 sets × 4 min cycling at 80% VO2peak with 3 min of recovery at 50% VO2peak, a CON70 protocol corresponding to 70% VO2peak and a CON50 protocol corresponding to 50% VO2peak. Cardiopulmonary data were collected by an online gas analysis system. The HIIT and CON70 elicited higher cardiorespiratory responses compared to CON50 with no differences between them (p > 0.05). In HIIT and CON70, patients exercised longer at >80% and >90% VO2peak. The completion rate was 100% for the three protocols. Not any adverse events were observed in either protocol. Both HIIT and CON70 elicited a stronger physiological stimulus and required shorter time than CON50. Both HIIT and CON70 also induced comparable hemodynamic responses and ventilatory demand.

As children’s natural activity patterns are highly intermittent in nature, and characterised by rapid changes from rest to vigorous physical activity, discontinuous exercise tests may be considered ecologically valid for this population group. This study compared the peak physiological responses from a discontinuous and continuous graded exercise test (GXT_D, GXT_C, respectively) during treadmill exercise in children. Twenty-one healthy children (9.6 ± 0.6 y) completed GXT_D and GXT_C in a randomised order, separated by 72-hours. Following each GXT, and after a 15-minute recovery, participants completed a verification test at 105% of the velocity attained at peak oxygen consumption (VO 2 peak). There were no differences in VO 2 peak (55.3 ± 8.2 cf. 54.4 ± 7.6 mL•kg-1•min-1) or maximal heart rate (202 ± 10 cf. 204 ± 8 b•min-1) between GXT_C and GXT_D, respectively (P>.05). Peak running speed (10.7 ± 0.9 cf. 12.1 ± 1.3 km•h-1) and respiratory exchange ratio (1.04 ± 0.05 cf. 0.92 ± 0.05) were however different between tests (P .05), VO 2 peak (53.3 ± 7.3 mL•kg-1•min-1) and heart rate (197 ± 13 b•min-1) were significantly lower in the GXT_D verification test (P

Purpose: This research aims to study and compare the effects of moderate-intensity continuous exercise and accumulated exercise with different number of bouts on common carotid arterial stiffness and hemodynamic variables. Methods: Thirty healthy male adults were recruited to complete four trials in a randomized crossover design: no-exercise (CON); continuous exercise (CE, 30-min cycling); accumulated exercise including two or three bouts with 10-min rest intervals (AE15, 2 × 15-min cycling; AE10, 3 × 10-min cycling). The intensity in all the exercise trials was set at 45%-55% heart rate reserve. Blood pressure, right common carotid artery center-line velocity, and arterial inner diameter waveforms were measured at baseline and immediately after exercise (0 min), 10 min, and 20 min. Results: 1) The arterial stiffness index and pressure-strain elastic modulus of the CE and AE15 groups increased significantly at 0 min, arterial diameters decreased in AE15 and AE10, and all indicators recovered at 10 min. 2) The mean blood flow rate and carotid artery center-line velocity increased in all trials at 0 min, and only the mean blood flow rate of AE10 did not recover at 10 min. 3) At 0 min, the blood pressure in all trials was found to be increased, and the wall shear stress and oscillatory shear index of AE10 were different from those in CE and AE15. At 20 min, the blood pressure of AE10 significantly decreased, and the dynamic resistance, pulsatility index, and peripheral resistance of CE partially recovered. Conclusion: There is no significant difference in the acute effects of continuous exercise and accumulated exercise on the arterial stiffness and diameter of the carotid artery. Compared with continuous exercise, accumulated exercise with an increased number of bouts is more effective in increasing cerebral blood supply and blood pressure regulation, and its oscillatory shear index recovers faster. However, the improvement of blood flow resistance in continuous exercise was better than that in accumulated exercise., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Liu, Shen, Li, Xue, Zhao, Pan and Xu.)

The eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea (EVH) challenge is used to determine the presence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIBC) by monitoring changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). However, the predictability of the post-EVH decline in FEV1 on post-exercise FEV1 remains unclear. Participants completed an EVH challenge to confirm EIBC and completed a continuous exercise (CONT; n = 21), high-intensity interval exercise (HI; n = 13), and sprint interval exercise (SPRT; n = 8) sessions on separate days. FEV1 was assessed pre- and post exercise. A 1% decline in FEV1, post EVH was associated with 0.44%, 0.85%, and 0.56% declines in FEV1 post CONT, post HI, and post SPRT, respectively. The decline in FEV1 following the EVH challenge was associated with the decline in FEV1 following all exercise conditions, with the strongest association being observed following HI. These findings may have implications for exercise prescription and asthma education for recreationally active adults with EIBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart failure (HF) is associated with increased large conduit artery stiffness and afterload resulting in stiffening of the coronary arteries. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and advanced glycation end products (AGE) both promote arterial stiffness, yet the mechanisms by which coronary PVAT promotes arterial stiffness and the efficacy of exercise to prevent coronary stiffness are unknown. We hypothesized that both chronic continuous and interval exercise training would prevent coronary PVAT-mediated AGE secretion and arterial stiffness. Yucatan miniature swine were divided into four groups: control-sedentary (CON), aortic banded sedentary-heart failure (HF), aortic banded HF-continuous exercise trained (HF+CONT), and aortic banded HF-interval exercise trained (HF+IT). The left circumflex and right coronary arteries underwent ex vivo mechanical testing, and arterial AGE, elastin, and collagen were assessed. Coronary elastin elastic modulus (EEM) and elastin protein were lower and AGE was increased with HF compared with CON, which was prevented by both HF+CONT and HF+IT. Mouse aortic segments treated with swine coronary PVAT conditioned medium had lower EEM and elastin content and greater AGE secretion and arterial AGE accumulation in HF compared with CON, which was prevented by both HF+CONT and HF+IT. Aminoguanidine (AMG), an AGE inhibitor, prevented the reduction in EEM, arterial elastin content, and AGE accumulation in mouse aortic segments treated with PVAT conditioned medium in the HF group. Our data demonstrate efficacy for chronic continuous and interval exercise to prevent coronary artery stiffness via inhibition of PVAT-derived AGE secretion in a preclinical miniswine model of pressure overloadinduced HF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our findings show that chronic continuous and interval exercise training regimens prevent coronary artery stiffness associated with inhibition of perivascular adipose tissuederived advanced glycation end products in a translational pressure overload-induced heart failure model potentially providing an effective therapeutic option for heart failure patients. Heart failure (HF) is associated with increased large conduit artery stiffness and afterload resulting in stiffening of the coronary arteries. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and advanced glycation end products (AGE) both promote arterial stiffness, yet the mechanisms by which coronary PVAT promotes arterial stiffness and the efficacy of exercise to prevent coronary stiffness are unknown. We hypothesized that both chronic continuous and interval exercise training would prevent coronary PVAT-mediated AGE secretion and arterial stiffness. Yucatan miniature swine were divided into four groups: control-sedentary (CON), aortic banded sedentary-heart failure (HF), aortic banded HF-continuous exercise trained (HF+CONT), and aortic banded HF-interval exercise trained (HF+IT). The left circumflex and right coronary arteries underwent ex vivo mechanical testing, and arterial AGE, elastin, and collagen were assessed. Coronary elastin elastic modulus (EEM) and elastin protein were lower and AGE was increased with HF compared with CON, which was prevented by both HF+CONT and HF+IT. Mouse aortic segments treated with swine coronary PVAT conditioned medium had lower EEM and elastin content and greater AGE secretion and arterial AGE accumulation in HF compared with CON, which was prevented by both HF+CONT and HF+IT. Aminoguanidine (AMG), an AGE inhibitor, prevented the reduction in EEM, arterial elastin content, and AGE accumulation in mouse aortic segments treated with PVAT conditioned medium in the HF group. Our data demonstrate efficacy for chronic continuous and interval exercise to prevent coronary artery stiffness via inhibition of PVAT-derived AGE secretion in a preclinical miniswine model of pressure overloadinduced HF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our findings show that chronic continuous and interval exercise training regimens prevent coronary artery stiffness associated with inhibition of perivascular adipose tissuederived advanced glycation end products in a translational pressure overload-induced heart failure model potentially providing an effective therapeutic option for heart failure patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-intensity interval exercise leads to greater improvements in the vascular endothelial function than continuous exercise at moderate intensity. However, few studies have been performed on the effects of repetition exercise consisting of high-intensity exercise followed by complete rest on the arterial function. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of repetition exercise on the vascular endothelial function determined by flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD). Eleven healthy male subjects completed two exercise sessions on a cycle ergometer in a counterbalanced order. The exercise sessions were 20 min cycling at 50% maximal work rate (Wmax) (continuous exercise, CE) and 20 × 20-sec intervals at 100%Wmax interspersed with 40-sec intervals at complete rest (repetition exercise, RE). Before and after each protocol, the brachial systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured in the supine position. Relative FMD was assessed at rest and 30 and 60 min after each exercise regimen, and then the normalized FMD (nFMD) was calculated from the peak shear rate. The FMD significantly increased 30 min after RE (8.2 ± 1.5% to 11.5 ± 3.1%, p<0.01) and non-significantly increased 30 min after CE (7.5 ± 1.6% to 8.1 ± 2.1%, n.s.) before returning to baseline at 60 min after both exercise regimens. The FMD value at 30 min after RE was significantly greater than that at 30 min after CE (p<0.01). The nFMD (a.u.) significantly increased 30 min after RE (1.38 ± 0.64 to 2.00 ± 0.94, p<0.05) and non-significantly increased 30 min after CE (1.20 ± 0.54 to 1.49 ± 0.57, n.s.) before returning to baseline at 60 min after both exercise regimens. These results suggest that repetition exercise may lead to an acute improvement in the vascular endothelial function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disorder. This study aims to consider effects of resveratrol, exercise and their combination on Farnesoid X receptor (Fxr), the liver X receptor (Lxr) and Sirtuin 1 (Sirt 1) genes expression in the liver of elderly rats with NAFLD. Methods Rats with NAFLD were randomly divided into seven groups including patient, saline, resveratrol (RSV), interval exercise, continuous exercise, interval exercise + RSV and continuous exercise + RSV. Levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the liver tissue were measured using specific ELISA kits. A TUNEL assay kit was used for the assessment of hepatic cells apoptosis. Lipid profiles were considered by measuring the serum triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, and HDL. Expression of Sirt1, Lxr and Fxr genes was considered using RT-PCR. Results Resveratrol administration alone or combined with exercise training significantly improved the expression of Sirt1, Lxr and Fxr genes (p

Background: The impact of continuous and intermittent training on diabetes mellitus condition and its mechanism is not well understood. The aim of the present study was to assess the changes in glucose uptake after 6 weeks of continuous and intermittent exercise training protocols in healthy and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Method: Sixty male albino Wistar rats (13 weeks old) were randomly divided into six groups including healthy control, healthy continuous, healthy intermittent, diabetic control, diabetic continuous, and diabetic intermittent groups. Animals ran continuously and intermittently on treadmill for 6 weeks. They got diabetes using STZ (50 mg per kg of body weight). Results: STZ increased blood glucose levels and insulin resistance in diabetic rats. In contrast, STZ reduced insulin, insulin receptor (IR), glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) levels in diabetic rats. However, both continuous and intermittent exercise training protocols improved insulin resistance and prevented the reduction of GLUT4 and AMPK in diabetic rats. Neither of continuous and intermittent exercise trainings had any effect on insulin and IR receptor. Conclusions: Continuous and intermittent exercise trainings comparably reduce blood glucose and subsequently improve insulin resistance by increasing GLUT4 and AMPK independent of insulin and its receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disorder. This study aims to consider effects of resveratrol, exercise and their combination on Farnesoid X receptor (Fxr), the liver X receptor (Lxr) and Sirtuin 1 (Sirt 1) genes expression in the liver of elderly rats with NAFLD. Methods. Rats with NAFLD were randomly divided into seven groups including patient, saline, resveratrol (RSV), interval exercise, continuous exercise, interval exercise + RSV and continuous exercise + RSV. Levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the liver tissue were measured using specific ELISA kits. A TUNEL assay kit was used for the assessment of hepatic cells apoptosis. Lipid profiles were considered by measuring the serum triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, and HDL. Expression of Sirt1, Lxr and Fxr genes was considered using RT-PCR. Results. Resveratrol administration alone or combined with exercise training significantly improved the expression of Sirt1, Lxr and Fxr genes (p<0:05) in the hepatic tissue of rats with NAFLD, while levels of AST, ALT, ALP enzymes, as well as apoptotic cells were significantly decreased (p<0:05). Discussion. Although resveratrol alone improves the expression of Sirt1, Lxr and Fxr, as well as liver function, combined therapy with exercise training is more effective to improve NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Nesfetin-1 is known as the Neuropeptide which interferes with appetite and glucose hemostasis. It has been reported its amount in healthful persons than diabetes sick is variable and changes according to the exercise. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of acute aerobic exercise on nesfatin-1 gene expression in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, has utilized the diabetic Wistar rat'sstagy rats with STZ (12 week-age, 220-240 gr-weight). Animals were divided into 4 groups: continuous exercise (COE-0) and control (CO), (Immediately after exercise were killed) and continuous (COE-2) and control (C-2), (Two hours after the exercise, they were killed), respectively. Group COE performed exercise at a speed of 18 meters per minute, equivalent to 65% of maximum speed, for 40 minutes on the treadmill. Hypothalamus tissue was excised for determination of nesfatin-1 gene expression by RT-PCR methods. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 20) with independent T-test (P <0.01). Results: The current results indicated that the levels of nesfatin-1 gene expression, increased significantly in training group immediately and two hours after exercise when compared with Control group yourself. Conclusion: It seems a session of continuous exercise may increase the hypothalamic expression of male Wistar rats with diabetes nesfatin -1 immediately and two hours after the exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Different types of physical activity can induce different hormonal and physiological responses. In this study, we examined the testosterone, cortisol, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) response to acute intermittent (IE) and continuous (CE) aerobic exercise in sedentary men.Methods: In this single-blinded randomised crossover study, eleven sedentary healthy males completed protocols (CE and IE) on two different days separated by a 1-week washout period. CE comprised 40 min of running on a treadmill at 60% of reserve heart rate. IE consisted of 40 min of running on a treadmill with intensity alternating between 50% (2 min) and 80% (1 min) of reserve heart rate. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after each exercise session.Results: Serum testosterone concentrations increased significantly after IE (+8.0%, P = 0.021) and decreased non-significantly after CE (−5.8%, P = 0.409). The IE response was greater than the CE response (P = 0.01). Cortisol concentration decreased in both IE and CE exercise (P = 0.001 and P = 0.016, respectively), by −33.6 and −34.6%, respectively. The testosterone to cortisol ratio increased significantly after both forms of exercise (IE: P = 0.003; CE: P = 0.041). CK concentrations significantly increased from PRE to POST (IE: +20.6%, P = 0.001; CE: +26.5%, P = 0.046). Despite the increase in concentrations of LDH, the changes were not significant (F(3, 30) = 1.01, P = 0.402; IE: +11.4% and CE: +23.1%).Conclusions: In summary, it seems that intermittent exercise can be more useful in the development of body anabolic processes in sedentary men due to pronounced increases in testosterone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the hemodynamic, arterial stiffness, and blood flow changes after 4 weeks of either continuous or discontinuous aerobic exercise in adults. Forty-seven subjects between the ages of 18 and 57 were recruited for 1 month of either continuous aerobic treadmill work for 30 minutes at 70% max heart rate or 3 bouts of 10 minutes of exercise at 70% of max heart rate with two 10 minutes break periods in between, totaling 30 minutes of aerobic work. After exercise, both continuous (CON) and discontinuous (DIS) groups demonstrated a significant improvement in maximal oxygen uptake (....O2max, CON 35.39 ± 1.99 to 38.19 ± 2.03; DIS 36.18 ± 1.82 to 39.33 ± 1.75), heart rate maximum (CON 183.5 ± 3.11 to 187.17 ± 3.06; DIS 179.06 ± 2.75 to 182 ± 2.61), decreases in systolic blood pressure (CON 119 ± 1.82 to 115.11 ± 1.50; DIS 117.44 ± 1.90 to 112.67 ± 1.66), diastolic blood pressure (CON 72.56 ± 1.65 to 70.56 ± 1.06; DIS 71.56 ± 1.59 to 69.56 ± 1.43), augmentation index (CON 17.17 ± 2.17 to 14.9 ± 1.92; DIS 19.71 ± 2.66 to 13.91 ± 2.46), central pulse wave velocity (CON 8.29 ± 0.32 to 6.92 ± 0.21; DIS 7.85 ± 0.30 to 6.83 ± 0.29), peripheral pulse wave velocity (CON 9.49 ± 0.35 to 7.72 ± 0.38; DIS 9.11 ± 0.37 to 7.58 ± 0.47), and significant increases in average forearm blood flow (CON 4.06 ± 0.12 to 4.34 ± 0.136; DIS 4.26 ± 0.18 to 4.53 ± 0.15), peak forearm blood flow (FBF) after reactive hyperemia (CON 28.45 ± 0.094 to 29.96 ± 0.45; DIS 29.29 ± 0.46 to 30.6 ± 0.38), area under the curve (AUC) of FBF (CON 28.65 ± 1.77 to 30.4 ± 1.08; DIS 30.52 ± 1.9 to 31.67 ± 1.44), and AUC peak FBF after reactive hyperemia (CON 222.3 ± 5.68 to 231.95 ± 4.42; DIS 230.81 ± 6.91 to 237.19 ± 5.39). These data suggest that for healthy people either 4 weeks of continuous or discontinuous aerobic training is effective in improving measures of fitness and vascular health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Studies have shown that acute exercise can increase serum concentrations of cardiac biomarkers, including cardiac troponin T (cTnT). We investigated the acute effects of intermittent (IE) and continuous (CE) exercise at the same cardiac workload on myocardial necrosis biomarkers in sedentary men. Methods Eleven sedentary healthy men aged 22.3 ± 1.9 years completed the study. The subjects were divided into two groups and performed, in random order, IE (intensity alternating between 50% (2 min) and 80% (1 min) HRreserve) or CE (60% HRreserve). The study was designed as a single-blinded randomised crossover trial performed on two distinct experimental days separated by a 1-week washout period. Each session consisted of 40 min of aerobic exercise, either IE or CE, on a treadmill. Blood samples were taken before (PRE), immediately after (POST) and 1 h after (POST-1) each exercise session. Results hs-cTnT significantly increased immediately after exercise in both protocols and remained elevated at POST-1 (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between POST and POST-1 values(P > 0.05). Neither CE nor IE caused any significant change in CK-MB (P > 0.05). The results also showed that HR and RPP increased significantly following both exercise protocols (P = 0.001). Conclusions In summary, both CE and IE results in increased serum concentrations of hs-cTnT in sedentary men. However, this increase does not seem to be caused by the irreversible death of cardiomyocytes. CE resulted in a greater hs-cTnT concentration than IE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As children's natural activity patterns are highly intermittent in nature, and characterised by rapid changes from rest to vigorous physical activity, discontinuous exercise tests may be considered ecologically valid for this population group. This study compared the peak physiological responses from a discontinuous and continuous graded exercise test (GXT_D, GXT_C, respectively) during treadmill exercise in children. Twentyone healthy children (9.6 ± 0.6 y) completed GXT_D and GXT_C in a randomised order, separated by 72-hours. Following each GXT, and after a 15-minute recovery, participants completed a verification test at 105% of the velocity attained at peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). There were no differences in VO2peak (55.3 ± 8.2 cf. 54.4 ± 7.6 mL⋅kg-1#8901;min-1) or maximal heart rate (202 ± 10 cf. 204 ± 8 b#8901;min-1) between GXT_C and GXT_D, respectively (P>.05). Peak running speed (10.7 ± 0.9 cf. 12.1 ± 1.3 km#8901;h-1) and respiratory exchange ratio (1.04 ± 0.05 cf. 0.92 ± 0.05) were however different between tests (P<.001). Although similar peak physiological values were revealed between GXT_C and the corresponding verification test (P>.05), VO2peak (53.3 ± 7.3 mL#8901;kg-1#8901;min-1) and heart rate (197 ± 13 b#8901;min-1) were significantly lower in the GXT_D verification test (P<.05). In conclusion, a discontinuous GXT is an accurate measure of VO2peak in children aged 8 to 10 years and may be a valid alternative to a continuous GXT, despite its longer duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]