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Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) including phenolic compounds cause major environmental impacts just the once released into soils or groundwater. Among the core technologies, permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) have been so far exploited to contain and control such contaminants within the subsurface layers of the soil. Against this background, the present study investigated flow-biofilm interactions in a laboratory-scale permeable reactive bio-barrier (PRBB). To this end, an experimental setup was firstly built by embedding pressure measurement ports, at 10 cm intervals, onto a cylindrical column with a diameter of 57 mm and a height of 50 cm, and then filled with a porous medium, made up of sand with an average diameter of 1.78 mm. The bacterium, Pseudomonas putida (P. putida), was also utilized to generate the biofilm. Afterward, phenol-containing water was passed through the column at a rate of 2 L/h under a hydrodynamic laminar flow regime. Experimental evidence showed that the biofilm formed by bacterial growth could shrink the bio-barrier (BB) porosity from 0.35 to 0.07, instigating a drop by 590 and 840 times in the hydraulic pressure across the column at phenol concentrations, 200 and 400 mg/L, respectively. The desired biofilm additionally managed to remove 40 and 30% of phenol at concentrations of 200 and 400 mg/L, in that order. Exploring the variations in hydraulic conductivity in different layers plus the microscopic images further demonstrated that the biofilm created at phenol concentration of 200 mg/L seemed to be much stronger and even more stable, compared to the one at 400 mg/L. This was traceable to the better adaptation of P. putida to lower concentrations of phenol as the carbon source. Furthermore, the study results established that the given PRBB could help decompose only a small portion of phenol, but outperformed in terms of containing and controlling this contaminant through reducing hydraulic conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a need to gain more knowledge of how interpersonally skilled therapists handle demanding clinical situations to better understand therapist effects. The aim of this single-case study was to investigate how the therapist encountered challenging situations where her interpersonal skills were put to test and how her handling likely contributed to patient change. From a larger research project on learning processes, this case was selected since it was judged to be both challenging and with a good outcome. Interpretative phenomenological analysis of video-recordings of a 42 session long psychodynamic psychotherapy, was conducted. The analysis yielded one superordinate theme: The therapist "detoxifies" demanding clinical material, such as aggression and shame. Three constituent sub-themes expressed different ways in which this process took place (1: The therapist tolerates the patient's skepticism and criticism in a non-defensive manner by focusing on the patient's underlying feeling; 2: The therapist responds to the patient's self-destructive behaviors in a non-judgmental and "containing" way that reduces shame; and 3: The therapist interprets the patient's rejection as separation anxiety related to termination of the therapy). Our findings provide a more nuanced understanding on how the interpersonal skills of the therapist come into use in a specific, challenging therapy process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology. Social Sciences Edition / Haerbin Gongye Daxue Xuebao. Shehui Kexue Ban is the property of Harbin Institute of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Containment, as a way of restricting mobilities, ranges from physical infrastructures to diffused control practices in everyday life. Alongside their physical, social, and political dimensions, such restrictions also engender various temporal borders and experiences of time particular to situations of containment. A prolific field of research has identified waiting and hope as strategies for both enforcing and surpassing containment. In response, anthropological research on future-making has highlighted a more diverse set of contextual and emergent practices that derive from imagining and realising migrants' futures. Yet, in contrast to waiting, migrants' future-making practices have seldom been related to containment. Besides containment informing future-making, migrants and control actors also manipulate time as they plan or experiment with futures to overcome or reinforce containment. Carrying elusive promises of a better future, containment infrastructures can also motivate migrants to stay put and accommodate restrictions to their mobility. This paper addresses how such different relational, often conflicting, practices of envisioning and realising migrant futures contribute to or subvert different types of containment. Building on empirical studies from Turkey, Niger and Kenya we suggest future-making as a relational, practice-oriented and contextual approach suited to trace the negotiation of migrant futures between migrants, control actors, and infrastructures in situations of spatiotemporal containment. We give special attention to resettlement as a form of containment due to its ability to limit mobility through promises of future mobility and its role in negotiating migrant futures. This article serves as a theoretical introduction into the emerging research field of contested future-making in containment and to the corresponding paper cluster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to showcase recent advances on Optical Fiber distributed strain measurement systems applied to concrete monitoring. It focuses on their ability to accurately quantify concrete strain in post-tensioned containment buildings of nuclear power plants under various conditions, including instantaneous concrete strain due to pressure tests, delayed concrete strain due to creep/shrinkage, and instantaneous concrete strain due to tendon rupture. To achieve this, the study considers several mockups including the VeRCoRs building, a 1/3 scale post-tensioned concrete containment mockup equipped with a large number of monitoring systems. This mockup facilitates the testing and qualification of distributed measurement systems within concrete structures during both operational phases (for prestressing monitoring) and pressure tests (for measuring instantaneous strain/displacement under pressure). Additionally, a post-tensioned beam was specifically designed and fabricated to examine tendon re-anchorage after cutting. Another objective is to assess various Optical Fiber Cables (OFC) from different suppliers to ensure reliable measurements. The study also aims to test different installation methods, such as embedding the OFC into concrete or attaching them to the external surface using various adhesives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shmuel Nili's Philosophizing the Indefensible: Strategic Political Theory is a thought-provoking book, calling philosophers to arms in the effort of containing the spread of 'unreasonable' views characterising many contemporary societies. Nili argues that philosophers can play a distinctive role by arguing from premises they reject to show how those presumptions do not lead to upholding the 'repugnant' policies their interlocutors back up. This paper focuses on a distinction that is key to Nili's argument, i.e. that between 'repugnant' and 'non-repugnant' unreasonable policies. According to Nili, philosophers should be under no obligation to engage discursively in the way he envisions when their interlocutors support policies that are repugnant, i.e. they clearly violate universal human equality. The paper argues that it does not make sense to treat repugnant unreasonable views as normatively different from non-repugnant premises. The repugnant/non-repugnant distinction is untenable and too subject to 'reasonable' disagreement to offer concrete normative guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A description is given of the model of formation of iodine oxide nanoparticles in the volume of the containment of a nuclear reactor during radiation-chemical reactions and clustering with subsequent formation of nanoparticles. The results of test calculations are presented. Nanoparticles of radioactive iodine oxides pose a potential hazard as a source of long-term radiation exposure to NPP personnel. They also penetrate outside the power plant through the air-ventilation system even if the enclosure remains sealed. In addition, calculations have shown that the formation of radioactive iodine oxide nanoparticles is closely related to the formation of volatile iodine compounds in the gas phase. Moreover, the intensity of formation of the latter depends significantly on air humidity. The main feature of the proposed model is the consideration of the kinetics of phenomena for processes in both the gas and aerosol phases when exposed to ionizing radiation on oxygen and water vapor in the air. The main result of the calculations is confirmation of the fundamental possibility of the formation of aerosol nanoparticles consisting of iodine oxides in a humid atmosphere even with a relatively low dose rate of radiation energy absorbed by the air. At the same time, radiolysis of water vapor has a weak effect on the size and concentration of iodine oxide nanoparticles. However, taking into account the chemical interaction of radiolysis products, in particular hydrogen radicals, induced by water vapor radiolysis, significantly affects the formation of volatile iodine compounds with hydrogen: HI and HOI. The obtained results, despite their preliminary nature, are important since they indicate the inevitability of the formation of suspended nanoparticles of iodine oxides and hydrogen iodide in the atmosphere of the reactor premises in the event of emergency situations with the release of radionuclides beyond the first circuit of the reactor. Therefore, this mechanism must be taken into account when developing models of the formation and behavior of fission product aerosols at NPPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safewards is a multi‐intervention mental health nursing model of practice improvement aimed at preventing and reducing conflict and containment. The use of Safewards has now extended beyond mental health settings. Implementation of Safewards has been reported to be challenging and therefore requires an evidence‐informed and structured approach. This review's objectives were to: (i) Comprehensively map approaches used to implement Safewards interventions; (ii) Characterise the outcomes measured in Safewards implementation studies; and (iii) Identify the facilitators and barriers to Safewards training and its implementation in practice. All quantitative, qualitative and mixed‐methods publications of Safewards, the interventions, evaluations, barriers and facilitators from all healthcare services internationally were included. The Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews were used to guide methodology. Data were reported according to the 12 items of the TIDieR. Twenty‐seven publications reported the implementation of Safewards. Descriptions were limited for reporting items such as intervention descriptions, materials, resources, specific procedures and processes, modifications made to interventions and delivery of interventions and training. No consistent theoretical implementation framework was reported. Collaboration, leadership, feedback and co‐design were strong drivers for staff buy‐in, engagement and success for implementation in mental health and acute settings. Transparency, replicability and generalisation require a detailed description of all elements of an intervention being implemented. Without adequate information, only assumptions can be drawn about the clinical governance and process of the implementation and training, and it is difficult to conclude when attempting to replicate the interventions. Reporting of #Safewards lacked descriptions of interventions, implementation, & outcomes. Collaboration, leadership & feedback were crucial for success. A standardised implementation method is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COP26 Climate Summit held in Glasgow in November 2021 was expected to attract mass protests. Given the climate crisis and the increase in direct action in the UK, the police anticipated huge numbers with the potential for significant disorder. Despite this, Police Scotland insisted that they were committed to facilitating peaceful protest. Drawing on ethnographic observation and interviews with both police and protestors, this paper offers analysis of a contentious event during the large set-piece demonstration on Saturday 6 November. It focuses on the containment of a small group of Young Communists to ask what this tells us about 'facilitation', crowd theory, and police-protestor relations. Whilst fairly insignificant in terms of numbers, we argue that the YCL containment offers valuable insights into protest policing and facilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many large cities today, spaces of extreme wealth and poverty often exist in proximity. City officials, private developers and wealthy residents often 'correct' this cheek-by-jowl situation of proximate yet drastically unequal communities by building physical walls and fences between them. What is the interface between spaces inside and outside the walls built around low-income communities in elite neighbourhoods? How do people living inside the walls built to contain their communities engage with this infrastructure of control? This article addresses these questions by presenting the politics of socio-spatial separation of a low-income and informally built walled community called France Colony in a wealthy neighbourhood in Islamabad (Pakistan). It shows how the wall around France Colony is not only an ineffective sealing device; its porosity has also ironically prompted adjacent wealthy residents to retreat inside their large homes and raise their boundary walls. Not only do walls make obvious the intentions and anxieties of people on the outside trying to control the presence and growth of a low-income community, but spatial practices and negotiations around involuntarily built enclosures can minimise their restrictive intent and provide opportunities for enclosed communities to demand their rights to space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review essay, I focus on how rurality is understood within rhetorical studies. I consider how rural places are important sites of rhetorical inquiry that need to be rethought within our field. To highlight the contemporary complexity of rural places, I begin by presenting places of meat production within the United States as a brief example that demonstrates how COVID-19 transformed some rural places into sites of violence that disproportionately impacted racialized bodies. Further, sites of rural violence, like meat-processing communities, can help rhetorical studies critically rethink our (mis)assumptions about rurality and who lives there. Next, this essay reflects, reviews, and gently critiques three themes of literature that may aid in rhetorical scholarships' commitment to more effectively advance innovative strategies for studying rurality. First, I investigate how rural extraction has become increasingly racialized. Second, I challenge the normativity of rural space and place by contemplating who is deemed "in place" to rethink race, gender, and rurality. Finally, I confront the racialization of rural containment. I end the essay by concluding and reflecting on areas of tension and future possibilities for rhetorical scholarship when rurality, race, and place are theorized together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Containment, as a way of restricting mobilities, ranges from physical infrastructures to diffused control practices in everyday life. Alongside their physical, social, and political dimensions, such restrictions also engender various temporal borders and experiences of time particular to situations of containment. A prolific field of research has identified waiting and hope as strategies for both enforcing and surpassing containment. In response, anthropological research on future-making has highlighted a more diverse set of contextual and emergent practices that derive from imagining and realising migrants’ futures. Yet, in contrast to waiting, migrants’ future-making practices have seldom been related to containment. Besides containment informing future-making, migrants and control actors also manipulate time as they plan or experiment with futures to overcome or reinforce containment. Carrying elusive promises of a better future, containment infrastructures can also motivate migrants to stay put and accommodate restrictions to their mobility. This paper addresses how such different relational, often conflicting, practices of envisioning and realising migrant futures contribute to or subvert different types of containment. Building on empirical studies from Turkey, Niger and Kenya we suggest future-making as a relational, practice-oriented and contextual approach suited to trace the negotiation of migrant futures between migrants, control actors, and infrastructures in situations of spatiotemporal containment. We give special attention to resettlement as a form of containment due to its ability to limit mobility through promises of future mobility and its role in negotiating migrant futures. This article serves as a theoretical introduction into the emerging research field of contested future-making in containment and to the corresponding paper cluster.

China is the single largest state-based international actor that is a major threat to the continued hegemony of the United States’ unipolar order. As such, a campaign of obstructive foreign policy is being waged against China through the obstructive marketing of China as a sinister threat and unreliable actor against the ‘rules-based order.’ By attempting to undermine China’s soft power potential, it is hoped that China’s global rise can be constrained and contained. Drawing on an integrative type of literature review, this article examines attempts at ‘knowledge production’ through geopolitically subjective interpretations and representations by the U.S. and its allies of the modern type of geopolitically-influenced international conflicts - hybrid warfare. In the English language imagination, hybrid warfare is a politically charged and loaded term that assumes ill intent by the user upon the intended victim. According to the research estimates by foreign experts, the current foreign policy of international activities by China displays a hybrid character. The country is publicly accused of carrying out operations in the economic, cybernetic, geographical, geopolitical, psychological, information and ideological spaces. Currently, the notion of “Chinese hybrid warfare” is starting to become an increasingly popular mass communicated trope. However, the aggravation of Sino-American relations against the backdrop of the South China Sea, the Taiwan issue and the Russian special military operation gives us an opportunity to predict that China will increasingly be projected as an increasingly dangerous source of hybrid threat in the Western-centric discourse to contain its global rise and by default to try to preserve US global hegemony through a negative information campaign.

Plastic stands for designed materials, chemically synthesized for massive use in industry and commerce. As plastic production continues to accelerate, plastic waste is incinerated, globally, as a preferred—though contested—technology for disposal. Burning plastic can be harmful; many associated chemicals, including those produced by burning certain plastics, are potentially toxic. They accumulate in bio-geological environments, known to entail serious health effects in humans for generations. Thus, matters of containment—emission filtration, limiting exposure, spatial localization, and so on—assume technopolitical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The condensation heat transfer of steam containing non-condensable gases is crucial for safety analysis in the event of severe accidents in the containment vessel. Previous studies have focused more on the heat transfer characteristics of condensation containing air, while less attention has been paid to the hydrogen-air conditions. The mechanism by which hydrogen migration affects condensation heat transfer is not yet clear. Numerical simulation methods were used to investigate the applicability of the multi-component diffusion coefficient equation under condensation phase change conditions in the paper. Based on experimental data, an effective steam diffusion correction model suitable for hydrogen-air conditions was proposed. Through the validation of experimental data from different scholars, 97% of predicted values have a relative deviation from experimental values maintained within ± 20%. Based on this, the hydrogen migration characteristics near the wall of the heat transfer tube and its effect on the condensation heat transfer coefficient were studied. The results indicate that there are three flow patterns of gas near the condensation surface, namely gravity flow, separation flow, and buoyancy flow. As the relative concentration of hydrogen increases, the gas flow pattern gradually changes from gravity flow to separation flow and buoyancy flow. The change in gas flow pattern will significantly affect the convective mass transfer rate of gas near the condensation surface, which has a stronger impact on condensation heat transfer than diffusion mass transfer. Ultimately, the condensation heat transfer coefficient shows a pattern of first decreasing and then increasing with the increase of relative hydrogen concentration. When the flow pattern of gravity flow is formed near the condensation surface, and an increase in the relative concentration of hydrogen gas will reduce the convective mass transfer rate of the gas near the condensation surface, while also increasing the diffusion mass transfer rate of steam in the mixed gas. The change in convective mass transfer rate plays a dominant role. Therefore, the condensation heat transfer coefficient will exhibit a negative correlation with the relative concentration of hydrogen gas. The condensation heat transfer coefficient is the lowest under the separated flow pattern. When a buoyancy flow is formed near the condensation surface, the convective and diffusive mass transfer rates of gas will increase with the relative concentration of hydrogen, and the heat transfer coefficient shows a positive correlation with the relative concentration of hydrogen. The study results are of great significance for evaluating the heat transfer characteristics of steam condensation after hydrogen release in serious accidents.

We propose an innovative containment strategy based on time-dependent soft solids, namely 2 wt% Laponite suspensions, to reinforce natural subsurface seals and engineer flow barriers, with an eye toward making H 2 subsurface storage scalable and geographically agnostic. This suspension can be injected at its initial low viscosity and elasticity into a porous medium, allowing for easy pumping and targeted delivery. Once inside the target zone, it matures into a soft solid with much higher viscosity and elasticity, acting as a potential flow barrier. We discuss the rheological properties of the suspensions and demonstrate that hydrogen does not adversely affect their microstructure, but rather increases the suspensions' viscosity and elasticity. Moreover, the suspensions enhance the rock samples' compressive strength, while hydrogen exposure increases their stiffness and ductility. The ability of rock samples saturated with the suspensions to contain higher injected gas pressures is enhanced by aging at higher temperatures. [Display omitted] • A Laponite-based containment strategy is proposed to create geologic flow barriers. • Low viscosity & elasticity suspensions mature into soft solids within porous media. • Laponite suspensions becomes more viscous and elastic when exposed to hydrogen. • H 2 exposure increases stiffness and ductility of Laponite - saturated rock samples. • This strategy could enable subsurface H 2 storage to be geographically agnostic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By now, power facilities had been hit by numerous air attacks, and a major part of the existing TPP and CHP was destroyed. Obviously, in the context of full-scale aggression, the danger of accidental or intentional damage to nuclear infrastructure facilities by air weapons increased dramatically. Accordingly, the need is generated to understand the level of their potential damage. First, it refers to structures and buildings important for safety at a nuclear power plant site: containment with fencing (if any) and building of standby diesel generators. These facilities were once designed to withstand extreme meteorological phenomena and the potential impact of a shock wave or a plane crash. However, the threats and weapons currently used in military operations were not given due consideration. The strength assessment of buildings and structures important for safety is of particular significance since it has to overcome certain challenges related to the initial data collection on the types of weapons, the evolution of assessment and calculation procedures, choice and substantiation of certain assumptions, and application of appropriate tools to solve the relevant problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cats are a common sight across Australia, freely roaming not only through urban areas but also within natural habitats, including protected areas like national parks. This unrestricted movement raises concerns due to potential impacts on native wildlife populations. North Head, Manly, located in New South Wales, serves as a prime example, boasting a rich biodiversity that includes endangered populations of Long-nosed Bandicoots and Little Penguins. Recent observations by wildlife officers within Sydney Harbour National Park and the North Head Sanctuary highlighted the presence of cats, prompting a deeper investigation into their spatial and temporal distribution. Cameras were installed across the headland over a five-week period to capture cat and native fauna activity. Cats were frequently observed at the interface with the urban area of Manly. Moreover, cat activity primarily occurred during the night, coinciding with periods of heightened native mammal activity. These findings underscore the potential for direct and indirect interactions between cats and native wildlife within the headland, with implications for species conservation efforts. This study emphasises the importance of implementing proactive management strategies to mitigate the potential impact of feline predation on local biodiversity while also highlighting the need for further research in this area. Cats (Felis catus) are widespread across Australia, including within natural and protected areas, and in many areas, cats, including owned domestic cats, are not restricted in where or when they can roam. In Australia, cats have contributed to the decline of many native species and continue to be a problem for governments. North Head, Manly, is home to an endangered population of Long-nosed Bandicoot (Perameles nasuta) and the only mainland breeding colony of Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor) in New South Wales (NSW). Camera traps were installed for a 5-week period across North Head to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of cat activity. As well as capturing instances of cats, the cameras detected native animals such as birds, possums, Long-nosed Bandicoots and other small mammals. An analysis of the camera images showed cats could be found within protected areas of the headland (where cats are prohibited) and along the boundary with the adjacent suburban area of Manly. Cats were mostly detected during the night. There were high occurrences of overlap between cats and Long-nosed Bandicoots (Dhat 0.82), possums (Dhat 0.88) and other small mammals (Dhat 0.67). These findings indicate that cats are active across the Manly headland at the same time as native animals, both within protected areas where cats are prohibited and in adjacent residential areas, and this could have implications for these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the important role of nuclear power plant containment in the prevention of nuclear leaks, it is of great necessity to study the containment model's loading mechanism and gas distribution. Most of the containment models in previous studies were of small size, with a maximum ratio of 1:4. Moreover, previous studies focused on the pressure and thermal-pressure coupling have not been examined. In this study, we take Langfang's 1:3.2 containment model as the study object. Before the experiment, a thermal-pressure coupling simulation of the air-vapor mixed working medium was performed and the absolute pressure was loaded to 1.0 MPa. The temperature and pressure at several loading stages as well as their changes with different heights were obtained to account for stratification. The study also discovered that fluid mixing in the upper section of the containment was more intensive at the start of loading and declined with loading, accompanied by backflow and lateral movement. Pressure stratification became increasingly obvious and longitudinal temperature reverse stratification emerged as loading continued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protracted refugee situations in territories of war or natural hazards challenge the logic of the humanitarian-development-peace (HDP) nexus that inspires liberal humanitarianism. The organised expression of that nexus is the so-called 'integrated approach' in which humanitarian aid, development aid and peacebuilding are intertwined in missions aimed at promoting a durable peace. The experiences of camps for Palestinian and Syrian refugees in Jordan and of South Sudanese and Congolese refugees in Uganda question some basic assumptions of the HDP programmes. In the last two decades, the policies adopted in these locations show a two-fold reconfiguration of the HDP liberal programme: first, the aim of containing humanitarian crises locally, in the peripheries, thereby preventing their adverse effects spreading to the core of the international system; second, a focus on refugees' capacity to become more resilient and entrepreneurial in order to overcome their vulnerable condition. Overall, this so-called neoliberal approach to humanitarianism with its focus on containment and individual entrepreneurship-inspired resilience has moved away from its liberal configuration as part of a systemic reconfiguration of local social fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of advanced pressurized water reactor technology, the thermal-hydraulic coupling effect between the containment and the primary system becomes increasingly tight. In order to meet the demand for integrated safety analysis between the containment and the primary system, this paper investigates a direct coupling method between the best-estimate system code Advanced Reactor Safety Analysis Code and the containment analysis program ATHROC (Analysis of Thermal Hydraulic Response Of Containment). The feasibility of this direct coupling method and the applicability of the coupled program for overall safety analysis are demonstrated using Marviken two-phase flow release experiments. The ATHROC/ARSAC coupled program is employed to analyze the impact of the pressure relief function of the CPR1000 nuclear power plant pressurizer on the behavior of the primary system and containment during the TMLB' accident. The calculation results indicate that these measures can reduce the pressure of the primary system to the level acceptable by the low-pressure injection system, but at the same time, they cause the pressure in the containment to rise to nearly 0.4 MPa. Therefore, to ensure the structural integrity of the containment, it is necessary for the non-passive hydrogen recombiner to effectively reduce the hydrogen concentration, thereby avoiding additional pressure increase in the containment due to hydrogen deflagration, which could lead to overpressure failure. The findings of this study are of significant reference value for improving the safety performance of thermal-hydraulic systems in operational Gen-II and advanced Gen-III pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study with a novel two-chamber setup (TCS) for dustiness investigations, the relationship between pressure differences as well as air velocities and the resulting dust emissions is investigated. The dust emissions of six particle size fractions of acetaminophen at pressure differences between 0 and 12 Pa are examined. The results show that both simulated and measured air velocities increase with increasing pressure difference. Dust emissions decrease significantly with increasing pressure difference and air velocity. Fine particles cause higher dust emissions than coarse particles. A high goodness of fit is obtained with exponential and quadratic functions to describe the relationship between pressure difference and dust emission, indicating that even moderate increases in pressure may lead to a reduction in the emission. Average air velocities within the TCS simulated with Computational Fluid Dynamics are between 0.09 and 0.37 m/s, whereas those measured experimentally are between 0.09 and 0.41 m/s, both ranges corresponding to the recommended values for effective particle separation in containment systems. These results underline the ability of the novel TCS to control pressure and airflow, which is essential for reliable dust emission measurements and thus provide support for further scientific and industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the literary explorations and poetry of Alice Oswald, and through analysis of detailed clinical material from a Kleinian perspective, the authors expand the bounds of reverie as it is usually construed in psychoanalytic consulting rooms. The authors draw attention to the presence of a relationship to the more-than-human world as an integral aspect of our internal experience, and to the value of consideration of the quality and dynamic meaning of connections to the natural world in ordinary analytic work. The relationship to the primary object heavily influences the form taken by the relationship to the natural world, but once established, this connection has the possibility for a life of its own, that can provide a different kind of containment than the human variety, allow experimentation with new ways of being, and can strengthen the ego. The authors address the clinical implications of listening enhanced by an ear for affiliation to the natural world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A prestressed concrete containment is the enclosure structure of a nuclear reactor that serves as the last physical barrier of a nuclear power plant (NPP) safety defense system. It plays a key role in the prestress time-limited aging analysis (TLAA) required for operating license extensions for NPPs. Considering prestress containment systems without long-term monitoring tendons in a nuclear power plant, the technical route for prestress TLAAs involves analyzing operating license extension regulations and in-service monitoring technical requirements for prestressed tendons performance. Using tendons based on theoretical calculations of prestress loss in a nuclear power plant and the minimum required value of prestress determined by numerical simulation, the theoretical predictive value can be compared with the minimum required value for prestressed steel tendons. This comparison can be used to evaluate the 20-year life extension of the prestress system and provide a reference for aging and life management of NPPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Atomic Energy Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Board of Atomic Energy Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

International expert agencies and the nuclear industry concur that nuclear technology is necessary to solve both energy and climate crises. This argument is based on the still-alive ideology of containment, a set of discursive and material practices that aim at isolating nuclear technology from the environment. Based on a brief discussion of recent nuclear decommissioning cases, the article argues that containment is a myth invented to expand commercial nuclear applications. It describes the emergence of containment strategies through the illustration of three strategic regulatory turns in the US: the Price-Anderson Act, the development of siting criteria, and the establishment of radioprotection standards.

The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne’s highly political magnum opus, is concerned with the struggle of its heroine against the overarching Puritan patriarchy, and it relates her resistance, denial and, finally, her reconciliation to the society that had cast her out and defamed her. This paper examines religious transformation in The Scarlet Letter, particularly in terms of its protagonist, Hester Prynne, according to the dialectic of subversion and containment. While Puritan society condemns her acts, Hester subverts aspects of this religious theocracy, throwing new light on their interpretation in order to contain them. These points of subversion and containment, as espoused by new historicist Stephen Greenblatt and cultural materialist Jonathan Dollimore, are the critical focus of this study. Hester’s subversions include her resilience against the presumption that she has committed a sin, her consecration of her actions and her criticism of predestination and the doctrine of grace. Alternatively, her containments present the reader with an alternative political vision that embraces freedom of conscience and the individual religion of the heart. Ultimately, this essay argues that Hester, by the end of the tale, displaces the Puritan theocracy and envisions a secular society in which a privatized sphere of activity is granted to individuals in order for them to exercise their political and religious liberties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With openness comes vulnerability. David Sloss's new work, Tyrants on Twitter , elevates the abuse of social media by autocrats to a new war front, reminiscent of the concerns for foreign penetration during the Cold War. His response to this new round of "information warfare" is the mobilization of a transnational alliance of the 40 or so leading democratic countries to register citizens for use of social media and filter out tyrants and their fronts, be they real people or bots. The book begins by chronicling the extent of democratic decline, a well-defended starting point. More complicated is the argument that the correlation between democratic decline and foreign interference establishes the causal role of the latter. Even more difficult is the conclusion that there is need for war-like footing to mobilize against foreign threats. The review ends with a note of caution on the costs associated with democratic societies closing up in the face of foreign challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pakistan, with its diverse points of entry, faced several challenges with implementing the International Health Regulations (IHR) ethically during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aim: To explore the perceptions of point of entry health workers regarding the ethics challenges in implementing the IHR during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: From December 2022 to March 2023, this qualitative study conducted 10 focused group discussions and key informant interviews with 40 participants from 10 points of entry in Pakistan and reviewed COVID-19 containment guidelines. The data generated were transcribed, translated into English and analysed manually. The thematic analysis focused on the core ethics principles, including optimization of population health versus autonomy, distributive justice versus equity, trustworthiness versus privacy and confidentiality, and the impact of sanctions and restrictions on vulnerable populations. Results: The study identified ethics challenges relating to containment policies, public health measures (testing, quarantine and isolation), travel restrictions, equitable resource distribution, and emergency operations. These challenges were grouped under 3 main categories, according to the IHR thematic areas: prevent, detect and respond. Respondents said it was difficult to balance between the public health measures and individual rights, address discrimination and stigmatization, and ensure fairness and justice in vaccine distribution and travel restrictions. Conclusion: Navigating ethics challenges relating to IHR implementation during health emergencies requires transparent communication, cultural sensitivity, and a commitment to equity and justice. It is important to incorporate ethics considerations into national emergency response plans to guide decision-making, safeguard individual rights and promote collective wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the fully distributed containment problem is investigated for a class of second-order nonlinear multi-agent systems (MASs) with disturbance and uncertain control coefficient. In the dynamics of the multi-agent systems, the nonlinear term of the multi-agent systems is Lipshitz, the leaders are subject to bounded inputs, and the disturbances are also bounded. But, the Lipshitz constant, the upper bounds of the disturbances and the leaders' control inputs are unknown; thus, they cannot be used for the design of feedback control. To overcome the difficulty from such unknown bounds and uncertain coefficient, a new fully distributed adaptive protocol is proposed by combining the Lyapunov analysis and adaptive control technique, which based only on relative states of neighboring agents without using any global information, such that the states of the followers converge to the convex hull formed by the states of the leaders. Compared with the existing works, one main contribution is that only one adaptive gain is adopted in the fully distributed adaptive protocol to deal with containment problem of second-order nonlinear MASs, where four unknown parameters are involved. Two simulation examples are given to show the performance of the proposed protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CILRT is an important work in the overhaul of nuclear power plants. VOCs from paints and cleaners used in the containment during the overhaul will migrate inside the containment, and the numerous rooms and compartments inside the containment make the air flow impeded, and the VOCs may be enriched to bring combustion risk. The complete fire risk analysis method includes volatilization kinetics of chemicals, mixture explosion limits, and numerical simulation of VOCs diffusion and migration. The volatilization rate at the lowest room temperature of 20°C is used as a conservative input, the complement of CAITA realistic model is used as the flow domain, and the geometry is appropriately simplified, and the steady ventilation process, the internal flow and the laws of diffusion and agglomeration of 12 kinds of VOCs gases in the 9-h pressure-holding process are investigated by Computational Fluid Dynamics. The simulation results of steady ventilation show that the VOCs gases are almost uniformly carried by the air to all spaces inside the containment, and the explosion risk is low. The concentration field of the steady ventilation process was taken as the initial boundary condition and unsteady state simulation of the 9-h holding pressure process was performed. The results show that the gas flow inside the containment basically stops after 3456 s of pressure holding. With the extension of time, the VOCs gases accumulate at the bottoms of the three lower layers of the containment under the effect of laminar diffusion and gravitational settling, where the total concentration of the mixed gases reaches the highest at the bottom of the lowest layer. The total concentration of the VOCs gas mixture was below the lower explosion limit throughout the 9-h pressure-holding process, and the explosion risk was low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2014, as part of the EU accession negotiations, Serbia is meticulously conducting legal, policy, and institutional reforms in order to align its asylum and migration law and policy with the EU acquis. At the same time, as a consequence of the European policies put in place since 2015 (fences, large-scale pushbacks), Serbia faces a high risk of becoming a buffer zone in between EU Member States Greece and Bulgaria (whence many refugees enter Serbia) and Croatia and Hungary (which many refugees seek to enter). While aiming to implement EU law as a candidate Member State, Serbia is simultaneously trying to avoid stronger migration pressure and becoming a hotspot which are the consequence of implementing the EU acquis. Caught between these two conflicting policy aims, Serbia is following the example of Greece in limiting migration pressure by keeping its asylum system dysfunctional, ignoring refugee needs and undermining refugee protection. The substandard character of the Serbian asylum system in practice (both when it comes to its slow and inefficient asylum procedure, limited access to legal aid and information, as well as when it comes to an unsustainable and dysfunctional reception and integration system) makes returns to Serbia a violation of European Human Rights law (i.a., ECtHR 21 November 2019, Ilias and Ahmed v Hungary , application no. 47287/15), while it also gives migrants and refugees a strong incentive to move on to the EU. This combination of formally adopting, but not implementing, the EU acquis will be analysed as a normative response to the perceived lack of legitimacy of the EU acquis, which uses the weak position of peripheral Member States like Greece and neighbouring countries like Serbia to impose a disproportionate burden on them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU-Turkey Statement of March 2016 aimed to end irregular migration from Turkey to the European Union (EU). Since 2016, the relationship between Turkey and the EU has undergone significant changes. While the EU fulfilled only two of its promises under the Statement, Turkey suspended the implementation of the return component of the Statement in 2020 and stopped readmitting third-country nationals from Greece. Meanwhile, recent judgments delivered by the European Court of Human Rights, such as Akkad v. Turkey and G.B. and others v. Turkey , have shed new light on conditions facing refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants in Turkey. This article aims to analyse the implementation of the EU-Turkey Statement as of 2024 by examining to what extent Turkey and the European Union, as well as its Member States, have fulfilled their pledges and acted in line with the course of action agreed under the Statement. It also aims to investigate to what extent Turkey's assumed status as a safe third country has changed over the years. Given that the number of irregular passages towards the EU through Turkey has decreased considerably and that the return component of the Statement is not currently implemented, we argue that the assessment of whether Turkey is safe should be made with reference to refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants contained in Turkey as a result of the EU-Turkey Statement arrangements not just those returned under the EU-Turkey Statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pierre-Sylvain Regis, once a well-known defender of Cartesianism, offers an unusually rich and innovative refutation of Spinoza. While many of his early modern contemporaries raised narrower objections to particular claims in Spinoza's Ethics , Regis develops a broader anti-Spinozistic position, one that threatens the very core of Spinoza's metaphysical ambitions and offers a philosophically robust alternative. However, as with any far-reaching philosophical commitment, Regis's gambit comes with substantive costs of its own, including creating instabilities within the core of his own philosophical system. Far from diminishing the significance of Regis's anti-Spinozism, this critical appraisal helps us better appreciate both the conceptual pull of Spinozism within early modern metaphysics and one sweeping, albeit costly way of escaping its orbit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Militarized policing strategies aiming to identify and nullify risks to national security in Western nations have become central to the biopolitical regulation of racialized populations. While the disproportionate impact of pre-emptive counter-terrorism policing on 'Muslim' populations has been highlighted, the post-racial techno-politics of predictive policing as a mode of securitization remain overlooked. This article argues that the 'war on terror' is governed by a state of crisis that conditions a pre-emptive biopolitics of containment against (unknown) future threats. We examine how predictive policing is progressively dependent on the computational production of risk to avert impending terror. As such, extant forms of counter-terrorism algorithmic profiling are shown to mobilize post-racial calculative logics that renew racial oppression while appearing race-neutral. These predictive systems and pre-emptive actions, while seeking to securitize the future by identifying and nullifying suspects, evasively remake race as risky, thus rendering security indistinguishable from insecurity. Hence, we assert that state securitization is haunted by a profound sense of racialized dread over terrorism, for it can only resort to containing, rather than resolving, the perceived threat of race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using individual‐level panel data from India, we show that income inequality between high‐skilled and low‐skilled workers increased following COVID‐19 lockdown. Integrating a susceptible, infected, recovered, dead epidemiological model into a general equilibrium framework with high‐skilled and low‐skilled workers, working either from their offices (onsite) or from their homes (remote), we can explain between 24 and 59 percent of the observed increase in inequality. We also find that disease incidence is higher among low‐skilled workers as they choose to work more onsite compared to their high‐skilled counterparts. Direct transfers for low‐skilled workers reverses this increase in inequality and improves the effectiveness of containment policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text documents a workshop presented at the Witch Institute at Queens University, August 2021. In this workshop, we experimented with the medium of the dream. We draw from the onto-ethico-epistemology of Karen Barad to refigure the boundaries of the psychoanalytic method of containment. We consider practices of care and their cosmologies outside of the enclosure of psychic life as circumscribed by psychoanalysis. Rather than interpreting the dream as personal poeisis, we play with/in the practice of collective dreaming, re-casting the dream as a spell—that is, an agential and animating vibratory force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of advanced pressurized water reactor technology, the thermal-hydraulic coupling effect between the containment and the primary system becomes increasingly tight. In order to meet the demand for integrated safety analysis between the containment and the primary system, this paper investigates a direct coupling method between the best-estimate system code Advanced Reactor Safety Analysis Code and the containment analysis program ATHROC (Analysis of Thermal Hydraulic Response Of Containment). The feasibility of this direct coupling method and the applicability of the coupled program for overall safety analysis are demonstrated using Marviken two-phase flow release experiments. The ATHROC/ARSAC coupled program is employed to analyze the impact of the pressure relief function of the CPR1000 nuclear power plant pressurizer on the behavior of the primary system and containment during the TMLB’ accident. The calculation results indicate that these measures can reduce the pressure of the primary system to the level acceptable by the low-pressure injection system, but at the same time, they cause the pressure in the containment to rise to nearly 0.4 MPa. Therefore, to ensure the structural integrity of the containment, it is necessary for the non-passive hydrogen recombiner to effectively reduce the hydrogen concentration, thereby avoiding additional pressure increase in the containment due to hydrogen deflagration, which could lead to overpressure failure. The findings of this study are of significant reference value for improving the safety performance of thermal-hydraulic systems in operational Gen-II and advanced Gen-III pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants.

What would Thucydides say now?" And I answer that if Thucydides were watching, he would say: Both antagonists are right on script, almost as if they were competing to see which could better exemplify the characteristics of the rising power on the one hand, and the ruling power on the other. Keywords: China; cold war; Russia; Ukraine; human rights; containment; Thucydides's trap EN China cold war Russia Ukraine human rights containment Thucydides's trap 53 58 6 03/15/22 20220301 NES 220301 In his classic I History of the Peloponnesian War i , the Greek historian Thucydides wrote: "It was the rise of Athens and the fear that this instilled in Sparta that made war inevitable." In trying to answer the question of why Putin is acting now, in 2022, an applied history analysis would review key scenes over the past two years: actions by Ukraine, Europeans, and the US as well as those by Russia or others. [Extracted from the article]

This paper discusses the subjection of Europe's lower-strata working-class Muslims to a politics of containment on two levels: isolation and elite capture. Departing from analogies between antisemitism and Islamophobia, it argues for a different comparison between the two that involves their effects when weaponised as discursive strategies. While the effects of the weaponisation of ('new') antisemitism tend to isolate Muslims through a de -essentialising good vs. bad Muslim discourse, the effects of the weaponisation of Islamophobia move towards the tendential dynamics of elite capture through a re -essentialising discourse. Instead of theorising identity-formation as a direct consequence of ideology, the paper situates both discursive strategies within a structural framework that involves Muslims' organisational and collective- action forms, which in turn consolidate non-class identities. The paper concludes that the effects of the weaponisation of both discourses are realised in the containment of Muslims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Has the United States been trying to contain China? If so, why now? Still, proponents of Chinese containment have been critical of the United States' continued fixation with Russia - a declining state - arguing that this diversion undermines a focused Chinacentric strategy. This is not the first time that U.S. strategic attention has been diverted from China. Back in 2001, U.S. Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld, embarked on an ambitious endeavor to revise U.S. grand strategy and focus on China which was perceived as the sole state capable of becoming a peer rival to the United States. However, following the tragic events of 11 September 2001, the Bush administration redirected its focus away from great power antagonism with China towards the Global War on Terror. Could any political scientist, speculating upon the direction of American grand strategy in the summer of 2001, by any accounts have foreseen that the United States would waste significant strategic capital in pursuing terrorists in Afghanistan and promoting democracy in the Middle East over the next decade? Nowadays, could any political theorist in December 2021 have foreseen that the United States would drive Russia into the open arms of China and create Mackinder's Eurasian nightmare? Classical realism may have the best answers. Jonathan Kirshner's latest treatise explains why past is more than prologue and how classical realism is superior to other "realisms" in providing the most authoritative insights about the complex strategic behavior of states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]